A realizable quantum encryption algorithm for qubits is presented by employing bit-wise quantum computation. System extension and bit-swapping are introduced into the encryption process, which makes the ciphertext spa...A realizable quantum encryption algorithm for qubits is presented by employing bit-wise quantum computation. System extension and bit-swapping are introduced into the encryption process, which makes the ciphertext space expanded greatly. The security of the proposed algorithm is analysed in detail and the schematic physical implementation is also provided. It is shown that the algorithm, which can prevent quantum attack strategy as well as classical attack strategy, is effective to protect qubits. Finally, we extend our algorithm to encrypt classical binary bits and quantum entanglements.展开更多
The advent of quantum computers and algorithms challenges the semantic security of symmetric and asymmetric cryptosystems. Thus, the implementation of new cryptographic primitives is essential. They must follow the br...The advent of quantum computers and algorithms challenges the semantic security of symmetric and asymmetric cryptosystems. Thus, the implementation of new cryptographic primitives is essential. They must follow the breakthroughs and properties of quantum calculators which make vulnerable existing cryptosystems. In this paper, we propose a random number generation model based on evaluation of the thermal noise power of the volume elements of an electronic system with a volume of 58.83 cm<sup>3</sup>. We prove through the sampling of the temperature of each volume element that it is difficult for an attacker to carry out an exploit. In 12 seconds, we generate for 7 volume elements, a stream of randomly generated keys of 187 digits that will be transmitted from source to destination through the properties of quantum cryptography.展开更多
Internet of things (IoT) is a developing technology with a lot of scope in the future. It can ease various different tasks for us. On one hand, IoT is useful for us, on the other hand, it has many serious security thr...Internet of things (IoT) is a developing technology with a lot of scope in the future. It can ease various different tasks for us. On one hand, IoT is useful for us, on the other hand, it has many serious security threats, like data breaches, side-channel attacks, and virus and data authentication. Classical cryptographic algorithms, like the Rivest-Shamir-Adleman (RSA) algorithm, work well under the classical computers. But the technology is slowly shifting towards quantum computing, which has immense processing power and is more than enough to break the current cryptographic algorithms easily. So it is required that we have to design quantum cryptographic algorithms to prevent our systems from security breaches even before quantum computers come in the market for commercial uses. IoT will also be one of the disciplines, which needs to be secured to prevent any malicious activities. In this paper, we review the common security threats in IoT and the presently available solutions with their drawbacks. Then quantum cryptography is introduced with some of its variations. And finally, the analysis has been carried out in terms of the pros and cons of implementing quantum cryptography for IoT security.展开更多
Quantum computing offers unprecedented computational power, enabling simultaneous computations beyond traditional computers. Quantum computers differ significantly from classical computers, necessitating a distinct ap...Quantum computing offers unprecedented computational power, enabling simultaneous computations beyond traditional computers. Quantum computers differ significantly from classical computers, necessitating a distinct approach to algorithm design, which involves taming quantum mechanical phenomena. This paper extends the numbering of computable programs to be applied in the quantum computing context. Numbering computable programs is a theoretical computer science concept that assigns unique numbers to individual programs or algorithms. Common methods include Gödel numbering which encodes programs as strings of symbols or characters, often used in formal systems and mathematical logic. Based on the proposed numbering approach, this paper presents a mechanism to explore the set of possible quantum algorithms. The proposed approach is able to construct useful circuits such as Quantum Key Distribution BB84 protocol, which enables sender and receiver to establish a secure cryptographic key via a quantum channel. The proposed approach facilitates the process of exploring and constructing quantum algorithms.展开更多
Quantum computing is a promising technology that has the potential to revolutionize many areas of science and technology,including communication.In this review,we discuss the current state of quantum computing in comm...Quantum computing is a promising technology that has the potential to revolutionize many areas of science and technology,including communication.In this review,we discuss the current state of quantum computing in communication and its potential applications in various areas such as network optimization,signal processing,and machine learning for communication.First,the basic principle of quantum computing,quantum physics systems,and quantum algorithms are analyzed.Then,based on the classification of quantum algorithms,several important basic quantum algorithms,quantum optimization algorithms,and quantum machine learning algorithms are discussed in detail.Finally,the basic ideas and feasibility of introducing quantum algorithms into communications are emphatically analyzed,which provides a reference to address computational bottlenecks in communication networks.展开更多
