Infrared(IR)spectroscopy,a technique within the realm of molecular vibrational spectroscopy,furnishes distinctive chemical signatures pivotal for both structural analysis and compound identification.A notable challeng...Infrared(IR)spectroscopy,a technique within the realm of molecular vibrational spectroscopy,furnishes distinctive chemical signatures pivotal for both structural analysis and compound identification.A notable challenge emerges from the misalignment between the mid-IR light wavelength range and molecular dimensions,culminating in a constrained absorption cross-section and diminished vibrational absorption coefficients(Supplementary data).展开更多
Huang-Lian-Jie-Du-Decoction （HLJDD） has been widely used for the treatment of Alzheimer＇s disease （AD） in clinic. However, the relationship between its chemical profile and neuroprotective bioactivity was not cle...Huang-Lian-Jie-Du-Decoction （HLJDD） has been widely used for the treatment of Alzheimer＇s disease （AD） in clinic. However, the relationship between its chemical profile and neuroprotective bioactivity was not clearly clarified yet. In present study, the water extract of HLJDD and subsequent three polarity fractions divided by different reagents were investigated. A total of 17 chromatographic peaks were confirmed by comparison with standards and their UV, MS spectra. Among them, 11 major compounds were determined by HPLC-DAD method with good linear regression relationship （r2, 0.9994-0.9999）, precisions （inter-day precision RSD, 0.79%-1.07%; intra-day precision RSD, 1.59%-2.10%）, repeatability （RSD, 1.66%-3.67%）, stability （RSD, 1.26%-4.77%） and recovery （95.24%-105.41%, RSD, 0.29%-2.69%）. Furthermore, PC12 cells and primary neurons cells were used for the neuroprotective effective assessment of aforementioned four samples from HLJDD. 3＂he total aqueous extract and n-butanol extract of HLJDD presented more significant effects than the other two parts. According to their quality and quantity determination results, iridoids and alkaloids have a positive correlation with the neuroprotective effectiveness of HLJDD.展开更多
This paper analyzes the coal to char stages of char formation of six coals of different ranks by using Fourier transform infrared coupled w ith attenuated total reflectance(ATR-FTIR).The chars w ere obtained by coal p...This paper analyzes the coal to char stages of char formation of six coals of different ranks by using Fourier transform infrared coupled w ith attenuated total reflectance(ATR-FTIR).The chars w ere obtained by coal pyrolysis carried out at temperature range of 450~700℃.The data obtained show s the pragmatic disappearance of the aliphatic hydrogen content w ith increasing char formation temperature.Numerical evaluation of the spectra enabled the determination of aromaticity,fa.The aromaticity w as found to be betw een 0.66~0.79 for lignite,0.75~0.90 for sub-bituminous,0.84~1.00 for low volatile bituminous,0.83~1.00 for high volatile bituminous,0.94~1.00 for semi-anthracite,and 0.97~1.00 for anthracite respectively.With increasing rank of coal samples,spectra exhibit rising aromaticity and enhanced condensation of aromatic rings,w hereas the aliphatic chain lengths decrease.展开更多
A combined method of high performance liquid chromatograph-elecrtrospray-ionization mass spectrometer（HPLC-ESI-MS/MS） coupled with a photodiode array detector（HPLC-DAD） and principal component analysis（PCA） was ...A combined method of high performance liquid chromatograph-elecrtrospray-ionization mass spectrometer（HPLC-ESI-MS/MS） coupled with a photodiode array detector（HPLC-DAD） and principal component analysis（PCA） was applied to the qualitative and quantitative analyses of alkaloids in Cortex Phellodendri（CP） samples, and to the differentiation of two species of CP, Cortex Phellodendri Chinensis（CPC） and Cortex Phellodendri Amurensis（CPA）. Twenty-two peaks appeared in the HPLC-MS base peak chromatogram of CP detected by the HPLC-ESI-MS/MS analysis, and the alkaloids were identified according to the MSn data, the known MS fragmentation rules and the literature data. Five alkaloids including berberine, palmatine, jatrorrhizine, phellodendrine and magnoflorine were simultaneously determinated by the HPLC-DAD. Berberine was the primary component in all CP samples, and the contents of berberine and palmatine were exploited to be two critical parameters for effective discrimination between the two species of CP. The average content of berberine in CPC（58.75 mg/g） was higher than that in CPA（9.16 mg/g）, while the content of palmatine was less, only 0.25 mg/g in CPC and 4.19 mg/g in CPA. With the use of PCA, samples datasets were separated successfully into two different clusters corresponding to the two species, and berberine, pahnatine, phellodendrine and magnoflorine contribute most to the above mentioned calssifying . The proposed method oroved to be a useful tool in the aualitv control of Chinese herbal medicines.展开更多
The development of a core collection could enhance the utilization of germplasm collections in crop improvement programs and simplify their management. Selection of an appropriate sampling strategy is an important pre...The development of a core collection could enhance the utilization of germplasm collections in crop improvement programs and simplify their management. Selection of an appropriate sampling strategy is an important prerequisite to construct a core collection with appropriate size in order to adequately represent the genetic spectrum and maximally capture the genetic diversity in available crop collections. The present study was initiated to construct nested core collections to determine the appropriate sample size to represent the genetic diversity of rice landrace collection based on 15 quantitative traits and 34 qualitative traits of 2 262 rice accessions. The results showed that 50-225 nested core collections, whose sampling rate was 2.2%-9.9%, were sufficient to maintain the maximum genetic diversity of the initial collections. Of these, 150 accessions （6.6%） could capture the maximal genetic diversity of the initial collection. Three data types, i.e. qualitative traits （QT1）, quantitative traits （QT2） and integrated qualitative and quantitative traits （QTT）, were compared for their efficiency in constructing core collections based on the weighted pair-group average method combined with stepwise clustering and preferred sampling on adjusted Euclidean distances. Every combining scheme constructed eight rice core collections （225, 200, 175, 150, 125, 100, 75 and 50）. The results showed that the QTT data was the best in constructing a core collection as indicated by the genetic diversity of core collections. A core collection constructed only on the information of QT1 could not represent the initial collection effectively. QTT should be used together to construct a productive core collection.展开更多
Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy(LIBS) is a sensitive optical technique that is capable of rapid multi-elemental analysis. The development of this technique for elemental analysis of pharmaceutical products may ev...Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy(LIBS) is a sensitive optical technique that is capable of rapid multi-elemental analysis. The development of this technique for elemental analysis of pharmaceutical products may eventually revolutionize the field of human health. Under normal circumstances, the elemental analysis of pharmaceutical products based on chemical methods is time-consuming and complicated. In this investigation, the principal aim is to develop an LIBS-based methodology for elemental analysis of pharmaceutical products. This LIBS technique was utilized for qualitative as well as quantitative analysis of the elements present in Ca-based tablets. All the elements present in the tablets were detected and their percentage compositions were verified in a single shot, using the proposed instrument. These elements(e.g., Ca, Mg, Fe, Zn, and others) were identified by the wavelengths of their spectral lines, which were verified using the NIST database. The approximate amount of each element was determined based on their observed peaks and the result was in exact agreement with the content specification. The determination of the composition of prescription drug for patients is highly important in numerous circumstances. For example, the exploitation of LIBS may facilitate elemental decomposition of medicines to determine the accuracy of the stated composition information. Moreover, the approach can provide element-specific, meaningful, and accurate information related to pharmaceutical products.展开更多
A multi-objective intelligent coordinating optimization strategy based on qualitative and quantitative synthetic model for Pb-Zn sintering blending process was proposed to obtain optimal mixture ratio. The mechanism a...A multi-objective intelligent coordinating optimization strategy based on qualitative and quantitative synthetic model for Pb-Zn sintering blending process was proposed to obtain optimal mixture ratio. The mechanism and neural network quantitative models for predicting compositions and rule models for expert reasoning were constructed based on statistical data and empirical knowledge. An expert reasoning method based on these models were proposed to solve blending optimization problem, including multi-objective optimization for the first blending process and area optimization for the second blending process, and to determine optimal mixture ratio which will meet the requirement of intelligent coordination. The results show that the qualified rates of agglomerate Pb, Zn and S compositions are increased by 7.1%, 6.5% and 6.9%, respectively, and the fluctuation of sintering permeability is reduced by 7.0%, which effectively stabilizes the agglomerate compositions and the permeability.展开更多
BACKGROUND Donor-recipient size mismatch(DRSM)is considered a crucial factor for poor outcomes in liver transplantation(LT)because of complications,such as massive intraoperative blood loss(IBL)and early allograft dys...BACKGROUND Donor-recipient size mismatch(DRSM)is considered a crucial factor for poor outcomes in liver transplantation(LT)because of complications,such as massive intraoperative blood loss(IBL)and early allograft dysfunction(EAD).Liver volumetry is performed routinely in living donor LT,but rarely in deceased donor LT(DDLT),which amplifies the adverse effects of DRSM in DDLT.Due to the various shortcomings of traditional manual liver volumetry and formula methods,a feasible model based on intelligent/interactive qualitative and quantitative analysis-three-dimensional(IQQA-3D)for estimating the degree of DRSM is needed.AIM To identify benefits of IQQA-3D liver volumetry in DDLT and establish an estimation model to guide perioperative management.METHODS We retrospectively determined the accuracy of IQQA-3D liver volumetry for standard total liver volume(TLV)(sTLV)and established an estimation TLV(eTLV)index(eTLVi)model.Receiver operating characteristic(ROC)curves were drawn to detect the optimal cut-off values for predicting massive IBL and EAD in DDLT using donor sTLV to recipient sTLV(called sTLVi).The factors influencing the occurrence of massive IBL and EAD were explored through logistic regression analysis.Finally,the eTLVi model was compared with the sTLVi model through the ROC curve for verification.RESULTS A total of 133 patients were included in the analysis.The Changzheng formula was accurate for calculating donor sTLV(P=0.083)but not for recipient sTLV(P=0.036).Recipient eTLV calculated using IQQA-3D highly matched with recipient sTLV(P=0.221).Alcoholic liver disease,gastrointestinal bleeding,and sTLVi>1.24 were independent risk factors for massive IBL,and drug-induced liver failure was an independent protective factor for massive IBL.Male donor-female recipient combination,model for end-stage liver disease score,sTLVi≤0.85,and sTLVi≥1.32 were independent risk factors for EAD,and viral hepatitis was an independent protective factor for EAD.The overall survival of patients in the 0.85<sTLVi<1.32 group was better compared to the sTLVi≤0.85 group and sTLVi≥1.32 group(P<0.001).There was no statistically significant difference in the area under the curve of the sTLVi model and IQQA-3D eTLVi model in the detection of massive IBL and EAD(all P>0.05).CONCLUSION IQQA-3D eTLVi model has high accuracy in predicting massive IBL and EAD in DDLT.We should follow the guidance of the IQQA-3D eTLVi model in perioperative management.展开更多
Objective To explore the major compound in Polygonati Rhizoma(Huang Jing,黄精)for quality control.Methods The major compound was isolated and analyzed by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry(LC-MS),and subsequently...Objective To explore the major compound in Polygonati Rhizoma(Huang Jing,黄精)for quality control.Methods The major compound was isolated and analyzed by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry(LC-MS),and subsequently further identified by nuclear magnetic resonance(NMR).Thin layer chromatography(TLC)was optimized based on the previous methods reported in the Chinese Pharmacopeia(2015 edition).Results The major compound was isolated from the natural material and identified as linoleic acid.A high performance liquid chromatography(HPLC)method with robust linearity(R2=0.9997),specificity,precision,stability,repeatability and recovery was developed for linoleic acid determination.TLC chromatogram was improved significantly after optimization for qualitative analysis.Conclusions The optimized TLC method is practical and can be adopted for quality control of Polygonati Rhizoma(Huang Jing,黄精).The levels of linoleic acid vary between species of Polygonati Rhizoma(Huang Jing,黄精),with Polygonatum cyrtonema Hua(Jiang Xing Huang Jing,姜型黄精)showing the highest contents.This study provides valuable information for quality control of Polygonati Rhizoma(Huang Jing,黄精).展开更多
