Background:Questioned document examination(QDE)is a crucial sub-discipline of forensic science,and over the years,this discipline has developed a vast amount of research results and literature.However,the current stud...Background:Questioned document examination(QDE)is a crucial sub-discipline of forensic science,and over the years,this discipline has developed a vast amount of research results and literature.However,the current studies have only reviewed the development of QDE for a period of time or a particular research direction,lacking a comprehensive review of this discipline since its origins.Aim:The aim of this study is to utilize bibliometric methods to review the history and development of QDE since 1934 and also to predict its future research trends.Materials:This study collects the literature of questioned document examination(QDE)from the Web of Science Core Collection database and uses four bibliometric analysis tools:CiteSpace,VOSviewer,SciMAT,and Bibliometric,to process relevant literature data.Methods:Through the analysis methods of journal co-citation analysis,keyword co-occurrence network analysis,literature cocitation analysis,and theme evolutionary analysis,the bibliometric data information in the QDE field is obtained,and a visualized knowledge mapping is constructed.Results:The results show that four research directions have been formed,basically.As far as the development trend of QDE research is concerned,the research field shows the change in content from cursory to detailed and in analysis from qualitative to quantitative,while the research field maintains a close relationship with chemical technology and computer science.Conclusions:The changes in QDE can be attributed to advancements in science and technology,which have influenced research methods.QDE also has a legal aspect,with a focus on enhancing scientific accuracy and evidentiary value.These developments aim to strengthen QDE’s identification power and promote its scientific and standardized growth.This will gradually enhance the reliability and strength of QDE evidence,making it more valuable in judicial practice.展开更多
Fast and unequivocal methods of questioned document analysis are essential in forensic science. Here, a desorption/ionization technique, EASI-MS, was assessed for its ability to investigate questioned driver’s licens...Fast and unequivocal methods of questioned document analysis are essential in forensic science. Here, a desorption/ionization technique, EASI-MS, was assessed for its ability to investigate questioned driver’s licenses (DL). Two suspects DL, displaying the same personal data in the proper fields (name and ID numbers), but with different individual photos, showing similar impressions on microscopic analysis, and authentic standards documents specimens were used as test cases. Profiles from authentic DL surface were dominated by a set of few minor ions, mainly from the plasticizers bis(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate and dibutylphthalate. The seized suspect counterfeit DL on points from personal data and photo were, however, dominated by abundant diagnostic ions of m/z 463, 507, 551, 595, 639, 683, which confirmed counterfeiting. Surfynol<sup>®</sup> and Nonoxynol-9<sup>®</sup>, which are common constituents of inkjet printing, were detected in the counterfeiting areas by high-accuracy EASI(+)-FT-ICR MS. The EASI-MS technique is shown therefore to offer an attractive tool for forensic investigation of questioned documents.展开更多
Background:Fluorescence Microscope is a promising analytical method for the examination of the sequence of strokes of writing inks of different colours,brands,and models in a questioned document.Aims and Objectives:In...Background:Fluorescence Microscope is a promising analytical method for the examination of the sequence of strokes of writing inks of different colours,brands,and models in a questioned document.Aims and Objectives:In the present article,an attempt has been made to categorize the writing inks of different brands and colours on the basis of their fluorescence.Materials and Methods:Atotal of 36 writing inks were used to make the different intersections on a standard A4 sheet which were then analyzed under the excitation filters of the Fluorescence Microscope.Results:The results indicated that the different inks can be characterized optically based on the luminescent components of the ink present in crossed lined intersections.Conclusions:Fluorescence Microscopy is a relatively simple,fast,inexpensive,and non-destructive technology that can be used in conjunction with other,more complex,and expensive technologies to identify the sequence of line crossing.It can provide a novel way of analysis based on the assessment of microelement analysis and the characteristics of diverse ink handwriting samples.展开更多
