Based on comprehensive observations of 20 wire icing events during winter from 2019 to 2021,we investigated the characteristics of the icing properties,the atmospheric boundary layer structure,the raindrop size distri...Based on comprehensive observations of 20 wire icing events during winter from 2019 to 2021,we investigated the characteristics of the icing properties,the atmospheric boundary layer structure,the raindrop size distribution,and their associated effects on the ice accretion mechanism in the mountainous region of Southwest China.The maximum ice weight was positively correlated with the duration of ice accretion in the mountainous area.The duration of precipitation accounted for less than 20%of the icing period in the mountainous area,with solid-phase hydrometeors being predominant.Icing events,dominated by freezing rain(FR)and mixed rain–graupel(more than 70%),were characterized by glaze or highdensity mixed icing.The relationship between the melting energy and refreezing energy reflected the distribution characteristics of the proportion of FR under mixed-phase precipitation.The intensity of the warm layer and the dominant precipitation phase significantly affected the variations in the microphysical properties of FR.The melting of large dry snowflakes significantly contributed to FR in the mountainous areas,resulting in smaller generalized intercepts and larger mass-weighted mean diameters in the presence of a stronger warm layer.Under a weaker warm layer,the value of the massweighted mean diameter was significantly smaller because of the inability of large solid particles to melt.Finally,FR in the mountainous area dominated the ice weight during the rapid ice accumulation period.A numerical simulation of FR icing on wires effectively revealed the evolution of disaster-causing icing in mountainous areas.展开更多
SNAPSHOTS OF CHINA Send us your photographs and let us know what lies behind them at contacts@chinafrica.cn Strolling in Rain Amid light rain and mist,tourists meander through the historic lanes of Chengkan Ancient Vi...SNAPSHOTS OF CHINA Send us your photographs and let us know what lies behind them at contacts@chinafrica.cn Strolling in Rain Amid light rain and mist,tourists meander through the historic lanes of Chengkan Ancient Village in Huangshan,Anhui Province.展开更多
Activity 1 Think about the following questions and write down your answers before reading the text.1.How do you think the rain in the Rain Report Caféwould affect people's mood when they are chatting with fri...Activity 1 Think about the following questions and write down your answers before reading the text.1.How do you think the rain in the Rain Report Caféwould affect people's mood when they are chatting with friends?Would it make them more relaxed or a bit distracted?2.How might the constant rain at Rain Report Caféaffect the mood of its customers?Activity 2 Read the text,and try to fill in the blank.The cafe has panoramic windows offering a clear view of its inner courtyard,_____.展开更多
Based on the data of daily precipitation in 11 national ground meteorological observation stations in Jining City from 1981 to 2020,the interdecadal variation,intensity,range and spatial distribution of rainstorms in ...Based on the data of daily precipitation in 11 national ground meteorological observation stations in Jining City from 1981 to 2020,the interdecadal variation,intensity,range and spatial distribution of rainstorms in Jining City were analyzed.The results show that the number of rainstorm days and the total amount of rainstorms in Jining City had significant changes among different decades.There was a continuous upward trend from the 1980s to the early 21 st century and a decrease after the early 21 st century.Rainstorms had distinct seasonal characteristics.They were mainly concentrated in summer,especially in July and August.In terms of spatial distribution,the frequency and intensity of rainstorms in the southeastern regions were significantly higher than those in the northwestern regions.The above results can provide a scientific basis for flood control and disaster reduction in Jining City.展开更多
In recent years,torrential rain events caused by extratropical cyclones(ETCs)during the boreal midsummer(July-August)in Central and Eastern China have shown an increasing trend.For instence,in August 2024,two ETCs bro...In recent years,torrential rain events caused by extratropical cyclones(ETCs)during the boreal midsummer(July-August)in Central and Eastern China have shown an increasing trend.For instence,in August 2024,two ETCs brought large-scale heavy rainfall to North China,with daily precipitation exceeding 100 mm.Using reanalysis datasets and gridded precipitation data,the ETCs that affected Central and Eastern China during the boreal midsummer from 1981 to 2020 were objectively identified and tracked.ETCs causing precipitation were classified based on maximum daily precipitation,resulting in datasets for ETCs with torrential rain(daily precipitation exceeding 100 mm,referred to as ETC_R100)and heavy rain(daily precipitation exceeding 25 mm,referred to as ETC_R25).Comparative analysis can help highlight the characteristics of ETC_R100.This study compares the spatial distribution,movement paths,weather impacts,large-scale atmospheric circulation,and environmental conditions of these two types of precipitation-related ETCs.The following findings emerged:(1)ETC_R100 is driven by the combined forcing of upper-level troughs and warm-moist airflows at lower levels,exhibiting stronger thermal forcing than ETC_R25.(2)The moisture source for ETC_R100 are the Bay of Bengal and the Northwest Pacific,with moisture transported via the South China Sea.Compared to ETCs with nonextreme rainfall,ETC_R100 is characterized by greater atmospheric instability and better moisture conditions,resulting in higher precipitation intensity.(3)Regardless of the precipitation level,ETCs affected different regions but contributed significantly to precipitation in northern China,accounting for approximately 50%of the total precipitation.The results indicate that ETC_R100 differs significantly from ETCs with varying levels of precipitation in terms of statistical characteristics,weather impact,environmental conditions,and cyclogenesis conditions.展开更多
