As quantum computing transitions from a theoretical domain to a practical technology, many aspects of established practice in software engineering are being faced with new challenges. Quantum Software Engineering has ...As quantum computing transitions from a theoretical domain to a practical technology, many aspects of established practice in software engineering are being faced with new challenges. Quantum Software Engineering has been developed to address the peculiar needs that arise with quantum systems’ dependable, scalable, and fault-tolerant software development. The present paper critically reviews how traditional software engineering methodologies can be reshaped to fit into the quantum field. This also entails providing some critical contributions: frameworks to integrate classical and quantum systems, new error mitigation techniques, and the development of quantum-specific testing and debugging tools. In this respect, best practices have been recommended to ensure that future quantum software can harness the evolving capabilities of quantum hardware with continued performance, reliability, and scalability. The work is supposed to act as a foundational guide for the researcher and developer as quantum computing approaches widespread scientific and industrial adoption.展开更多
As a common foodborne pathogen,Salmonella poses risks to public health safety,common given the emergence of antimicrobial-resistant strains.However,there is currently a lack of systematic platforms based on large lang...As a common foodborne pathogen,Salmonella poses risks to public health safety,common given the emergence of antimicrobial-resistant strains.However,there is currently a lack of systematic platforms based on large language models(LLMs)for Salmonella resistance prediction,data presentation,and data sharing.To overcome this issue,we firstly propose a two-step feature-selection process based on the chi-square test and conditional mutual information maximization to find the key Salmonella resistance genes in a pan-genomics analysis and develop an LLM-based Salmonella antimicrobial-resistance predictive(SARPLLM)algorithm to achieve accurate antimicrobial-resistance prediction,based on Qwen2 LLM and low-rank adaptation.Secondly,we optimize the time complexity to compute the sample distance from the linear to logarithmic level by constructing a quantum data augmentation algorithm denoted as QSMOTEN.Thirdly,we build up a user-friendly Salmonella antimicrobial-resistance predictive online platform based on knowledge graphs,which not only facilitates online resistance prediction for users but also visualizes the pan-genomics analysis results of the Salmonella datasets.展开更多
In this paper we conduct a tentative study on the requirements and the structure for a quantum computer at the software level. From the software point of view, we describe the methodology used to minimize the decohere...In this paper we conduct a tentative study on the requirements and the structure for a quantum computer at the software level. From the software point of view, we describe the methodology used to minimize the decoherence. We con- struct the quantum instruction set for the higher-level computation. We also study the criteria for designing the quantum programming languages.展开更多
Quantum computing offers unprecedented computational power, enabling simultaneous computations beyond traditional computers. Quantum computers differ significantly from classical computers, necessitating a distinct ap...Quantum computing offers unprecedented computational power, enabling simultaneous computations beyond traditional computers. Quantum computers differ significantly from classical computers, necessitating a distinct approach to algorithm design, which involves taming quantum mechanical phenomena. This paper extends the numbering of computable programs to be applied in the quantum computing context. Numbering computable programs is a theoretical computer science concept that assigns unique numbers to individual programs or algorithms. Common methods include Gödel numbering which encodes programs as strings of symbols or characters, often used in formal systems and mathematical logic. Based on the proposed numbering approach, this paper presents a mechanism to explore the set of possible quantum algorithms. The proposed approach is able to construct useful circuits such as Quantum Key Distribution BB84 protocol, which enables sender and receiver to establish a secure cryptographic key via a quantum channel. The proposed approach facilitates the process of exploring and constructing quantum algorithms.展开更多