Background:Using a comprehensive approach that combines Thin Layer Chromatography(TLC),UV-visible spectroscopy,and Adobe Photoshop image manipulation,this study aims to authenticate and identify Gen gel pens.Aim and O...Background:Using a comprehensive approach that combines Thin Layer Chromatography(TLC),UV-visible spectroscopy,and Adobe Photoshop image manipulation,this study aims to authenticate and identify Gen gel pens.Aim and Objectives:The principal objective is to describe gel pen ink compositions and develop an authentication process for them.Thirty gel pen ink samples total-ten of each for the colors red,black,and blue-are the subject of the study.Goals include applying Adobe Photoshop for improved visual differentiation and using TLC and UV-visible spectroscopy for preliminary characterization.Materials and Methods:To characterize the compositions of thirty gel pen ink samples,Thin Layer Chromatography and UV-visible spectroscopy were applied.To improve the visuals,images were turned upside down and their brightness was changed using Adobe Photoshop.Gel pen ink matching was tested in a blind trial that combined analytical findings with Photoshop-enhanced visual differentiation.Results:76%of samples could be distinguished clearly,according to analytical data,and 40%of samples showed UV absorption at 237.5 nm regardless of the colour of the ink.Remarkably,on the UV Visible Spectrum,76.6%showed distinct peaks.A major factor in the ability to visually distinguish ink samples was Adobe Photoshop.Different ink samples could be identified using UV-visible spectroscopy peak variations;23.3%of the samples showed nonspecific peak patterns that could be seen in photos that had been Photoshopped.Conclusion:The combined findings provide insightful information about gel pen ink differentiation and suggest a possible approach for model identification and authentication.This method combines Adobe Photoshop image manipulation with analytical methods like TLC and UV-visible spectroscopy.展开更多
Background:The task of document examiners is very challenging,as they need to gather all the relevant facts to make an informed decision regarding the questioned document.In the present study,a total of 300 handwritin...Background:The task of document examiners is very challenging,as they need to gather all the relevant facts to make an informed decision regarding the questioned document.In the present study,a total of 300 handwriting samples from 100 different writers(involving 50 right-handed and 50 left-handed)were collected at Bundelkhand University,Jhansi.Slant and stroke,as characteristic features of handwriting,were visually examined under a stereomicroscope to ascertain the handedness.Methods:Slants and Strokes as characteristic features were analyzed in a total of 300 handwriting samples collected from 50 left-handed and 50 right-handed writers of age 17–22 years.A reference text comprising three pangram sentences printed on A4 paper and a blue ball point pen was used for sampling.Results:The data collected during the study were analyzed using a statistical method(Chi-square test)and revealed that the left-handed writers(LHWs)had a significantly(P<0.05)different writing style than the right-handed ones.Results indicated that LHWs are more likely to make strokes in the right-to-left direction and slant of letters in the backward direction,while right-handed writers make strokes in the left-to-right direction and slant of letters in the forward direction.Conclusions:The findings of the study showed valuable insight and highlighted the significance of the direction of slant and horizontal stroke as potential indicators for the determination of handedness.展开更多
Signature examination is the most common examination performed by any document examiner.Determination of the authenticity of a handwritten signature on a questioned document is an important task for forensic document ...Signature examination is the most common examination performed by any document examiner.Determination of the authenticity of a handwritten signature on a questioned document is an important task for forensic document examiners in the forensic science field.As a result of continuous developments in technology,a signature stamp can now be created using a photosensitive seal to enable the reproduction of a handwritten signature.These stamps are commonly used in China and several other countries.In this study,10 types of black photosensitive stamp-pad ink,10 brands of fountain pen ink,15 types of black gel ink and six types of black erasable gel ink found on the Chinese domestic market were collected and 10 photosensitive signature stamps were created using the signatures of 10 people.Microscopic analysis,infrared(IR)and fluorescence analyses and microspectrophotometry(MSP)techniques were used to examine the resulting photosensitive signature stamp impressions when applied to printing papers,writing papers and invoice papers.By comparing the printing and spectral characteristics of the photosensitive signature stamp impressions with those of the signatures executed using the fountain pens,gel pens and erasable gel pens,it was possible to determine whether each signature was written or stamped using a photosensitive signature stamp.To validate these results,a 96.7%absolute accuracy and a 99.3%detection rate were achieved over a total of 150 blind tests conducted by five forensic document examiners,thus demonstrating that a combination of the four analysis methods used in this work can provide a more scientific approach and improve the accuracy and the detection rate of the examination process.展开更多