1.Because it’s a maths problem about rain!因为这是一道关于下雨的数学题Mom:Why is your homework wet?Child:Because it’s a maths problem about rain!妈妈:为什么你的家庭作业湿了?孩子:因为这是一道关于下雨的数学题。
A numerical simulation was performed using the Thompson microphysics scheme to preliminarily investigate the features of the microphysical processes involved in the record-breaking rainfall event that occurred in Hena...A numerical simulation was performed using the Thompson microphysics scheme to preliminarily investigate the features of the microphysical processes involved in the record-breaking rainfall event that occurred in Henan Province,China,on 20 July 2021.The simulation results showed that a strong meso-𝛾-scale vortical updraft was concurrent with the torrential rainfall.The main finding is that this event was characterized by typical midlatitude warm-rain processes.The simulation with the Thompson microphysics scheme further indicated that highly efficient collision-coalescence of cloud water to rainwater resulted in a considerably active rain droplet growth,leading to this record-breaking rainfall event.展开更多
Dengue fever presents a significant and persistent public health challenge in Sri Lanka.The disease,transmitted by Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus mosquitoes,affects individuals across all age groups,with working p...Dengue fever presents a significant and persistent public health challenge in Sri Lanka.The disease,transmitted by Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus mosquitoes,affects individuals across all age groups,with working populations and school-aged children at higher risk due to increased outdoor exposure[1].Dengue transmission in Sri Lanka is seasonal with two high transmission waves corresponding with the two monsoon rains every year.The estimated average annual incidence is 175/100000 population,and it was 407.5/100000 in 2023 with a case fatality rate of 0.07%[2].展开更多
In research on the legendary Xia Dynasty of ancient China,the famous archaeological site of Erlitou and its culture are the most debated topics.A key question is whether this ancient culture is truly related to the Xi...In research on the legendary Xia Dynasty of ancient China,the famous archaeological site of Erlitou and its culture are the most debated topics.A key question is whether this ancient culture is truly related to the Xia Dynasty.This study combines traditional literature(Xia Xiao Zheng),archaeological evidence(on alligators),and climate simulation(of autumn rains)to demonstrate that the ancient Chinese phenological calendar,Xia Xiao Zheng,likely originated in the same region as the Erlitou culture.A logical explanation of these findings is that both Xia Xiao Zheng and the Erlitou culture are indeed closely related to the Xia Dynasty.展开更多
This study employed a computational fluid dynamics model with an overset mesh technique to investigate the thrust and power of a floating offshore wind turbine(FOWT)under platform floating motion in the wind–rain fie...This study employed a computational fluid dynamics model with an overset mesh technique to investigate the thrust and power of a floating offshore wind turbine(FOWT)under platform floating motion in the wind–rain field.The impact of rainfall on aerodynamic performance was initially examined using a stationary turbine model in both wind and wind–rain conditions.Subsequently,the study compared the FOWT’s performance under various single degree-of-freedom(DOF)motions,including surge,pitch,heave,and yaw.Finally,the combined effects of wind–rain fields and platform motions involving two DOFs on the FOWT’s aerodynamics were analyzed and compared.The results demonstrate that rain negatively impacts the aerodynamic performance of both the stationary turbines and FOWTs.Pitch-dominated motions,whether involving single or multiple DOFs,caused significant fluctuations in the FOWT aerodynamics.The combination of surge and pitch motions created the most challenging operational environment for the FOWT in all tested scenarios.These findings highlighted the need for stronger construction materials and greater ultimate bearing capacity for FOWTs,as well as the importance of optimizing designs to mitigate excessive pitch and surge.展开更多
Climate model prediction has been improved by enhancing model resolution as well as the implementation of sophisticated physical parameterization and refinement of data assimilation systems[section 6.1 in Wang et al.(...Climate model prediction has been improved by enhancing model resolution as well as the implementation of sophisticated physical parameterization and refinement of data assimilation systems[section 6.1 in Wang et al.(2025)].In relation to seasonal forecasting and climate projection in the East Asian summer monsoon season,proper simulation of the seasonal migration of rain bands by models is a challenging and limiting factor[section 7.1 in Wang et al.(2025)].展开更多
在英语影视剧或文学作品中,你或许见过这样的场景:主角望着窗外倾盆大雨惊呼“It’s raining cats and dogs!”。其中,raining cats and dogs字面意思是“天上掉猫狗”,实际却用来形容暴雨如瀑布般猛烈。这种超现实的表达并非空穴来风,...在英语影视剧或文学作品中,你或许见过这样的场景:主角望着窗外倾盆大雨惊呼“It’s raining cats and dogs!”。其中,raining cats and dogs字面意思是“天上掉猫狗”,实际却用来形容暴雨如瀑布般猛烈。这种超现实的表达并非空穴来风,它的诞生糅合了神话想象与历史现实,成为英语文化中一道独特的语言风景。展开更多
Zhuzhou was one of the most polluted cities in China with the serious acid rain.Due to the implementation of air pollution control measures from 2016 to 2018,the acid rain pollution in this city has reduced.In order t...Zhuzhou was one of the most polluted cities in China with the serious acid rain.Due to the implementation of air pollution control measures from 2016 to 2018,the acid rain pollution in this city has reduced.In order to understand the recent situation,a comprehensive study on the acid rain was carried out from January 2011 to December 2020.The pH values during the study period varied from 3.3 to 7.5,with a volume-weighted mean value of 4.7.The predominant acidic components of the precipitation were SO_(4)^(2-)and NO_(3)^(-),accounting for 89.3% of the total anions.The ratio of non-sea-salt SO_(4)^(2-)to NO_(3)^(-)showed a decreasing trend,revealing that the pollution type of acid rain changed from sulfuric acid type to sulfuric acid and nitric acid compound type.The correlation analysis(p<0.05)showed that SO_(4)^(2-)was positively correlated with NH_(4)^(+),Ca^(2+),and Mg^(2+);hence,it predominated in precipitation as(NH_(4))_(2)SO_(4),NH_(4)HSO_(4),CaSO_(4),and MgSO_(4).Significant positive correlation of Ca^(2+)with Mg^(2+)shows that they may originated mainly from crust.Significant positive correlation between SO_(4)^(2-)and F^(-)and Cl^(-)indicate that their source may be related to the non-ferrous metal smelting industry in Zhuzhou.Further correlation analysis shows that emissions from the non-ferrous metal smelting industry in the area have a large significant on SO_(4)^(2-)and F^(-)in precipitation,while Cl^(-)may still be emitted from other anthropogenic sources.展开更多
