The rapid expansion of railways,especially High-Speed Railways(HSRs),has drawn considerable interest from both academic and industrial sectors.To meet the future vision of smart rail communications,the rail transport ...The rapid expansion of railways,especially High-Speed Railways(HSRs),has drawn considerable interest from both academic and industrial sectors.To meet the future vision of smart rail communications,the rail transport industry must innovate in key technologies to ensure high-quality transmissions for passengers and railway operations.These systems must function effectively under high mobility conditions while prioritizing safety,ecofriendliness,comfort,transparency,predictability,and reliability.On the other hand,the proposal of 6 G wireless technology introduces new possibilities for innovation in communication technologies,which may truly realize the current vision of HSR.Therefore,this article gives a review of the current advanced 6 G wireless communication technologies for HSR,including random access and switching,channel estimation and beamforming,integrated sensing and communication,and edge computing.The main application scenarios of these technologies are reviewed,as well as their current research status and challenges,followed by an outlook on future development directions.展开更多
The regenerative braking energy utilization system(RBEUS)stands as a promising technique for improving the efficiency and power quality of electrified railways.Beyond the vital aspects of energy management and control...The regenerative braking energy utilization system(RBEUS)stands as a promising technique for improving the efficiency and power quality of electrified railways.Beyond the vital aspects of energy management and control strategies,ensuring fault protection is paramount for the secure and steady operation of the traction power supply system(TPSS)integrated with RBEUS.This paper introduces an innovative protection scheme tailored to diverse RBEUS application scenarios.Firstly,fault categories are streamlined into three levels:system,equipment,and warning.Subsequently,a novel multi-port active power differential protection method,aligned with RBEUS operational principles,is crafted to serve as a comprehensive and sensitive main protection.Building upon this foundation,a hierarchical protection structure for RBEUS is established,addressing the intricacies and variations in fault types while boosting anti-disturbance capabilities under faulty conditions.Embracing the principle of railway-oriented safety,a collaborative RBEUS-TPSS protection scheme is put forth.Finally,through simulated scenarios encompassing various fault conditions,the proposed scheme’s feasibility and effectiveness are convincingly validated.展开更多
Swing nose crossings(SNXs)have been widely used in heavy haul railways to create a smoother load transfer and hence reduced impact load.However,the current design of SNXs hasn’t been fully examined under heavy haul o...Swing nose crossings(SNXs)have been widely used in heavy haul railways to create a smoother load transfer and hence reduced impact load.However,the current design of SNXs hasn’t been fully examined under heavy haul operating conditions.Additionally,maintenance guidelines for SNX wear-related issues in Australian heavy haul railways are relatively lacking.As such,this study aims to investigate the dynamic response of the wheel-rail contact and analyse the wear performance of an SNX currently used in Australian heavy haul railways.Dynamic implicit-explicit finite element analysis was conducted to simulate the wheel-rail contact along the SNX.The distribution of the wear intensity over the SNX was identified by using a local contact-based wear model.The influence of various scenarios on wear was also explored.The results verify the improved dynamic performance of the SNX,as the increased contact force after load transfer remains below 1.2 times the static load.The findings also indicate that the decrease in relative height and increase in nose rail inclination result in greater wear on the nose rail.Notably,the SNX considered in the current study exhibits better wear performance when used with moderately worn wheels.展开更多
Purpose–This study aims to design and validate an emergency response method for high-speed railway earthquake early warning(EEW)systems based on the Propagation of Local Undamped Motion(PLUM)principle in order to enh...Purpose–This study aims to design and validate an emergency response method for high-speed railway earthquake early warning(EEW)systems based on the Propagation of Local Undamped Motion(PLUM)principle in order to enhance the timeliness and accuracy of warnings under seismic threats.Design/methodology/approach–A hierarchical architecture of the railway EEW system was adopted,in which self-built stations along the railway serve as the backbone and the national seismic network provides supplementary data.Warning zones were designed along the railway using overlapping trapezoidal layouts to cover seismic stations and reduce inter-regional time delays.Offline replay experiments were conducted using 82 historical earthquake events and records from 61 seismic stations to evaluate the timeliness and accuracy of warning information.Findings–The results indicate that the PLUM-based early warning method can issue emergency response information before destructive seismic waves arrive.Multiple earthquake experiments demonstrated high reliability and stability,with effective detection across different magnitudes and epicentral distances.Furthermore,the trapezoidal overlapping zone design improved regional consistency and significantly reduced missed alerts.Originality/value–This work represents the first systematic application of the PLUM method to high-speed railway EEW in China.By integrating railway operational requirements,the proposed method provides a practical and robust emergency response strategy,offering new insights into seismic risk mitigation for China’s high-speed railways.展开更多
The integration of Global Navigation Satellite System(GNSS)technology into railway train control systems is a crucial step toward achieving the vision of a digital railway.Traditional train control systems undergo ext...The integration of Global Navigation Satellite System(GNSS)technology into railway train control systems is a crucial step toward achieving the vision of a digital railway.Traditional train control systems undergo extensive in-house tests and prolonged field tests for certification and approval before operational deployment,leading to high costs,delays,and operational disruptions.This paper introduces a GNSS-based train control localization framework which eliminates the need for on-site testing by leveraging train movement dynamics and 3D environment modeling to create a zero on-site testing platform.The proposed framework simulates train movement and the surrounding 3D environment using collected railway line location data and environmental attributes to generate realistic multipath signals and obscuration effects.This approach enables comprehensive laboratory-based case studies for train localization,reducing the huge amount test of needed for physical field trials.The framework is established in house,using the data collected at the Test Base of China Academy of Railway Sciences(Circular Railway).Results from the open area and cutting environment tests demonstrate high localization accuracy repeatability within the simulated environment,validating the feasibility and effectiveness of zero on-site testing for GNSS-based train control systems.This research highlights the potential of GNSS simulation platforms in enhancing cost efficiency,operational safety,and accuracy for future digital railways.展开更多
Traction power systems(TPSs)play a vital role in the operation of electrified railways.The transformation of conventional railway TPSs to novel structures is not only a trend to promote the development of electrified ...Traction power systems(TPSs)play a vital role in the operation of electrified railways.The transformation of conventional railway TPSs to novel structures is not only a trend to promote the development of electrified railways toward high-efficiency and resilience but also an inevitable requirement to achieve carbon neutrality target.On the basis of sorting out the power supply structures of conventional AC and DC modes,this paper first reviews the characteristics of the existing TPSs,such as weak power supply flexibility and low-energy efficiency.Furthermore,the power supply structures of various TPSs for future electrified railways are described in detail,which satisfy longer distance,low-carbon,high-efficiency,high-reliability and high-quality power supply requirements.Meanwhile,the application prospects of different traction modes are discussed from both technical and economic aspects.Eventually,this paper introduces the research progress of mixed-system electrified railways and traction power supply technologies without catenary system,speculates on the future development trends and challenges of TPSs and predicts that TPSs will be based on the continuous power supply mode,employing power electronic equipment and intelligent information technology to construct a railway comprehensive energy system with renewable energy.展开更多