This paper proposes an adaptive chaos quantum honey bee algorithm （CQHBA） for solving chance-constrained program- ming in random fuzzy environment based on random fuzzy simulations. Random fuzzy simulation is design...This paper proposes an adaptive chaos quantum honey bee algorithm （CQHBA） for solving chance-constrained program- ming in random fuzzy environment based on random fuzzy simulations. Random fuzzy simulation is designed to estimate the chance of a random fuzzy event and the optimistic value to a random fuzzy variable. In CQHBA, each bee carries a group of quantum bits representing a solution. Chaos optimization searches space around the selected best-so-far food source. In the marriage process, random interferential discrete quantum crossover is done between selected drones and the queen. Gaussian quantum mutation is used to keep the diversity of whole population. New methods of computing quantum rotation angles are designed based on grads. A proof of con- vergence for CQHBA is developed and a theoretical analysis of the computational overhead for the algorithm is presented. Numerical examples are presented to demonstrate its superiority in robustness and stability, efficiency of computational complexity, success rate, and accuracy of solution quality. CQHBA is manifested to be highly robust under various conditions and capable of handling most random fuzzy programmings with any parameter settings, variable initializations, system tolerance and confidence level, perturbations, and noises.展开更多
η-quantum languages are discussed and some of their properties are derived. Furthermore the q-quantum language is defined. It is shown that L(A1A2)=L(A1)∩L(A2), L(A)=L(A1)∪L(A2). So over the same alphabet the inter...η-quantum languages are discussed and some of their properties are derived. Furthermore the q-quantum language is defined. It is shown that L(A1A2)=L(A1)∩L(A2), L(A)=L(A1)∪L(A2). So over the same alphabet the intersection and union of two different q-quantum languages are also q-quantum languages.展开更多
Following Spinoza-Einstein’s interpretation of God or nature, the notion “God Logic” is proposed. This notion is to serve as an elicitation for a consistent set of necessary criteria for: 1) developing the logical ...Following Spinoza-Einstein’s interpretation of God or nature, the notion “God Logic” is proposed. This notion is to serve as an elicitation for a consistent set of necessary criteria for: 1) developing the logical foundation of quantum gravity as envisaged by Einstein, 2) revealing the ubiquitous effects of quantum entanglement as suggested by Roger Penrose, and 3) programming the universe as proposed by Seth Lloyd. An evolving set of eleven criteria is proposed for the notion. The possibility of inventing such a logical system is analyzed. A supersymmetrical candidate logic of negative-positive energy dynamic equilibrium is introduced and assessed against the set of criteria. It is shown that the first 10 criteria are met or partially met by the candidate. But the question whether the 11th criterion has been or can be met is left open for discussion and further research effort. The assessment leads to a few predictions. Notably, it is predicted that, should Boson-Fermion symmetry or broken symmetry be observed, it would be caused by bipolar symmetry or broken symmetry of negative-positive energies.展开更多
Quick Quantum Circuit Simulation(QQCS)is a software system for computing the result of a quantum circuit using a notation that derives directly from the circuit,expressed in a single input line.Quantum circuits begin ...Quick Quantum Circuit Simulation(QQCS)is a software system for computing the result of a quantum circuit using a notation that derives directly from the circuit,expressed in a single input line.Quantum circuits begin with an initial quantum state of one or more qubits,which are the quantum analog to classical bits.The initial state is modified by a sequence of quantum gates,quantum machine language instructions,to get the final state.Measurements are made of the final state and displayed as a classical binary result.Measurements are postponed to the end of the circuit because a quantum state collapses when measured and produces probabilistic results,a consequence of quantum uncertainty.A circuit may be run many times on a quantum computer to refine the probabilistic result.Mathematically,quantum states are 2n-dimensional vectors over the complex number field,where n is the number of qubits.A gate is a 2n×2n unitary matrix of complex values.Matrix multiplication models the application of a gate to a quantum state.QQCS is a mathematical rendering of each step of a quantum algorithm represented as a circuit,and as such,can present a trace of the quantum state of the circuit after each gate,compute gate equivalents for each circuit step,and perform measurements at any point in the circuit without state collapse.Output displays are in vector coefficients or Dirac bra-ket notation.It is an easy-to-use educational tool for students new to quantum computing.展开更多
Quantum computers leverage the unique advantages of quantum mechanics to achieve acceleration over classical computers for certain problems.Currently,various quantum simulators provide powerful tools for researchers,b...Quantum computers leverage the unique advantages of quantum mechanics to achieve acceleration over classical computers for certain problems.Currently,various quantum simulators provide powerful tools for researchers,but simulating quantum evolution with these simulators often incurs high time costs.Additionally,resource consumption grows exponentially as the number of quantum bits increases.To address this issue,our research aims to utilize Large Language Models(LLMs)to simulate quantum circuits.This paper details the process of constructing 1-qubit and 2-qubit quantum simulator models,extending to multiple qubits,and ultimately implementing a 3-qubit example.Our study demonstrates that LLMs can effectively learn and predict the evolution patterns among quantum bits,with minimal error compared to the theoretical output states.Even when dealing with quantum circuits comprising an exponential number of quantum gates,LLMs remain computationally efficient.Overall,our results highlight the potential of LLMs to predict the outputs of complex quantum dynamics,achieving speeds far surpassing those required to run the same process on a quantum computer.This finding provides new insights and tools for applying machine learning methods in the field of quantum computing.展开更多