When an aircraft passes through a rainy area at high speed,the coating on the front edge of the fuselage will be continuously eroded by raindrops,causing the coating to wear,crack or even peel off.This paper uses carb...When an aircraft passes through a rainy area at high speed,the coating on the front edge of the fuselage will be continuously eroded by raindrops,causing the coating to wear,crack or even peel off.This paper uses carbon fiber T300 material as the base material,and at the different impact speeds and impact numbers,water cutting equipment was used to simulate the erosion of the coating caused by the continuous impact of water droplets.The damage morphology of samples at different damage stages was observed by digital microscope and Scanning Electron Microscope(SEM),and the damage evolution curve was established to analyze and reveal the damage behavior and damage mechanism of rain erosion.The results show that the degree of damage experienced an increasing trend with the increase of impact numbers and speed,until circular peel damage was formed;no damage occurred during the incubation period,and the curvature of the damage evolution curve increased significantly after the expansion period and eventually showed a stable expansion trend.The mechanical properties of the coating material were the main influencing factors of its rain corrosion resistance.Moreover,the axially symmetric unsteady contact problem of droplets impacting the surface of a solid deformable body was studied.And the contact area was determined based on the iterative algorithm boundary positioning method.A mathematical model and closed mathematical formula describing the unsteady interaction between a droplet and a solid deformable obstacle were proposed.展开更多
The short-term effect of heavy rainfall on gPhone gravimeter observation at Zhengzhou Seismic Station is investigated.According to the observation data during Jul.17–20,2021,the corrected gravity residual reflects th...The short-term effect of heavy rainfall on gPhone gravimeter observation at Zhengzhou Seismic Station is investigated.According to the observation data during Jul.17–20,2021,the corrected gravity residual reflects the gravimetric response caused by heavy rainfall.The observed gravity change is dominated by the local effect considering topographic effect on gravity.The deduced water depth near the observation station is about 300 mm.展开更多
Vegetation restoration and reconstruction are effective approaches to desertification control and achieving social and economic sustainability in desert areas.However,the self-succession ability of native plants durin...Vegetation restoration and reconstruction are effective approaches to desertification control and achieving social and economic sustainability in desert areas.However,the self-succession ability of native plants during the later periods of vegetation restoration remains unclear.Therefore,this study was conducted to bridge the knowledge gap by investigating the regeneration dynamics of artificial forest under natural conditions.The information of seed rain and soil seed bank was collected and quantified from an artificial Caragana korshinskii Kom.forest in the Tengger Desert,China.The germination tests were conducted in a laboratory setting.The analysis of species quantity and diversity in seed rain and soil seed bank was conducted to assess the impact of different durations of sand fixation(60,40,and 20 a)on the progress of vegetation restoration and ecological conditions in artificial C.korshinskii forest.The results showed that the top three dominant plant species in seed rain were Echinops gmelinii Turcz.,Eragrostis minor Host.,and Agropyron mongolicum Keng.,and the top three dominant plant species in soil seed bank were E.minor,Chloris virgata Sw.,and E.gmelinii.As restoration period increased,the density of seed rain and soil seed bank increased first and then decreased.While for species richness,as restoration period increased,it gradually increased in seed rain but decreased in soil seed bank.There was a positive correlation between seed rain density and soil seed bank density among all the three restoration periods.The species similarity between seed rain or soil seed bank and aboveground vegetation decreased with the extension of restoration period.The shape of the seeds,specifically those with external appendages such as spines and crown hair,clearly had an effect on their dispersal,then resulting in lower seed density in soil seed bank.In addition,precipitation was a crucial factor in promoting rapid germination,also resulting in lower seed density in soil seed bank.Our findings provide valuable insights for guiding future interventions during the later periods of artificial C.korshinskii forest,such as sowing and restoration efforts using unmanned aerial vehicles.展开更多