The internet of things(IoT)has been widely considered to be integrated with high-speed railways to improve safety and service.It is important to achieve reliable communication in IoT for railways(IoT-R)under high mobi...The internet of things(IoT)has been widely considered to be integrated with high-speed railways to improve safety and service.It is important to achieve reliable communication in IoT for railways(IoT-R)under high mobility scenarios and strict energy constraints.Orthogonal time frequency space(OTFS)modulation is a two-dimensional modulation technique that has the potential to overcome the challenges in high Doppler environments.In addition,OTFS can have lower peak-to-average power ratio(PAPR)compared to orthogonal frequency division multiplexing,which is especially important for the application of IoT-R.Therefore,OTFS modulation for IoT-R is investigated in this paper.In order to decrease PAPR of OTFS and promote the application of OTFS modulation in IoT-R,the peak windowing technique is used in this paper.This technique can reduce the PAPR of OTFS by reducing the peak power and does not require multiple iterations.The impacts of different window functions,window sizes and clipping levels on PAPR and bit error rate of OTFS are simulated and discussed.The simulation results show that the peak windowing technique can efficiently reduce the PAPR of OTFS for IoT-R.展开更多
An emerging railway technology called smart railway promises to deliver higher transportation efficiency,enhanced comfort in services,and greater eco-friendliness.The smart railway is expected to integrate fifth-gener...An emerging railway technology called smart railway promises to deliver higher transportation efficiency,enhanced comfort in services,and greater eco-friendliness.The smart railway is expected to integrate fifth-generation mobile communication(5G),Artificial Intelligence(AI),and other technologies,which poses new problems in the construction,operation and maintenance of railway wireless networks.Wireless Digital Twins(DTs),which have recently emerged as a new paradigm for the design of wireless networks,can address these problems and enable the whole lifecycle management of railway wireless networks.However,there are still many scientific issues and challenges for railway-oriented wireless DT.Relevant key technologies to solve these problems are introduced and described,including characterization of materials'physical-EM properties,autonomous reconstruction of Three-dimensional(3D)environment model,AI-empowered environmental cognition,Ray-Tracing(RT),model-based and AIbased RT acceleration,and generation of multi-spectra sensing data.Moreover,this paper presents our research results for each key technology and describes the wireless network planning and optimization system based on highperformance RT developed by our laboratory.This paper outlines the framework for realizing the wireless DT of smart railways,providing the direction for future research.展开更多
The railways have significantly contributed to the economic development of the city.However,with the evolution of the city and adjustments in the industrial structure,the relocation and rerouting of major railway trun...The railways have significantly contributed to the economic development of the city.However,with the evolution of the city and adjustments in the industrial structure,the relocation and rerouting of major railway trunk lines have resulted in the abandonment of numerous urban railways.The abandoned railways,resulting from inadequate management,have transformed into sites for waste disposal and are particularly vulnerable to environmental issues,including land pollution,degradation of vegetation cover,and a decline in ecological diversity.Abandoned railways in urban centers significantly hinder transportation connectivity and adversely influence the aesthetic appeal of the city.The landscape transformation of these abandoned railways is of paramount importance in the context of urban renewal.These railway sites possess significant potential for stock utilization as specialized,underutilized spaces.Through the processes of re-planning,integration,and renewal,previously underutilized spaces can be revitalized and incorporated into the urban landscape in innovative ways.This approach not only enhances the availability of green leisure areas for residents but also contributes to the realization of sustainable urban development.展开更多
Purpose–The purpose of this study is to address the deficiency in safety monitoring technology for 27.5 kV high-voltage cables within the railway traction power supply by analyzing the grounding methods employed in h...Purpose–The purpose of this study is to address the deficiency in safety monitoring technology for 27.5 kV high-voltage cables within the railway traction power supply by analyzing the grounding methods employed in high-speed railways and developing an effective monitoring solution.Design/methodology/approach–Through establishing a mathematical model of induced potential in the cable sheath and analyzing its influencing factors,the principle of grounding current monitoring is proposed.Furthermore,the accuracy of data collection and alarm function of the monitoring equipment were verified through laboratory simulation experiments.Finally,through practical application in the traction substation of the railway bureau on site,a large amount of data were collected to verify the stability and reliability of the monitoring system in actual environments.Findings–The experimental results show that the designed monitoring system can effectively monitor the grounding current of high-voltage cables and respond promptly to changes in cable insulation status.The system performs excellently in terms of data collection accuracy,real-time performance and reliability of alarm functions.In addition,the on-site trial results further confirm the accuracy and reliability of the monitoring system in practical applications,providing strong technical support for the safe operation of highspeed railway traction power supply systems.Originality/value–This study innovatively develops a 27.5kV high-voltage cable grounding current monitoring system,which provides a new technical means for evaluating the insulation status of cables by accurately measuring the grounding current.The design,experimental verification and application of this system in high-speed railway traction power supply systems have demonstrated significant academic value and practical significance,contributing innovative solutions to the field of railway power supply safety monitoring.展开更多
During the operation of sandy railways, the challenge posed by wind-blown sand is a persistent issue. An in-depth study on the influence of wind-blown sand content on the macroscopic and microscopic mechanical propert...During the operation of sandy railways, the challenge posed by wind-blown sand is a persistent issue. An in-depth study on the influence of wind-blown sand content on the macroscopic and microscopic mechanical properties of the ballast bed is of great significance for understanding the potential problems of sandy railways and proposing reasonable and adequate maintenance and repair strategies. Building upon existing research, this study proposes a new assessment indicator for sand content. Utilizing the discrete element method(DEM) and fully considering the complex interactions between ballast and sand particles, three-dimensional(3D) multi-scale analysis models of sandy ballast beds with different wind-blown sand contents are established and validated through field experiments. The effects of varying wind-blown sand content on the microscopic contact distribution and macroscopic mechanical behavior(such as resistance and support stiffness) of ballast beds are carefully analyzed. The results show that with the increase in sand content, the average contact force and coordination number between ballast particles gradually decrease, and the disparity in contact forces between different layers of the ballast bed diminishes. The longitudinal and lateral resistance of the ballast bed initially decreases and then increases, with a critical point at 10% sand content. At 15% sand content, the lateral resistance is mainly shared by the ballast shoulder. The longitudinal resistance sharing ratio is always the largest on the sleeper side, followed by that at the sleeper bottom, and the smallest on the ballast shoulder. When the sand content exceeds 10%, the contribution of sand particles to stiffness significantly increases, leading to an accelerated growth rate of the overall support stiffness of the ballast bed, which is highly detrimental to the long-term service performance of the ballast bed. In conclusion, it is recommended that maintenance and repair operations should be promptly conducted when the sand content of the ballast bed reaches or exceeds 10%.展开更多