Verifying the authenticity or otherwise of printed documents is one of the most important aspects of questioned document examination and plays a vital role in the field of forensic science.In recent years,continued de...Verifying the authenticity or otherwise of printed documents is one of the most important aspects of questioned document examination and plays a vital role in the field of forensic science.In recent years,continued developments in the quality of impression combined with ever-cheaper toner printers have allowed this technology to spread.It is now used in an increasing number of homes for all types of documents,including for criminal aims.Here,the factors that influence the printed features in text files are studied in relation to the operating system and the word processing software.The Net Application report in October 2014 showed that the market shares of Windows 7 and Windows XP were 53.05% and 17.18%,respectively.The Forrester report in October 2013 showed that the market share of Microsoft Office was more than 85%,the top three word processors being Microsoft Word 2003,2007,and 2010.In this study,Windows XP(shortened to XP),Windows 7(shortened to Win7),Microsoft Word 2003/2007/2010,WPS Office 2013,and the PDF format are chosen as the most common operating systems and word processing software.WPS Office was developed by the Chinese company Kings oft Co.,Ltd.and is widely used in China.A particular text file was designed and edited and was printed on a laser printe.The features of the printed characters were captured using anAnyty 3R digital microscope,Printer Expert,and X-printer devices.Coincidence comparison and outline feature extraction were used to evaluate the differences.It is shown that XP and Win7 have no effect on the printed features of text files.However,the printed features do depend to a certain extent on the word-processing software,with the PDF format having the greatest influence.展开更多
The use of electronic signatures as a form of identification is increasingly common,yet they have been shown to lack the dynamic features found in online signatures.In this study,handwritten signatures were scanned to...The use of electronic signatures as a form of identification is increasingly common,yet they have been shown to lack the dynamic features found in online signatures.In this study,handwritten signatures were scanned to produce electronically scanned signatures(ESS)which were then digitally altered to produce digitally constructed signatures(DCS).The ESS and DCS were presented back to participants to identify which were genuine.Only 1%of participants correctly identified all signatures,with a mean score of 57.6%identifications.The lack of self-recognition of ESS raises questions on their reliability and usefulness as means of personal identification.展开更多
基金supported by“the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities”and the Guangdong Provincial Forensic Science of Evidence Materials(Nantian)Engineering Technology Research Center Open Projects Fund(Project NO.ETRC202306).
文摘Background:Questioned document examination(QDE)is a crucial sub-discipline of forensic science,and over the years,this discipline has developed a vast amount of research results and literature.However,the current studies have only reviewed the development of QDE for a period of time or a particular research direction,lacking a comprehensive review of this discipline since its origins.Aim:The aim of this study is to utilize bibliometric methods to review the history and development of QDE since 1934 and also to predict its future research trends.Materials:This study collects the literature of questioned document examination(QDE)from the Web of Science Core Collection database and uses four bibliometric analysis tools:CiteSpace,VOSviewer,SciMAT,and Bibliometric,to process relevant literature data.Methods:Through the analysis methods of journal co-citation analysis,keyword co-occurrence network analysis,literature cocitation analysis,and theme evolutionary analysis,the bibliometric data information in the QDE field is obtained,and a visualized knowledge mapping is constructed.Results:The results show that four research directions have been formed,basically.As far as the development trend of QDE research is concerned,the research field shows the change in content from cursory to detailed and in analysis from qualitative to quantitative,while the research field maintains a close relationship with chemical technology and computer science.Conclusions:The changes in QDE can be attributed to advancements in science and technology,which have influenced research methods.QDE also has a legal aspect,with a focus on enhancing scientific accuracy and evidentiary value.These developments aim to strengthen QDE’s identification power and promote its scientific and standardized growth.This will gradually enhance the reliability and strength of QDE evidence,making it more valuable in judicial practice.