In the field of Internet, an image is of great significance to information transmission. Meanwhile, how to ensure and improve its security has become the focus of international research. We combine DNA codec with quan...In the field of Internet, an image is of great significance to information transmission. Meanwhile, how to ensure and improve its security has become the focus of international research. We combine DNA codec with quantum Arnold transform(QAr T) to propose a new double encryption algorithm for quantum color images to improve the security and robustness of image encryption. First, we utilize the biological characteristics of DNA codecs to perform encoding and decoding operations on pixel color information in quantum color images, and achieve pixel-level diffusion. Second, we use QAr T to scramble the position information of quantum images and use the operated image as the key matrix for quantum XOR operations. All quantum operations in this paper are reversible, so the decryption operation of the ciphertext image can be realized by the reverse operation of the encryption process. We conduct simulation experiments on encryption and decryption using three color images of “Monkey”, “Flower”, and “House”. The experimental results show that the peak value and correlation of the encrypted images on the histogram have good similarity, and the average normalized pixel change rate(NPCR) of RGB three-channel is 99.61%, the average uniform average change intensity(UACI) is 33.41%,and the average information entropy is about 7.9992. In addition, the robustness of the proposed algorithm is verified by the simulation of noise interference in the actual scenario.展开更多
In today’s rapid widespread of digital technologies into all live aspects to enhance efficiency and productivity on the one hand and on the other hand ensure customer engagement, personal data counterfeiting has beco...In today’s rapid widespread of digital technologies into all live aspects to enhance efficiency and productivity on the one hand and on the other hand ensure customer engagement, personal data counterfeiting has become a major concern for businesses and end-users. One solution to ensure data security is encryption, where keys are central. There is therefore a need to find robusts key generation implementation that is effective, inexpensive and non-invasive for protecting and preventing data counterfeiting. In this paper, we use the theory of electromagnetic wave propagation to generate encryption keys.展开更多
With the rapid advancement of ICT and IoT technologies,the integration of Edge and Fog Computing has become essential to meet the increasing demands for real-time data processing and network efficiency.However,these t...With the rapid advancement of ICT and IoT technologies,the integration of Edge and Fog Computing has become essential to meet the increasing demands for real-time data processing and network efficiency.However,these technologies face critical security challenges,exacerbated by the emergence of quantum computing,which threatens traditional encryption methods.The rise in cyber-attacks targeting IoT and Edge/Fog networks underscores the need for robust,quantum-resistant security solutions.To address these challenges,researchers are focusing on Quantum Key Distribution and Post-Quantum Cryptography,which utilize quantum-resistant algorithms and the principles of quantum mechanics to ensure data confidentiality and integrity.This paper reviews the current security practices in IoT and Edge/Fog environments,explores the latest advancements in QKD and PQC technologies,and discusses their integration into distributed computing systems.Additionally,this paper proposes an enhanced QKD protocol combining the Cascade protocol and Kyber algorithm to address existing limitations.Finally,we highlight future research directions aimed at improving the scalability,efficiency,and practicality of QKD and PQC for securing IoT and Edge/Fog networks against evolving quantum threats.展开更多
Quantum cryptography and quantum search algorithm are considered as two important research topics in quantum information science.An asymmetrical quantum encryption protocol based on the properties of quantum one-way f...Quantum cryptography and quantum search algorithm are considered as two important research topics in quantum information science.An asymmetrical quantum encryption protocol based on the properties of quantum one-way function and quantum search algorithm is proposed.Depending on the no-cloning theorem and trapdoor one-way functions of the publickey,the eavesdropper cannot extract any private-information from the public-keys and the ciphertext.Introducing key-generation randomized logarithm to improve security of our proposed protocol,i.e.,one privatekey corresponds to an exponential number of public-keys.Using unitary operations and the single photon measurement,secret messages can be directly sent from the sender to the receiver.The security of the proposed protocol is proved that it is informationtheoretically secure.Furthermore,compared the symmetrical Quantum key distribution,the proposed protocol is not only efficient to reduce additional communication,but also easier to carry out in practice,because no entangled photons and complex operations are required.展开更多
Active distribution network(ADN)planning is crucial for achieving a cost-effective transition to modern power systems,yet it poses significant challenges as the system scale increases.The advent of quantum computing o...Active distribution network(ADN)planning is crucial for achieving a cost-effective transition to modern power systems,yet it poses significant challenges as the system scale increases.The advent of quantum computing offers a transformative approach to solve ADN planning.To fully leverage the potential of quantum computing,this paper proposes a photonic quantum acceleration algorithm.First,a quantum-accelerated framework for ADN planning is proposed on the basis of coherent photonic quantum computers.The ADN planning model is then formulated and decomposed into discrete master problems and continuous subproblems to facilitate the quantum optimization process.The photonic quantum-embedded adaptive alternating direction method of multipliers(PQA-ADMM)algorithm is subsequently proposed to equivalently map the discrete master problem onto a quantum-interpretable model,enabling its deployment on a photonic quantum computer.Finally,a comparative analysis with various solvers,including Gurobi,demonstrates that the proposed PQA-ADMM algorithm achieves significant speedup on the modified IEEE 33-node and IEEE 123-node systems,highlighting its effectiveness.展开更多
