Under the dual-carbon background,the technological updating of traditional high-energy-consuming equipment should not be delayed,and the problem of reactor energy consumption should not be ignored.Therefore,this study...Under the dual-carbon background,the technological updating of traditional high-energy-consuming equipment should not be delayed,and the problem of reactor energy consumption should not be ignored.Therefore,this study is based on computational fluid dynamics(CFD)theory to simulate the spiral stirred reactor with different design parameters(distance of paddle from bottom surface to reactor height ratio h1/H,diameter of stirring paddle to reactor diameter ratio Ds/D,length of blade section to reactor height ratio Ls/H).It was found that the reactor designed with lower Ls/H values and higher h1/H,Ds/D values would have smaller power number(Np)values and smaller flow field average velocity.In addition,this study also fitted the correlation equation of Np concerning Reynolds number and h1/H,Ds/D,and Ls/H,and the conclusions of the study can be used as a reference for the design of industrial equipment.展开更多
Electrochemical CO_(2) reduction(ECR)driven by intermittent renewable energy sources is an emerging technology to achieve net-zero CO_(2) emissions.Tandem electrochemical CO_(2) reduction(T-ECR),employs tandem catalys...Electrochemical CO_(2) reduction(ECR)driven by intermittent renewable energy sources is an emerging technology to achieve net-zero CO_(2) emissions.Tandem electrochemical CO_(2) reduction(T-ECR),employs tandem catalysts with synergistic or complementary functions to efficiently convert CO_(2) into multi-carbon(C^(2+))products in a succession of reactions within single or sequentially coupled reactors.However,the lack of clear interpretation and systematic understanding of T-ECR mechanisms has resulted in suboptimal current outcomes.This review presents new perspectives and summarizes recent advancements in efficient T-ECR across various scales,including synergistic tandem catalysis at the microscopic scale,relay tandem catalysis at the mesoscopic scale,and tandem reactors at the macroscopic scale.We begin by outlining the principle of tandem catalysis,followed by discuss on tandem catalyst design,the electrode construction,and reactor configuration.Additionally,we address the challenges and prospects of tandem strategies,emphasizing the integration of machine learning,theoretical calculations,and advanced characterization techniques for developing industry-scale CO_(2) valorization.展开更多
The advancement of clean electricity is positioning electrochemical reactors at the forefront of future electrosynthesis technologies.Solid-state electrolyte(SSE)reactors emerge for their distinctive configurations an...The advancement of clean electricity is positioning electrochemical reactors at the forefront of future electrosynthesis technologies.Solid-state electrolyte(SSE)reactors emerge for their distinctive configurations and ability to produce high-purity fuels and chemicals efficiently without additional purification steps.This marks a substantial development in electrochemical synthesis.In this perspective,we critically examine cutting-edge innovations in SSE devices with particular emphasis on the architectural introduction of core cell components,novel electrochemical cell configurations,and assembly methodologies.The use of SSE reactors is presently undergoing a pivotal transition from fundamental laboratory investigations to large-scale engineering implementations,demonstrating remarkable progress in multiple domains:(1)sustainable synthesis of high-value organic acids(formic and acetic acids),(2)production of critical oxidizers hydrogen peroxide(H_(2)O_(2))and liquid fuels(ethanol),(3)ammonia(NH_(3))production,(4)carbon capture technologies,(5)lithium recovery and recycling,and(6)tandem or coupling strategies for high-value-added products.Importantly,the transformative potential in environmental remediation,particularly for airborne pollutant sequestration and advanced wastewater purification,is addressed.Additionally,the innovative architectural blueprints for next-generation SSE stack are presented,aiming to establish a comprehensive framework to guide the transition from laboratory-scale innovation to industrial-scale deployment of SSE devices in the foreseeable future.展开更多
Small modular reactor(SMR)belongs to the research forefront of nuclear reactor technology.Nowadays,advancement of intelligent control technologies paves a new way to the design and build of unmanned SMR.The autonomous...Small modular reactor(SMR)belongs to the research forefront of nuclear reactor technology.Nowadays,advancement of intelligent control technologies paves a new way to the design and build of unmanned SMR.The autonomous control process of SMR can be divided into three stages,say,state diagnosis,autonomous decision-making and coordinated control.In this paper,the autonomous state recognition and task planning of unmanned SMR are investigated.An operating condition recognition method based on the knowledge base of SMR operation is proposed by using the artificial neural network(ANN)technology,which constructs a basis for the state judgment of intelligent reactor control path planning.An improved reinforcement learning path planning algorithm is utilized to implement the path transfer decision-makingThis algorithm performs condition transitions with minimal cost under specified modes.In summary,the full range control path intelligent decision-planning technology of SMR is realized,thus provides some theoretical basis for the design and build of unmanned SMR in the future.展开更多
Molten salt reactors(MSRs)are a promising candidate for Generation IV reactor technologies,and the small modular molten salt reactor(SM-MSR),which utilizes low-enriched uranium and thorium fuels,is regarded as a wise ...Molten salt reactors(MSRs)are a promising candidate for Generation IV reactor technologies,and the small modular molten salt reactor(SM-MSR),which utilizes low-enriched uranium and thorium fuels,is regarded as a wise development path to accelerate deployment time.Uncertainty and sensitivity analyses of accidents guide nuclear reactor design and safety analyses.Uncertainty analysis can ascertain the safety margin,and sensitivity analysis can reveal the correlation between accident consequences and input parameters.Loss of forced cooling(LOFC)represents an accident scenario of the SM-MSR,and the study of LOFC could offer useful information to improve physical thermohydraulic and structural designs.Therefore,this study investigates the uncertainty of LOFC consequences and the sensitivity of related parameters.The uncertainty of the LOFC consequences was analyzed using the Monte Carlo method,and multiple linear regression was employed to analyze the sensitivity of the input parameters.The uncertainty and sensitivity analyses showed that the maximum reactor outlet fuel salt temperature was 725.5℃,which is lower than the acceptable criterion,and five important parameters influencing LOFC consequences were identified.展开更多
