[Objective] The aim was to explore the factors affecting the herbicidal activity of pyrazosulfuron-ethyl against Sagittaria pygmaea in paddy soil.[Method] The bioassay method was carried out under greenhouse condition...[Objective] The aim was to explore the factors affecting the herbicidal activity of pyrazosulfuron-ethyl against Sagittaria pygmaea in paddy soil.[Method] The bioassay method was carried out under greenhouse conditions.[Result] The reduction of more than 80% in fresh weight was observed in S.pygmaea treated with 45 g/hm2 of pyrazosulfuron-ethyl for 7 d or more.Application of 60 g/hm2 at the sprouting stage of S.pygmaea suppressed completely the growth in fresh weight irrespective of tuber size.However,at 6 g/hm2 growth of the weed sustained less reduction with increasing tuber size.Differences in flooding water depth and temperature had no appreciable influence on the herbicidal activity.Growth inhibition of S.pygmaea by pre-emergence or 1.5-leaf stage applications under non-leaching conditions was significantly higher than that under water leaching conditions.Under non-leaching condition,there was no remarkable difference in this inhibition between preemergence and 1.5-leaf stage applications,while under water leaching conditions the growth reduction with the latter application was significantly larger.Growth inhibition of S.pygmaea planted at a depth of 2 cm was significantly higher than that planted deeper （5 cm） with the pre-emergence applications.[Conclusion] This study had provide basis for the further study on the inhibition effect of pyrazosulfuron-ethyl.展开更多
The pygmy marmoset,the smallest of the anthropoid primates,has a broad distribution in Western Amazonia.Recent studies using molecular and morphological data have identified two distinct species separated by the Napo ...The pygmy marmoset,the smallest of the anthropoid primates,has a broad distribution in Western Amazonia.Recent studies using molecular and morphological data have identified two distinct species separated by the Napo and Solimoes-Amazonas rivers.However,reconciling this new biological evidence with current taxonomy,i.e.,two subspecies,Cebuella pygmaea pygmaea(Spix,1823)and Cebuella pygmaea niveiventris(Lönnberg,1940),was problematic given the uncertainty as to whether Spix’s pygmy marmoset(Cebuella pygmaea pygmaea)was collected north or south of the Napo and Solimoes-Amazonas rivers,making it unclear to which of the two newly revealed species the name pygmaea would apply.Here,we present the first molecular data from Spix’s type specimen of Cebuella pygmaea,as well as novel mitochondrial genomes from modern pygmy marmosets sampled near the type locality(Tabatinga)on both sides of the river.With these data,we can confirm the correct names of the two species identified,i.e.,C.pygmaea for animals north of the Napo and Solimoes-Amazonas rivers and C.niveiventris for animals south of these two rivers.Phylogenetic analyses of the novel genetic data placed into the context of cytochrome b gene sequences from across the range of pygmy marmosets further led us to reevaluate the geographical distribution for the two Cebuella species.We dated the split of these two species to 2.54 million years ago.We discuss additional,more recent,subdivisions within each lineage,as well as potential contact zones between the two species in the headwaters of these rivers.展开更多
Although soil respiration is the largest contributor to C flux from terrestrial ecosystems to the atmosphere, our understanding of its characteristics and carbon budget in alpine meadow is rather limited because of ex...Although soil respiration is the largest contributor to C flux from terrestrial ecosystems to the atmosphere, our understanding of its characteristics and carbon budget in alpine meadow is rather limited because of extremely geographic situation. This study was designed to examine soil CO<sub>2</sub> efflux characteristics of diurnal and seasonal variation, thus obtaining estimates of carbon balance of Kobresia pygmaea meadow in Qinghai-Tibet plateau. The results showed that the soil respiration of