Objective: To explore the application effect of CBL combined with rain classroom teaching method in medical statistics courses. Methods: The undergraduate students of medical imaging technology in 2019 and 2020 in a u...Objective: To explore the application effect of CBL combined with rain classroom teaching method in medical statistics courses. Methods: The undergraduate students of medical imaging technology in 2019 and 2020 in a university were selected as the research objects. A cluster sampling method was used to select 79 undergraduate students from 2019 in the control group and 75 undergraduate students from 2020 in the experimental group. Traditional teaching method and CBL combined with rain classroom teaching method was used in the control group and experimental group respectively. The final examination scores of the two groups were compared. In experimental group, the correlation between the average score in the rain classroom and the final examination score was tested, and the teaching effect was evaluated. Results: The average score of final examination in experimental group and control group was 79.13 ± 10.32 points and 71.54 ± 14.752 points, respectively, which had a statistically significant difference (Z = 2.586, P = 0.012);the final examination scores of the students in the experimental group were positively correlated with the average scores of the rain classroom (r = 0.372, P = 0.001), and the proportion of satisfaction in the experimental group was 94.7%. Conclusion: The CBL combined with rain classroom teaching method can improve the teaching effectiveness of medical statistics courses.展开更多
Spatiotemporal variation of seed rain reflects the response of plants in terms of their reproductive strategy to environmental gradients.In this study,we collected seeds from four sites in the Dalaoling Nature Reserve...Spatiotemporal variation of seed rain reflects the response of plants in terms of their reproductive strategy to environmental gradients.In this study,we collected seeds from four sites in the Dalaoling Nature Reserve,Hubei Province,China,between 2011 and 2014,measured seed output and seed mass as seed rain traits,and compared their interannual and elevational variation.Then,we ran phylogenetic generalized mixed linear models(PGLMMs) to explore the effects of temperature and precipitation as well as interspecific differences on seed rain,and fitted the best regression models for seed rain vs.weather of canopy and understory species.The results showed no correlation between values of seed output and seed mass.However,the variation of the two traits showed significantly positive correlation.Seed output of canopy species generally decreased with increasing elevation,and showed significant interannual difference;however,seed output of understory species and seed mass for both canopy and understory species did not show consistency tends along elevational or in interannual variation.Seed output was significantly affected by temperature and precipitation,while seed mass mainly varied due to interspecific differences.Weather explained more the variation of the seed output of canopy species than that of understory species,with R^(2) values of 43.0%and 29.9%,respectively.These results suggested that canopy plants contributed more to the reproductive dynamics of the whole communities,and the canopy's buffer effect on the underground weakened the response of understory plants to weather variation in terms of their reproductive strategy.展开更多
The chemical composition of acid rain and its impact on lake water chemistry in Chongqing,China,from 2000 to 2020 were studied in this study.The regional acid rain intensity is affected jointly by the acid gas emissio...The chemical composition of acid rain and its impact on lake water chemistry in Chongqing,China,from 2000 to 2020 were studied in this study.The regional acid rain intensity is affected jointly by the acid gas emissions and the neutralization of alkaline substances.The pH of precipitation experienced three stages of fluctuating decline,continuous improvement,and a slight correction.Precipitation pH showed inflection points in 2010,mainly due to the total control actions of SO_(2)and NO_(x)implemented in 2011.The total ion concentrations in rural areas and urban areas were 489.08μeq/L and 618.57μeq/L,respectively.The top four ions were SO_(4)^(2-),Ca^(2+),NH_(4)^(+)and NO_(3)^(-),which accounted for more than 90%of the total ion concentration,indicating the anthropogenic effects.Before 2010,SO_(4)^(2-)fluctuated greatly while NO_(3)^(-)continued to rise;however,after 2010,both SO_(4)^(2-)and NO_(3)^(-)began to decline rapidly,with the rates of-12.03μeq/(L·year)and-4.11μeq/(L·year).Because the decline rate of SO_(4)^(2-)was 2.91 times that of NO_(3)^(-),the regional acid rain has changed from sulfuric acid rain to mixed sulfuric and nitric acid rain.The lake water is weakly acidic,with an average pH of 5.86,and the acidification frequency is 30.00%.Acidification of lake water is jointly affected by acid deposition and acid neutralization capacity of lake water.Acid deposition has a profound impact on water acidification,and nitrogen(N)deposition,especially reduced N deposition,should be the focus of future research.展开更多
In this study,a new rain type classification algorithm for the Dual-Frequency Precipitation Radar(DPR)suitable over the Tibetan Plateau(TP)was proposed by analyzing Global Precipitation Measurement(GPM)DPR Level-2 dat...In this study,a new rain type classification algorithm for the Dual-Frequency Precipitation Radar(DPR)suitable over the Tibetan Plateau(TP)was proposed by analyzing Global Precipitation Measurement(GPM)DPR Level-2 data in summer from 2014 to 2020.It was found that the DPR rain type classification algorithm(simply called DPR algorithm)has mis-identification problems in two aspects in summer TP.In the new algorithm of rain type classification in summer TP,four rain types are classified by using new thresholds,such as the maximum reflectivity factor,the difference between the maximum reflectivity factor and the background maximum reflectivity factor,and the echo top height.In the threshold of the maximum reflectivity factors,30 d BZ and 18 d BZ are both thresholds to separate strong convective precipitation,weak convective precipitation and weak precipitation.The results illustrate obvious differences of radar reflectivity factor and vertical velocity among the three rain types in summer TP,such as the reflectivity factor of most strong convective precipitation distributes from 15 d BZ to near 35 d BZ from 4 km to 13 km,and increases almost linearly with the decrease in height.For most weak convective precipitation,the reflectivity factor distributes from 15 d BZ to 28 d BZ with the height from 4 km to 9 km.For weak precipitation,the reflectivity factor mainly distributes in range of 15–25 d BZ with height within 4–10 km.It is also shows that weak precipitation is the dominant rain type in summer TP,accounting for 40%–80%,followed by weak convective precipitation(25%–40%),and strong convective precipitation has the least proportion(less than 30%).展开更多