Paired electrosynthesis has received considerable attention as a consequence of simultaneously synthesizing target products at both cathode and anode,whereas the related synthetic efficiency in batch reactors is still...Paired electrosynthesis has received considerable attention as a consequence of simultaneously synthesizing target products at both cathode and anode,whereas the related synthetic efficiency in batch reactors is still undesirable under certain circumstances.Encouragingly,laminar microfluidic reactor offers prospective options that possess controllable flow characteristics such as enhanced mass transport,precise laminar flow control and the ability to expand production scale progressively.In this comprehensive review,the underlying fundamentals of the paired electrosynthesis are initially summarized,followed by categorizing the paired electrosynthesis including parallel paired electrosynthesis,divergent paired electrosynthesis,convergent paired electrosynthesis,sequential paired electrosynthesis and linear paired electrosynthesis.Thereafter,a holistic overview of microfluidic reactor equipment,integral fundamentals and research methodology as well as channel extension and scale-up strategies is proposed.The established fundamentals and evaluated metrics further inspired the applications of microfluidic reactors in paired electrosynthesis.This work stimulated the overwhelming investigation of mechanism discovery,material screening strategies,and device assemblies.展开更多
Leveraging big data signal processing offers a pathway to the development of artificial intelligencedriven equipment.The analysis of fluid flow signals and the characterization of fluid flow behavior are of critical i...Leveraging big data signal processing offers a pathway to the development of artificial intelligencedriven equipment.The analysis of fluid flow signals and the characterization of fluid flow behavior are of critical in two-phase flow studies.Significant research efforts have focused on discerning flow regimes using various signal analysis methods.In this review,recent advances in time series signals analysis algorithms for stirred tank reactors have been summarized,and the detailed methodologies are categorized into the frequency domain methods,time-frequency domain methods,and state space methods.The strengths,limitations,and notable findings of each algorithm are highlighted.Additionally,the interrelationships between these methodologies have also been discussed,as well as the present progress achieved in various applications.Future research directions and challenges are also predicted to provide an overview of current research trends in data mining of time series for analyzing flow regimes and chaotic signals.This review offers a comprehensive summary for extracting and characterizing fluid flow behavior and serves as a theoretical reference for optimizing the characterization of chaotic signals in future research endeavors.展开更多
Artificial intelligence has potential for forecasting reactor conditions in the nuclear industry.Owing to economic and security concerns,a common method is to train data generated by simulators.However,achieving a sat...Artificial intelligence has potential for forecasting reactor conditions in the nuclear industry.Owing to economic and security concerns,a common method is to train data generated by simulators.However,achieving a satisfactory performance in practical applications is difficult because simulators imperfectly emulate reality.To bridge this gap,we propose a novel framework called simulation-to-reality domain adaptation(SRDA)for forecasting the operating parameters of nuclear reactors.The SRDA model employs a transformer-based feature extractor to capture dynamic characteristics and temporal dependencies.A parameter predictor with an improved logarithmic loss function is specifically designed to adapt to varying reactor powers.To fuse prior reactor knowledge from simulations with reality,the domain discriminator utilizes an adversarial strategy to ensure the learning of deep domain-invariant features,and the multiple kernel maximum mean discrepancy minimizes their discrepancies.Experiments on neutron fluxes and temperatures from a pressurized water reactor illustrate that the SRDA model surpasses various advanced methods in terms of predictive performance.This study is the first to use domain adaptation for real-world reactor prediction and presents a feasible solution for enhancing the transferability and generalizability of simulated data.展开更多
Accurate water level measurement in nuclear reactors,particularly in PWRs(pressurized water reactors)and BWRs(boiling water reactors),is essential for ensuring the safety and efficiency of reactor operations.K-type HJ...Accurate water level measurement in nuclear reactors,particularly in PWRs(pressurized water reactors)and BWRs(boiling water reactors),is essential for ensuring the safety and efficiency of reactor operations.K-type HJTCs(heated junction thermocouples)are widely used for this purpose due to their ability to withstand extreme temperatures and radiation conditions.This article explores the role of HJTCs in reactor water level measurement and compares the performance of 2-wire and 3-wire connections.While the 2-wire connection is simple and cost-effective,it can introduce measurement inaccuracies due to wire resistance.In contrast,the 3-wire connection compensates for lead resistance,offering more precise and reliable measurements,particularly in long-distance applications.This paper discusses the operational considerations of these wiring configurations in the context of nuclear reactors and highlights the importance of choosing the appropriate connection type to optimize safety and measurement accuracy in PWR and BWR reactors.展开更多
This article explores the transformative potential of nanotechnology and MMs(memory metals)in enhancing the design and operation of nuclear reactors,encompassing both fission and fusion technologies.Nanotechnology,wit...This article explores the transformative potential of nanotechnology and MMs(memory metals)in enhancing the design and operation of nuclear reactors,encompassing both fission and fusion technologies.Nanotechnology,with its ability to engineer materials at the atomic scale,offers significant improvements in reactor safety,efficiency,and longevity.In fission reactors,nanomaterials enhance fuel rod integrity,optimize thermal management,and improve in-core instrumentation.Fusion reactors benefit from nanostructured materials that bolster containment and heat dissipation,addressing critical challenges in sustaining fusion reactions.The integration of SMAs(shape memory alloys),or MMs,further amplifies these advancements.These materials,characterized by their ability to revert to a pre-defined shape under thermal conditions,provide self-healing capabilities,adaptive structural components,and enhanced magnetic confinement.The synergy between nanotechnology and MMs represents a paradigm shift in nuclear reactor technology,promising a future of cleaner,more efficient,and safer nuclear energy production.This innovative approach positions the nuclear industry to meet the growing global energy demand while addressing environmental and safety concerns.展开更多