文摘Fast and unequivocal methods of questioned document analysis are essential in forensic science. Here, a desorption/ionization technique, EASI-MS, was assessed for its ability to investigate questioned driver’s licenses (DL). Two suspects DL, displaying the same personal data in the proper fields (name and ID numbers), but with different individual photos, showing similar impressions on microscopic analysis, and authentic standards documents specimens were used as test cases. Profiles from authentic DL surface were dominated by a set of few minor ions, mainly from the plasticizers bis(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate and dibutylphthalate. The seized suspect counterfeit DL on points from personal data and photo were, however, dominated by abundant diagnostic ions of m/z 463, 507, 551, 595, 639, 683, which confirmed counterfeiting. Surfynol<sup>®</sup> and Nonoxynol-9<sup>®</sup>, which are common constituents of inkjet printing, were detected in the counterfeiting areas by high-accuracy EASI(+)-FT-ICR MS. The EASI-MS technique is shown therefore to offer an attractive tool for forensic investigation of questioned documents.
文摘Background:Fluorescence Microscope is a promising analytical method for the examination of the sequence of strokes of writing inks of different colours,brands,and models in a questioned document.Aims and Objectives:In the present article,an attempt has been made to categorize the writing inks of different brands and colours on the basis of their fluorescence.Materials and Methods:Atotal of 36 writing inks were used to make the different intersections on a standard A4 sheet which were then analyzed under the excitation filters of the Fluorescence Microscope.Results:The results indicated that the different inks can be characterized optically based on the luminescent components of the ink present in crossed lined intersections.Conclusions:Fluorescence Microscopy is a relatively simple,fast,inexpensive,and non-destructive technology that can be used in conjunction with other,more complex,and expensive technologies to identify the sequence of line crossing.It can provide a novel way of analysis based on the assessment of microelement analysis and the characteristics of diverse ink handwriting samples.
文摘Background:Using a comprehensive approach that combines Thin Layer Chromatography(TLC),UV-visible spectroscopy,and Adobe Photoshop image manipulation,this study aims to authenticate and identify Gen gel pens.Aim and Objectives:The principal objective is to describe gel pen ink compositions and develop an authentication process for them.Thirty gel pen ink samples total-ten of each for the colors red,black,and blue-are the subject of the study.Goals include applying Adobe Photoshop for improved visual differentiation and using TLC and UV-visible spectroscopy for preliminary characterization.Materials and Methods:To characterize the compositions of thirty gel pen ink samples,Thin Layer Chromatography and UV-visible spectroscopy were applied.To improve the visuals,images were turned upside down and their brightness was changed using Adobe Photoshop.Gel pen ink matching was tested in a blind trial that combined analytical findings with Photoshop-enhanced visual differentiation.Results:76%of samples could be distinguished clearly,according to analytical data,and 40%of samples showed UV absorption at 237.5 nm regardless of the colour of the ink.Remarkably,on the UV Visible Spectrum,76.6%showed distinct peaks.A major factor in the ability to visually distinguish ink samples was Adobe Photoshop.Different ink samples could be identified using UV-visible spectroscopy peak variations;23.3%of the samples showed nonspecific peak patterns that could be seen in photos that had been Photoshopped.Conclusion:The combined findings provide insightful information about gel pen ink differentiation and suggest a possible approach for model identification and authentication.This method combines Adobe Photoshop image manipulation with analytical methods like TLC and UV-visible spectroscopy.
基金We gratefully acknowledge the financial support provided to the corresponding author by UGC-JRF through letter no.F.15-6(DEC.2018)/2019(NET)for the advancement of knowledge and promotion of scientific inquiry.