In this paper, decision making in complex environment is considered and an approach integrating quantitative decision model with qualitative judgment is proposed. The concept of belief degree for quantitative decision...In this paper, decision making in complex environment is considered and an approach integrating quantitative decision model with qualitative judgment is proposed. The concept of belief degree for quantitative decision model in a complex environment is presented. The integration in formulation and reasoning of quantitative model with qualitative judgment is studied. The combination of various belief degree generated by quantitative model and qualitative judgment is discussed. A decision rule of tradeoff between optimality and belief degree of optimality is proposed.展开更多
There are different ways to examine and explain a study and its findings based on using numbers as a measure,a descriptive style,or a mixture of both.These three research approaches are quantitative,qualitative,and mi...There are different ways to examine and explain a study and its findings based on using numbers as a measure,a descriptive style,or a mixture of both.These three research approaches are quantitative,qualitative,and mixed methods that are commonly used by researchers in various research studies.However,with many options regarding the research design,it seems challenging for researchers to select the most appropriate approach based on the study and realize differences.This study provides a comprehensive review of qualitative,quantitative,and mixed-method research methods.Each method is clearly defined and specifically discussed based on applications,types,advantages,and limitations to help researchers identify select the most relevant type based on each study and navigate accordingly.展开更多
In general, geospatial data can be divided into two formats, raster and vector formats. A raster consists of a matrix of cells where each cell contains a value representing quantitative information, such as temperatur...In general, geospatial data can be divided into two formats, raster and vector formats. A raster consists of a matrix of cells where each cell contains a value representing quantitative information, such as temperature, vegetation intensity, land use/cover, elevation, etc. A vector data consists of points, lines and polygons representing location or distance or area of landscape features in graphical forms. Many raster data are derived from remote sensing techniques using sophisticated sensors by quantitative approach and many vector data are generated from GIS processes by qualitative approach. Among them, land use/cover data is frequently used in many GIS analyses and spatial modeling processes. However, proper use of quantitative and qualitative geospatial data is important in spatial modeling and decision making. In this article, we discuss common geospatial data formats, their origins and proper use in spatial modelling and decision making processes.展开更多
Qualitative and quantitative researches are two major approaches in the study of second language learning and teaching, each representing a special research method in the anthropological studies. Qualitative approach ...Qualitative and quantitative researches are two major approaches in the study of second language learning and teaching, each representing a special research method in the anthropological studies. Qualitative approach moves from data to a hypothesis while the quantitative approach begins with a postulate and ends in the testing of the postulate with data, as a result, it is reasonable to take the qualitative approach as an inductive method and the quantitative approach as a deductive method. These two approaches both have their advantages and disadvantages. While doing qualitative research the researcher should bear in mind the different background of the students tested. On the other hand, the researcher using the quantitative method often suffers the limitation imposed upon him or her by the predefined requirement of the experiment. Only an apt and suitable coordination of the two approaches can make the study of second language teaching and learning successful and fruitful.\;展开更多
The phase portrait of the functions obtained by Hamilton-Jacobi equations is substantiated, and the classification of singular points is found, and the bifurcation diagram for the problem is studied. The numerical cal...The phase portrait of the functions obtained by Hamilton-Jacobi equations is substantiated, and the classification of singular points is found, and the bifurcation diagram for the problem is studied. The numerical calculation by using Poincaré surface section is used to get the invariant tori for our problem.展开更多
Along with maintaining immune competent cells, one of the purposes of cancer patient is regulating the first line of defense for survival. Moreover, the factors that influence the acquired immune activity are systemic...Along with maintaining immune competent cells, one of the purposes of cancer patient is regulating the first line of defense for survival. Moreover, the factors that influence the acquired immune activity are systemic metabolic disorder in diabetes, malnutrition, extreme exhaustion, stresses, aging and medical side effect such as chemotherapy. So we have to select appropriate menu to regulate immune function through leukocyte storage. Especially, NK cell is first line of defense against virus infected cell and/or tumor cell. In order to recommend the effect of hot spring hydrotherapy on the peripheral white blood cells as a parameter for complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) within a short period, the granulocytes, lymphocytes, lymphocyte subsets in their peripheral blood were monitored. In the young group (35 or less), the number of granulocytes clearly decreased after hydrotherapy. In the older group (over 35 years old), the total number of leukocytes and lymphocytes significantly increased after the therapy. Using a FACScan, we investigated CD2, CD4, CD8, CD16, CD19 and CD56 positive cell as well as the cytokine containing cell, as direct assessment for immunological preparation (IFN-γ, IL-4 and IL-1β). After hydrotherapy, the CD16+ cells also increased outstandingly. However, the CD19+ cells clearly decreased. Moreover, there was a decrease in the cytokine-producing cell count of subjects whose blood cells had a higher number of the cell level before. All of the results indicated that hot spring hydrotherapy could regulate the immune system even in normal human. Like this, blood hormonal level was measured in order to know the mechanism of the quantitative and qualitative, adjustment of the leucocytes becomes possible within a short term. As a result of measuring, 7 kinds of hormone including mainly adrenocortical hormones, adrenalin level reduced in constitution dependent manner. From these results, it was suggested that the quantitative and qualitative fluctuation of the leukocyte by the hydrotherapy is closely related to dynamics of blood hormonal level.展开更多
