Dispersed and peripheral spaces in the urban core are influenced both by the trend towards constant growth as well as social ways of life which are constantly evolving. Following a connotation, these two factors there...Dispersed and peripheral spaces in the urban core are influenced both by the trend towards constant growth as well as social ways of life which are constantly evolving. Following a connotation, these two factors therefore play a crucial role in defining the alternation of urban space--in particular, that of the centers. The main focus of this research article is on the methodology used in the survey and evaluation of ＂centralities＂ as well as their developments over the past four decades （1974-2014） in approaches to urban development that has been developed in Graz.~ The analysis has drawn on the four editions （＂evolution＂） of approaches to urban development as conceived by the city of Graz in order to examine their verbal characteristics in regard to centralities. At the same time, the analysis does not examine presentations of plans which exist in supplementary forms （e.g., explanatory reports and supplemented plans）--it restricts itself solely to the various plans set out in the STEKs.2 The highest degree of accuracy has been applied to the notion of ＂centralis＂ in approaches to urban development. The goal of the research project was to depict the modulation of the notion of ＂centrality＂ in the urban context as a space-forming dimension. Furthermore, it clearly shows the extent to which the notion of the ＂centre＂ （in the widest sense of the word） has become distanced from qualitative, spatial development and at the current time of urban development is experiencing a sort of Renaissance. In the field of ＂urban development＂, architectural references in the context of＂centrality＂ have scarcely been researched. This has led to the opening-up of a complex interdisciplinary research field. In order to make the complex architectural determinants of ＂centrality＂ more accessible to the participating disciplines, approaches to urban development have been explored in the form of a social and spatial analysis.展开更多
Comparing with continuous production process, unsteady operation process, such as startup and shutdown,tends to abnormal situations due to a large number of operations of operators and dynamic state changes involved. ...Comparing with continuous production process, unsteady operation process, such as startup and shutdown,tends to abnormal situations due to a large number of operations of operators and dynamic state changes involved. To guarantee a safe operation, process hazard analysis(PHA) is very important to proactively identify the potential safety problems. In the chemical process industry, hazard and operability(HAZOP) analysis is the most widely used method. In this paper, based on proposed qualitative simulation and inference method, an automatic HAZOP analysis method for unsteady operation processes is proposed. Mass transfer and relationships among process variables are expressed by Petri net–directed graph model based fuzzy logic. Operating procedure is expressed according to a formal expression. Possible operation deviations from normal operating procedure are identified by using a group of guidewords. Hazards are identified automatically by qualitative simulation and inference when wrong operation process is performed. The method is validated by a rectification column system.展开更多
文摘Dispersed and peripheral spaces in the urban core are influenced both by the trend towards constant growth as well as social ways of life which are constantly evolving. Following a connotation, these two factors therefore play a crucial role in defining the alternation of urban space--in particular, that of the centers. The main focus of this research article is on the methodology used in the survey and evaluation of ＂centralities＂ as well as their developments over the past four decades （1974-2014） in approaches to urban development that has been developed in Graz.~ The analysis has drawn on the four editions （＂evolution＂） of approaches to urban development as conceived by the city of Graz in order to examine their verbal characteristics in regard to centralities. At the same time, the analysis does not examine presentations of plans which exist in supplementary forms （e.g., explanatory reports and supplemented plans）--it restricts itself solely to the various plans set out in the STEKs.2 The highest degree of accuracy has been applied to the notion of ＂centralis＂ in approaches to urban development. The goal of the research project was to depict the modulation of the notion of ＂centrality＂ in the urban context as a space-forming dimension. Furthermore, it clearly shows the extent to which the notion of the ＂centre＂ （in the widest sense of the word） has become distanced from qualitative, spatial development and at the current time of urban development is experiencing a sort of Renaissance. In the field of ＂urban development＂, architectural references in the context of＂centrality＂ have scarcely been researched. This has led to the opening-up of a complex interdisciplinary research field. In order to make the complex architectural determinants of ＂centrality＂ more accessible to the participating disciplines, approaches to urban development have been explored in the form of a social and spatial analysis.
文摘Comparing with continuous production process, unsteady operation process, such as startup and shutdown,tends to abnormal situations due to a large number of operations of operators and dynamic state changes involved. To guarantee a safe operation, process hazard analysis(PHA) is very important to proactively identify the potential safety problems. In the chemical process industry, hazard and operability(HAZOP) analysis is the most widely used method. In this paper, based on proposed qualitative simulation and inference method, an automatic HAZOP analysis method for unsteady operation processes is proposed. Mass transfer and relationships among process variables are expressed by Petri net–directed graph model based fuzzy logic. Operating procedure is expressed according to a formal expression. Possible operation deviations from normal operating procedure are identified by using a group of guidewords. Hazards are identified automatically by qualitative simulation and inference when wrong operation process is performed. The method is validated by a rectification column system.