基金funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.42325503)the Hubei Provincial Natural Science Foundation and the Meteorological Innovation and Development Project of China(Grant Nos.2023AFD096 and 2022CFD122)+1 种基金the Natural Science Foundation of Wuhan(Grant No.2024020901030454)the Beijige Foundation of NJIAS(Grant No.BJG202304)。
文摘Based on comprehensive observations of 20 wire icing events during winter from 2019 to 2021,we investigated the characteristics of the icing properties,the atmospheric boundary layer structure,the raindrop size distribution,and their associated effects on the ice accretion mechanism in the mountainous region of Southwest China.The maximum ice weight was positively correlated with the duration of ice accretion in the mountainous area.The duration of precipitation accounted for less than 20%of the icing period in the mountainous area,with solid-phase hydrometeors being predominant.Icing events,dominated by freezing rain(FR)and mixed rain–graupel(more than 70%),were characterized by glaze or highdensity mixed icing.The relationship between the melting energy and refreezing energy reflected the distribution characteristics of the proportion of FR under mixed-phase precipitation.The intensity of the warm layer and the dominant precipitation phase significantly affected the variations in the microphysical properties of FR.The melting of large dry snowflakes significantly contributed to FR in the mountainous areas,resulting in smaller generalized intercepts and larger mass-weighted mean diameters in the presence of a stronger warm layer.Under a weaker warm layer,the value of the massweighted mean diameter was significantly smaller because of the inability of large solid particles to melt.Finally,FR in the mountainous area dominated the ice weight during the rapid ice accumulation period.A numerical simulation of FR icing on wires effectively revealed the evolution of disaster-causing icing in mountainous areas.
文摘SNAPSHOTS OF CHINA Send us your photographs and let us know what lies behind them at contacts@chinafrica.cn Strolling in Rain Amid light rain and mist,tourists meander through the historic lanes of Chengkan Ancient Village in Huangshan,Anhui Province.
文摘Activity 1 Think about the following questions and write down your answers before reading the text.1.How do you think the rain in the Rain Report Caféwould affect people's mood when they are chatting with friends?Would it make them more relaxed or a bit distracted?2.How might the constant rain at Rain Report Caféaffect the mood of its customers?Activity 2 Read the text,and try to fill in the blank.The cafe has panoramic windows offering a clear view of its inner courtyard,_____.
基金the Project of Jining Meteorological Bureau(2023JNZL09).
文摘Based on the data of daily precipitation in 11 national ground meteorological observation stations in Jining City from 1981 to 2020,the interdecadal variation,intensity,range and spatial distribution of rainstorms in Jining City were analyzed.The results show that the number of rainstorm days and the total amount of rainstorms in Jining City had significant changes among different decades.There was a continuous upward trend from the 1980s to the early 21 st century and a decrease after the early 21 st century.Rainstorms had distinct seasonal characteristics.They were mainly concentrated in summer,especially in July and August.In terms of spatial distribution,the frequency and intensity of rainstorms in the southeastern regions were significantly higher than those in the northwestern regions.The above results can provide a scientific basis for flood control and disaster reduction in Jining City.
基金National Natural Science Foundation of China(42375014,42088101,42030605)Joint Research Project for Meteorological Capacity Improvement(24NLTSZ010)Young Elite Scientists Sponsorship Program by BAST(BYESS2023205)。
文摘In recent years,torrential rain events caused by extratropical cyclones(ETCs)during the boreal midsummer(July-August)in Central and Eastern China have shown an increasing trend.For instence,in August 2024,two ETCs brought large-scale heavy rainfall to North China,with daily precipitation exceeding 100 mm.Using reanalysis datasets and gridded precipitation data,the ETCs that affected Central and Eastern China during the boreal midsummer from 1981 to 2020 were objectively identified and tracked.ETCs causing precipitation were classified based on maximum daily precipitation,resulting in datasets for ETCs with torrential rain(daily precipitation exceeding 100 mm,referred to as ETC_R100)and heavy rain(daily precipitation exceeding 25 mm,referred to as ETC_R25).Comparative analysis can help highlight the characteristics of ETC_R100.This study compares the spatial distribution,movement paths,weather impacts,large-scale atmospheric circulation,and environmental conditions of these two types of precipitation-related ETCs.The following findings emerged:(1)ETC_R100 is driven by the combined forcing of upper-level troughs and warm-moist airflows at lower levels,exhibiting stronger thermal forcing than ETC_R25.(2)The moisture source for ETC_R100 are the Bay of Bengal and the Northwest Pacific,with moisture transported via the South China Sea.Compared to ETCs with nonextreme rainfall,ETC_R100 is characterized by greater atmospheric instability and better moisture conditions,resulting in higher precipitation intensity.(3)Regardless of the precipitation level,ETCs affected different regions but contributed significantly to precipitation in northern China,accounting for approximately 50%of the total precipitation.The results indicate that ETC_R100 differs significantly from ETCs with varying levels of precipitation in terms of statistical characteristics,weather impact,environmental conditions,and cyclogenesis conditions.