Starting with some simple representative quantum programming languages, this paper lays stress on quantum computation, language paradigm, program structure, input/output, exception facility, and especially the recent ...Starting with some simple representative quantum programming languages, this paper lays stress on quantum computation, language paradigm, program structure, input/output, exception facility, and especially the recent results of the quantum computation group at Nanjing University, namely the functional quantum programming language NDQFP. All primitive functions and combining forms in NDQFP are given in the appendix.展开更多
This paper surveys the new field of programming methodology and techniques for future quantum computers, including design of sequential and concurrent quantum programming languages, their semantics and implementations...This paper surveys the new field of programming methodology and techniques for future quantum computers, including design of sequential and concurrent quantum programming languages, their semantics and implementations. Several verification methods for quantum programs and communication protocols are also reviewed. The potential applications of programming techniques and related formal methods in quantum engineering are pointed out.展开更多
The effect of quantum well number on the quantum efficiency and temperature characteristics of In- GaN/GaN laser diodes （LDs） is determined and investigated. The 3-nm-thick In0.13Ca0.87N wells and two 6-am-thick GaN...The effect of quantum well number on the quantum efficiency and temperature characteristics of In- GaN/GaN laser diodes （LDs） is determined and investigated. The 3-nm-thick In0.13Ca0.87N wells and two 6-am-thick GaN barriers are selected as an active region for Fabry-Perot （FP） cavity waveguide edge emitting LD. The internal quantum efficiency and internal optical loss coefficient are extracted through the simulation software for single, double, and triple InGaN/GaN quantum wells. The effects of device temperature on the laser threshold current, external differential quantum efficiency （DQE）, and output wavelength are also investigated. The external quantum efficiency and characteristic temperature are improved significantly when the quantum well number is two. It is indicated that the laser structures with many quantum wells will suffer from the inhomogeneity of the carrier density within the quantum well itself which affects the LD performance.展开更多
文摘As quantum computing transitions from a theoretical domain to a practical technology, many aspects of established practice in software engineering are being faced with new challenges. Quantum Software Engineering has been developed to address the peculiar needs that arise with quantum systems’ dependable, scalable, and fault-tolerant software development. The present paper critically reviews how traditional software engineering methodologies can be reshaped to fit into the quantum field. This also entails providing some critical contributions: frameworks to integrate classical and quantum systems, new error mitigation techniques, and the development of quantum-specific testing and debugging tools. In this respect, best practices have been recommended to ensure that future quantum software can harness the evolving capabilities of quantum hardware with continued performance, reliability, and scalability. The work is supposed to act as a foundational guide for the researcher and developer as quantum computing approaches widespread scientific and industrial adoption.
基金supported by the National Science and Technology Major Project(2021YFF1201200)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(62372316)the Sichuan Science and Technology Program key project(2024YFHZ0091).
文摘As a common foodborne pathogen,Salmonella poses risks to public health safety,common given the emergence of antimicrobial-resistant strains.However,there is currently a lack of systematic platforms based on large language models(LLMs)for Salmonella resistance prediction,data presentation,and data sharing.To overcome this issue,we firstly propose a two-step feature-selection process based on the chi-square test and conditional mutual information maximization to find the key Salmonella resistance genes in a pan-genomics analysis and develop an LLM-based Salmonella antimicrobial-resistance predictive(SARPLLM)algorithm to achieve accurate antimicrobial-resistance prediction,based on Qwen2 LLM and low-rank adaptation.Secondly,we optimize the time complexity to compute the sample distance from the linear to logarithmic level by constructing a quantum data augmentation algorithm denoted as QSMOTEN.Thirdly,we build up a user-friendly Salmonella antimicrobial-resistance predictive online platform based on knowledge graphs,which not only facilitates online resistance prediction for users but also visualizes the pan-genomics analysis results of the Salmonella datasets.