Variational quantum algorithms are promising methods with the greatest potential to achieve quantum advantage,widely employed in the era of noisy intermediate-scale quantum computing.This study presents an advanced va...Variational quantum algorithms are promising methods with the greatest potential to achieve quantum advantage,widely employed in the era of noisy intermediate-scale quantum computing.This study presents an advanced variational hybrid algorithm(EVQLSE)that leverages both quantum and classical computing paradigms to address the solution of linear equation systems.Initially,an innovative loss function is proposed,drawing inspiration from the similarity measure between two quantum states.This function exhibits a substantial improvement in computational complexity when benchmarked against the variational quantum linear solver.Subsequently,a specialized parameterized quantum circuit structure is presented for small-scale linear systems,which exhibits powerful expressive capabilities.Through rigorous numerical analysis,the expressiveness of this circuit structure is quantitatively assessed using a variational quantum regression algorithm,and it obtained the best score compared to the others.Moreover,the expansion in system size is accompanied by an increase in the number of parameters,placing considerable strain on the training process for the algorithm.To address this challenge,an optimization strategy known as quantum parameter sharing is introduced,which proficiently minimizes parameter volume while adhering to exacting precision standards.Finally,EVQLSE is successfully implemented on a quantum computing platform provided by IBM for the resolution of large-scale problems characterized by a dimensionality of 220.展开更多
Fundamental matrix operations and solving linear systems of equations are ubiquitous in scientific investigations.Using the‘sender-receiver’model,we propose quantum algorithms for matrix operations such as matrix-ve...Fundamental matrix operations and solving linear systems of equations are ubiquitous in scientific investigations.Using the‘sender-receiver’model,we propose quantum algorithms for matrix operations such as matrix-vector product,matrix-matrix product,the sum of two matrices,and the calculation of determinant and inverse matrix.We encode the matrix entries into the probability amplitudes of the pure initial states of senders.After applying proper unitary transformation to the complete quantum system,the desired result can be found in certain blocks of the receiver’s density matrix.These quantum protocols can be used as subroutines in other quantum schemes.Furthermore,we present an alternative quantum algorithm for solving linear systems of equations.展开更多
With the challenge of quantum computing ahead, an analysis of number and representation adequate to the task is needed. Some clarifications on the combinatorial nature of representation are presented here;this is rela...With the challenge of quantum computing ahead, an analysis of number and representation adequate to the task is needed. Some clarifications on the combinatorial nature of representation are presented here;this is related to the foundations of digital representations of integers, and is thus also of interest in clarifying what numbers are and how they are used in pure and applied mathematics. The author hopes this work will help mathematicians and computer scientists better understand the nature of the Generalized Knapsack Code, a lattice-based code which the author believes to be particularly promising, and the use of number in computing in general.展开更多
We present two novel quantum secure direct communication（QSDC） protocols over different collective-noise channels.Different from the previous QSDC schemes over collective-noise channels,which are all source-encrypti...We present two novel quantum secure direct communication（QSDC） protocols over different collective-noise channels.Different from the previous QSDC schemes over collective-noise channels,which are all source-encrypting protocols,our two protocols are based on channel-encryption.In both schemes,two authorized users first share a sequence of EPR pairs as their reusable quantum key.Then they use their quantum key to encrypt and decrypt the secret message carried by the decoherence-free states over the collective-noise channel.In theory,the intrinsic efficiencies of both protocols are high since there is no need to consume any entangled states including both the quantum key and the information carriers except the ones used for eavesdropping checks.For checking eavesdropping,the two parties only need to perform two-particle measurements on the decoy states during each round.Finally,we make a security analysis of our two protocols and demonstrate that they are secure.展开更多
Shor proposed a quantum polynomial-time integer factorization algorithm to break the RSA public-key cryptosystem.In this paper,we propose a new quantum algorithm for breaking RSA by computing the order of the RSA ciph...Shor proposed a quantum polynomial-time integer factorization algorithm to break the RSA public-key cryptosystem.In this paper,we propose a new quantum algorithm for breaking RSA by computing the order of the RSA ciphertext C.The new algorithm has the following properties：1）recovering the RSA plaintext M from the ciphertext C without factoring n; 2）avoiding the even order of the element; 3）having higher success probability than Shor＇s; 4）having the same complexity as Shor＇s.展开更多