文摘1.Because it’s a maths problem about rain!因为这是一道关于下雨的数学题Mom:Why is your homework wet?Child:Because it’s a maths problem about rain!妈妈:为什么你的家庭作业湿了?孩子:因为这是一道关于下雨的数学题。
基金jointly supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China[grant numbers U2342202 and 42175005]the Qing Lan Project[grant number R2023Q06]。
文摘A numerical simulation was performed using the Thompson microphysics scheme to preliminarily investigate the features of the microphysical processes involved in the record-breaking rainfall event that occurred in Henan Province,China,on 20 July 2021.The simulation results showed that a strong meso-𝛾-scale vortical updraft was concurrent with the torrential rainfall.The main finding is that this event was characterized by typical midlatitude warm-rain processes.The simulation with the Thompson microphysics scheme further indicated that highly efficient collision-coalescence of cloud water to rainwater resulted in a considerably active rain droplet growth,leading to this record-breaking rainfall event.
文摘Dengue fever presents a significant and persistent public health challenge in Sri Lanka.The disease,transmitted by Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus mosquitoes,affects individuals across all age groups,with working populations and school-aged children at higher risk due to increased outdoor exposure[1].Dengue transmission in Sri Lanka is seasonal with two high transmission waves corresponding with the two monsoon rains every year.The estimated average annual incidence is 175/100000 population,and it was 407.5/100000 in 2023 with a case fatality rate of 0.07%[2].
基金National Key Research and Development Program of China,No.2023YFF0804704National Natural Science Foundation of China,No.42130604,No.42105044+1 种基金Major Projects of the Ministry of Education's Key Research Bases of Humanities and Social Sciences,No.22JJD770020Social Scienceof Northwest University,No.21XNFH007。
文摘In research on the legendary Xia Dynasty of ancient China,the famous archaeological site of Erlitou and its culture are the most debated topics.A key question is whether this ancient culture is truly related to the Xia Dynasty.This study combines traditional literature(Xia Xiao Zheng),archaeological evidence(on alligators),and climate simulation(of autumn rains)to demonstrate that the ancient Chinese phenological calendar,Xia Xiao Zheng,likely originated in the same region as the Erlitou culture.A logical explanation of these findings is that both Xia Xiao Zheng and the Erlitou culture are indeed closely related to the Xia Dynasty.
基金Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(51679080 and 51379073)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(B230205020).
文摘This study employed a computational fluid dynamics model with an overset mesh technique to investigate the thrust and power of a floating offshore wind turbine(FOWT)under platform floating motion in the wind–rain field.The impact of rainfall on aerodynamic performance was initially examined using a stationary turbine model in both wind and wind–rain conditions.Subsequently,the study compared the FOWT’s performance under various single degree-of-freedom(DOF)motions,including surge,pitch,heave,and yaw.Finally,the combined effects of wind–rain fields and platform motions involving two DOFs on the FOWT’s aerodynamics were analyzed and compared.The results demonstrate that rain negatively impacts the aerodynamic performance of both the stationary turbines and FOWTs.Pitch-dominated motions,whether involving single or multiple DOFs,caused significant fluctuations in the FOWT aerodynamics.The combination of surge and pitch motions created the most challenging operational environment for the FOWT in all tested scenarios.These findings highlighted the need for stronger construction materials and greater ultimate bearing capacity for FOWTs,as well as the importance of optimizing designs to mitigate excessive pitch and surge.
文摘Climate model prediction has been improved by enhancing model resolution as well as the implementation of sophisticated physical parameterization and refinement of data assimilation systems[section 6.1 in Wang et al.(2025)].In relation to seasonal forecasting and climate projection in the East Asian summer monsoon season,proper simulation of the seasonal migration of rain bands by models is a challenging and limiting factor[section 7.1 in Wang et al.(2025)].