The pyrolysis process of Shendong coal(SD)was first studied by combining the characteristics of thermal gravimetric(TG),pyrolysis-gas chromatography/mass spectrometry(Py-GC/MS)and Gray-King assay(GK).The results show ...The pyrolysis process of Shendong coal(SD)was first studied by combining the characteristics of thermal gravimetric(TG),pyrolysis-gas chromatography/mass spectrometry(Py-GC/MS)and Gray-King assay(GK).The results show that the order of coke yields is G-K(76.35%(mass))>TG(73.11%(mass))>Py(70.03%(mass)).G-K coke yield caused by condensation reaction and secondary reaction accounts for 3.08%(mass)and 3.24%(mass),respectively.Compared with slow pyrolysis,fast pyrolysis has stronger fracture ability to coal molecules and can obtain more O-compounds,mono-ring aromatics and aliphatics.Especially,the content of phenolics increases significantly from 15.49%to 35.17%,but the content of multi-ring aromatics decreases from 23.13%to 2.36%.By comparing the compositions of Py primary tar and G-K final tar,it is found that secondary reactions occurred during G-K pyrolysis process include the cleavage of alkane and esters,condensation of mono-ring aromatics with low carbon alkene,ring opening,isomerization of tri-ring aromatics,hydrogenation of aromatics and acids.展开更多
The research on gas-liquid multiphase reactions using micro reactors is becoming increasingly widespread, given their excellent mass transfer performance. Establishing an accurate and reliable method to measure the ga...The research on gas-liquid multiphase reactions using micro reactors is becoming increasingly widespread, given their excellent mass transfer performance. Establishing an accurate and reliable method to measure the gas-liquid mass transfer performance of micro reactors is crucial for evaluating and optimizing the design of micro reactor structure. In this paper, the physical absorption method of aqueous solution-CO_(2) and the chemical absorption method of sodium carbonate solution-CO_(2) were proposed. By analyzing the chemical reaction equilibrium during the absorption process, the relationship between the mass transfer of CO_(2) and the solubility of hydroxide ions in the solution was established, and the total gas-liquid mass transfer coefficient was immediately obtained by measuring the p H value. The corresponding testing platform and process have been established based on the characteristics of the proposed method to ensure fast and accurate measurement. In addition, the chemical absorption method takes into account temperature factors that were not previously considered. The volumetric mass transfer coefficient measured by these two methods is in the same range as those measured by other methods using the same microchannel structure in previous literature. The methods have the advantages of low equipment cost, faster measurement speed, and simpler procedures, which can facilitate its wide application to the evaluation of the mass transfer performance and hence can guide the structure optimization of microchannel reactors.展开更多
We proposed and compared three methods(filter burnup,single energy burnup,and burnup extremum analysis)to build a high-resolution neutronics model for 238Pu production in high-flux reactors.The filter burnup and singl...We proposed and compared three methods(filter burnup,single energy burnup,and burnup extremum analysis)to build a high-resolution neutronics model for 238Pu production in high-flux reactors.The filter burnup and single energy burnup methods have no theoretical approximation and can achieve a spectrum resolution of up to~1 eV,thereby constructing the importance curve and yield curve of the full energy range.The burnup extreme analysis method combines the importance and yield curves to consider the influence of irradiation time on production efficiency,thereby constructing extreme curves.The three curves,which quantify the transmutation rate of the nuclei in each energy region,are of physical significance because they have similar distributions.A high-resolution neutronics model for ^(238)Pu production was established based on these three curves,and its universality and feasibility were proven.The neutronics model can guide the neutron spectrum optimization and improve the yield of ^(238)Pu by up to 18.81%.The neutronics model revealed the law of nuclei transmutation in all energy regions with high spectrum resolution,thus providing theoretical support for high-flux reactor design and irradiation production of ^(238)Pu.展开更多
An effective breeding blanket is critical to support tritium self-sufficiency for future fusion reactors.The difficulty is to achieve tritium breeding ratio(TBR)target of 1.05 or more.This paper presents a new design ...An effective breeding blanket is critical to support tritium self-sufficiency for future fusion reactors.The difficulty is to achieve tritium breeding ratio(TBR)target of 1.05 or more.This paper presents a new design approach to the blanket design process.It indicates that fusion blanket design is affected by universal functions based on iterations.Three aspects are worth more attention from fusion engineers in the future.The first factor is that the iterations on the material fractions affect not only structure scheme but also TBR variation.The second factor is the cooling condition affecting final TBR due to the change of the structure material proportion.The third factor is temperature field related to the tritium release.In particular,it is suggested that the statistical calculation of effective TBR must be under reasonable control of the blanket temperature field.This approach is novel for blanket engineering in development of a fusion reactor.展开更多
This paper presents the results of the development and creation of plasma-chemical reactors for mobile and stationary installations for the destruction and disposal of solid, liquid, gaseous and mixed medical waste ba...This paper presents the results of the development and creation of plasma-chemical reactors for mobile and stationary installations for the destruction and disposal of solid, liquid, gaseous and mixed medical waste based on the domestic plasma generator PUN-1, with air as the plasma-forming gas. The design and principle of operation of plasma-chemical reactors installed on mobile experimental and industrial plants “Plazmon-1,2,3”, as well as the main features of the plasma waste disposal process are described.展开更多
Adsorptive reactors(AR),in which an adsorptive functionality is incorporated into the catalytic reactors,offer enhanced performance over their conventional counterparts due to the effective manipulation of concentrati...Adsorptive reactors(AR),in which an adsorptive functionality is incorporated into the catalytic reactors,offer enhanced performance over their conventional counterparts due to the effective manipulation of concentration and temperature profiles.The operation of these attractive reactors is,however,inherently unsteady state,complicating the design and operation of such sorption-enhanced processes.In order to capture,comprehend and capitalize upon the rich dynamic texture of adsorptive reactors,it is necessary to employ cyclic steady state algorithms describing the entire reaction-adsorption/desorption cycle.The stability of this cyclic steady state is of great importance for the design and operation of adsorptive reactors.In this paper,the cyclic steady state of previously proposed novel adsorptive reactor designs has been calculated and then optimized to give maximum space–time yields.The results obtained revealed unambiguously that an improvement potential of up to multifold level could be attained under the optimized cyclic steady state conditions.This additional improvement resulted from the reduction of the regeneration time well below the reaction-adsorption time,which means,in turn,more space–time yield.展开更多