Due to rapidly development of information systems, risk and security issues have increased and became a phenomenon that concerns every organization, without considering the size of it. To achieve desired results, mana...Due to rapidly development of information systems, risk and security issues have increased and became a phenomenon that concerns every organization, without considering the size of it. To achieve desired results, managers have to implement methods of evaluating and mitigating risk as part of a process well elaborated. Security risk management helps managers to better control the business practices and improve the business process. An effective risk management process is based on a successful IT security program. This doesn＇t mean that the main goal of an organization＇s risk management process is to protect its IT assets, but to protect the organization and its ability to perform their missions. During this process, managers have to take into consideration risks that can affect the organization and apply the most suitable measures to minimize their impact. The most important task is choosing the best suited method for analyzing the existing risk properly. Several methods have been developed, being classified in quantitative and qualitative approaches of evaluating risk. The purpose of this paper is to present the advantages and disadvantages of each approach taking current needs and opportunities into consideration.展开更多
The qualitative characterization and quantitative analysis of five bioactive flavonoids in Salix bordensis Turcz. were achieved via reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with diode array detect...The qualitative characterization and quantitative analysis of five bioactive flavonoids in Salix bordensis Turcz. were achieved via reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with diode array detection and tandem mass spectrometry, by using an Agilent ZORBAX SB-C18 HPLC column with a gradient elution of 0.3% (v/v) formic acid in water and methanol as the mobile phase. The compounds in the mixture were clearly identified by comparing their HPLC-DAD ultraviolet spectra, retention times, and MS data with those of corresponding reference compounds. All calibration curves showed good linearity (r2 > 0.9998) within the test ranges. The LOD, LOQ, specificity, precision, and accuracy for the method were validated. The results demonstrated that this analytical approach is ideal for the determination of bioactive compounds, such as flavonoids, and that it constructed a basis for the comprehensive evaluation of the quality of Salix bordensis Turcz.展开更多
Our expedition have identified location in the central part of Kosovo where were collected a samples （accessions） at coordinates; Sub-Locality SL-1 （N42°34′36″, E21°07′45″）, altitude 574 m, SL-2 （N4...Our expedition have identified location in the central part of Kosovo where were collected a samples （accessions） at coordinates; Sub-Locality SL-1 （N42°34′36″, E21°07′45″）, altitude 574 m, SL-2 （N42°34′29″, E 21°07′45″altitude 591 m and SL-3 （N42°34′30″, E21°07′46″） on altitude 565 m. The aim of present investigation was carried out to study genetic variability of quantitative and qualitative parameters. The populations from SL-2 were characterized of higher significance on seed oil （23.74%） and protein content （16.74%）. The estimation average value of seed protein and oil content was 15.52% and 23.48% respectively. The variability of plant height ranged from 182.33 cm to as much as 200.89 cm, while distinction＇s between them were ＋ 18.56 cm which was a significant higher at P〈0.05 probability level. The SL-3 showed the higher value of HWK （34.6 g）, head per plant （39.33） and head diameter （9.5 cm） but, was characterized significantly lowest on seed protein content （13.99%）. The all traits included in our investigations showed a higher genetic variability with majority of extreme values. The sunflower populations differed significantly in several parameters measured, they have a different genetic and morphological backgrounds. Results from wild sunflower form indicated notable differences in dispersion of important genes for different traits and showed the potential for using in future for breeding program.展开更多
The Aydar Arnasay Lakes System (AALS) is an artificial lake system which was created in 1969 by diverting flood water from Chardarya reservoir. It has developed into a wetland of 4000 km2 area recognized by the Ramsar...The Aydar Arnasay Lakes System (AALS) is an artificial lake system which was created in 1969 by diverting flood water from Chardarya reservoir. It has developed into a wetland of 4000 km2 area recognized by the Ramsar Convention as of global importance. It is not only a refuge for birds and wildlife but also has seen the emergence of fishery and tourism since. Understanding of its behavior with respect to the quantitative and qualitative aspects of water resources is important for future use and management, especially for further development of fishery and ecotourism. The factors influencing changes in quantity and quality of ААLS water were studied between 1993 and 2011. Starting from 1993 the water level and water volume of the lake progressively increased. The spatio-temporal distributions of pH, dissolved oxygen, ammonium, nitrite, nitrate, phosphate, chloride, and biochemical oxygen demand (BOD5) during 2003-2005 and 2009-2011 were determined. On the basis of the conducted hydrological and hydro-chemical research fishery development in ААLS is recommended. The question is posed what requirements have to be in met in the future in order to guarantee the prolonged existence of the lake at a suitable water quality.展开更多
基金supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.:32301161)the Natural Scientific Foundation of Hunan Province,China(Grant No.:2023JJ60052)+3 种基金the Scientific Research Project of Hunan Provincial Health Commission,China(Grant No.:202112062218,20190161)the Scientific Research Project of Hunan Provincial Department of Education,China(Grant No.:22B0455)the Clinical“4310”Project of the University of South China,China(Grant No.:20224310NHYCG02)the Doctoral Scientific Research Foundation of University of South China,China(Grant No.:200XQD042).