We present a quantum probabilistic encryption algorithm for a private-key encryption scheme based on conjugate coding of the qubit string. A probabilistic encryption algorithm is generally adopted in public-key encryp...We present a quantum probabilistic encryption algorithm for a private-key encryption scheme based on conjugate coding of the qubit string. A probabilistic encryption algorithm is generally adopted in public-key encryption protocols. Here we consider the way it increases the unicity distance of both classical and quantum private-key encryption schemes. The security of quantum probabilistic privatekey encryption schemes against two kinds of attacks is analyzed. By using the no-signalling postulate, we show that the scheme can resist attack to the key. The scheme's security against plaintext attack is also investigated by considering the information-theoretic indistinguishability of the encryption scheme. Finally, we make a conjecture regarding Breidbart's attack.展开更多
Quantum singular value thresholding(QSVT) algorithm,as a core module of many mathematical models,seeks the singular values of a sparse and low rank matrix exceeding a threshold and their associated singular vectors.Th...Quantum singular value thresholding(QSVT) algorithm,as a core module of many mathematical models,seeks the singular values of a sparse and low rank matrix exceeding a threshold and their associated singular vectors.The existing all-qubit QSVT algorithm demands lots of ancillary qubits,remaining a huge challenge for realization on nearterm intermediate-scale quantum computers.In this paper,we propose a hybrid QSVT(HQSVT) algorithm utilizing both discrete variables(DVs) and continuous variables(CVs).In our algorithm,raw data vectors are encoded into a qubit system and the following data processing is fulfilled by hybrid quantum operations.Our algorithm requires O [log(MN)] qubits with0(1) qumodes and totally performs 0(1) operations,which significantly reduces the space and runtime consumption.展开更多
Cybercrime is projected to cost a whopping $23.8 Trillion by 2027. This is essentially because there’s no computer network that’s not vulnerable. Fool-proof cybersecurity of personal data in a connected computer is ...Cybercrime is projected to cost a whopping $23.8 Trillion by 2027. This is essentially because there’s no computer network that’s not vulnerable. Fool-proof cybersecurity of personal data in a connected computer is considered practically impossible. The advent of quantum computers (QC) will worsen cybersecurity. QC will be a boon for data-intensive industries by drastically reducing the computing time from years to minutes. But QC will render our current cryptography vulnerable to quantum attacks, breaking nearly all modern cryptographic systems. Before QCs with sufficient qubits arrive, we must be ready with quantum-safe strategies to protect our ICT infrastructures. Post-quantum cryptography (PQC) is being aggressively pursued worldwide as a defence from the potential Q-day threat. NIST (National Institute of Standards and Technology), in a rigorous process, tested 82 PQC schemes, 80 of which failed after the final round in 2022. Recently the remaining two PQCs were also cracked by a Swedish and a French team of cryptographers, placing NIST’s PQC standardization process in serious jeopardy. With all the NIST-evaluated PQCs failing, there’s an urgent need to explore alternate strategies. Although cybersecurity heavily relies on cryptography, recent evidence indicates that it can indeed transcend beyond encryption using Zero Vulnerability Computing (ZVC) technology. ZVC is an encryption-agnostic absolute zero trust (AZT) approach that can potentially render computers quantum resistant by banning all third-party permissions, a root cause of most vulnerabilities. Unachievable in legacy systems, AZT is pursued by an experienced consortium of European partners to build compact, solid-state devices that are robust, resilient, energy-efficient, and with zero attack surface, rendering them resistant to malware and future Q-Day threats.展开更多
With one billion users using 380 exchanges, the security of blockchains and cryptocurrencies remains a major concern as billions are lost to hackers every year. Cryptocurrency hacks negatively impact cryptocurrency ma...With one billion users using 380 exchanges, the security of blockchains and cryptocurrencies remains a major concern as billions are lost to hackers every year. Cryptocurrency hacks negatively impact cryptocurrency markets introducing volatility. Each major scam/hack incident results in a significant price dip for most cryptocurrencies, decelerating the growth of the blockchain economy. Existing blockchain vulnerabilities are further amplified by the impending existential threat from quantum computers. While there’s no reprieve yet from the scam/hack prone blockchain economy, quantum resilience is being aggressively pursued by post quantum cryptography (PQC) researchers, despite 80 of 82 candidate PQCs failing. As PQC has no role in combating inherent vulnerabilities, securing over 1000 existing blockchains against scammers/hackers remains a top priority for this industry. This research proposes a novel Quantum-safe Ledger Technology (QLT) framework that not only secures DLTs/cryptocurrencies and exchanges from current vulnerabilities but protects them from the impending Q-day threats from future quantum computers. As blockchain-agnostic technology, the QLT framework can be easily adapted to secure any blockchain or crypto exchange.展开更多
Using the generalized Bell states and quantum gates, we introduce a quantum encryption scheme of d-level states （qudits）. The scheme can detect and correct arbitrary transmission errors using only local operations a...Using the generalized Bell states and quantum gates, we introduce a quantum encryption scheme of d-level states （qudits）. The scheme can detect and correct arbitrary transmission errors using only local operations and classical communications between the communicators. In addition, the entanglement key used to encrypt can be recycled. The protocol is informationally secure, because the output state is a totally mixed one for every input state p.展开更多
基金Project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China （Grant Nos 60472018 and 90104005） and by the Doctoral Programs Foundation of the Ministry of Education of China （Grant No 20020247063）.