In order to achieve the large-scale application of manufactured sand in railway high-strength concrete structure,a series of high-strength manufactured sand concrete(HMC)are prepared by taking the manufactured sand li...In order to achieve the large-scale application of manufactured sand in railway high-strength concrete structure,a series of high-strength manufactured sand concrete(HMC)are prepared by taking the manufactured sand lithology(tuff,limestone,basalt,granite),stone powder content(0,5%,10%,15%)and concrete strength grade(C60,C80,C100)as variables.The evolution of mechanical properties of HMC and the correlation between cubic compressive strength and other mechanical properties are studied.Compared to river sand,manufactured sand enhances the cubic compressive strength,axial compressive strength and elastic modulus of concrete,while its potential microcracks weaken the flexural strength and splitting tensile strength of concrete.Stone powder content displays both positive and negative effects on mechanical properties of HMC,and the stone powder content is suggested to be less than 10%.The empirical formulas between cubic compressive strength and other mechanical properties are proposed.展开更多
Urban railways are vital means of public transportation in Korea.More than 30%of metropolitan residents use the railways,and this proportion is expected to increase.To enhance safety,the government has mandated the in...Urban railways are vital means of public transportation in Korea.More than 30%of metropolitan residents use the railways,and this proportion is expected to increase.To enhance safety,the government has mandated the installation of closed-circuit televisions in all carriages by 2024.However,cameras still monitored humans.To address this limitation,we developed a dataset of risk factors and a smart detection system that enables an immediate response to any abnormal behavior and intensive monitoring thereof.We created an innovative learning dataset that takes into account seven unique risk factors specific to Korean railway passengers.Detailed data collection was conducted across the Shinbundang Line of the Incheon Transportation Corporation,and the Ui-Shinseol Line.We observed several behavioral characteristics and assigned unique annotations to them.We also considered carriage congestion.Recognition performance was evaluated by camera placement and number.Then the camera installation plan was optimized.The dataset will find immediate applications in domestic railway operations.The artificial intelligence algorithms will be verified shortly.展开更多
Purpose–This study summarizes the overall situation of the resources of the national science and technology innovation platform in the railway industry,including the distribution of platform types,supporting institut...Purpose–This study summarizes the overall situation of the resources of the national science and technology innovation platform in the railway industry,including the distribution of platform types,supporting institutions,construction sites,professional fields,etc.,to provide a reference for the further improvement and optimization of the national science and technology innovation platform system in the railway industry.Design/methodology/approach–Through literature review,field investigation,expert consultation and other methods,this paper systematically investigates and analyzes the development status of the national science and technology innovation platform in the railway industry.Findings–Taking the national science and technology innovation platform of the railway industry as the research object,this paper investigates and analyzes the construction,development and distribution of the national science and technology innovation platform of railway industry over the years.And the National Engineering Research Center of High-speed Railway and Urban Rail Transit System Technology was taken as an example to introduce its operation effect.Originality/value–China Railway has made great development achievements,with the construction and development of national science and technology innovation platform in the railway industry.In recent years,a large number of national science and technology innovation platforms have been built in the railway industry,which play an important role in railway technological innovation,standard setting and commodification,and Railway Sciences provide strong support for railway technology development.展开更多
Purpose–The bridge expansion joint(BEJ)is a key device for accommodating spatial displacement at the beam end,and for providing vertical support for running trains passing over the gap between the main bridge and the...Purpose–The bridge expansion joint(BEJ)is a key device for accommodating spatial displacement at the beam end,and for providing vertical support for running trains passing over the gap between the main bridge and the approach bridge.For long-span railway bridges,it must also be coordinated with rail expansion joint(REJ),which is necessary to accommodate the expansion and contraction of,and reducing longitudinal stress in,the rails.The main aim of this study is to present analysis of recent developments in the research and application of BEJs in high-speed railway(HSR)long-span bridges in China,and to propose a performance-based integral design method for BEJs used with REJs,from both theoretical and engineering perspectives.Design/methodology/approach–The study first presents a summary on the application and maintenance of BEJs in HSR long-span bridges in China representing an overview of their state of development.Results of a survey of typical BEJ faults were analyzed,and field testing was conducted on a railway cable-stayed bridge in order to obtain information on the major mechanical characteristics of its BEJ under train load.Based on the above,a performance-based integral design method for BEJs with maximum expansion range 1600 mm(±800 mm),was proposed,covering all stages from overall conceptual design to consideration of detailed structural design issues.The performance of the novel BEJ design thus derived was then verified via theoretical analysis under different scenarios,full-scale model testing,and field testing and commissioning.Findings–Two major types of BEJs,deck-type and through-type,are used in HSR long-span bridges in China.Typical BEJ faults were found to mainly include skewness of steel sleepers at the bridge gap,abnormally large longitudinal frictional resistance,and flexural deformation of the scissor mechanisms.These faults influence BEJ functioning,and thus adversely affect track quality and train running performance at the beam end.Due to their simple and integral structure,deck-type BEJs with expansion range 1200 mm(±600 mm)or less have been favored as a solution offering improved operational conditions,and have emerged as a standard design.However,when the expansion range exceeds the above-mentioned value,special design work becomes necessary.Therefore,based on engineering practice,a performance-based integral design method for BEJs used with REJs was proposed,taking into account four major categories of performance requirements,i.e.,mechanical characteristics,train running quality,durability and insulation performance.Overall BEJ design must mainly consider component strength and the overall stiffness of BEJ;the latter factor in particular has a decisive influence on train running performance at the beam end.Detailed BEJ structural design must stress minimization of the frictional resistance of its sliding surface.The static and dynamic performance of the newlydesigned BEJ with expansion range 1600 mm have been confirmed to be satisfactory,via numerical simulation,full-scale model testing,and field testing and commissioning.Originality/value–This research provides a broad overview of the status of BEJs with large expansion range in HSR long-span bridges in China,along with novel insights into their design.展开更多