The Statistical Experimental Design techniques are the most powerful tools for the chemical reactors experimental modeling. Empirical models can be formulated for representing the chemical behavior of reactors with th...The Statistical Experimental Design techniques are the most powerful tools for the chemical reactors experimental modeling. Empirical models can be formulated for representing the chemical behavior of reactors with the minimal effort in the necessary number of experimental runs, hence, minimizing the consumption of chemicals and the consumption of time due to the reduction in the number of experimental runs and increasing the certainty of the results. Four types of nonthermal plasma reactors were assayed seeking for the highest efficiency in obtaining hydrogen and ethylene. Three different geometries for AC high voltage driven reactors, and only a single geometry for a DC high voltage pulse driven reactor were studied. According to the fundamental principles of chemical kinetics and considering an analogy among the reaction rate and the applied power to the plasma reactor, the four reactors are modeled following the classical chemical reactors design to understand if the behavior of the nonthermal plasma reactors can be regarded as the chemical reactors following the flow patterns of PFR (Plug Flow Reactor) or CSTR (Continuous Stirred Tank Reactor). Dehydrogenation is a common elimination reaction that takes place in nonthermal plasmas. Owing to this characteristic, a paraffinic heavy oil with an average molecular weight corresponding to C15 was used to study the production of light olefins and hydrogen.展开更多
Pneumatically agitated slurry reactors,including bubble column reactors and airlift loop reactors(ALRs),are important gas-liquid-solid multiphase reactors.These reactors have been widely applied in many processes,espe...Pneumatically agitated slurry reactors,including bubble column reactors and airlift loop reactors(ALRs),are important gas-liquid-solid multiphase reactors.These reactors have been widely applied in many processes,especially in the biological fermentation and energy chemical industry,due to their low shear stress,good mixing,perfect mass-/heat-transfer properties,and relatively low costs.To further improve the performance of slurry reactors(i.e.,mixing and mass/heat transfer)and to satisfy industrial require-ments(e.g.,temperature control,reduction of back-mixing,and product separation),the process intensi-fication of slurry reactors is essential.This article starts by reviewing the latest advancements in the intensification of mixing and mass/heat transfer in these two types of reactors.It then summarizes process-intensification methods for mixing and separation that allow continuous production in these slurry reactors.Process-intensification technology that integrates directional flow in an ALR with simple solid-liquid separation in a hydrocyclone is recommended for its high efficiency and low costs.This arti-cle also systematically addresses vital considerations and challenges,including flow regime discrimina-tion,gas spargers,solid particle effects,and other concerns in slurry reactors.It introduces the progress of numerical simulation using computational fluid dynamics(CFD)for the rational design of slurry reactors and discusses difficulties in modeling.Finally,it presents conclusions and perspectives on the design of industrial slurry reactors.展开更多
The distillation column with side reactors (SRC) can overcome the temperature/pressure mismatch in the traditional reactive distillation, the column operates at temperature/pressure favorable for vapor-liquid separati...The distillation column with side reactors (SRC) can overcome the temperature/pressure mismatch in the traditional reactive distillation, the column operates at temperature/pressure favorable for vapor-liquid separation, while the reactors operate at temperatures/pressures favorable for reaction kinetics. According to the smooth operation and automatic control problem of the distillation column with side reactors (SRC), the design, simulation calculation and dynamic control of the SCR process for chlorobenzene production are discussed in the paper. Firstly, the mechanism models, the integrated structure optimal design and process simulation systems are established, respectively. And then multivariable control schemes are designed, the controllability of SRC process based on the optimal steady-state integrated structure is explored. The dynamic response performances of closed-loop system against several disturbances are discussed to verify the effectiveness of control schemes for the SRC process. The simulating results show that the control structure using conventional control strategies can effectively overcome feeding disturbances in a specific range.展开更多
Slurry reactors are popular in many industrial processes,involved with numerous chemical and biological mixtures,solid particles with different concentrations and properties,and a wide range of operating conditions.Th...Slurry reactors are popular in many industrial processes,involved with numerous chemical and biological mixtures,solid particles with different concentrations and properties,and a wide range of operating conditions.These factors can significantly affect the hydrodynamic in the slurry reactors,having remarkable effects on the design,scale-up,and operation of the slurry reactors.This article reviews the influences of fluid physical properties,solid particles,and operating conditions on the hydrodynamics in slurry reactors.Firstly,the influence of fluid properties,including the density and viscosity of the individual liquid and gas phases and the interfacial tension,has been reviewed.Secondly,the solid particle properties(i.e.,concentration,density,size,wettability,and shape)on the hydrodynamics have been discussed in detail,and some vital but often ignored features,especially the influences of particle wettability and shape,as well as the variation of surface tension because of solid concentration alteration,are highlighted in this work.Thirdly,the variations of physical properties of fluids,hydrodynamics,and bubble behavior resulted from the temperature and pressure variations are also summarized,and the indirect influences of pressure on viscosity and surface tension are addressed systematically.Finally,conclusions and perspectives of these notable influences on the design and scale-up of industrial slurry reactors are presented.展开更多
基金supported by the Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province(ZR2023ZD22)the Major Research and Development Program of Shandong Province(2023CXGC010601).