文摘A realizable quantum encryption algorithm for qubits is presented by employing bit-wise quantum computation. System extension and bit-swapping are introduced into the encryption process, which makes the ciphertext space expanded greatly. The security of the proposed algorithm is analysed in detail and the schematic physical implementation is also provided. It is shown that the algorithm, which can prevent quantum attack strategy as well as classical attack strategy, is effective to protect qubits. Finally, we extend our algorithm to encrypt classical binary bits and quantum entanglements.
文摘The advent of quantum computers and algorithms challenges the semantic security of symmetric and asymmetric cryptosystems. Thus, the implementation of new cryptographic primitives is essential. They must follow the breakthroughs and properties of quantum calculators which make vulnerable existing cryptosystems. In this paper, we propose a random number generation model based on evaluation of the thermal noise power of the volume elements of an electronic system with a volume of 58.83 cm<sup>3</sup>. We prove through the sampling of the temperature of each volume element that it is difficult for an attacker to carry out an exploit. In 12 seconds, we generate for 7 volume elements, a stream of randomly generated keys of 187 digits that will be transmitted from source to destination through the properties of quantum cryptography.
文摘Internet of things (IoT) is a developing technology with a lot of scope in the future. It can ease various different tasks for us. On one hand, IoT is useful for us, on the other hand, it has many serious security threats, like data breaches, side-channel attacks, and virus and data authentication. Classical cryptographic algorithms, like the Rivest-Shamir-Adleman (RSA) algorithm, work well under the classical computers. But the technology is slowly shifting towards quantum computing, which has immense processing power and is more than enough to break the current cryptographic algorithms easily. So it is required that we have to design quantum cryptographic algorithms to prevent our systems from security breaches even before quantum computers come in the market for commercial uses. IoT will also be one of the disciplines, which needs to be secured to prevent any malicious activities. In this paper, we review the common security threats in IoT and the presently available solutions with their drawbacks. Then quantum cryptography is introduced with some of its variations. And finally, the analysis has been carried out in terms of the pros and cons of implementing quantum cryptography for IoT security.
文摘Quantum computing offers unprecedented computational power, enabling simultaneous computations beyond traditional computers. Quantum computers differ significantly from classical computers, necessitating a distinct approach to algorithm design, which involves taming quantum mechanical phenomena. This paper extends the numbering of computable programs to be applied in the quantum computing context. Numbering computable programs is a theoretical computer science concept that assigns unique numbers to individual programs or algorithms. Common methods include Gödel numbering which encodes programs as strings of symbols or characters, often used in formal systems and mathematical logic. Based on the proposed numbering approach, this paper presents a mechanism to explore the set of possible quantum algorithms. The proposed approach is able to construct useful circuits such as Quantum Key Distribution BB84 protocol, which enables sender and receiver to establish a secure cryptographic key via a quantum channel. The proposed approach facilitates the process of exploring and constructing quantum algorithms.
文摘Quantum computing is a promising technology that has the potential to revolutionize many areas of science and technology,including communication.In this review,we discuss the current state of quantum computing in communication and its potential applications in various areas such as network optimization,signal processing,and machine learning for communication.First,the basic principle of quantum computing,quantum physics systems,and quantum algorithms are analyzed.Then,based on the classification of quantum algorithms,several important basic quantum algorithms,quantum optimization algorithms,and quantum machine learning algorithms are discussed in detail.Finally,the basic ideas and feasibility of introducing quantum algorithms into communications are emphatically analyzed,which provides a reference to address computational bottlenecks in communication networks.
基金Project supported by the Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province, China (Grant No. ZR2021MF049)Joint Fund of Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province (Grant Nos. ZR2022LLZ012 and ZR2021LLZ001)the Key R&D Program of Shandong Province, China (Grant No. 2023CXGC010901)。
文摘In the field of Internet, an image is of great significance to information transmission. Meanwhile, how to ensure and improve its security has become the focus of international research. We combine DNA codec with quantum Arnold transform(QAr T) to propose a new double encryption algorithm for quantum color images to improve the security and robustness of image encryption. First, we utilize the biological characteristics of DNA codecs to perform encoding and decoding operations on pixel color information in quantum color images, and achieve pixel-level diffusion. Second, we use QAr T to scramble the position information of quantum images and use the operated image as the key matrix for quantum XOR operations. All quantum operations in this paper are reversible, so the decryption operation of the ciphertext image can be realized by the reverse operation of the encryption process. We conduct simulation experiments on encryption and decryption using three color images of “Monkey”, “Flower”, and “House”. The experimental results show that the peak value and correlation of the encrypted images on the histogram have good similarity, and the average normalized pixel change rate(NPCR) of RGB three-channel is 99.61%, the average uniform average change intensity(UACI) is 33.41%,and the average information entropy is about 7.9992. In addition, the robustness of the proposed algorithm is verified by the simulation of noise interference in the actual scenario.