Purpose–As an important part of the management of railway passenger transport,the rationality and effectiveness of the clearing method of railway passenger transport are directly related to the operating efficiency a...Purpose–As an important part of the management of railway passenger transport,the rationality and effectiveness of the clearing method of railway passenger transport are directly related to the operating efficiency and service quality of railway passenger transport enterprises.This paper aims to comprehensively and deeply discuss the evolution and development process of China’s railway passenger transport clearing method,analyze its characteristics and influences in each stage,identify the main factors affecting its evolution and development and then put forward thoughts on improving the future development of the clearing method.Design/methodology/approach–Through a detailed review of the railway passenger transport clearing methods from the planned economy period to the reform and opening up period and into the new century,the basis,mode,subject and object of clearing in different development stages are systematically compared.Findings–It comprehensively reveals the evolution of the clearing method,sorted out the characteristics and changes of the clearing method at each stage and the adaptability to the development of railway passenger transport at that time.The characteristics of the development of clearing measures for railway passenger transport in different stages and their far-reaching influence on railway passenger transport business are deeply analyzed.Originality/value–This paper summarized the factors influencing the development of China’s railway passenger transportation clearing approach evolution,including the simplified rules of clearing,enhanced the market adaptability,establishing and perfecting the incentive mechanism,strengthening the construction of informatization,etc.This paper puts forward the ways to improve the railway passenger transportation clearing future development thinking.展开更多
To address the standardization demands of the railway industry under the new circumstances,the National Railway Administration revised current regulations, and issued the Measures for Management of Railway Technical S...To address the standardization demands of the railway industry under the new circumstances,the National Railway Administration revised current regulations, and issued the Measures for Management of Railway Technical Standards to implement relevant deployments and mechanism cons truc tion, based on the current situation of railway standards system and standards management.展开更多
The integration of a large number of power electronic converters,such as railway power conditioner(RPC),introduces a series of problems,including harmonic interaction,stability issues,and wideband resonance,into the r...The integration of a large number of power electronic converters,such as railway power conditioner(RPC),introduces a series of problems,including harmonic interaction,stability issues,and wideband resonance,into the railway power supply system.To address these challenges,this paper proposes a novel harmonic resonance prevention measure for RPC-network-train interaction system.Firstly,a harmonic model,a parallel resonance impedance model,a series resonance admittance model,and a control stability model are each established for the RPC-network-train interaction system.Secondly,a comprehensive resonance impact factor(CRIF)is proposed to efficiently and accurately identify the key components affecting resonance,and to provide the selection results of optimization parameters for resonance prevention.Next,the initially selected parameters are constrained by the requirements of ripple current,reactive power and stability.Subsequently,the impedance parameters(control parameters and filter parameters)of the RPC are optimized with the objective of reshaping the parallel resonance impedance and series resonance admittance of the RPC-network-train interaction system,ensuring the output current har-monics of RPC meet standards to achieve resonance prevention,while ensuring the stable operation of the RPC.Finally,the proposed resonance prevention measure is verified under both light load and heavy load conditions using a simulation platform and a hardware-in-the-loop experimental platform.展开更多
Purpose–This paper aims to systematically review the evolution of inspection technologies and equipment for heavy-haul railway infrastructure,with a focus on China’s Shuohuang Railway and Daqin Railway.It summarizes...Purpose–This paper aims to systematically review the evolution of inspection technologies and equipment for heavy-haul railway infrastructure,with a focus on China’s Shuohuang Railway and Daqin Railway.It summarizes the technological progression from traditional manual inspections to integrated and intelligent inspection systems,analyzes their practical application outcomes and outlines future research directions to support the safe,efficient and sustainable operation of heavy-haul railways.Design/methodology/approach–The study employs a combination of historical and empirical analysis,primarily drawing on academic literature and operational data from Shuohuang Railway.The development of inspection technologies is categorized into two distinct phases:traditional inspection and integrated inspection.The comprehensive effectiveness of these technologies is evaluated based on actual inspection efficiency,defect detection capability,cost savings and other relevant data.Findings–The adoption of integrated inspection vehicles has significantly improved inspection efficiency and accuracy.In 2014,the world’s first heavy-haul integrated inspection vehicle enabled synchronous multidisciplinary inspections,greatly reducing reliance on manual labor.By 2024,the intelligent heavy-haul integrated inspection vehicle further enhanced detection precision by 30%.Practical applications demonstrate that the annual number of track defects decreased from 25,000 to 3,800,while the track quality index(TQI)remained stable below 6 mm.Additionally,annual maintenance costs were reduced by more than 40 m yuan.Originality/value–This paper provides the first systematic review of the development of inspection technologies for heavy-haul railway infrastructure,highlighting China’s leading achievements in integrated and intelligent inspection.It clarifies the practical value of these technologies in enhancing safety,reducing costs and optimizing maintenance operations.Furthermore,it proposes future directions for development,including system integration,onboard computing capabilities and unmanned operations,offering valuable insights for technological innovation and policymaking in the field.展开更多
The embankment and bridge are the basic forms of railway lines.To date,no reports have addressed the optimal form to adopt when passing through sandy areas.Therefore,models of railway embankment and bridge were create...The embankment and bridge are the basic forms of railway lines.To date,no reports have addressed the optimal form to adopt when passing through sandy areas.Therefore,models of railway embankment and bridge were created,and wind tunnel experiments were conducted to compare the differences in wind speed,flow field,sand transport rate,and other wind–sand environmental effects of railway embankment and bridge.Results show that wind speed reduction areas in the upwind and downwind directions were observed for the railway embankment and bridge.In these areas,the extent and degree of wind speed reduction on the embankment were greater than those on the bridge.At the top of the embankment,especially on the windward slope shoulder,an obvious area of wind speed increase was observed.Similarly,a distinct area of wind speed increase was found between the top of the windward side slope shoulder and 3H downwind of the bridge.Within these regions,the range of wind speed increase on the embankment was smaller than that on the bridge,but the degree of increase was greater than that on the bridge.The range of variation in wind speed on the embankment was generally greater than that on the bridge.The wind–sand flow field around the embankment exhibited greater variability than that around the bridge.Moreover,higher wind–sand flow passage rates on the embankment than on the bridge.This study aims to offer recommendations to assist in the route selection,surveying,and design of railways in sandy regions.展开更多
基金National Natural Science Foundation of China(U2468201,62122012,62221001).
