Affordable non-precious metal（NPM） catalysts played a vital role in the wide application of polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells（PEMFC）. In current work, a facile vacuum casting reacting method based on vacuum ...Affordable non-precious metal（NPM） catalysts played a vital role in the wide application of polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells（PEMFC）. In current work, a facile vacuum casting reacting method based on vacuum casting was introduced to prepare Fe-N_x-C oxygen reduction reaction（ORR） catalysts with high efficient in acid medium. The catalysts were prepared with ammonium ferrous sulfate hexahydrate（AFS） and 1,10-phenanthroline monohydrate utilizing homemade mesoporous silica template. The heat treatment and its influence on structure and performance were systematically evaluated to achieve superior ORR performance and some clues were found. And 850 ℃ was found to be the best temperature for the first and second pyrolysis. The linear sweep voltammetry（LSV） results showed that there were only 18 mV slightly negative shifts of half-wave potential（E_（1/2）） of the optimal catalyst（749 mV） compared with the commercial Pt/C（20 μg·Pt·cm^-2）. Besides, I850 R also showed better electrochemical stability and methanol-tolerance than that of Pt/C. All evidences proved that our vacuum casting reacting strategy and heat treatment process were prospective for the future R＆D of high performance Fe-N_x-C ORR catalysts.展开更多
Utilizing calcium aluminate(CaAlO)as a catalyst in lignocellulosic biomass pyrolysis offers dual advantages of cost saving and mitigating environmental pollution from industrial waste.This study employs kinetic analys...Utilizing calcium aluminate(CaAlO)as a catalyst in lignocellulosic biomass pyrolysis offers dual advantages of cost saving and mitigating environmental pollution from industrial waste.This study employs kinetic analysis to validate the catalytic effect of CaAlO on biomass pyrolysis.Thermalgravimetric analysis of walnut shell pyrolysis was conducted,incorporating CaAlO,CaO,and Al_(2)O_(3) additives to examine catalytic pyrolysis and gas release characteristics.The results reveal that CaAlO exhibits a catalytic effect similar to that of CaO and Al_(2)O_(3),suggesting its potential as an effective catalyst.Activation energies obtained without additive and with CaAlO,CaO,and Al_(2)O_(3) by Friedman method are 184,178,158,and 176 kJ·mol^(-1),while by Flynn-Wall-Ozawa(FWO)method are 186,179,160,177 kJ·mol^(-1).Finally,distributed activation energy model(DAEM)analysis was performed,and the obtained parameters were successfully coupled into three-dimensional numerical simulation with some simplifications in the DAEM integration to reduce calculation cost,showing its potential applicability in biomass pyrolysis investigation.展开更多
The double-beam system is a crucial foundational structure in industry,with extensive application contexts and significant research value.The double-beam system with damping and gyroscopic effects is termed as the dam...The double-beam system is a crucial foundational structure in industry,with extensive application contexts and significant research value.The double-beam system with damping and gyroscopic effects is termed as the damped gyroscopic double-beam system.In such systems,the orthogonality conditions of the undamped double-beam system are no longer applicable,rendering it impossible to decouple them in modal space using the modal superposition method(MSM) to obtain analytical solutions.Based on the complex modal method and state space method,this paper takes the damped pipe-in-pipe(PIP) system as an example to solve this problem.The concepts of the original system and adjoint system are introduced,and the orthogonality conditions of the damped PIP system are given in the state-space.Based on the derived orthogonality conditions,the transient and steady-state response solutions are obtained.In the numerical discussion section,the convergence and accuracy of the solutions are verified.In addition,the dynamic responses of the system under different excitations and initial conditions are studied,and the forward and reverse synchronous vibrations in the PIP system are discussed.Overall,the method presented in this paper provides a convenient way to analyze the dynamics of the damped gyroscopic double-beam system.展开更多