文摘In today’s rapid widespread of digital technologies into all live aspects to enhance efficiency and productivity on the one hand and on the other hand ensure customer engagement, personal data counterfeiting has become a major concern for businesses and end-users. One solution to ensure data security is encryption, where keys are central. There is therefore a need to find robusts key generation implementation that is effective, inexpensive and non-invasive for protecting and preventing data counterfeiting. In this paper, we use the theory of electromagnetic wave propagation to generate encryption keys.
基金supported by the National Research Foundation of Korea(NRF)funded by theMinistry of Science and ICT(2022K1A3A1A61014825)。
文摘With the rapid advancement of ICT and IoT technologies,the integration of Edge and Fog Computing has become essential to meet the increasing demands for real-time data processing and network efficiency.However,these technologies face critical security challenges,exacerbated by the emergence of quantum computing,which threatens traditional encryption methods.The rise in cyber-attacks targeting IoT and Edge/Fog networks underscores the need for robust,quantum-resistant security solutions.To address these challenges,researchers are focusing on Quantum Key Distribution and Post-Quantum Cryptography,which utilize quantum-resistant algorithms and the principles of quantum mechanics to ensure data confidentiality and integrity.This paper reviews the current security practices in IoT and Edge/Fog environments,explores the latest advancements in QKD and PQC technologies,and discusses their integration into distributed computing systems.Additionally,this paper proposes an enhanced QKD protocol combining the Cascade protocol and Kyber algorithm to address existing limitations.Finally,we highlight future research directions aimed at improving the scalability,efficiency,and practicality of QKD and PQC for securing IoT and Edge/Fog networks against evolving quantum threats.
基金This work was supported in part by the program for Innovation Team Building at Institutions of Higher Education in Chongqing under Grant No.KJTD201310，the Scientific and Technological Research Program of Chongqing Municipal Education Commission of China under Grant KJ120513，Natural Science Foundation Project of CQ CSTC of P.R.China under Grant No.cstc2011jjA40031
文摘Quantum cryptography and quantum search algorithm are considered as two important research topics in quantum information science.An asymmetrical quantum encryption protocol based on the properties of quantum one-way function and quantum search algorithm is proposed.Depending on the no-cloning theorem and trapdoor one-way functions of the publickey,the eavesdropper cannot extract any private-information from the public-keys and the ciphertext.Introducing key-generation randomized logarithm to improve security of our proposed protocol,i.e.,one privatekey corresponds to an exponential number of public-keys.Using unitary operations and the single photon measurement,secret messages can be directly sent from the sender to the receiver.The security of the proposed protocol is proved that it is informationtheoretically secure.Furthermore,compared the symmetrical Quantum key distribution,the proposed protocol is not only efficient to reduce additional communication,but also easier to carry out in practice,because no entangled photons and complex operations are required.