文摘Infrared(IR)spectroscopy,a technique within the realm of molecular vibrational spectroscopy,furnishes distinctive chemical signatures pivotal for both structural analysis and compound identification.A notable challenge emerges from the misalignment between the mid-IR light wavelength range and molecular dimensions,culminating in a constrained absorption cross-section and diminished vibrational absorption coefficients(Supplementary data).
基金Key Projects in the National Science & Technology Pillar Program during the 11thFive-Year Plan Period (Grant No.2008BAI51B02)National Natural Science Fund Project of China (Grant No. 81202904)
文摘Huang-Lian-Jie-Du-Decoction （HLJDD） has been widely used for the treatment of Alzheimer＇s disease （AD） in clinic. However, the relationship between its chemical profile and neuroprotective bioactivity was not clearly clarified yet. In present study, the water extract of HLJDD and subsequent three polarity fractions divided by different reagents were investigated. A total of 17 chromatographic peaks were confirmed by comparison with standards and their UV, MS spectra. Among them, 11 major compounds were determined by HPLC-DAD method with good linear regression relationship （r2, 0.9994-0.9999）, precisions （inter-day precision RSD, 0.79%-1.07%; intra-day precision RSD, 1.59%-2.10%）, repeatability （RSD, 1.66%-3.67%）, stability （RSD, 1.26%-4.77%） and recovery （95.24%-105.41%, RSD, 0.29%-2.69%）. Furthermore, PC12 cells and primary neurons cells were used for the neuroprotective effective assessment of aforementioned four samples from HLJDD. 3＂he total aqueous extract and n-butanol extract of HLJDD presented more significant effects than the other two parts. According to their quality and quantity determination results, iridoids and alkaloids have a positive correlation with the neuroprotective effectiveness of HLJDD.
基金Supported by the South African Research Chairs Initiative of the Department of Science and Technology and National Research Foundation of South Africa(Coal Research Chair Grant No.86880)
文摘This paper analyzes the coal to char stages of char formation of six coals of different ranks by using Fourier transform infrared coupled w ith attenuated total reflectance(ATR-FTIR).The chars w ere obtained by coal pyrolysis carried out at temperature range of 450~700℃.The data obtained show s the pragmatic disappearance of the aliphatic hydrogen content w ith increasing char formation temperature.Numerical evaluation of the spectra enabled the determination of aromaticity,fa.The aromaticity w as found to be betw een 0.66~0.79 for lignite,0.75~0.90 for sub-bituminous,0.84~1.00 for low volatile bituminous,0.83~1.00 for high volatile bituminous,0.94~1.00 for semi-anthracite,and 0.97~1.00 for anthracite respectively.With increasing rank of coal samples,spectra exhibit rising aromaticity and enhanced condensation of aromatic rings,w hereas the aliphatic chain lengths decrease.