diurnal and seasonal rate changed little in growing season and was mainly affected by temperature, and single peak curve that showed afternoon appeared. Composite model which was set by soil respiration rate, soil moisture content and temperature (atmospheric temperature and soil temperature) could explain better the variations of soil respiration rate. The variation range of Q<sub>10</sub> ranged from 1.28 to 2.34, which was sensitive to temperature in green-up period and late growth stage, and decreased in growth peak period. Meanwhile, during the growing seasons the observed amount of annual carbon fixation via primary production for Kobresia pygmaea meadow ecosystem was about 120.21 g C<span style="white-space:nowrap;">·m<sup>-2</sup><span style="white-space:nowrap;">·a<sup>-1</sup>. The carbon dioxide output via soil heterotrophic respiration was about 37.54 g C<span style="white-space:nowrap;">·m<sup>-2</sup><span style="white-space:nowrap;">·a<sup>-1</sup>. So carbon budget had more input than output. The Kobresia pygmaea meadow ecosystem has stronger potential to absorb carbon dioxide, it was a sink of atmospheric CO<sub>2</sub>, and the plant community had a net carbon gain of 82.67 g C<span style="white-space:nowrap;">·m<sup>-2</sup><span style="white-space:nowrap;">·a<sup>-1</sup>.展开更多
Kobresia pygmaea Willd.dominates the alpine meadow ecosystem on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau.Knowledge of this species＇ distribution and ecological environment could provide valuable insights into the alpine ecosystem a...Kobresia pygmaea Willd.dominates the alpine meadow ecosystem on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau.Knowledge of this species＇ distribution and ecological environment could provide valuable insights into the alpine ecosystem and key species living there,support species and ecosystem conservation in alpine regions,and build on species origin and evolutionary research.To avoid modelling uncertainty encountered in a single approach,four species distribution model algorithms（Surface Range Envelope（SRE）,Generalized Linear Model（GLM）,Generalized Boosted Regression（GBM） and Maximum Entropy（MAXENT））,were used to simulate the distribution of K.pygmaea based on occurrence samples that were verified using DNA sequencing techniques.Species distribution modelling revealed a vast distribution region of K.pygmaea in the northern Tibetan Highlands and alpine meadows in the southern and eastern declivity of the plateau.A high evaluation performance was found for the GLM,GBM and MAXENT models.Different potential range size patterns for the four models were found between 374340–482605 km^2（average = 421591 km^2）.Precipitation during growing seasons was found to be the dominant factor accounting for the distribution,consistent with patterns of heat and water patterns conditions of alpine ecosystems on the plateau.Species distribution models provide a simple and reliable approach to simulating the spatial patterns of species inhabiting the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau.展开更多
There is a debate about unmatched results between manipulative warming using constant warming rates every year(CW)and long-term observations warming affect temperature sensitivity of flowering phenology.This may be be...There is a debate about unmatched results between manipulative warming using constant warming rates every year(CW)and long-term observations warming affect temperature sensitivity of flowering phenology.This may be because long-term observations represent the actual yearly increase in temperature(i.e.a yearly stepwise warming rate per year,SW)which would differ from CW and their effects would be regulated by precipitation alteration.We conducted a warming experiment with CW(temperature increase by+1°C and sustained this elevated temperature for the duration of the study)and SW(temperature increase by+0.25°C progressively each year)with precipitation addition in an alpine grassland for four years.Our results showed that neither warming rate affected community flowering phenology.However,precipitation addition