文摘The rapid expansion of railways,especially High-Speed Railways(HSRs),has drawn considerable interest from both academic and industrial sectors.To meet the future vision of smart rail communications,the rail transport industry must innovate in key technologies to ensure high-quality transmissions for passengers and railway operations.These systems must function effectively under high mobility conditions while prioritizing safety,ecofriendliness,comfort,transparency,predictability,and reliability.On the other hand,the proposal of 6 G wireless technology introduces new possibilities for innovation in communication technologies,which may truly realize the current vision of HSR.Therefore,this article gives a review of the current advanced 6 G wireless communication technologies for HSR,including random access and switching,channel estimation and beamforming,integrated sensing and communication,and edge computing.The main application scenarios of these technologies are reviewed,as well as their current research status and challenges,followed by an outlook on future development directions.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.52107126 and52077179)the Key Regional Innovation and Development Joint Fund Project(No.2023YFB2303901)the funding of Chengdu Guojia Electrical Engineering Co.,Ltd.(No.NEEC-2022-B11).
文摘The regenerative braking energy utilization system(RBEUS)stands as a promising technique for improving the efficiency and power quality of electrified railways.Beyond the vital aspects of energy management and control strategies,ensuring fault protection is paramount for the secure and steady operation of the traction power supply system(TPSS)integrated with RBEUS.This paper introduces an innovative protection scheme tailored to diverse RBEUS application scenarios.Firstly,fault categories are streamlined into three levels:system,equipment,and warning.Subsequently,a novel multi-port active power differential protection method,aligned with RBEUS operational principles,is crafted to serve as a comprehensive and sensitive main protection.Building upon this foundation,a hierarchical protection structure for RBEUS is established,addressing the intricacies and variations in fault types while boosting anti-disturbance capabilities under faulty conditions.Embracing the principle of railway-oriented safety,a collaborative RBEUS-TPSS protection scheme is put forth.Finally,through simulated scenarios encompassing various fault conditions,the proposed scheme’s feasibility and effectiveness are convincingly validated.
基金supported by Australia Research Council through the Linkage Project(Grant No.LP200100110).
文摘Swing nose crossings(SNXs)have been widely used in heavy haul railways to create a smoother load transfer and hence reduced impact load.However,the current design of SNXs hasn’t been fully examined under heavy haul operating conditions.Additionally,maintenance guidelines for SNX wear-related issues in Australian heavy haul railways are relatively lacking.As such,this study aims to investigate the dynamic response of the wheel-rail contact and analyse the wear performance of an SNX currently used in Australian heavy haul railways.Dynamic implicit-explicit finite element analysis was conducted to simulate the wheel-rail contact along the SNX.The distribution of the wear intensity over the SNX was identified by using a local contact-based wear model.The influence of various scenarios on wear was also explored.The results verify the improved dynamic performance of the SNX,as the increased contact force after load transfer remains below 1.2 times the static load.The findings also indicate that the decrease in relative height and increase in nose rail inclination result in greater wear on the nose rail.Notably,the SNX considered in the current study exhibits better wear performance when used with moderately worn wheels.
文摘Purpose–This study aims to design and validate an emergency response method for high-speed railway earthquake early warning(EEW)systems based on the Propagation of Local Undamped Motion(PLUM)principle in order to enhance the timeliness and accuracy of warnings under seismic threats.Design/methodology/approach–A hierarchical architecture of the railway EEW system was adopted,in which self-built stations along the railway serve as the backbone and the national seismic network provides supplementary data.Warning zones were designed along the railway using overlapping trapezoidal layouts to cover seismic stations and reduce inter-regional time delays.Offline replay experiments were conducted using 82 historical earthquake events and records from 61 seismic stations to evaluate the timeliness and accuracy of warning information.Findings–The results indicate that the PLUM-based early warning method can issue emergency response information before destructive seismic waves arrive.Multiple earthquake experiments demonstrated high reliability and stability,with effective detection across different magnitudes and epicentral distances.Furthermore,the trapezoidal overlapping zone design improved regional consistency and significantly reduced missed alerts.Originality/value–This work represents the first systematic application of the PLUM method to high-speed railway EEW in China.By integrating railway operational requirements,the proposed method provides a practical and robust emergency response strategy,offering new insights into seismic risk mitigation for China’s high-speed railways.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(62027809,U2268206,T2222015,U2468202).
文摘The integration of Global Navigation Satellite System(GNSS)technology into railway train control systems is a crucial step toward achieving the vision of a digital railway.Traditional train control systems undergo extensive in-house tests and prolonged field tests for certification and approval before operational deployment,leading to high costs,delays,and operational disruptions.This paper introduces a GNSS-based train control localization framework which eliminates the need for on-site testing by leveraging train movement dynamics and 3D environment modeling to create a zero on-site testing platform.The proposed framework simulates train movement and the surrounding 3D environment using collected railway line location data and environmental attributes to generate realistic multipath signals and obscuration effects.This approach enables comprehensive laboratory-based case studies for train localization,reducing the huge amount test of needed for physical field trials.The framework is established in house,using the data collected at the Test Base of China Academy of Railway Sciences(Circular Railway).Results from the open area and cutting environment tests demonstrate high localization accuracy repeatability within the simulated environment,validating the feasibility and effectiveness of zero on-site testing for GNSS-based train control systems.This research highlights the potential of GNSS simulation platforms in enhancing cost efficiency,operational safety,and accuracy for future digital railways.
基金supported in part by the Scientific Foundation for Outstanding Young Scientists of Sichuan under Grant No.2021JDJQ0032in part by the National Natural Science Foundation of China under Grant No.52107128in part by the Natural Science Foundation of Sichuan Province under Grant No.2022NSFSC0436.
文摘Traction power systems(TPSs)play a vital role in the operation of electrified railways.The transformation of conventional railway TPSs to novel structures is not only a trend to promote the development of electrified railways toward high-efficiency and resilience but also an inevitable requirement to achieve carbon neutrality target.On the basis of sorting out the power supply structures of conventional AC and DC modes,this paper first reviews the characteristics of the existing TPSs,such as weak power supply flexibility and low-energy efficiency.Furthermore,the power supply structures of various TPSs for future electrified railways are described in detail,which satisfy longer distance,low-carbon,high-efficiency,high-reliability and high-quality power supply requirements.Meanwhile,the application prospects of different traction modes are discussed from both technical and economic aspects.Eventually,this paper introduces the research progress of mixed-system electrified railways and traction power supply technologies without catenary system,speculates on the future development trends and challenges of TPSs and predicts that TPSs will be based on the continuous power supply mode,employing power electronic equipment and intelligent information technology to construct a railway comprehensive energy system with renewable energy.