Three different preparation methods including steam physical activation, catalytic carbonation and KOH chemical activation methods were used to prepare municipal solid waste- based carbon materials. The methylene blue...Three different preparation methods including steam physical activation, catalytic carbonation and KOH chemical activation methods were used to prepare municipal solid waste- based carbon materials. The methylene blue （MB） adsorption value was applied to evaluate the adsorption capabilities of the prepared carbon materials. The effects of preparation methods on adsorption capability and yield of products were investigated. The yield of carbon materials with the catalytic carbonation method is the highest, and the KOH activation method is the second level. Considering the adsorption performance, the KOH activation method is much more favorable. Among the different components of municipal solid waste-based carbon materials, the adsorption properties of the single component of paperboard, the double components of tire and paperboard, the triple components of tire, paperboard and polyvinyl chloride （PVC）, and the multi-component mixtures are better than those of other single-, double-, triple- and multi-component mixtures, respectively.展开更多
研究了不同浸渍工艺对2D高硅氧织物增强甲基硅树脂复合材料结构与性能的影响。结果表明,复合材料的密度及抗氧化性随着浸渍循环次数和热裂解温度的增加而增加;当热裂解温度不高于400℃时,复合材料仍具有较好的假塑性;但当热裂解温度高于...研究了不同浸渍工艺对2D高硅氧织物增强甲基硅树脂复合材料结构与性能的影响。结果表明,复合材料的密度及抗氧化性随着浸渍循环次数和热裂解温度的增加而增加;当热裂解温度不高于400℃时,复合材料仍具有较好的假塑性;但当热裂解温度高于400℃时,复合材料表现为典型的脆性断裂。当浸渍过程中热裂解温度为400℃、循环次数为2次时,500℃热处理20 m in的复合材料的室温弯曲强度最高,为49.8 MPa,比未处理的提高了150%。展开更多
A novel synthesis method of carbon-coated LiNil/3Mnl/3COl/302 cathode material for lithium-ion battery was reported. The carbon coating was produced from a precursor, glucose, by microwave-pyrolysis method. The prepar...A novel synthesis method of carbon-coated LiNil/3Mnl/3COl/302 cathode material for lithium-ion battery was reported. The carbon coating was produced from a precursor, glucose, by microwave-pyrolysis method. The prepared powders were characterized by scanning electron microscopy （SEM）, X-ray diffraction （XRD）, X-ray fluorescence （XRF） and charge/discharge tests. XRD results indicate that the carbon coating does not change the phase structure of LiNil/3Mnl/3C01/302 material. SEM results show that the surface of spherical carbon-coated material becomes rough. Electrochemical performance results show that the carbon coating can improve the cycling performance of LiNii/3Mnl/3C01/302. The specific discharge capacity retention of the carbon-coated LiNi1/3Mnt/3Col/30z reached 85.0%-96.0% at the 50th cycle at 0.2C rate, and the specific discharge capacity retention is improved at a high rate.展开更多
The Ni(OH)2/SiO2 binary colloid was prepared using Ni(NO3)2.6H2O and (C2H5O)4SiO4 as starting materials and was used to form NiO/SiO2. composite powder by hydrothermal method and desiccant method in open air respectiv...The Ni(OH)2/SiO2 binary colloid was prepared using Ni(NO3)2.6H2O and (C2H5O)4SiO4 as starting materials and was used to form NiO/SiO2. composite powder by hydrothermal method and desiccant method in open air respectively. Multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) were synthesized respectively by chemical vapor deposition using the NiO/SiO2 catalyst prepared by different methods. The phase and morphology of the catalysts and the morphology, output yield and purity of MWCNTs were compared by XRD, TEM and SEM. The results show that the catalyst powder prepared by hydrothermal method, compared with that by desiccant method, is smaller, better dispersion and has stronger catalytic activity. Pure MWCNTs with smaller tube diameter and narrow range could be obtained at a high yield using that NiO/SiO2 powder prepared by hydrothermal method as catalyst.展开更多
With the rapid growth in the number of passenger cars(PCs)in China over the past decades,more than ten million tons of used tires have already become solid wastes and subsequently caused serious environmental issues.D...With the rapid growth in the number of passenger cars(PCs)in China over the past decades,more than ten million tons of used tires have already become solid wastes and subsequently caused serious environmental issues.Due to the presence of synthetic rubber in PC tires,waste PC tires cannot be disposed through rubber reclaiming technology.Thus,waste PC tires have become one of fastest growing solid wastes in China.First,the current disposal capacity of the pyrolysis method,regarded as a promising technology for the disposal of waste PC tires,is surveyed and compared with other disposal methods mentioned in previous papers.Second,this work establishes a model to predict the total number of waste PC tires in the next five years depending on the rate of PC growth and current waste tire disposal capacity.Moreover,pyrolysis is evaluated on 15 collected waste PC tires selected from the most representative tire brands in the Chinese market.The corresponding results imply that~68.5%of S was into oil and~44.3%N and large amount of heavy metals resided in solid carbon which severely limit further applications.Finally,a new pyrolysis technology is introduced that may represent a solution to the limits in the application of tire disposal methods and relief for the coming waste tire crisis.展开更多