基金supported in part by the National Natural Science Foundation of China under Grant 52307134the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(xzy012025022)。
文摘Active distribution network(ADN)planning is crucial for achieving a cost-effective transition to modern power systems,yet it poses significant challenges as the system scale increases.The advent of quantum computing offers a transformative approach to solve ADN planning.To fully leverage the potential of quantum computing,this paper proposes a photonic quantum acceleration algorithm.First,a quantum-accelerated framework for ADN planning is proposed on the basis of coherent photonic quantum computers.The ADN planning model is then formulated and decomposed into discrete master problems and continuous subproblems to facilitate the quantum optimization process.The photonic quantum-embedded adaptive alternating direction method of multipliers(PQA-ADMM)algorithm is subsequently proposed to equivalently map the discrete master problem onto a quantum-interpretable model,enabling its deployment on a photonic quantum computer.Finally,a comparative analysis with various solvers,including Gurobi,demonstrates that the proposed PQA-ADMM algorithm achieves significant speedup on the modified IEEE 33-node and IEEE 123-node systems,highlighting its effectiveness.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China under Grant Nos.62172268 and 62302289the Shanghai Science and Technology Project under Grant Nos.21JC1402800 and 23YF1416200。
文摘Variational quantum algorithms are promising methods with the greatest potential to achieve quantum advantage,widely employed in the era of noisy intermediate-scale quantum computing.This study presents an advanced variational hybrid algorithm(EVQLSE)that leverages both quantum and classical computing paradigms to address the solution of linear equation systems.Initially,an innovative loss function is proposed,drawing inspiration from the similarity measure between two quantum states.This function exhibits a substantial improvement in computational complexity when benchmarked against the variational quantum linear solver.Subsequently,a specialized parameterized quantum circuit structure is presented for small-scale linear systems,which exhibits powerful expressive capabilities.Through rigorous numerical analysis,the expressiveness of this circuit structure is quantitatively assessed using a variational quantum regression algorithm,and it obtained the best score compared to the others.Moreover,the expansion in system size is accompanied by an increase in the number of parameters,placing considerable strain on the training process for the algorithm.To address this challenge,an optimization strategy known as quantum parameter sharing is introduced,which proficiently minimizes parameter volume while adhering to exacting precision standards.Finally,EVQLSE is successfully implemented on a quantum computing platform provided by IBM for the resolution of large-scale problems characterized by a dimensionality of 220.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.12031004 and Grant No.12271474,61877054)the Fundamental Research Foundation for the Central Universities(Project No.K20210337)+1 种基金the Zhejiang University Global Partnership Fund,188170+194452119/003partially funded by a state task of Russian Fundamental Investigations(State Registration No.FFSG-2024-0002)。
文摘Fundamental matrix operations and solving linear systems of equations are ubiquitous in scientific investigations.Using the‘sender-receiver’model,we propose quantum algorithms for matrix operations such as matrix-vector product,matrix-matrix product,the sum of two matrices,and the calculation of determinant and inverse matrix.We encode the matrix entries into the probability amplitudes of the pure initial states of senders.After applying proper unitary transformation to the complete quantum system,the desired result can be found in certain blocks of the receiver’s density matrix.These quantum protocols can be used as subroutines in other quantum schemes.Furthermore,we present an alternative quantum algorithm for solving linear systems of equations.
文摘With the challenge of quantum computing ahead, an analysis of number and representation adequate to the task is needed. Some clarifications on the combinatorial nature of representation are presented here;this is related to the foundations of digital representations of integers, and is thus also of interest in clarifying what numbers are and how they are used in pure and applied mathematics. The author hopes this work will help mathematicians and computer scientists better understand the nature of the Generalized Knapsack Code, a lattice-based code which the author believes to be particularly promising, and the use of number in computing in general.
基金Project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 61170270,61100203,60903152,61003286,and61121061)the Program for New Century Excellent Talents in University (Grant No. NCET-10-0260)+3 种基金the Specialized Research Fund for the Doctoral Program of Higher Education (Grant No. 20090005110010)the Natural Science Foundation of Beijing (Grant Nos. 4112040 and 4122054)the Foundation of Science and Technology on Communication Security Laboratory (Grant No. 9140C110101110 C1104)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities (Grant Nos. BUPT2011YB01,BUPT2011RC0505,2011PTB-00-29,and 2011RCZJ15)
文摘We present two novel quantum secure direct communication（QSDC） protocols over different collective-noise channels.Different from the previous QSDC schemes over collective-noise channels,which are all source-encrypting protocols,our two protocols are based on channel-encryption.In both schemes,two authorized users first share a sequence of EPR pairs as their reusable quantum key.Then they use their quantum key to encrypt and decrypt the secret message carried by the decoherence-free states over the collective-noise channel.In theory,the intrinsic efficiencies of both protocols are high since there is no need to consume any entangled states including both the quantum key and the information carriers except the ones used for eavesdropping checks.For checking eavesdropping,the two parties only need to perform two-particle measurements on the decoy states during each round.Finally,we make a security analysis of our two protocols and demonstrate that they are secure.
基金Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(61303212,61202386)the State Key Program of National Natural Science of China(61332019)the Major Research Plan of the National Natural Science Foundation of China(91018008,SKLSE-2015-A-02)
文摘Shor proposed a quantum polynomial-time integer factorization algorithm to break the RSA public-key cryptosystem.In this paper,we propose a new quantum algorithm for breaking RSA by computing the order of the RSA ciphertext C.The new algorithm has the following properties：1）recovering the RSA plaintext M from the ciphertext C without factoring n; 2）avoiding the even order of the element; 3）having higher success probability than Shor＇s; 4）having the same complexity as Shor＇s.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China under Grant No. 61173157Strategy Pilot Project of Chinese Academy of Sciences under Grant No. XD06010702IIE's Cryptography Research Project
文摘We present a quantum probabilistic encryption algorithm for a private-key encryption scheme based on conjugate coding of the qubit string. A probabilistic encryption algorithm is generally adopted in public-key encryption protocols. Here we consider the way it increases the unicity distance of both classical and quantum private-key encryption schemes. The security of quantum probabilistic privatekey encryption schemes against two kinds of attacks is analyzed. By using the no-signalling postulate, we show that the scheme can resist attack to the key. The scheme's security against plaintext attack is also investigated by considering the information-theoretic indistinguishability of the encryption scheme. Finally, we make a conjecture regarding Breidbart's attack.