文摘Under the dual-carbon background,the technological updating of traditional high-energy-consuming equipment should not be delayed,and the problem of reactor energy consumption should not be ignored.Therefore,this study is based on computational fluid dynamics(CFD)theory to simulate the spiral stirred reactor with different design parameters(distance of paddle from bottom surface to reactor height ratio h1/H,diameter of stirring paddle to reactor diameter ratio Ds/D,length of blade section to reactor height ratio Ls/H).It was found that the reactor designed with lower Ls/H values and higher h1/H,Ds/D values would have smaller power number(Np)values and smaller flow field average velocity.In addition,this study also fitted the correlation equation of Np concerning Reynolds number and h1/H,Ds/D,and Ls/H,and the conclusions of the study can be used as a reference for the design of industrial equipment.
文摘Electrochemical CO_(2) reduction(ECR)driven by intermittent renewable energy sources is an emerging technology to achieve net-zero CO_(2) emissions.Tandem electrochemical CO_(2) reduction(T-ECR),employs tandem catalysts with synergistic or complementary functions to efficiently convert CO_(2) into multi-carbon(C^(2+))products in a succession of reactions within single or sequentially coupled reactors.However,the lack of clear interpretation and systematic understanding of T-ECR mechanisms has resulted in suboptimal current outcomes.This review presents new perspectives and summarizes recent advancements in efficient T-ECR across various scales,including synergistic tandem catalysis at the microscopic scale,relay tandem catalysis at the mesoscopic scale,and tandem reactors at the macroscopic scale.We begin by outlining the principle of tandem catalysis,followed by discuss on tandem catalyst design,the electrode construction,and reactor configuration.Additionally,we address the challenges and prospects of tandem strategies,emphasizing the integration of machine learning,theoretical calculations,and advanced characterization techniques for developing industry-scale CO_(2) valorization.
基金support from the Research Grants Council of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region,China(Project No.PolyU25213824)Hong Kong Polytechnic University(WZ4Q,CDBZ,CE2Y)+3 种基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China(22205187)Shenzhen Municipal Science and Technology Innovation Commission(JCYJ20230807140402006)Department of Science and Technology of Guangdong Province(2023A1515110123,2024A1515012390)MTR Research Funding Scheme(PTU-24028).
文摘The advancement of clean electricity is positioning electrochemical reactors at the forefront of future electrosynthesis technologies.Solid-state electrolyte(SSE)reactors emerge for their distinctive configurations and ability to produce high-purity fuels and chemicals efficiently without additional purification steps.This marks a substantial development in electrochemical synthesis.In this perspective,we critically examine cutting-edge innovations in SSE devices with particular emphasis on the architectural introduction of core cell components,novel electrochemical cell configurations,and assembly methodologies.The use of SSE reactors is presently undergoing a pivotal transition from fundamental laboratory investigations to large-scale engineering implementations,demonstrating remarkable progress in multiple domains:(1)sustainable synthesis of high-value organic acids(formic and acetic acids),(2)production of critical oxidizers hydrogen peroxide(H_(2)O_(2))and liquid fuels(ethanol),(3)ammonia(NH_(3))production,(4)carbon capture technologies,(5)lithium recovery and recycling,and(6)tandem or coupling strategies for high-value-added products.Importantly,the transformative potential in environmental remediation,particularly for airborne pollutant sequestration and advanced wastewater purification,is addressed.Additionally,the innovative architectural blueprints for next-generation SSE stack are presented,aiming to establish a comprehensive framework to guide the transition from laboratory-scale innovation to industrial-scale deployment of SSE devices in the foreseeable future.
文摘Small modular reactor(SMR)belongs to the research forefront of nuclear reactor technology.Nowadays,advancement of intelligent control technologies paves a new way to the design and build of unmanned SMR.The autonomous control process of SMR can be divided into three stages,say,state diagnosis,autonomous decision-making and coordinated control.In this paper,the autonomous state recognition and task planning of unmanned SMR are investigated.An operating condition recognition method based on the knowledge base of SMR operation is proposed by using the artificial neural network(ANN)technology,which constructs a basis for the state judgment of intelligent reactor control path planning.An improved reinforcement learning path planning algorithm is utilized to implement the path transfer decision-makingThis algorithm performs condition transitions with minimal cost under specified modes.In summary,the full range control path intelligent decision-planning technology of SMR is realized,thus provides some theoretical basis for the design and build of unmanned SMR in the future.