基金Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No30725045)the Foundation of Eleventh Five-Year-Plan of China(No2008ZX09202-002)+1 种基金the Shanghai Leading Academic Discipline Project, China(NoB906)the Scientific Foundation of Shanghai City, China(No07DZ19702)
文摘A combined method of high performance liquid chromatograph-elecrtrospray-ionization mass spectrometer（HPLC-ESI-MS/MS） coupled with a photodiode array detector（HPLC-DAD） and principal component analysis（PCA） was applied to the qualitative and quantitative analyses of alkaloids in Cortex Phellodendri（CP） samples, and to the differentiation of two species of CP, Cortex Phellodendri Chinensis（CPC） and Cortex Phellodendri Amurensis（CPA）. Twenty-two peaks appeared in the HPLC-MS base peak chromatogram of CP detected by the HPLC-ESI-MS/MS analysis, and the alkaloids were identified according to the MSn data, the known MS fragmentation rules and the literature data. Five alkaloids including berberine, palmatine, jatrorrhizine, phellodendrine and magnoflorine were simultaneously determinated by the HPLC-DAD. Berberine was the primary component in all CP samples, and the contents of berberine and palmatine were exploited to be two critical parameters for effective discrimination between the two species of CP. The average content of berberine in CPC（58.75 mg/g） was higher than that in CPA（9.16 mg/g）, while the content of palmatine was less, only 0.25 mg/g in CPC and 4.19 mg/g in CPA. With the use of PCA, samples datasets were separated successfully into two different clusters corresponding to the two species, and berberine, pahnatine, phellodendrine and magnoflorine contribute most to the above mentioned calssifying . The proposed method oroved to be a useful tool in the aualitv control of Chinese herbal medicines.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 30700494)the Principal Fund of South China Agricultural University, China (Grant No. 2003K053)
文摘The development of a core collection could enhance the utilization of germplasm collections in crop improvement programs and simplify their management. Selection of an appropriate sampling strategy is an important prerequisite to construct a core collection with appropriate size in order to adequately represent the genetic spectrum and maximally capture the genetic diversity in available crop collections. The present study was initiated to construct nested core collections to determine the appropriate sample size to represent the genetic diversity of rice landrace collection based on 15 quantitative traits and 34 qualitative traits of 2 262 rice accessions. The results showed that 50-225 nested core collections, whose sampling rate was 2.2%-9.9%, were sufficient to maintain the maximum genetic diversity of the initial collections. Of these, 150 accessions （6.6%） could capture the maximal genetic diversity of the initial collection. Three data types, i.e. qualitative traits （QT1）, quantitative traits （QT2） and integrated qualitative and quantitative traits （QTT）, were compared for their efficiency in constructing core collections based on the weighted pair-group average method combined with stepwise clustering and preferred sampling on adjusted Euclidean distances. Every combining scheme constructed eight rice core collections （225, 200, 175, 150, 125, 100, 75 and 50）. The results showed that the QTT data was the best in constructing a core collection as indicated by the genetic diversity of core collections. A core collection constructed only on the information of QT1 could not represent the initial collection effectively. QTT should be used together to construct a productive core collection.
文摘Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy(LIBS) is a sensitive optical technique that is capable of rapid multi-elemental analysis. The development of this technique for elemental analysis of pharmaceutical products may eventually revolutionize the field of human health. Under normal circumstances, the elemental analysis of pharmaceutical products based on chemical methods is time-consuming and complicated. In this investigation, the principal aim is to develop an LIBS-based methodology for elemental analysis of pharmaceutical products. This LIBS technique was utilized for qualitative as well as quantitative analysis of the elements present in Ca-based tablets. All the elements present in the tablets were detected and their percentage compositions were verified in a single shot, using the proposed instrument. These elements(e.g., Ca, Mg, Fe, Zn, and others) were identified by the wavelengths of their spectral lines, which were verified using the NIST database. The approximate amount of each element was determined based on their observed peaks and the result was in exact agreement with the content specification. The determination of the composition of prescription drug for patients is highly important in numerous circumstances. For example, the exploitation of LIBS may facilitate elemental decomposition of medicines to determine the accuracy of the stated composition information. Moreover, the approach can provide element-specific, meaningful, and accurate information related to pharmaceutical products.
基金Project(2002CB312203) supported by the National Key Fundamental Research and Development Programof China pro-ject(60574030) supported bythe National Natural Science Foundation of China project(06FD026) supported bythe Natural Science Foun-dation of Hunan Province , China
文摘A multi-objective intelligent coordinating optimization strategy based on qualitative and quantitative synthetic model for Pb-Zn sintering blending process was proposed to obtain optimal mixture ratio. The mechanism and neural network quantitative models for predicting compositions and rule models for expert reasoning were constructed based on statistical data and empirical knowledge. An expert reasoning method based on these models were proposed to solve blending optimization problem, including multi-objective optimization for the first blending process and area optimization for the second blending process, and to determine optimal mixture ratio which will meet the requirement of intelligent coordination. The results show that the qualified rates of agglomerate Pb, Zn and S compositions are increased by 7.1%, 6.5% and 6.9%, respectively, and the fluctuation of sintering permeability is reduced by 7.0%, which effectively stabilizes the agglomerate compositions and the permeability.
基金Supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China,No.82172628。
文摘BACKGROUND Donor-recipient size mismatch(DRSM)is considered a crucial factor for poor outcomes in liver transplantation(LT)because of complications,such as massive intraoperative blood loss(IBL)and early allograft dysfunction(EAD).Liver volumetry is performed routinely in living donor LT,but rarely in deceased donor LT(DDLT),which amplifies the adverse effects of DRSM in DDLT.Due to the various shortcomings of traditional manual liver volumetry and formula methods,a feasible model based on intelligent/interactive qualitative and quantitative analysis-three-dimensional(IQQA-3D)for estimating the degree of DRSM is needed.AIM To identify benefits of IQQA-3D liver volumetry in DDLT and establish an estimation model to guide perioperative management.METHODS We retrospectively determined the accuracy of IQQA-3D liver volumetry for standard total liver volume(TLV)(sTLV)and established an estimation TLV(eTLV)index(eTLVi)model.Receiver operating characteristic(ROC)curves were drawn to detect the optimal cut-off values for predicting massive IBL and EAD in DDLT using donor sTLV to recipient sTLV(called sTLVi).The factors influencing the occurrence of massive IBL and EAD were explored through logistic regression analysis.Finally,the eTLVi model was compared with the sTLVi model through the ROC curve for verification.RESULTS A total of 133 patients were included in the analysis.The Changzheng formula was accurate for calculating donor sTLV(P=0.083)but not for recipient sTLV(P=0.036).Recipient eTLV calculated using IQQA-3D highly matched with recipient sTLV(P=0.221).Alcoholic liver disease,gastrointestinal bleeding,and sTLVi>1.24 were independent risk factors for massive IBL,and drug-induced liver failure was an independent protective factor for massive IBL.Male donor-female recipient combination,model for end-stage liver disease score,sTLVi≤0.85,and sTLVi≥1.32 were independent risk factors for EAD,and viral hepatitis was an independent protective factor for EAD.The overall survival of patients in the 0.85<sTLVi<1.32 group was better compared to the sTLVi≤0.85 group and sTLVi≥1.32 group(P<0.001).There was no statistically significant difference in the area under the curve of the sTLVi model and IQQA-3D eTLVi model in the detection of massive IBL and EAD(all P>0.05).CONCLUSION IQQA-3D eTLVi model has high accuracy in predicting massive IBL and EAD in DDLT.We should follow the guidance of the IQQA-3D eTLVi model in perioperative management.