advanced onsets of flowering for early-spring flowering(ESF)and midsummer flowering(MSF)groups,and advanced the end date of flowering for ESF but delayed it for the MSF group.Therefore,flowering duration remained stable for the ESF group and prolonged for the MSF group,and further prolonging the flowering duration of the community.There were no interactions between warming rates and precipitation addition on the community’s flowering phenology.A severe drought in a year significantly decreased the maximal number of community flowers in the following year.Therefore,a change in precipitation has a greater effect than warming on the community flowering phenology in the semi-arid alpine grassland.展开更多
基金Supported by the Science and Technology Innovation Platform Construction Project of Institution of Higher Education in Hunan Province(XCJZ2009-070)the Earmarked Fund for Mordern Agro-industry Technology Research System(CARS-19-E12)~~
文摘[Objective] The aim was to explore the factors affecting the herbicidal activity of pyrazosulfuron-ethyl against Sagittaria pygmaea in paddy soil.[Method] The bioassay method was carried out under greenhouse conditions.[Result] The reduction of more than 80% in fresh weight was observed in S.pygmaea treated with 45 g/hm2 of pyrazosulfuron-ethyl for 7 d or more.Application of 60 g/hm2 at the sprouting stage of S.pygmaea suppressed completely the growth in fresh weight irrespective of tuber size.However,at 6 g/hm2 growth of the weed sustained less reduction with increasing tuber size.Differences in flooding water depth and temperature had no appreciable influence on the herbicidal activity.Growth inhibition of S.pygmaea by pre-emergence or 1.5-leaf stage applications under non-leaching conditions was significantly higher than that under water leaching conditions.Under non-leaching condition,there was no remarkable difference in this inhibition between preemergence and 1.5-leaf stage applications,while under water leaching conditions the growth reduction with the latter application was significantly larger.Growth inhibition of S.pygmaea planted at a depth of 2 cm was significantly higher than that planted deeper （5 cm） with the pre-emergence applications.[Conclusion] This study had provide basis for the further study on the inhibition effect of pyrazosulfuron-ethyl.
基金This study was supported by the Conselho Nacional de Pesquisa,Brazil(563348/2010)Coordenacao de Aperfeicoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior(3261/2013)+2 种基金NSF(1241066)FAPESP(12/50260-6)NERC(NE/T000341/1)。
文摘The pygmy marmoset,the smallest of the anthropoid primates,has a broad distribution in Western Amazonia.Recent studies using molecular and morphological data have identified two distinct species separated by the Napo and Solimoes-Amazonas rivers.However,reconciling this new biological evidence with current taxonomy,i.e.,two subspecies,Cebuella pygmaea pygmaea(Spix,1823)and Cebuella pygmaea niveiventris(Lönnberg,1940),was problematic given the uncertainty as to whether Spix’s pygmy marmoset(Cebuella pygmaea pygmaea)was collected north or south of the Napo and Solimoes-Amazonas rivers,making it unclear to which of the two newly revealed species the name pygmaea would apply.Here,we present the first molecular data from Spix’s type specimen of Cebuella pygmaea,as well as novel mitochondrial genomes from modern pygmy marmosets sampled near the type locality(Tabatinga)on both sides of the river.With these data,we can confirm the correct names of the two species identified,i.e.,C.pygmaea for animals north of the Napo and Solimoes-Amazonas rivers and C.niveiventris for animals south of these two rivers.Phylogenetic analyses of the novel genetic data placed into the context of cytochrome b gene sequences from across the range of pygmy marmosets further led us to reevaluate the geographical distribution for the two Cebuella species.We dated the split of these two species to 2.54 million years ago.We discuss additional,more recent,subdivisions within each lineage,as well as potential contact zones between the two species in the headwaters of these rivers.