基金supported by the National Key R&D Program of China under Grant 2022YFF0608103the National Natural Science Foundation of China under Grant 62001519 and 62271037。
文摘The internet of things(IoT)has been widely considered to be integrated with high-speed railways to improve safety and service.It is important to achieve reliable communication in IoT for railways(IoT-R)under high mobility scenarios and strict energy constraints.Orthogonal time frequency space(OTFS)modulation is a two-dimensional modulation technique that has the potential to overcome the challenges in high Doppler environments.In addition,OTFS can have lower peak-to-average power ratio(PAPR)compared to orthogonal frequency division multiplexing,which is especially important for the application of IoT-R.Therefore,OTFS modulation for IoT-R is investigated in this paper.In order to decrease PAPR of OTFS and promote the application of OTFS modulation in IoT-R,the peak windowing technique is used in this paper.This technique can reduce the PAPR of OTFS by reducing the peak power and does not require multiple iterations.The impacts of different window functions,window sizes and clipping levels on PAPR and bit error rate of OTFS are simulated and discussed.The simulation results show that the peak windowing technique can efficiently reduce the PAPR of OTFS for IoT-R.
基金supported by Beijing Natural Science Foundation(L212029,L221009)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(62271043,62371033)the Ministry of Education of China(8091B032123).
文摘An emerging railway technology called smart railway promises to deliver higher transportation efficiency,enhanced comfort in services,and greater eco-friendliness.The smart railway is expected to integrate fifth-generation mobile communication(5G),Artificial Intelligence(AI),and other technologies,which poses new problems in the construction,operation and maintenance of railway wireless networks.Wireless Digital Twins(DTs),which have recently emerged as a new paradigm for the design of wireless networks,can address these problems and enable the whole lifecycle management of railway wireless networks.However,there are still many scientific issues and challenges for railway-oriented wireless DT.Relevant key technologies to solve these problems are introduced and described,including characterization of materials'physical-EM properties,autonomous reconstruction of Three-dimensional(3D)environment model,AI-empowered environmental cognition,Ray-Tracing(RT),model-based and AIbased RT acceleration,and generation of multi-spectra sensing data.Moreover,this paper presents our research results for each key technology and describes the wireless network planning and optimization system based on highperformance RT developed by our laboratory.This paper outlines the framework for realizing the wireless DT of smart railways,providing the direction for future research.
基金Sponsored by Basic Ability Enhancement Program for Young and Middle-aged Teachers in Colleges and Universities in Guangxi(2024KY0683).
文摘The railways have significantly contributed to the economic development of the city.However,with the evolution of the city and adjustments in the industrial structure,the relocation and rerouting of major railway trunk lines have resulted in the abandonment of numerous urban railways.The abandoned railways,resulting from inadequate management,have transformed into sites for waste disposal and are particularly vulnerable to environmental issues,including land pollution,degradation of vegetation cover,and a decline in ecological diversity.Abandoned railways in urban centers significantly hinder transportation connectivity and adversely influence the aesthetic appeal of the city.The landscape transformation of these abandoned railways is of paramount importance in the context of urban renewal.These railway sites possess significant potential for stock utilization as specialized,underutilized spaces.Through the processes of re-planning,integration,and renewal,previously underutilized spaces can be revitalized and incorporated into the urban landscape in innovative ways.This approach not only enhances the availability of green leisure areas for residents but also contributes to the realization of sustainable urban development.
基金the China Railway Wuhan Bureau Group Co.,Ltd.under the 2023 Science and Technology Research and Development Plan(Second Batch)(Wuhan Railway Science and Information Letter[2023]No.269),classification code 23GD07.
文摘Purpose–The purpose of this study is to address the deficiency in safety monitoring technology for 27.5 kV high-voltage cables within the railway traction power supply by analyzing the grounding methods employed in high-speed railways and developing an effective monitoring solution.Design/methodology/approach–Through establishing a mathematical model of induced potential in the cable sheath and analyzing its influencing factors,the principle of grounding current monitoring is proposed.Furthermore,the accuracy of data collection and alarm function of the monitoring equipment were verified through laboratory simulation experiments.Finally,through practical application in the traction substation of the railway bureau on site,a large amount of data were collected to verify the stability and reliability of the monitoring system in actual environments.Findings–The experimental results show that the designed monitoring system can effectively monitor the grounding current of high-voltage cables and respond promptly to changes in cable insulation status.The system performs excellently in terms of data collection accuracy,real-time performance and reliability of alarm functions.In addition,the on-site trial results further confirm the accuracy and reliability of the monitoring system in practical applications,providing strong technical support for the safe operation of highspeed railway traction power supply systems.Originality/value–This study innovatively develops a 27.5kV high-voltage cable grounding current monitoring system,which provides a new technical means for evaluating the insulation status of cables by accurately measuring the grounding current.The design,experimental verification and application of this system in high-speed railway traction power supply systems have demonstrated significant academic value and practical significance,contributing innovative solutions to the field of railway power supply safety monitoring.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 52372425)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities (Science and Technology Leading Talent Team Poject) Grant No. 2022JBXT010。
文摘During the operation of sandy railways, the challenge posed by wind-blown sand is a persistent issue. An in-depth study on the influence of wind-blown sand content on the macroscopic and microscopic mechanical properties of the ballast bed is of great significance for understanding the potential problems of sandy railways and proposing reasonable and adequate maintenance and repair strategies. Building upon existing research, this study proposes a new assessment indicator for sand content. Utilizing the discrete element method(DEM) and fully considering the complex interactions between ballast and sand particles, three-dimensional(3D) multi-scale analysis models of sandy ballast beds with different wind-blown sand contents are established and validated through field experiments. The effects of varying wind-blown sand content on the microscopic contact distribution and macroscopic mechanical behavior(such as resistance and support stiffness) of ballast beds are carefully analyzed. The results show that with the increase in sand content, the average contact force and coordination number between ballast particles gradually decrease, and the disparity in contact forces between different layers of the ballast bed diminishes. The longitudinal and lateral resistance of the ballast bed initially decreases and then increases, with a critical point at 10% sand content. At 15% sand content, the lateral resistance is mainly shared by the ballast shoulder. The longitudinal resistance sharing ratio is always the largest on the sleeper side, followed by that at the sleeper bottom, and the smallest on the ballast shoulder. When the sand content exceeds 10%, the contribution of sand particles to stiffness significantly increases, leading to an accelerated growth rate of the overall support stiffness of the ballast bed, which is highly detrimental to the long-term service performance of the ballast bed. In conclusion, it is recommended that maintenance and repair operations should be promptly conducted when the sand content of the ballast bed reaches or exceeds 10%.