The Democratic Republic of the Congo holds important reserves of oil shale which is still under geological status.Herein,the characterization and pyrolysis kinetics of typeⅠkerogen-rich oil shale of the western Centr...The Democratic Republic of the Congo holds important reserves of oil shale which is still under geological status.Herein,the characterization and pyrolysis kinetics of typeⅠkerogen-rich oil shale of the western Central Kongo(CK)were investigated.X-ray diffraction,Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy and thermal analysis(TG/DTA)showed that CK oil shale exhibits a siliceous mineral matrix with a consistent organic matter rich in aliphatic chains.The pyrolysis behavior of kerogen revealed the presence of a single mass loss between 300 and 550°C,estimated at 12.5%and attributed to the oil production stage.Non-isothermal kinetics was performed by determining the activation energy using the iterative isoconversional model-free methods and exhibits a constant value with E=211.5±4.7 kJ mol.1.The most probable kinetic model describing the kerogen pyrolysis mechanism was obtained using the Coats–Redfern and Arrhenius plot methods.The results showed a unique kinetic triplet confirming the nature of kerogen,predominantly typeⅠand reinforcing the previously reported geochemical characteristics of the CK oil shale.Besides,the calculation of thermodynamic parameters(ΔH~*,ΔS~*andΔG~*)corresponding to the pyrolysis of typeⅠkerogen revealed that the process is non-spontaneous,in agreement with DTA experiments.展开更多
This study analyzed the pyrolysis mechanism,developed a pyrolysis kinetic model,and determined the corresponding thermodynamic parameters for the removal of calcium from used lubricating oil using sulfurized calcium a...This study analyzed the pyrolysis mechanism,developed a pyrolysis kinetic model,and determined the corresponding thermodynamic parameters for the removal of calcium from used lubricating oil using sulfurized calcium alkyl phenolate(T-115B)as a model compound.The pyrolysis process and products were evaluated by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy.Visual inspection indicated that the removal of calcium from T-115B depended primarily on the destruction of micelles caused by the pyrolysis of compounds at high temperatures.The pyrolysis characteristics of T-115B at different heating rates were investigated by thermogravimetry and differential thermal analysis,which revealed two distinct pyrolysis phases.Thus,the pyrolysis mechanism can be described by a twostep model.The activation energy and thermodynamic parameters(ΔH,ΔG,andΔS)were determined by applying the Kissinger-Akahira-Sunose,Flynn-Wall-Ozawa,Friedman,and Starink methods;the average activation energies for T-115B pyrolysis obtained using these methods were 115.80,119.84,124.96,and 116.14 kJ/mol,respectively.Further,both stages of the pyrolysis reaction followed Fn mechanisms with n=1.39 in the first stage and n=0.86 in the second stage.This study provides reliable and effective pyrolysis models along with kinetic and thermodynamic parameters to facilitate the largescale industrial application of used lubricating oil.展开更多
An explicitly coupled two-dimensional (2D) multiphysics finite element method (FEM) framework comprised of thermal, phase field, mechanical and electromagnetic (TPME) equations was developed to simulate the conversion...An explicitly coupled two-dimensional (2D) multiphysics finite element method (FEM) framework comprised of thermal, phase field, mechanical and electromagnetic (TPME) equations was developed to simulate the conversion of solid kerogen in oil shale to liquid oil through </span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;font-size:12px;">in-situ</span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;font-size:12px;"> pyrolysis by radio frequency heating. Radio frequency heating as a method of <i></span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;font-size:12px;">in-situ</span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;font-size:12px;"></i> pyrolysis represents a tenable enhanced oil recovery method, whereby an applied electrical potential difference across a target oil shale formation is converted to thermal energy, heating the oil shale and causing it to liquify to become liquid oil. A number of <i></span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;font-size:12px;">in-situ</span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;font-size:12px;"></i> pyrolysis methods are reviewed but the focus of this work is on the verification of the TPME numerical framework to model radio frequency heating as a potential dielectric heating process for enhanced oil recovery.</span></span><span style="font-size:10pt;font-family:""> </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Very few studies exist which describe production from oil shale;furthermore, there are none that specifically address the verification of numerical models describing radio frequency heating. As a result, the Method of Manufactured Solutions (MMS) was used as an analytical verification method of the developed numerical code. Results show that the multiphysics finite element framework was adequately modeled enabling the simulation of kerogen conversion to oil as a part of the analysis of a TPME numerical model.展开更多