基金Project supported by the Key Research and Development Program of Guangdong Province,China(Grant No.2018B030326001)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.61521001,12074179,and 11890704)。
文摘Quantum singular value thresholding(QSVT) algorithm,as a core module of many mathematical models,seeks the singular values of a sparse and low rank matrix exceeding a threshold and their associated singular vectors.The existing all-qubit QSVT algorithm demands lots of ancillary qubits,remaining a huge challenge for realization on nearterm intermediate-scale quantum computers.In this paper,we propose a hybrid QSVT(HQSVT) algorithm utilizing both discrete variables(DVs) and continuous variables(CVs).In our algorithm,raw data vectors are encoded into a qubit system and the following data processing is fulfilled by hybrid quantum operations.Our algorithm requires O [log(MN)] qubits with0(1) qumodes and totally performs 0(1) operations,which significantly reduces the space and runtime consumption.
文摘Cybercrime is projected to cost a whopping $23.8 Trillion by 2027. This is essentially because there’s no computer network that’s not vulnerable. Fool-proof cybersecurity of personal data in a connected computer is considered practically impossible. The advent of quantum computers (QC) will worsen cybersecurity. QC will be a boon for data-intensive industries by drastically reducing the computing time from years to minutes. But QC will render our current cryptography vulnerable to quantum attacks, breaking nearly all modern cryptographic systems. Before QCs with sufficient qubits arrive, we must be ready with quantum-safe strategies to protect our ICT infrastructures. Post-quantum cryptography (PQC) is being aggressively pursued worldwide as a defence from the potential Q-day threat. NIST (National Institute of Standards and Technology), in a rigorous process, tested 82 PQC schemes, 80 of which failed after the final round in 2022. Recently the remaining two PQCs were also cracked by a Swedish and a French team of cryptographers, placing NIST’s PQC standardization process in serious jeopardy. With all the NIST-evaluated PQCs failing, there’s an urgent need to explore alternate strategies. Although cybersecurity heavily relies on cryptography, recent evidence indicates that it can indeed transcend beyond encryption using Zero Vulnerability Computing (ZVC) technology. ZVC is an encryption-agnostic absolute zero trust (AZT) approach that can potentially render computers quantum resistant by banning all third-party permissions, a root cause of most vulnerabilities. Unachievable in legacy systems, AZT is pursued by an experienced consortium of European partners to build compact, solid-state devices that are robust, resilient, energy-efficient, and with zero attack surface, rendering them resistant to malware and future Q-Day threats.
文摘With one billion users using 380 exchanges, the security of blockchains and cryptocurrencies remains a major concern as billions are lost to hackers every year. Cryptocurrency hacks negatively impact cryptocurrency markets introducing volatility. Each major scam/hack incident results in a significant price dip for most cryptocurrencies, decelerating the growth of the blockchain economy. Existing blockchain vulnerabilities are further amplified by the impending existential threat from quantum computers. While there’s no reprieve yet from the scam/hack prone blockchain economy, quantum resilience is being aggressively pursued by post quantum cryptography (PQC) researchers, despite 80 of 82 candidate PQCs failing. As PQC has no role in combating inherent vulnerabilities, securing over 1000 existing blockchains against scammers/hackers remains a top priority for this industry. This research proposes a novel Quantum-safe Ledger Technology (QLT) framework that not only secures DLTs/cryptocurrencies and exchanges from current vulnerabilities but protects them from the impending Q-day threats from future quantum computers. As blockchain-agnostic technology, the QLT framework can be easily adapted to secure any blockchain or crypto exchange.
基金Project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China （Grant No 60373059）, the Special Research Fund for the Doctoral Program of Higher Education of China （Grant No 20040013007）, the Major Research plan of the National Natural Science Foundation of China（Grant No 90604023）, the National Laboratory for Modern Communications Science Foundation of China, the National Key Laboratory on Theory and Chief Technology of Integrated Services Networks （ISN） 0pen Foundation, and the Graduate Students Innovation Foundation of Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications.
文摘Using the generalized Bell states and quantum gates, we introduce a quantum encryption scheme of d-level states （qudits）. The scheme can detect and correct arbitrary transmission errors using only local operations and classical communications between the communicators. In addition, the entanglement key used to encrypt can be recycled. The protocol is informationally secure, because the output state is a totally mixed one for every input state p.