基金supported by the Youth Innovation Promotion Association(YIPA)(No.E329290101)of the Chinese Academy of Sciences。
文摘Molten salt reactors(MSRs)are a promising candidate for Generation IV reactor technologies,and the small modular molten salt reactor(SM-MSR),which utilizes low-enriched uranium and thorium fuels,is regarded as a wise development path to accelerate deployment time.Uncertainty and sensitivity analyses of accidents guide nuclear reactor design and safety analyses.Uncertainty analysis can ascertain the safety margin,and sensitivity analysis can reveal the correlation between accident consequences and input parameters.Loss of forced cooling(LOFC)represents an accident scenario of the SM-MSR,and the study of LOFC could offer useful information to improve physical thermohydraulic and structural designs.Therefore,this study investigates the uncertainty of LOFC consequences and the sensitivity of related parameters.The uncertainty of the LOFC consequences was analyzed using the Monte Carlo method,and multiple linear regression was employed to analyze the sensitivity of the input parameters.The uncertainty and sensitivity analyses showed that the maximum reactor outlet fuel salt temperature was 725.5℃,which is lower than the acceptable criterion,and five important parameters influencing LOFC consequences were identified.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(22178361,22378402,52302310)the International Partnership Project of CAS(039GJHZ2022029GC)+5 种基金the National Key R&D Program of China(2020YFA0710200)the foundation of the Innovation Academy for Green Manufacture Institute,Chinese Academy of Sciences(IAGM2022D07)the China Postdoctoral Science Foundation(2022M722597)QinChuangYuan Cites High-level Innovation and Entrepreneurship Talent Programs(QCYRCXM-2022-335)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(G2022KY05111)the Open Project Program of Anhui Province International Research Center on Advanced Building Materials(JZCL2303KF)。
文摘Paired electrosynthesis has received considerable attention as a consequence of simultaneously synthesizing target products at both cathode and anode,whereas the related synthetic efficiency in batch reactors is still undesirable under certain circumstances.Encouragingly,laminar microfluidic reactor offers prospective options that possess controllable flow characteristics such as enhanced mass transport,precise laminar flow control and the ability to expand production scale progressively.In this comprehensive review,the underlying fundamentals of the paired electrosynthesis are initially summarized,followed by categorizing the paired electrosynthesis including parallel paired electrosynthesis,divergent paired electrosynthesis,convergent paired electrosynthesis,sequential paired electrosynthesis and linear paired electrosynthesis.Thereafter,a holistic overview of microfluidic reactor equipment,integral fundamentals and research methodology as well as channel extension and scale-up strategies is proposed.The established fundamentals and evaluated metrics further inspired the applications of microfluidic reactors in paired electrosynthesis.This work stimulated the overwhelming investigation of mechanism discovery,material screening strategies,and device assemblies.
基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China(22078030)the National Key Research and Development Project(2019YFC1905802,2022YFB3504305)+1 种基金the Joint Funds of the National Natural Science Foundation of China(U1802255,CSTB2022NSCQ-LZX0014)the Key Project of Independent Research Project of State Key Laboratory of Coal Mine Disaster Dynamics and Control(2011DA105287-zd201902).
文摘Leveraging big data signal processing offers a pathway to the development of artificial intelligencedriven equipment.The analysis of fluid flow signals and the characterization of fluid flow behavior are of critical in two-phase flow studies.Significant research efforts have focused on discerning flow regimes using various signal analysis methods.In this review,recent advances in time series signals analysis algorithms for stirred tank reactors have been summarized,and the detailed methodologies are categorized into the frequency domain methods,time-frequency domain methods,and state space methods.The strengths,limitations,and notable findings of each algorithm are highlighted.Additionally,the interrelationships between these methodologies have also been discussed,as well as the present progress achieved in various applications.Future research directions and challenges are also predicted to provide an overview of current research trends in data mining of time series for analyzing flow regimes and chaotic signals.This review offers a comprehensive summary for extracting and characterizing fluid flow behavior and serves as a theoretical reference for optimizing the characterization of chaotic signals in future research endeavors.
基金supported by the Industry-University Cooperation Project in Fujian Province University(No.2023H6006)the State Key Laboratory of Reliability and Intelligence of Electrical Equipment(No.EERI-KF20200005)。
文摘Artificial intelligence has potential for forecasting reactor conditions in the nuclear industry.Owing to economic and security concerns,a common method is to train data generated by simulators.However,achieving a satisfactory performance in practical applications is difficult because simulators imperfectly emulate reality.To bridge this gap,we propose a novel framework called simulation-to-reality domain adaptation(SRDA)for forecasting the operating parameters of nuclear reactors.The SRDA model employs a transformer-based feature extractor to capture dynamic characteristics and temporal dependencies.A parameter predictor with an improved logarithmic loss function is specifically designed to adapt to varying reactor powers.To fuse prior reactor knowledge from simulations with reality,the domain discriminator utilizes an adversarial strategy to ensure the learning of deep domain-invariant features,and the multiple kernel maximum mean discrepancy minimizes their discrepancies.Experiments on neutron fluxes and temperatures from a pressurized water reactor illustrate that the SRDA model surpasses various advanced methods in terms of predictive performance.This study is the first to use domain adaptation for real-world reactor prediction and presents a feasible solution for enhancing the transferability and generalizability of simulated data.
文摘Accurate water level measurement in nuclear reactors,particularly in PWRs(pressurized water reactors)and BWRs(boiling water reactors),is essential for ensuring the safety and efficiency of reactor operations.K-type HJTCs(heated junction thermocouples)are widely used for this purpose due to their ability to withstand extreme temperatures and radiation conditions.This article explores the role of HJTCs in reactor water level measurement and compares the performance of 2-wire and 3-wire connections.While the 2-wire connection is simple and cost-effective,it can introduce measurement inaccuracies due to wire resistance.In contrast,the 3-wire connection compensates for lead resistance,offering more precise and reliable measurements,particularly in long-distance applications.This paper discusses the operational considerations of these wiring configurations in the context of nuclear reactors and highlights the importance of choosing the appropriate connection type to optimize safety and measurement accuracy in PWR and BWR reactors.
文摘This article explores the transformative potential of nanotechnology and MMs(memory metals)in enhancing the design and operation of nuclear reactors,encompassing both fission and fusion technologies.Nanotechnology,with its ability to engineer materials at the atomic scale,offers significant improvements in reactor safety,efficiency,and longevity.In fission reactors,nanomaterials enhance fuel rod integrity,optimize thermal management,and improve in-core instrumentation.Fusion reactors benefit from nanostructured materials that bolster containment and heat dissipation,addressing critical challenges in sustaining fusion reactions.The integration of SMAs(shape memory alloys),or MMs,further amplifies these advancements.These materials,characterized by their ability to revert to a pre-defined shape under thermal conditions,provide self-healing capabilities,adaptive structural components,and enhanced magnetic confinement.The synergy between nanotechnology and MMs represents a paradigm shift in nuclear reactor technology,promising a future of cleaner,more efficient,and safer nuclear energy production.This innovative approach positions the nuclear industry to meet the growing global energy demand while addressing environmental and safety concerns.