基金This work was supported by the Chinese National Natural Science Foundation of Innovation Team （Grant No. 61021062）, the Chinese National Basic Research of China （973 Program） （2005CB321900）, and the Jiangsu Province Natural Science Foundation （2010374, 2011560）.
文摘In this paper we conduct a tentative study on the requirements and the structure for a quantum computer at the software level. From the software point of view, we describe the methodology used to minimize the decoherence. We con- struct the quantum instruction set for the higher-level computation. We also study the criteria for designing the quantum programming languages.
文摘Quantum computing offers unprecedented computational power, enabling simultaneous computations beyond traditional computers. Quantum computers differ significantly from classical computers, necessitating a distinct approach to algorithm design, which involves taming quantum mechanical phenomena. This paper extends the numbering of computable programs to be applied in the quantum computing context. Numbering computable programs is a theoretical computer science concept that assigns unique numbers to individual programs or algorithms. Common methods include Gödel numbering which encodes programs as strings of symbols or characters, often used in formal systems and mathematical logic. Based on the proposed numbering approach, this paper presents a mechanism to explore the set of possible quantum algorithms. The proposed approach is able to construct useful circuits such as Quantum Key Distribution BB84 protocol, which enables sender and receiver to establish a secure cryptographic key via a quantum channel. The proposed approach facilitates the process of exploring and constructing quantum algorithms.
基金supported by National High Technology Research and Development Program of China (863 Program) (No. 2007AA041603)National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 60475035)+2 种基金Key Technologies Research and Development Program Foundation of Hunan Province of China (No. 2007FJ1806)Science and Technology Research Plan of National University of Defense Technology (No. CX07-03-01)Top Class Graduate Student Innovation Sustentation Fund of National University of Defense Technology (No. B070302.)
文摘This paper proposes an adaptive chaos quantum honey bee algorithm （CQHBA） for solving chance-constrained program- ming in random fuzzy environment based on random fuzzy simulations. Random fuzzy simulation is designed to estimate the chance of a random fuzzy event and the optimistic value to a random fuzzy variable. In CQHBA, each bee carries a group of quantum bits representing a solution. Chaos optimization searches space around the selected best-so-far food source. In the marriage process, random interferential discrete quantum crossover is done between selected drones and the queen. Gaussian quantum mutation is used to keep the diversity of whole population. New methods of computing quantum rotation angles are designed based on grads. A proof of con- vergence for CQHBA is developed and a theoretical analysis of the computational overhead for the algorithm is presented. Numerical examples are presented to demonstrate its superiority in robustness and stability, efficiency of computational complexity, success rate, and accuracy of solution quality. CQHBA is manifested to be highly robust under various conditions and capable of handling most random fuzzy programmings with any parameter settings, variable initializations, system tolerance and confidence level, perturbations, and noises.
基金The National Science Foundation of China(No.10671030)
文摘η-quantum languages are discussed and some of their properties are derived. Furthermore the q-quantum language is defined. It is shown that L(A1A2)=L(A1)∩L(A2), L(A)=L(A1)∪L(A2). So over the same alphabet the intersection and union of two different q-quantum languages are also q-quantum languages.
文摘Following Spinoza-Einstein’s interpretation of God or nature, the notion “God Logic” is proposed. This notion is to serve as an elicitation for a consistent set of necessary criteria for: 1) developing the logical foundation of quantum gravity as envisaged by Einstein, 2) revealing the ubiquitous effects of quantum entanglement as suggested by Roger Penrose, and 3) programming the universe as proposed by Seth Lloyd. An evolving set of eleven criteria is proposed for the notion. The possibility of inventing such a logical system is analyzed. A supersymmetrical candidate logic of negative-positive energy dynamic equilibrium is introduced and assessed against the set of criteria. It is shown that the first 10 criteria are met or partially met by the candidate. But the question whether the 11th criterion has been or can be met is left open for discussion and further research effort. The assessment leads to a few predictions. Notably, it is predicted that, should Boson-Fermion symmetry or broken symmetry be observed, it would be caused by bipolar symmetry or broken symmetry of negative-positive energies.