基金Funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.U1934206,52108260)China Academy of Railway Sciences Fund(No.2021YJ078)+1 种基金Railway Engineering Construction Standard Project(No.2023-BZWW-006)New Cornerstone Science Foundation through the XPLORER PRIZE。
文摘In order to achieve the large-scale application of manufactured sand in railway high-strength concrete structure,a series of high-strength manufactured sand concrete(HMC)are prepared by taking the manufactured sand lithology(tuff,limestone,basalt,granite),stone powder content(0,5%,10%,15%)and concrete strength grade(C60,C80,C100)as variables.The evolution of mechanical properties of HMC and the correlation between cubic compressive strength and other mechanical properties are studied.Compared to river sand,manufactured sand enhances the cubic compressive strength,axial compressive strength and elastic modulus of concrete,while its potential microcracks weaken the flexural strength and splitting tensile strength of concrete.Stone powder content displays both positive and negative effects on mechanical properties of HMC,and the stone powder content is suggested to be less than 10%.The empirical formulas between cubic compressive strength and other mechanical properties are proposed.
基金supported by a Korean Agency for Infrastructure Technology Advancement(KAIA)grant funded by the Ministry of Land,Infrastructure and Transport(grant no.RS-2023-00239464).
文摘Urban railways are vital means of public transportation in Korea.More than 30%of metropolitan residents use the railways,and this proportion is expected to increase.To enhance safety,the government has mandated the installation of closed-circuit televisions in all carriages by 2024.However,cameras still monitored humans.To address this limitation,we developed a dataset of risk factors and a smart detection system that enables an immediate response to any abnormal behavior and intensive monitoring thereof.We created an innovative learning dataset that takes into account seven unique risk factors specific to Korean railway passengers.Detailed data collection was conducted across the Shinbundang Line of the Incheon Transportation Corporation,and the Ui-Shinseol Line.We observed several behavioral characteristics and assigned unique annotations to them.We also considered carriage congestion.Recognition performance was evaluated by camera placement and number.Then the camera installation plan was optimized.The dataset will find immediate applications in domestic railway operations.The artificial intelligence algorithms will be verified shortly.
文摘Purpose–This study summarizes the overall situation of the resources of the national science and technology innovation platform in the railway industry,including the distribution of platform types,supporting institutions,construction sites,professional fields,etc.,to provide a reference for the further improvement and optimization of the national science and technology innovation platform system in the railway industry.Design/methodology/approach–Through literature review,field investigation,expert consultation and other methods,this paper systematically investigates and analyzes the development status of the national science and technology innovation platform in the railway industry.Findings–Taking the national science and technology innovation platform of the railway industry as the research object,this paper investigates and analyzes the construction,development and distribution of the national science and technology innovation platform of railway industry over the years.And the National Engineering Research Center of High-speed Railway and Urban Rail Transit System Technology was taken as an example to introduce its operation effect.Originality/value–China Railway has made great development achievements,with the construction and development of national science and technology innovation platform in the railway industry.In recent years,a large number of national science and technology innovation platforms have been built in the railway industry,which play an important role in railway technological innovation,standard setting and commodification,and Railway Sciences provide strong support for railway technology development.
基金National Key R&D Program of China(2022YFB2602900)R&D Fund Project of China Academy of Railway Sciences Corporation Limited(2021YJ084)+2 种基金Project of Science and Technology R&D Program of China Railway(2016G002-K)R&D Fund Project of China Railway Major Bridge Reconnaissance&Design Institute Co.,Ltd.(2021)R&D Fund Project of China Railway Shanghai Group(2021141).
文摘Purpose–The bridge expansion joint(BEJ)is a key device for accommodating spatial displacement at the beam end,and for providing vertical support for running trains passing over the gap between the main bridge and the approach bridge.For long-span railway bridges,it must also be coordinated with rail expansion joint(REJ),which is necessary to accommodate the expansion and contraction of,and reducing longitudinal stress in,the rails.The main aim of this study is to present analysis of recent developments in the research and application of BEJs in high-speed railway(HSR)long-span bridges in China,and to propose a performance-based integral design method for BEJs used with REJs,from both theoretical and engineering perspectives.Design/methodology/approach–The study first presents a summary on the application and maintenance of BEJs in HSR long-span bridges in China representing an overview of their state of development.Results of a survey of typical BEJ faults were analyzed,and field testing was conducted on a railway cable-stayed bridge in order to obtain information on the major mechanical characteristics of its BEJ under train load.Based on the above,a performance-based integral design method for BEJs with maximum expansion range 1600 mm(±800 mm),was proposed,covering all stages from overall conceptual design to consideration of detailed structural design issues.The performance of the novel BEJ design thus derived was then verified via theoretical analysis under different scenarios,full-scale model testing,and field testing and commissioning.Findings–Two major types of BEJs,deck-type and through-type,are used in HSR long-span bridges in China.Typical BEJ faults were found to mainly include skewness of steel sleepers at the bridge gap,abnormally large longitudinal frictional resistance,and flexural deformation of the scissor mechanisms.These faults influence BEJ functioning,and thus adversely affect track quality and train running performance at the beam end.Due to their simple and integral structure,deck-type BEJs with expansion range 1200 mm(±600 mm)or less have been favored as a solution offering improved operational conditions,and have emerged as a standard design.However,when the expansion range exceeds the above-mentioned value,special design work becomes necessary.Therefore,based on engineering practice,a performance-based integral design method for BEJs used with REJs was proposed,taking into account four major categories of performance requirements,i.e.,mechanical characteristics,train running quality,durability and insulation performance.Overall BEJ design must mainly consider component strength and the overall stiffness of BEJ;the latter factor in particular has a decisive influence on train running performance at the beam end.Detailed BEJ structural design must stress minimization of the frictional resistance of its sliding surface.The static and dynamic performance of the newlydesigned BEJ with expansion range 1600 mm have been confirmed to be satisfactory,via numerical simulation,full-scale model testing,and field testing and commissioning.Originality/value–This research provides a broad overview of the status of BEJs with large expansion range in HSR long-span bridges in China,along with novel insights into their design.