文摘在英语影视剧或文学作品中,你或许见过这样的场景:主角望着窗外倾盆大雨惊呼“It’s raining cats and dogs!”。其中,raining cats and dogs字面意思是“天上掉猫狗”,实际却用来形容暴雨如瀑布般猛烈。这种超现实的表达并非空穴来风,它的诞生糅合了神话想象与历史现实,成为英语文化中一道独特的语言风景。
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.41205093,42075182)the National Department Public Benefit Research Foundation(No.201109005)。
文摘Zhuzhou was one of the most polluted cities in China with the serious acid rain.Due to the implementation of air pollution control measures from 2016 to 2018,the acid rain pollution in this city has reduced.In order to understand the recent situation,a comprehensive study on the acid rain was carried out from January 2011 to December 2020.The pH values during the study period varied from 3.3 to 7.5,with a volume-weighted mean value of 4.7.The predominant acidic components of the precipitation were SO_(4)^(2-)and NO_(3)^(-),accounting for 89.3% of the total anions.The ratio of non-sea-salt SO_(4)^(2-)to NO_(3)^(-)showed a decreasing trend,revealing that the pollution type of acid rain changed from sulfuric acid type to sulfuric acid and nitric acid compound type.The correlation analysis(p<0.05)showed that SO_(4)^(2-)was positively correlated with NH_(4)^(+),Ca^(2+),and Mg^(2+);hence,it predominated in precipitation as(NH_(4))_(2)SO_(4),NH_(4)HSO_(4),CaSO_(4),and MgSO_(4).Significant positive correlation of Ca^(2+)with Mg^(2+)shows that they may originated mainly from crust.Significant positive correlation between SO_(4)^(2-)and F^(-)and Cl^(-)indicate that their source may be related to the non-ferrous metal smelting industry in Zhuzhou.Further correlation analysis shows that emissions from the non-ferrous metal smelting industry in the area have a large significant on SO_(4)^(2-)and F^(-)in precipitation,while Cl^(-)may still be emitted from other anthropogenic sources.
基金Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.12261131505,62005172)the Russian Science Fund(No.23-49-00133)+1 种基金the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities,China(No.D5000210517)the Basic Research Programs of Taicang,China(No.TC2021JC21).
文摘When an aircraft passes through a rainy area at high speed,the coating on the front edge of the fuselage will be continuously eroded by raindrops,causing the coating to wear,crack or even peel off.This paper uses carbon fiber T300 material as the base material,and at the different impact speeds and impact numbers,water cutting equipment was used to simulate the erosion of the coating caused by the continuous impact of water droplets.The damage morphology of samples at different damage stages was observed by digital microscope and Scanning Electron Microscope(SEM),and the damage evolution curve was established to analyze and reveal the damage behavior and damage mechanism of rain erosion.The results show that the degree of damage experienced an increasing trend with the increase of impact numbers and speed,until circular peel damage was formed;no damage occurred during the incubation period,and the curvature of the damage evolution curve increased significantly after the expansion period and eventually showed a stable expansion trend.The mechanical properties of the coating material were the main influencing factors of its rain corrosion resistance.Moreover,the axially symmetric unsteady contact problem of droplets impacting the surface of a solid deformable body was studied.And the contact area was determined based on the iterative algorithm boundary positioning method.A mathematical model and closed mathematical formula describing the unsteady interaction between a droplet and a solid deformable obstacle were proposed.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.41774093).
文摘The short-term effect of heavy rainfall on gPhone gravimeter observation at Zhengzhou Seismic Station is investigated.According to the observation data during Jul.17–20,2021,the corrected gravity residual reflects the gravimetric response caused by heavy rainfall.The observed gravity change is dominated by the local effect considering topographic effect on gravity.The deduced water depth near the observation station is about 300 mm.
基金funded by the General Project of Key R&D Plan of Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region,China(2021BEG03008,2022BEG02012)the Science and Technology Innovation Leading Talent Project of Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region(2021GKLRLX13)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(31760707).
文摘Vegetation restoration and reconstruction are effective approaches to desertification control and achieving social and economic sustainability in desert areas.However,the self-succession ability of native plants during the later periods of vegetation restoration remains unclear.Therefore,this study was conducted to bridge the knowledge gap by investigating the regeneration dynamics of artificial forest under natural conditions.The information of seed rain and soil seed bank was collected and quantified from an artificial Caragana korshinskii Kom.forest in the Tengger Desert,China.The germination tests were conducted in a laboratory setting.The analysis of species quantity and diversity in seed rain and soil seed bank was conducted to assess the impact of different durations of sand fixation(60,40,and 20 a)on the progress of vegetation restoration and ecological conditions in artificial C.korshinskii forest.The results showed that the top three dominant plant species in seed rain were Echinops gmelinii Turcz.,Eragrostis minor Host.,and Agropyron mongolicum Keng.,and the top three dominant plant species in soil seed bank were E.minor,Chloris virgata Sw.,and E.gmelinii.As restoration period increased,the density of seed rain and soil seed bank increased first and then decreased.While for species richness,as restoration period increased,it gradually increased in seed rain but decreased in soil seed bank.There was a positive correlation between seed rain density and soil seed bank density among all the three restoration periods.The species similarity between seed rain or soil seed bank and aboveground vegetation decreased with the extension of restoration period.The shape of the seeds,specifically those with external appendages such as spines and crown hair,clearly had an effect on their dispersal,then resulting in lower seed density in soil seed bank.In addition,precipitation was a crucial factor in promoting rapid germination,also resulting in lower seed density in soil seed bank.Our findings provide valuable insights for guiding future interventions during the later periods of artificial C.korshinskii forest,such as sowing and restoration efforts using unmanned aerial vehicles.