基金financed by the Department of Education of Gansu Province:Young Doctor Fund Project(2022QB-029)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(31920240059,3192024125-06)+1 种基金the Scientific Research Project of Introducing Talents of Northwest Minzu University(xbmuyjrc202215)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(22178289).
文摘The pyrolysis process of Shendong coal(SD)was first studied by combining the characteristics of thermal gravimetric(TG),pyrolysis-gas chromatography/mass spectrometry(Py-GC/MS)and Gray-King assay(GK).The results show that the order of coke yields is G-K(76.35%(mass))>TG(73.11%(mass))>Py(70.03%(mass)).G-K coke yield caused by condensation reaction and secondary reaction accounts for 3.08%(mass)and 3.24%(mass),respectively.Compared with slow pyrolysis,fast pyrolysis has stronger fracture ability to coal molecules and can obtain more O-compounds,mono-ring aromatics and aliphatics.Especially,the content of phenolics increases significantly from 15.49%to 35.17%,but the content of multi-ring aromatics decreases from 23.13%to 2.36%.By comparing the compositions of Py primary tar and G-K final tar,it is found that secondary reactions occurred during G-K pyrolysis process include the cleavage of alkane and esters,condensation of mono-ring aromatics with low carbon alkene,ring opening,isomerization of tri-ring aromatics,hydrogenation of aromatics and acids.
文摘The research on gas-liquid multiphase reactions using micro reactors is becoming increasingly widespread, given their excellent mass transfer performance. Establishing an accurate and reliable method to measure the gas-liquid mass transfer performance of micro reactors is crucial for evaluating and optimizing the design of micro reactor structure. In this paper, the physical absorption method of aqueous solution-CO_(2) and the chemical absorption method of sodium carbonate solution-CO_(2) were proposed. By analyzing the chemical reaction equilibrium during the absorption process, the relationship between the mass transfer of CO_(2) and the solubility of hydroxide ions in the solution was established, and the total gas-liquid mass transfer coefficient was immediately obtained by measuring the p H value. The corresponding testing platform and process have been established based on the characteristics of the proposed method to ensure fast and accurate measurement. In addition, the chemical absorption method takes into account temperature factors that were not previously considered. The volumetric mass transfer coefficient measured by these two methods is in the same range as those measured by other methods using the same microchannel structure in previous literature. The methods have the advantages of low equipment cost, faster measurement speed, and simpler procedures, which can facilitate its wide application to the evaluation of the mass transfer performance and hence can guide the structure optimization of microchannel reactors.
基金supported by Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 12305190)Lingchuang Research Project of China National Nuclear Corporation (CNNC)the Science and Technology on Reactor System Design Technology Laboratory
文摘We proposed and compared three methods(filter burnup,single energy burnup,and burnup extremum analysis)to build a high-resolution neutronics model for 238Pu production in high-flux reactors.The filter burnup and single energy burnup methods have no theoretical approximation and can achieve a spectrum resolution of up to~1 eV,thereby constructing the importance curve and yield curve of the full energy range.The burnup extreme analysis method combines the importance and yield curves to consider the influence of irradiation time on production efficiency,thereby constructing extreme curves.The three curves,which quantify the transmutation rate of the nuclei in each energy region,are of physical significance because they have similar distributions.A high-resolution neutronics model for ^(238)Pu production was established based on these three curves,and its universality and feasibility were proven.The neutronics model can guide the neutron spectrum optimization and improve the yield of ^(238)Pu by up to 18.81%.The neutronics model revealed the law of nuclei transmutation in all energy regions with high spectrum resolution,thus providing theoretical support for high-flux reactor design and irradiation production of ^(238)Pu.
基金supported by the Project for Scientific Research of West Anhui University(No.00701092282)。
文摘An effective breeding blanket is critical to support tritium self-sufficiency for future fusion reactors.The difficulty is to achieve tritium breeding ratio(TBR)target of 1.05 or more.This paper presents a new design approach to the blanket design process.It indicates that fusion blanket design is affected by universal functions based on iterations.Three aspects are worth more attention from fusion engineers in the future.The first factor is that the iterations on the material fractions affect not only structure scheme but also TBR variation.The second factor is the cooling condition affecting final TBR due to the change of the structure material proportion.The third factor is temperature field related to the tritium release.In particular,it is suggested that the statistical calculation of effective TBR must be under reasonable control of the blanket temperature field.This approach is novel for blanket engineering in development of a fusion reactor.
文摘This paper presents the results of the development and creation of plasma-chemical reactors for mobile and stationary installations for the destruction and disposal of solid, liquid, gaseous and mixed medical waste based on the domestic plasma generator PUN-1, with air as the plasma-forming gas. The design and principle of operation of plasma-chemical reactors installed on mobile experimental and industrial plants “Plazmon-1,2,3”, as well as the main features of the plasma waste disposal process are described.
基金the German research council(Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft) for their financial support to the project:AG 26/18-1
文摘Adsorptive reactors(AR),in which an adsorptive functionality is incorporated into the catalytic reactors,offer enhanced performance over their conventional counterparts due to the effective manipulation of concentration and temperature profiles.The operation of these attractive reactors is,however,inherently unsteady state,complicating the design and operation of such sorption-enhanced processes.In order to capture,comprehend and capitalize upon the rich dynamic texture of adsorptive reactors,it is necessary to employ cyclic steady state algorithms describing the entire reaction-adsorption/desorption cycle.The stability of this cyclic steady state is of great importance for the design and operation of adsorptive reactors.In this paper,the cyclic steady state of previously proposed novel adsorptive reactor designs has been calculated and then optimized to give maximum space–time yields.The results obtained revealed unambiguously that an improvement potential of up to multifold level could be attained under the optimized cyclic steady state conditions.This additional improvement resulted from the reduction of the regeneration time well below the reaction-adsorption time,which means,in turn,more space–time yield.