基金supported by the Research and Development Plan Project of China State Railway Group Co.,Ltd.(Project No.P2023X029).
文摘Purpose–As an important part of the management of railway passenger transport,the rationality and effectiveness of the clearing method of railway passenger transport are directly related to the operating efficiency and service quality of railway passenger transport enterprises.This paper aims to comprehensively and deeply discuss the evolution and development process of China’s railway passenger transport clearing method,analyze its characteristics and influences in each stage,identify the main factors affecting its evolution and development and then put forward thoughts on improving the future development of the clearing method.Design/methodology/approach–Through a detailed review of the railway passenger transport clearing methods from the planned economy period to the reform and opening up period and into the new century,the basis,mode,subject and object of clearing in different development stages are systematically compared.Findings–It comprehensively reveals the evolution of the clearing method,sorted out the characteristics and changes of the clearing method at each stage and the adaptability to the development of railway passenger transport at that time.The characteristics of the development of clearing measures for railway passenger transport in different stages and their far-reaching influence on railway passenger transport business are deeply analyzed.Originality/value–This paper summarized the factors influencing the development of China’s railway passenger transportation clearing approach evolution,including the simplified rules of clearing,enhanced the market adaptability,establishing and perfecting the incentive mechanism,strengthening the construction of informatization,etc.This paper puts forward the ways to improve the railway passenger transportation clearing future development thinking.
文摘To address the standardization demands of the railway industry under the new circumstances,the National Railway Administration revised current regulations, and issued the Measures for Management of Railway Technical Standards to implement relevant deployments and mechanism cons truc tion, based on the current situation of railway standards system and standards management.
基金supported in part by the National Natural Science Foundation of China under Grant No.52277126.
文摘The integration of a large number of power electronic converters,such as railway power conditioner(RPC),introduces a series of problems,including harmonic interaction,stability issues,and wideband resonance,into the railway power supply system.To address these challenges,this paper proposes a novel harmonic resonance prevention measure for RPC-network-train interaction system.Firstly,a harmonic model,a parallel resonance impedance model,a series resonance admittance model,and a control stability model are each established for the RPC-network-train interaction system.Secondly,a comprehensive resonance impact factor(CRIF)is proposed to efficiently and accurately identify the key components affecting resonance,and to provide the selection results of optimization parameters for resonance prevention.Next,the initially selected parameters are constrained by the requirements of ripple current,reactive power and stability.Subsequently,the impedance parameters(control parameters and filter parameters)of the RPC are optimized with the objective of reshaping the parallel resonance impedance and series resonance admittance of the RPC-network-train interaction system,ensuring the output current har-monics of RPC meet standards to achieve resonance prevention,while ensuring the stable operation of the RPC.Finally,the proposed resonance prevention measure is verified under both light load and heavy load conditions using a simulation platform and a hardware-in-the-loop experimental platform.
基金supported by 2020 Science and Technology Innovation Project of Shuo-Huang Railway Development Company(SHTL-20-12).
文摘Purpose–This paper aims to systematically review the evolution of inspection technologies and equipment for heavy-haul railway infrastructure,with a focus on China’s Shuohuang Railway and Daqin Railway.It summarizes the technological progression from traditional manual inspections to integrated and intelligent inspection systems,analyzes their practical application outcomes and outlines future research directions to support the safe,efficient and sustainable operation of heavy-haul railways.Design/methodology/approach–The study employs a combination of historical and empirical analysis,primarily drawing on academic literature and operational data from Shuohuang Railway.The development of inspection technologies is categorized into two distinct phases:traditional inspection and integrated inspection.The comprehensive effectiveness of these technologies is evaluated based on actual inspection efficiency,defect detection capability,cost savings and other relevant data.Findings–The adoption of integrated inspection vehicles has significantly improved inspection efficiency and accuracy.In 2014,the world’s first heavy-haul integrated inspection vehicle enabled synchronous multidisciplinary inspections,greatly reducing reliance on manual labor.By 2024,the intelligent heavy-haul integrated inspection vehicle further enhanced detection precision by 30%.Practical applications demonstrate that the annual number of track defects decreased from 25,000 to 3,800,while the track quality index(TQI)remained stable below 6 mm.Additionally,annual maintenance costs were reduced by more than 40 m yuan.Originality/value–This paper provides the first systematic review of the development of inspection technologies for heavy-haul railway infrastructure,highlighting China’s leading achievements in integrated and intelligent inspection.It clarifies the practical value of these technologies in enhancing safety,reducing costs and optimizing maintenance operations.Furthermore,it proposes future directions for development,including system integration,onboard computing capabilities and unmanned operations,offering valuable insights for technological innovation and policymaking in the field.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.42077448 and 42477505)the Western Young Scholars project of the Chinese Academy of Sciences of China(Grant No.xbzglzb2022024)+2 种基金the Natural Science Foundation of Gansu Province for Distinguished Young Scholars(Grant No.22JR5RA049)the Ordos Science and Technology Plan(Grant No.2021EEDSCXQDFZ013)the Longyuan Youth Talent Project of Gansu Province(Grant No.E339020101)。
文摘The embankment and bridge are the basic forms of railway lines.To date,no reports have addressed the optimal form to adopt when passing through sandy areas.Therefore,models of railway embankment and bridge were created,and wind tunnel experiments were conducted to compare the differences in wind speed,flow field,sand transport rate,and other wind–sand environmental effects of railway embankment and bridge.Results show that wind speed reduction areas in the upwind and downwind directions were observed for the railway embankment and bridge.In these areas,the extent and degree of wind speed reduction on the embankment were greater than those on the bridge.At the top of the embankment,especially on the windward slope shoulder,an obvious area of wind speed increase was observed.Similarly,a distinct area of wind speed increase was found between the top of the windward side slope shoulder and 3H downwind of the bridge.Within these regions,the range of wind speed increase on the embankment was smaller than that on the bridge,but the degree of increase was greater than that on the bridge.The range of variation in wind speed on the embankment was generally greater than that on the bridge.The wind–sand flow field around the embankment exhibited greater variability than that around the bridge.Moreover,higher wind–sand flow passage rates on the embankment than on the bridge.This study aims to offer recommendations to assist in the route selection,surveying,and design of railways in sandy regions.