基金We thank for the funding support from the National Standardization Construction in TCMs of China(No.ZYBZH-Y-HUN-23)National Key Research and Development Projects of China(No.2018YFC1707903)Key Research and Development Projects of Hunan Province(No.2018SK2119).
文摘Objective To explore the major compound in Polygonati Rhizoma(Huang Jing,黄精)for quality control.Methods The major compound was isolated and analyzed by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry(LC-MS),and subsequently further identified by nuclear magnetic resonance(NMR).Thin layer chromatography(TLC)was optimized based on the previous methods reported in the Chinese Pharmacopeia(2015 edition).Results The major compound was isolated from the natural material and identified as linoleic acid.A high performance liquid chromatography(HPLC)method with robust linearity(R2=0.9997),specificity,precision,stability,repeatability and recovery was developed for linoleic acid determination.TLC chromatogram was improved significantly after optimization for qualitative analysis.Conclusions The optimized TLC method is practical and can be adopted for quality control of Polygonati Rhizoma(Huang Jing,黄精).The levels of linoleic acid vary between species of Polygonati Rhizoma(Huang Jing,黄精),with Polygonatum cyrtonema Hua(Jiang Xing Huang Jing,姜型黄精)showing the highest contents.This study provides valuable information for quality control of Polygonati Rhizoma(Huang Jing,黄精).
文摘In this paper, decision making in complex environment is considered and an approach integrating quantitative decision model with qualitative judgment is proposed. The concept of belief degree for quantitative decision model in a complex environment is presented. The integration in formulation and reasoning of quantitative model with qualitative judgment is studied. The combination of various belief degree generated by quantitative model and qualitative judgment is discussed. A decision rule of tradeoff between optimality and belief degree of optimality is proposed.
文摘There are different ways to examine and explain a study and its findings based on using numbers as a measure,a descriptive style,or a mixture of both.These three research approaches are quantitative,qualitative,and mixed methods that are commonly used by researchers in various research studies.However,with many options regarding the research design,it seems challenging for researchers to select the most appropriate approach based on the study and realize differences.This study provides a comprehensive review of qualitative,quantitative,and mixed-method research methods.Each method is clearly defined and specifically discussed based on applications,types,advantages,and limitations to help researchers identify select the most relevant type based on each study and navigate accordingly.
文摘In general, geospatial data can be divided into two formats, raster and vector formats. A raster consists of a matrix of cells where each cell contains a value representing quantitative information, such as temperature, vegetation intensity, land use/cover, elevation, etc. A vector data consists of points, lines and polygons representing location or distance or area of landscape features in graphical forms. Many raster data are derived from remote sensing techniques using sophisticated sensors by quantitative approach and many vector data are generated from GIS processes by qualitative approach. Among them, land use/cover data is frequently used in many GIS analyses and spatial modeling processes. However, proper use of quantitative and qualitative geospatial data is important in spatial modeling and decision making. In this article, we discuss common geospatial data formats, their origins and proper use in spatial modelling and decision making processes.
文摘Qualitative and quantitative researches are two major approaches in the study of second language learning and teaching, each representing a special research method in the anthropological studies. Qualitative approach moves from data to a hypothesis while the quantitative approach begins with a postulate and ends in the testing of the postulate with data, as a result, it is reasonable to take the qualitative approach as an inductive method and the quantitative approach as a deductive method. These two approaches both have their advantages and disadvantages. While doing qualitative research the researcher should bear in mind the different background of the students tested. On the other hand, the researcher using the quantitative method often suffers the limitation imposed upon him or her by the predefined requirement of the experiment. Only an apt and suitable coordination of the two approaches can make the study of second language teaching and learning successful and fruitful.\;
文摘The phase portrait of the functions obtained by Hamilton-Jacobi equations is substantiated, and the classification of singular points is found, and the bifurcation diagram for the problem is studied. The numerical calculation by using Poincaré surface section is used to get the invariant tori for our problem.