文摘Quick Quantum Circuit Simulation(QQCS)is a software system for computing the result of a quantum circuit using a notation that derives directly from the circuit,expressed in a single input line.Quantum circuits begin with an initial quantum state of one or more qubits,which are the quantum analog to classical bits.The initial state is modified by a sequence of quantum gates,quantum machine language instructions,to get the final state.Measurements are made of the final state and displayed as a classical binary result.Measurements are postponed to the end of the circuit because a quantum state collapses when measured and produces probabilistic results,a consequence of quantum uncertainty.A circuit may be run many times on a quantum computer to refine the probabilistic result.Mathematically,quantum states are 2n-dimensional vectors over the complex number field,where n is the number of qubits.A gate is a 2n×2n unitary matrix of complex values.Matrix multiplication models the application of a gate to a quantum state.QQCS is a mathematical rendering of each step of a quantum algorithm represented as a circuit,and as such,can present a trace of the quantum state of the circuit after each gate,compute gate equivalents for each circuit step,and perform measurements at any point in the circuit without state collapse.Output displays are in vector coefficients or Dirac bra-ket notation.It is an easy-to-use educational tool for students new to quantum computing.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.12105195)。
文摘Quantum computers leverage the unique advantages of quantum mechanics to achieve acceleration over classical computers for certain problems.Currently,various quantum simulators provide powerful tools for researchers,but simulating quantum evolution with these simulators often incurs high time costs.Additionally,resource consumption grows exponentially as the number of quantum bits increases.To address this issue,our research aims to utilize Large Language Models(LLMs)to simulate quantum circuits.This paper details the process of constructing 1-qubit and 2-qubit quantum simulator models,extending to multiple qubits,and ultimately implementing a 3-qubit example.Our study demonstrates that LLMs can effectively learn and predict the evolution patterns among quantum bits,with minimal error compared to the theoretical output states.Even when dealing with quantum circuits comprising an exponential number of quantum gates,LLMs remain computationally efficient.Overall,our results highlight the potential of LLMs to predict the outputs of complex quantum dynamics,achieving speeds far surpassing those required to run the same process on a quantum computer.This finding provides new insights and tools for applying machine learning methods in the field of quantum computing.
基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 60721002)
文摘Starting with some simple representative quantum programming languages, this paper lays stress on quantum computation, language paradigm, program structure, input/output, exception facility, and especially the recent results of the quantum computation group at Nanjing University, namely the functional quantum programming language NDQFP. All primitive functions and combining forms in NDQFP are given in the appendix.
基金supported by the Australian Research Council(DP110103473)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(60736011)
文摘This paper surveys the new field of programming methodology and techniques for future quantum computers, including design of sequential and concurrent quantum programming languages, their semantics and implementations. Several verification methods for quantum programs and communication protocols are also reviewed. The potential applications of programming techniques and related formal methods in quantum engineering are pointed out.
基金supports from Universiti Sains Malaysia,Ministry of Science Technology and Innovation (MOSTI),Ministry of Higher Education are gratefully acknowl-edged
文摘The effect of quantum well number on the quantum efficiency and temperature characteristics of In- GaN/GaN laser diodes （LDs） is determined and investigated. The 3-nm-thick In0.13Ca0.87N wells and two 6-am-thick GaN barriers are selected as an active region for Fabry-Perot （FP） cavity waveguide edge emitting LD. The internal quantum efficiency and internal optical loss coefficient are extracted through the simulation software for single, double, and triple InGaN/GaN quantum wells. The effects of device temperature on the laser threshold current, external differential quantum efficiency （DQE）, and output wavelength are also investigated. The external quantum efficiency and characteristic temperature are improved significantly when the quantum well number is two. It is indicated that the laser structures with many quantum wells will suffer from the inhomogeneity of the carrier density within the quantum well itself which affects the LD performance.