基金the financial support of the 100-Talent Program of Chinese Academy of Sciences
文摘Affordable non-precious metal（NPM） catalysts played a vital role in the wide application of polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells（PEMFC）. In current work, a facile vacuum casting reacting method based on vacuum casting was introduced to prepare Fe-N_x-C oxygen reduction reaction（ORR） catalysts with high efficient in acid medium. The catalysts were prepared with ammonium ferrous sulfate hexahydrate（AFS） and 1,10-phenanthroline monohydrate utilizing homemade mesoporous silica template. The heat treatment and its influence on structure and performance were systematically evaluated to achieve superior ORR performance and some clues were found. And 850 ℃ was found to be the best temperature for the first and second pyrolysis. The linear sweep voltammetry（LSV） results showed that there were only 18 mV slightly negative shifts of half-wave potential（E_（1/2）） of the optimal catalyst（749 mV） compared with the commercial Pt/C（20 μg·Pt·cm^-2）. Besides, I850 R also showed better electrochemical stability and methanol-tolerance than that of Pt/C. All evidences proved that our vacuum casting reacting strategy and heat treatment process were prospective for the future R＆D of high performance Fe-N_x-C ORR catalysts.
基金the financial support of the National Natural Science Foundation of China(22278432)National Key Research&Development Program of China(2022YFB3805602)Science Foundation of China University of Petroleum-Beijing(2462021BJRC001,2462021QNXZ007)。
文摘Utilizing calcium aluminate(CaAlO)as a catalyst in lignocellulosic biomass pyrolysis offers dual advantages of cost saving and mitigating environmental pollution from industrial waste.This study employs kinetic analysis to validate the catalytic effect of CaAlO on biomass pyrolysis.Thermalgravimetric analysis of walnut shell pyrolysis was conducted,incorporating CaAlO,CaO,and Al_(2)O_(3) additives to examine catalytic pyrolysis and gas release characteristics.The results reveal that CaAlO exhibits a catalytic effect similar to that of CaO and Al_(2)O_(3),suggesting its potential as an effective catalyst.Activation energies obtained without additive and with CaAlO,CaO,and Al_(2)O_(3) by Friedman method are 184,178,158,and 176 kJ·mol^(-1),while by Flynn-Wall-Ozawa(FWO)method are 186,179,160,177 kJ·mol^(-1).Finally,distributed activation energy model(DAEM)analysis was performed,and the obtained parameters were successfully coupled into three-dimensional numerical simulation with some simplifications in the DAEM integration to reduce calculation cost,showing its potential applicability in biomass pyrolysis investigation.
基金Project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 12272323)。
文摘The double-beam system is a crucial foundational structure in industry,with extensive application contexts and significant research value.The double-beam system with damping and gyroscopic effects is termed as the damped gyroscopic double-beam system.In such systems,the orthogonality conditions of the undamped double-beam system are no longer applicable,rendering it impossible to decouple them in modal space using the modal superposition method(MSM) to obtain analytical solutions.Based on the complex modal method and state space method,this paper takes the damped pipe-in-pipe(PIP) system as an example to solve this problem.The concepts of the original system and adjoint system are introduced,and the orthogonality conditions of the damped PIP system are given in the state-space.Based on the derived orthogonality conditions,the transient and steady-state response solutions are obtained.In the numerical discussion section,the convergence and accuracy of the solutions are verified.In addition,the dynamic responses of the system under different excitations and initial conditions are studied,and the forward and reverse synchronous vibrations in the PIP system are discussed.Overall,the method presented in this paper provides a convenient way to analyze the dynamics of the damped gyroscopic double-beam system.