文摘Although soil respiration is the largest contributor to C flux from terrestrial ecosystems to the atmosphere, our understanding of its characteristics and carbon budget in alpine meadow is rather limited because of extremely geographic situation. This study was designed to examine soil CO<sub>2</sub> efflux characteristics of diurnal and seasonal variation, thus obtaining estimates of carbon balance of Kobresia pygmaea meadow in Qinghai-Tibet plateau. The results showed that the soil respiration of diurnal and seasonal rate changed little in growing season and was mainly affected by temperature, and single peak curve that showed afternoon appeared. Composite model which was set by soil respiration rate, soil moisture content and temperature (atmospheric temperature and soil temperature) could explain better the variations of soil respiration rate. The variation range of Q<sub>10</sub> ranged from 1.28 to 2.34, which was sensitive to temperature in green-up period and late growth stage, and decreased in growth peak period. Meanwhile, during the growing seasons the observed amount of annual carbon fixation via primary production for Kobresia pygmaea meadow ecosystem was about 120.21 g C<span style="white-space:nowrap;">·m<sup>-2</sup><span style="white-space:nowrap;">·a<sup>-1</sup>. The carbon dioxide output via soil heterotrophic respiration was about 37.54 g C<span style="white-space:nowrap;">·m<sup>-2</sup><span style="white-space:nowrap;">·a<sup>-1</sup>. So carbon budget had more input than output. The Kobresia pygmaea meadow ecosystem has stronger potential to absorb carbon dioxide, it was a sink of atmospheric CO<sub>2</sub>, and the plant community had a net carbon gain of 82.67 g C<span style="white-space:nowrap;">·m<sup>-2</sup><span style="white-space:nowrap;">·a<sup>-1</sup>.
基金National Natural Science Foundation of China(4140106831270503)National Development Project on Key Basic Research(2005CB422000)
文摘Kobresia pygmaea Willd.dominates the alpine meadow ecosystem on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau.Knowledge of this species＇ distribution and ecological environment could provide valuable insights into the alpine ecosystem and key species living there,support species and ecosystem conservation in alpine regions,and build on species origin and evolutionary research.To avoid modelling uncertainty encountered in a single approach,four species distribution model algorithms（Surface Range Envelope（SRE）,Generalized Linear Model（GLM）,Generalized Boosted Regression（GBM） and Maximum Entropy（MAXENT））,were used to simulate the distribution of K.pygmaea based on occurrence samples that were verified using DNA sequencing techniques.Species distribution modelling revealed a vast distribution region of K.pygmaea in the northern Tibetan Highlands and alpine meadows in the southern and eastern declivity of the plateau.A high evaluation performance was found for the GLM,GBM and MAXENT models.Different potential range size patterns for the four models were found between 374340–482605 km^2（average = 421591 km^2）.Precipitation during growing seasons was found to be the dominant factor accounting for the distribution,consistent with patterns of heat and water patterns conditions of alpine ecosystems on the plateau.Species distribution models provide a simple and reliable approach to simulating the spatial patterns of species inhabiting the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau.
基金supported by grants from the National Natural Science Foundation of China(41731175 and 41988101)the Strategic Priority Research Program A of the Chinese Academy of Sciences(XDA20050101)+1 种基金the Joint Key Research Fund under a cooperative agreement between the National Natural Science Foundation of China(NSFC)and Tibet Autonomous Region(TAR)(U20A2005)the Second Tibetan Plateau Scientific Expedition and Research(STEP)program(2019QZKK0608 and 2019QZKK0302).
文摘There is a debate about unmatched results between manipulative warming using constant warming rates every year(CW)and long-term observations warming affect temperature sensitivity of flowering phenology.This may be because long-term observations represent the actual yearly increase in temperature(i.e.a yearly stepwise warming rate per year,SW)which would differ from CW and their effects would be regulated by precipitation alteration.We conducted a warming experiment with CW(temperature increase by+1°C and sustained this elevated temperature for the duration of the study)and SW(temperature increase by+0.25°C progressively each year)with precipitation addition in an alpine grassland for four years.Our results showed that neither warming rate affected community flowering phenology.However,precipitation addition advanced onsets of flowering for early-spring flowering(ESF)and midsummer flowering(MSF)groups,and advanced the end date of flowering for ESF but delayed it for the MSF group.Therefore,flowering duration remained stable for the ESF group and prolonged for the MSF group,and further prolonging the flowering duration of the community.There were no interactions between warming rates and precipitation addition on the community’s flowering phenology.A severe drought in a year significantly decreased the maximal number of community flowers in the following year.Therefore,a change in precipitation has a greater effect than warming on the community flowering phenology in the semi-arid alpine grassland.