文摘The Statistical Experimental Design techniques are the most powerful tools for the chemical reactors experimental modeling. Empirical models can be formulated for representing the chemical behavior of reactors with the minimal effort in the necessary number of experimental runs, hence, minimizing the consumption of chemicals and the consumption of time due to the reduction in the number of experimental runs and increasing the certainty of the results. Four types of nonthermal plasma reactors were assayed seeking for the highest efficiency in obtaining hydrogen and ethylene. Three different geometries for AC high voltage driven reactors, and only a single geometry for a DC high voltage pulse driven reactor were studied. According to the fundamental principles of chemical kinetics and considering an analogy among the reaction rate and the applied power to the plasma reactor, the four reactors are modeled following the classical chemical reactors design to understand if the behavior of the nonthermal plasma reactors can be regarded as the chemical reactors following the flow patterns of PFR (Plug Flow Reactor) or CSTR (Continuous Stirred Tank Reactor). Dehydrogenation is a common elimination reaction that takes place in nonthermal plasmas. Owing to this characteristic, a paraffinic heavy oil with an average molecular weight corresponding to C15 was used to study the production of light olefins and hydrogen.
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(2016YFB0301701)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(21808234,21878318,and 21938009)+3 种基金the DNL Cooperation Fund,Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS)(DNL201902)the Strategic Priority Research Program of the CAS(XDA21060400)the QIBEBT and Dalian National Laboratory for Clean Energy of the CAS(QIBEBT ZZBS201803 and QIBEBT I201907)the CAS Key Technology Talent Program.
文摘Pneumatically agitated slurry reactors,including bubble column reactors and airlift loop reactors(ALRs),are important gas-liquid-solid multiphase reactors.These reactors have been widely applied in many processes,especially in the biological fermentation and energy chemical industry,due to their low shear stress,good mixing,perfect mass-/heat-transfer properties,and relatively low costs.To further improve the performance of slurry reactors(i.e.,mixing and mass/heat transfer)and to satisfy industrial require-ments(e.g.,temperature control,reduction of back-mixing,and product separation),the process intensi-fication of slurry reactors is essential.This article starts by reviewing the latest advancements in the intensification of mixing and mass/heat transfer in these two types of reactors.It then summarizes process-intensification methods for mixing and separation that allow continuous production in these slurry reactors.Process-intensification technology that integrates directional flow in an ALR with simple solid-liquid separation in a hydrocyclone is recommended for its high efficiency and low costs.This arti-cle also systematically addresses vital considerations and challenges,including flow regime discrimina-tion,gas spargers,solid particle effects,and other concerns in slurry reactors.It introduces the progress of numerical simulation using computational fluid dynamics(CFD)for the rational design of slurry reactors and discusses difficulties in modeling.Finally,it presents conclusions and perspectives on the design of industrial slurry reactors.
基金Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (61203020, 21276126)the Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province (BK2011795)+1 种基金Jiangsu Province Higher Education Natural Science Foundation (09KJA530004)China Postdoctoral Science Foundation (20100471325)
文摘The distillation column with side reactors (SRC) can overcome the temperature/pressure mismatch in the traditional reactive distillation, the column operates at temperature/pressure favorable for vapor-liquid separation, while the reactors operate at temperatures/pressures favorable for reaction kinetics. According to the smooth operation and automatic control problem of the distillation column with side reactors (SRC), the design, simulation calculation and dynamic control of the SCR process for chlorobenzene production are discussed in the paper. Firstly, the mechanism models, the integrated structure optimal design and process simulation systems are established, respectively. And then multivariable control schemes are designed, the controllability of SRC process based on the optimal steady-state integrated structure is explored. The dynamic response performances of closed-loop system against several disturbances are discussed to verify the effectiveness of control schemes for the SRC process. The simulating results show that the control structure using conventional control strategies can effectively overcome feeding disturbances in a specific range.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(2187831821808234)+5 种基金the Dalian National Laboratory for Clean Energy Cooperation Fund,CAS(DNL201902)“Transformational Technologies for Clean Energy and Demonstration”,Strategic Priority Research Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS)(XDA21060400)Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology(QIBEBT)and Dalian National Laboratory for Clean Energy(DNL)of CAS(QIBEBT ZZBS201803QIBEBT I201907)Director Innovation Fund of Synthetic Biology Technology Innovation Center of Shandong Province(sdsynbio-2020-ZH02)Project of CNPC-DICP Joint Research Center。
文摘Slurry reactors are popular in many industrial processes,involved with numerous chemical and biological mixtures,solid particles with different concentrations and properties,and a wide range of operating conditions.These factors can significantly affect the hydrodynamic in the slurry reactors,having remarkable effects on the design,scale-up,and operation of the slurry reactors.This article reviews the influences of fluid physical properties,solid particles,and operating conditions on the hydrodynamics in slurry reactors.Firstly,the influence of fluid properties,including the density and viscosity of the individual liquid and gas phases and the interfacial tension,has been reviewed.Secondly,the solid particle properties(i.e.,concentration,density,size,wettability,and shape)on the hydrodynamics have been discussed in detail,and some vital but often ignored features,especially the influences of particle wettability and shape,as well as the variation of surface tension because of solid concentration alteration,are highlighted in this work.Thirdly,the variations of physical properties of fluids,hydrodynamics,and bubble behavior resulted from the temperature and pressure variations are also summarized,and the indirect influences of pressure on viscosity and surface tension are addressed systematically.Finally,conclusions and perspectives of these notable influences on the design and scale-up of industrial slurry reactors are presented.