基金The National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.51576048)the Environmental Protection Subject Foundation of Jiangsu Province(No.2015013)+3 种基金the Industry,Education and Research Prospective Project of Jiangsu Province(No.BY2015060-04)the Fok Ying Tong Education Foundation(No.142026)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central UniversitiesProgram for New Century Excellent Talents in University(No.NCET-12-0118)
文摘Three different preparation methods including steam physical activation, catalytic carbonation and KOH chemical activation methods were used to prepare municipal solid waste- based carbon materials. The methylene blue （MB） adsorption value was applied to evaluate the adsorption capabilities of the prepared carbon materials. The effects of preparation methods on adsorption capability and yield of products were investigated. The yield of carbon materials with the catalytic carbonation method is the highest, and the KOH activation method is the second level. Considering the adsorption performance, the KOH activation method is much more favorable. Among the different components of municipal solid waste-based carbon materials, the adsorption properties of the single component of paperboard, the double components of tire and paperboard, the triple components of tire, paperboard and polyvinyl chloride （PVC）, and the multi-component mixtures are better than those of other single-, double-, triple- and multi-component mixtures, respectively.
文摘研究了不同浸渍工艺对2D高硅氧织物增强甲基硅树脂复合材料结构与性能的影响。结果表明,复合材料的密度及抗氧化性随着浸渍循环次数和热裂解温度的增加而增加;当热裂解温度不高于400℃时,复合材料仍具有较好的假塑性;但当热裂解温度高于400℃时,复合材料表现为典型的脆性断裂。当浸渍过程中热裂解温度为400℃、循环次数为2次时,500℃热处理20 m in的复合材料的室温弯曲强度最高,为49.8 MPa,比未处理的提高了150%。
基金Project(U1202272)supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China
文摘A novel synthesis method of carbon-coated LiNil/3Mnl/3COl/302 cathode material for lithium-ion battery was reported. The carbon coating was produced from a precursor, glucose, by microwave-pyrolysis method. The prepared powders were characterized by scanning electron microscopy （SEM）, X-ray diffraction （XRD）, X-ray fluorescence （XRF） and charge/discharge tests. XRD results indicate that the carbon coating does not change the phase structure of LiNil/3Mnl/3C01/302 material. SEM results show that the surface of spherical carbon-coated material becomes rough. Electrochemical performance results show that the carbon coating can improve the cycling performance of LiNii/3Mnl/3C01/302. The specific discharge capacity retention of the carbon-coated LiNi1/3Mnt/3Col/30z reached 85.0%-96.0% at the 50th cycle at 0.2C rate, and the specific discharge capacity retention is improved at a high rate.
基金This work was supported in part by NSF of Guangdong Province,the Most Important Items of the Tenth Five-Year Plan of Guangdong Provincethe Project of Science and Technology Program of Guangdong Province+1 种基金the Project of Science and Technology Program of Guangzhou Citythe Maoming Science Technology Fund of Guangdong Province.
文摘The Ni(OH)2/SiO2 binary colloid was prepared using Ni(NO3)2.6H2O and (C2H5O)4SiO4 as starting materials and was used to form NiO/SiO2. composite powder by hydrothermal method and desiccant method in open air respectively. Multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) were synthesized respectively by chemical vapor deposition using the NiO/SiO2 catalyst prepared by different methods. The phase and morphology of the catalysts and the morphology, output yield and purity of MWCNTs were compared by XRD, TEM and SEM. The results show that the catalyst powder prepared by hydrothermal method, compared with that by desiccant method, is smaller, better dispersion and has stronger catalytic activity. Pure MWCNTs with smaller tube diameter and narrow range could be obtained at a high yield using that NiO/SiO2 powder prepared by hydrothermal method as catalyst.
基金support of the National Key R&D Program of China[Grant No.2018YFC1902601].
文摘With the rapid growth in the number of passenger cars(PCs)in China over the past decades,more than ten million tons of used tires have already become solid wastes and subsequently caused serious environmental issues.Due to the presence of synthetic rubber in PC tires,waste PC tires cannot be disposed through rubber reclaiming technology.Thus,waste PC tires have become one of fastest growing solid wastes in China.First,the current disposal capacity of the pyrolysis method,regarded as a promising technology for the disposal of waste PC tires,is surveyed and compared with other disposal methods mentioned in previous papers.Second,this work establishes a model to predict the total number of waste PC tires in the next five years depending on the rate of PC growth and current waste tire disposal capacity.Moreover,pyrolysis is evaluated on 15 collected waste PC tires selected from the most representative tire brands in the Chinese market.The corresponding results imply that~68.5%of S was into oil and~44.3%N and large amount of heavy metals resided in solid carbon which severely limit further applications.Finally,a new pyrolysis technology is introduced that may represent a solution to the limits in the application of tire disposal methods and relief for the coming waste tire crisis.