文摘Objective: To explore the application effect of CBL combined with rain classroom teaching method in medical statistics courses. Methods: The undergraduate students of medical imaging technology in 2019 and 2020 in a university were selected as the research objects. A cluster sampling method was used to select 79 undergraduate students from 2019 in the control group and 75 undergraduate students from 2020 in the experimental group. Traditional teaching method and CBL combined with rain classroom teaching method was used in the control group and experimental group respectively. The final examination scores of the two groups were compared. In experimental group, the correlation between the average score in the rain classroom and the final examination score was tested, and the teaching effect was evaluated. Results: The average score of final examination in experimental group and control group was 79.13 ± 10.32 points and 71.54 ± 14.752 points, respectively, which had a statistically significant difference (Z = 2.586, P = 0.012);the final examination scores of the students in the experimental group were positively correlated with the average scores of the rain classroom (r = 0.372, P = 0.001), and the proportion of satisfaction in the experimental group was 94.7%. Conclusion: The CBL combined with rain classroom teaching method can improve the teaching effectiveness of medical statistics courses.
基金the Second Tibetan Plateau Scientific Expedition and Research Program (STEP)(No.2019QZKK0402)。
文摘Spatiotemporal variation of seed rain reflects the response of plants in terms of their reproductive strategy to environmental gradients.In this study,we collected seeds from four sites in the Dalaoling Nature Reserve,Hubei Province,China,between 2011 and 2014,measured seed output and seed mass as seed rain traits,and compared their interannual and elevational variation.Then,we ran phylogenetic generalized mixed linear models(PGLMMs) to explore the effects of temperature and precipitation as well as interspecific differences on seed rain,and fitted the best regression models for seed rain vs.weather of canopy and understory species.The results showed no correlation between values of seed output and seed mass.However,the variation of the two traits showed significantly positive correlation.Seed output of canopy species generally decreased with increasing elevation,and showed significant interannual difference;however,seed output of understory species and seed mass for both canopy and understory species did not show consistency tends along elevational or in interannual variation.Seed output was significantly affected by temperature and precipitation,while seed mass mainly varied due to interspecific differences.Weather explained more the variation of the seed output of canopy species than that of understory species,with R^(2) values of 43.0%and 29.9%,respectively.These results suggested that canopy plants contributed more to the reproductive dynamics of the whole communities,and the canopy's buffer effect on the underground weakened the response of understory plants to weather variation in terms of their reproductive strategy.
基金supported by the Chongqing Science and Technology Commission Project(No.CSTB2022NSCQ-MSX0818)。
文摘The chemical composition of acid rain and its impact on lake water chemistry in Chongqing,China,from 2000 to 2020 were studied in this study.The regional acid rain intensity is affected jointly by the acid gas emissions and the neutralization of alkaline substances.The pH of precipitation experienced three stages of fluctuating decline,continuous improvement,and a slight correction.Precipitation pH showed inflection points in 2010,mainly due to the total control actions of SO_(2)and NO_(x)implemented in 2011.The total ion concentrations in rural areas and urban areas were 489.08μeq/L and 618.57μeq/L,respectively.The top four ions were SO_(4)^(2-),Ca^(2+),NH_(4)^(+)and NO_(3)^(-),which accounted for more than 90%of the total ion concentration,indicating the anthropogenic effects.Before 2010,SO_(4)^(2-)fluctuated greatly while NO_(3)^(-)continued to rise;however,after 2010,both SO_(4)^(2-)and NO_(3)^(-)began to decline rapidly,with the rates of-12.03μeq/(L·year)and-4.11μeq/(L·year).Because the decline rate of SO_(4)^(2-)was 2.91 times that of NO_(3)^(-),the regional acid rain has changed from sulfuric acid rain to mixed sulfuric and nitric acid rain.The lake water is weakly acidic,with an average pH of 5.86,and the acidification frequency is 30.00%.Acidification of lake water is jointly affected by acid deposition and acid neutralization capacity of lake water.Acid deposition has a profound impact on water acidification,and nitrogen(N)deposition,especially reduced N deposition,should be the focus of future research.
基金funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China project(Grant Nos.42275140,42230612,91837310,92037000)the Second Tibetan Plateau Scientific Expedition and Research(STEP)program(Grant No.2019QZKK0104)。
文摘In this study,a new rain type classification algorithm for the Dual-Frequency Precipitation Radar(DPR)suitable over the Tibetan Plateau(TP)was proposed by analyzing Global Precipitation Measurement(GPM)DPR Level-2 data in summer from 2014 to 2020.It was found that the DPR rain type classification algorithm(simply called DPR algorithm)has mis-identification problems in two aspects in summer TP.In the new algorithm of rain type classification in summer TP,four rain types are classified by using new thresholds,such as the maximum reflectivity factor,the difference between the maximum reflectivity factor and the background maximum reflectivity factor,and the echo top height.In the threshold of the maximum reflectivity factors,30 d BZ and 18 d BZ are both thresholds to separate strong convective precipitation,weak convective precipitation and weak precipitation.The results illustrate obvious differences of radar reflectivity factor and vertical velocity among the three rain types in summer TP,such as the reflectivity factor of most strong convective precipitation distributes from 15 d BZ to near 35 d BZ from 4 km to 13 km,and increases almost linearly with the decrease in height.For most weak convective precipitation,the reflectivity factor distributes from 15 d BZ to 28 d BZ with the height from 4 km to 9 km.For weak precipitation,the reflectivity factor mainly distributes in range of 15–25 d BZ with height within 4–10 km.It is also shows that weak precipitation is the dominant rain type in summer TP,accounting for 40%–80%,followed by weak convective precipitation(25%–40%),and strong convective precipitation has the least proportion(less than 30%).