文摘Background:The task of document examiners is very challenging,as they need to gather all the relevant facts to make an informed decision regarding the questioned document.In the present study,a total of 300 handwriting samples from 100 different writers(involving 50 right-handed and 50 left-handed)were collected at Bundelkhand University,Jhansi.Slant and stroke,as characteristic features of handwriting,were visually examined under a stereomicroscope to ascertain the handedness.Methods:Slants and Strokes as characteristic features were analyzed in a total of 300 handwriting samples collected from 50 left-handed and 50 right-handed writers of age 17–22 years.A reference text comprising three pangram sentences printed on A4 paper and a blue ball point pen was used for sampling.Results:The data collected during the study were analyzed using a statistical method(Chi-square test)and revealed that the left-handed writers(LHWs)had a significantly(P<0.05)different writing style than the right-handed ones.Results indicated that LHWs are more likely to make strokes in the right-to-left direction and slant of letters in the backward direction,while right-handed writers make strokes in the left-to-right direction and slant of letters in the forward direction.Conclusions:The findings of the study showed valuable insight and highlighted the significance of the direction of slant and horizontal stroke as potential indicators for the determination of handedness.
基金funded by special project of basic work for strengthening police with science and technology of the Ministry of Public Security[grant number 2020GABJC03]Fundamental Scientific Research Funding Plan for Central Universities[grant number D2020012].
文摘Signature examination is the most common examination performed by any document examiner.Determination of the authenticity of a handwritten signature on a questioned document is an important task for forensic document examiners in the forensic science field.As a result of continuous developments in technology,a signature stamp can now be created using a photosensitive seal to enable the reproduction of a handwritten signature.These stamps are commonly used in China and several other countries.In this study,10 types of black photosensitive stamp-pad ink,10 brands of fountain pen ink,15 types of black gel ink and six types of black erasable gel ink found on the Chinese domestic market were collected and 10 photosensitive signature stamps were created using the signatures of 10 people.Microscopic analysis,infrared(IR)and fluorescence analyses and microspectrophotometry(MSP)techniques were used to examine the resulting photosensitive signature stamp impressions when applied to printing papers,writing papers and invoice papers.By comparing the printing and spectral characteristics of the photosensitive signature stamp impressions with those of the signatures executed using the fountain pens,gel pens and erasable gel pens,it was possible to determine whether each signature was written or stamped using a photosensitive signature stamp.To validate these results,a 96.7%absolute accuracy and a 99.3%detection rate were achieved over a total of 150 blind tests conducted by five forensic document examiners,thus demonstrating that a combination of the four analysis methods used in this work can provide a more scientific approach and improve the accuracy and the detection rate of the examination process.
文摘Verifying the authenticity or otherwise of printed documents is one of the most important aspects of questioned document examination and plays a vital role in the field of forensic science.In recent years,continued developments in the quality of impression combined with ever-cheaper toner printers have allowed this technology to spread.It is now used in an increasing number of homes for all types of documents,including for criminal aims.Here,the factors that influence the printed features in text files are studied in relation to the operating system and the word processing software.The Net Application report in October 2014 showed that the market shares of Windows 7 and Windows XP were 53.05% and 17.18%,respectively.The Forrester report in October 2013 showed that the market share of Microsoft Office was more than 85%,the top three word processors being Microsoft Word 2003,2007,and 2010.In this study,Windows XP(shortened to XP),Windows 7(shortened to Win7),Microsoft Word 2003/2007/2010,WPS Office 2013,and the PDF format are chosen as the most common operating systems and word processing software.WPS Office was developed by the Chinese company Kings oft Co.,Ltd.and is widely used in China.A particular text file was designed and edited and was printed on a laser printe.The features of the printed characters were captured using anAnyty 3R digital microscope,Printer Expert,and X-printer devices.Coincidence comparison and outline feature extraction were used to evaluate the differences.It is shown that XP and Win7 have no effect on the printed features of text files.However,the printed features do depend to a certain extent on the word-processing software,with the PDF format having the greatest influence.
文摘The use of electronic signatures as a form of identification is increasingly common,yet they have been shown to lack the dynamic features found in online signatures.In this study,handwritten signatures were scanned to produce electronically scanned signatures(ESS)which were then digitally altered to produce digitally constructed signatures(DCS).The ESS and DCS were presented back to participants to identify which were genuine.Only 1%of participants correctly identified all signatures,with a mean score of 57.6%identifications.The lack of self-recognition of ESS raises questions on their reliability and usefulness as means of personal identification.