基金financially supported by University of Mohammed V-Morocco under the Project No.SCH 04/09 and HassanⅡAcademy of Science and Technology,Morocco.
文摘The Democratic Republic of the Congo holds important reserves of oil shale which is still under geological status.Herein,the characterization and pyrolysis kinetics of typeⅠkerogen-rich oil shale of the western Central Kongo(CK)were investigated.X-ray diffraction,Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy and thermal analysis(TG/DTA)showed that CK oil shale exhibits a siliceous mineral matrix with a consistent organic matter rich in aliphatic chains.The pyrolysis behavior of kerogen revealed the presence of a single mass loss between 300 and 550°C,estimated at 12.5%and attributed to the oil production stage.Non-isothermal kinetics was performed by determining the activation energy using the iterative isoconversional model-free methods and exhibits a constant value with E=211.5±4.7 kJ mol.1.The most probable kinetic model describing the kerogen pyrolysis mechanism was obtained using the Coats–Redfern and Arrhenius plot methods.The results showed a unique kinetic triplet confirming the nature of kerogen,predominantly typeⅠand reinforcing the previously reported geochemical characteristics of the CK oil shale.Besides,the calculation of thermodynamic parameters(ΔH~*,ΔS~*andΔG~*)corresponding to the pyrolysis of typeⅠkerogen revealed that the process is non-spontaneous,in agreement with DTA experiments.
基金We are grateful for the support of the Science and Technology Innovation 2025 Major project of Ningbo[2018B10038]the Chair Professorship Program of Shandong University of Technology[117002]the Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province[ZR2020MB130].
文摘This study analyzed the pyrolysis mechanism,developed a pyrolysis kinetic model,and determined the corresponding thermodynamic parameters for the removal of calcium from used lubricating oil using sulfurized calcium alkyl phenolate(T-115B)as a model compound.The pyrolysis process and products were evaluated by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy.Visual inspection indicated that the removal of calcium from T-115B depended primarily on the destruction of micelles caused by the pyrolysis of compounds at high temperatures.The pyrolysis characteristics of T-115B at different heating rates were investigated by thermogravimetry and differential thermal analysis,which revealed two distinct pyrolysis phases.Thus,the pyrolysis mechanism can be described by a twostep model.The activation energy and thermodynamic parameters(ΔH,ΔG,andΔS)were determined by applying the Kissinger-Akahira-Sunose,Flynn-Wall-Ozawa,Friedman,and Starink methods;the average activation energies for T-115B pyrolysis obtained using these methods were 115.80,119.84,124.96,and 116.14 kJ/mol,respectively.Further,both stages of the pyrolysis reaction followed Fn mechanisms with n=1.39 in the first stage and n=0.86 in the second stage.This study provides reliable and effective pyrolysis models along with kinetic and thermodynamic parameters to facilitate the largescale industrial application of used lubricating oil.
文摘An explicitly coupled two-dimensional (2D) multiphysics finite element method (FEM) framework comprised of thermal, phase field, mechanical and electromagnetic (TPME) equations was developed to simulate the conversion of solid kerogen in oil shale to liquid oil through </span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;font-size:12px;">in-situ</span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;font-size:12px;"> pyrolysis by radio frequency heating. Radio frequency heating as a method of <i></span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;font-size:12px;">in-situ</span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;font-size:12px;"></i> pyrolysis represents a tenable enhanced oil recovery method, whereby an applied electrical potential difference across a target oil shale formation is converted to thermal energy, heating the oil shale and causing it to liquify to become liquid oil. A number of <i></span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;font-size:12px;">in-situ</span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;font-size:12px;"></i> pyrolysis methods are reviewed but the focus of this work is on the verification of the TPME numerical framework to model radio frequency heating as a potential dielectric heating process for enhanced oil recovery.</span></span><span style="font-size:10pt;font-family:""> </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Very few studies exist which describe production from oil shale;furthermore, there are none that specifically address the verification of numerical models describing radio frequency heating. As a result, the Method of Manufactured Solutions (MMS) was used as an analytical verification method of the developed numerical code. Results show that the multiphysics finite element framework was adequately modeled enabling the simulation of kerogen conversion to oil as a part of the analysis of a TPME numerical model.