文摘Along with maintaining immune competent cells, one of the purposes of cancer patient is regulating the first line of defense for survival. Moreover, the factors that influence the acquired immune activity are systemic metabolic disorder in diabetes, malnutrition, extreme exhaustion, stresses, aging and medical side effect such as chemotherapy. So we have to select appropriate menu to regulate immune function through leukocyte storage. Especially, NK cell is first line of defense against virus infected cell and/or tumor cell. In order to recommend the effect of hot spring hydrotherapy on the peripheral white blood cells as a parameter for complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) within a short period, the granulocytes, lymphocytes, lymphocyte subsets in their peripheral blood were monitored. In the young group (35 or less), the number of granulocytes clearly decreased after hydrotherapy. In the older group (over 35 years old), the total number of leukocytes and lymphocytes significantly increased after the therapy. Using a FACScan, we investigated CD2, CD4, CD8, CD16, CD19 and CD56 positive cell as well as the cytokine containing cell, as direct assessment for immunological preparation (IFN-γ, IL-4 and IL-1β). After hydrotherapy, the CD16+ cells also increased outstandingly. However, the CD19+ cells clearly decreased. Moreover, there was a decrease in the cytokine-producing cell count of subjects whose blood cells had a higher number of the cell level before. All of the results indicated that hot spring hydrotherapy could regulate the immune system even in normal human. Like this, blood hormonal level was measured in order to know the mechanism of the quantitative and qualitative, adjustment of the leucocytes becomes possible within a short term. As a result of measuring, 7 kinds of hormone including mainly adrenocortical hormones, adrenalin level reduced in constitution dependent manner. From these results, it was suggested that the quantitative and qualitative fluctuation of the leukocyte by the hydrotherapy is closely related to dynamics of blood hormonal level.
文摘Due to rapidly development of information systems, risk and security issues have increased and became a phenomenon that concerns every organization, without considering the size of it. To achieve desired results, managers have to implement methods of evaluating and mitigating risk as part of a process well elaborated. Security risk management helps managers to better control the business practices and improve the business process. An effective risk management process is based on a successful IT security program. This doesn＇t mean that the main goal of an organization＇s risk management process is to protect its IT assets, but to protect the organization and its ability to perform their missions. During this process, managers have to take into consideration risks that can affect the organization and apply the most suitable measures to minimize their impact. The most important task is choosing the best suited method for analyzing the existing risk properly. Several methods have been developed, being classified in quantitative and qualitative approaches of evaluating risk. The purpose of this paper is to present the advantages and disadvantages of each approach taking current needs and opportunities into consideration.
文摘The qualitative characterization and quantitative analysis of five bioactive flavonoids in Salix bordensis Turcz. were achieved via reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with diode array detection and tandem mass spectrometry, by using an Agilent ZORBAX SB-C18 HPLC column with a gradient elution of 0.3% (v/v) formic acid in water and methanol as the mobile phase. The compounds in the mixture were clearly identified by comparing their HPLC-DAD ultraviolet spectra, retention times, and MS data with those of corresponding reference compounds. All calibration curves showed good linearity (r2 > 0.9998) within the test ranges. The LOD, LOQ, specificity, precision, and accuracy for the method were validated. The results demonstrated that this analytical approach is ideal for the determination of bioactive compounds, such as flavonoids, and that it constructed a basis for the comprehensive evaluation of the quality of Salix bordensis Turcz.
文摘Our expedition have identified location in the central part of Kosovo where were collected a samples （accessions） at coordinates; Sub-Locality SL-1 （N42°34′36″, E21°07′45″）, altitude 574 m, SL-2 （N42°34′29″, E 21°07′45″altitude 591 m and SL-3 （N42°34′30″, E21°07′46″） on altitude 565 m. The aim of present investigation was carried out to study genetic variability of quantitative and qualitative parameters. The populations from SL-2 were characterized of higher significance on seed oil （23.74%） and protein content （16.74%）. The estimation average value of seed protein and oil content was 15.52% and 23.48% respectively. The variability of plant height ranged from 182.33 cm to as much as 200.89 cm, while distinction＇s between them were ＋ 18.56 cm which was a significant higher at P〈0.05 probability level. The SL-3 showed the higher value of HWK （34.6 g）, head per plant （39.33） and head diameter （9.5 cm） but, was characterized significantly lowest on seed protein content （13.99%）. The all traits included in our investigations showed a higher genetic variability with majority of extreme values. The sunflower populations differed significantly in several parameters measured, they have a different genetic and morphological backgrounds. Results from wild sunflower form indicated notable differences in dispersion of important genes for different traits and showed the potential for using in future for breeding program.
文摘The Aydar Arnasay Lakes System (AALS) is an artificial lake system which was created in 1969 by diverting flood water from Chardarya reservoir. It has developed into a wetland of 4000 km2 area recognized by the Ramsar Convention as of global importance. It is not only a refuge for birds and wildlife but also has seen the emergence of fishery and tourism since. Understanding of its behavior with respect to the quantitative and qualitative aspects of water resources is important for future use and management, especially for further development of fishery and ecotourism. The factors influencing changes in quantity and quality of ААLS water were studied between 1993 and 2011. Starting from 1993 the water level and water volume of the lake progressively increased. The spatio-temporal distributions of pH, dissolved oxygen, ammonium, nitrite, nitrate, phosphate, chloride, and biochemical oxygen demand (BOD5) during 2003-2005 and 2009-2011 were determined. On the basis of the conducted hydrological and hydro-chemical research fishery development in ААLS is recommended. The question is posed what requirements have to be in met in the future in order to guarantee the prolonged existence of the lake at a suitable water quality.
