Objectives:One of the most notable challenges in endoscopic procedures is maintaining correct orientation.Mental rotation exercise(MRE)has been suggested as a potential aid for improving orientation.However,there is a...Objectives:One of the most notable challenges in endoscopic procedures is maintaining correct orientation.Mental rotation exercise(MRE)has been suggested as a potential aid for improving orientation.However,there is a lack of research on designing MREs with varying difficultylevels for training purposes.Furthermore,few studies provide solid evidence linking MRE difficultylevels with cognitive load measurements.This study aims to address this gap by investigating the correlation between the MRE difficultylevels and participants’cognitive load,as measured by pupil dilation.Method:We recruited 33 participants to perform MREs on a computer equipped with a screen-mounted eye-tracker.The test consisted of 15 MREs,with the first10 relatively easy(traditional cube)and the next 5 more complex(invented molecule).The participants’eye movements during MREs were recorded.The participants’MRE scores and pupil dilation were obtained and compared between two MRE difficultylevels.Results:The participants who performed traditional cube MREs achieved significantlybetter MRE scores(0.77±0.11 vs.0.58±0.03,p<0.001)and lower pupil dilation(0.27±0.04 pixels vs.0.47±0.09 pixels,p<0.001)than did those who performed the invented molecule MREs.Moreover,there were significant negative correlations(r=0.62,p=0.015)between pupil dilation and MRE scores.Conclusions:The results revealed a significantnegative correlation between MRE scores and pupil dilation.The more challenging MRE questions led to worse MRE scores but increased pupil dilation.The MRE difficultylevels can be evaluated not only by the degrees or dimensions with which the objects were rotated but also by the participants’MRE scores and pupil dilation.The results of this study provide a basis for training orientation skills in endoscopy using MREs.By incorporating MREs with varying difficultylevels,customized training programs can be developed to enhance camera navigation in endoscopic and laparoscopic procedures.展开更多
AIM:To investigate the effects of different light intensities and various mydriatic and miotic drugs on pupil accommodation in guinea pigs.METHODS:Forty-two-week-old guinea pigs were randomly divided into four groups ...AIM:To investigate the effects of different light intensities and various mydriatic and miotic drugs on pupil accommodation in guinea pigs.METHODS:Forty-two-week-old guinea pigs were randomly divided into four groups to assess pupillary responses under varying light intensities(100,250,500 lx)and pharmacological interventions(1%atropine,1%cyclopentolate,1%tropicamide,or 2%pilocarpine).Baseline pupil size and eccentricity were recorded using a non-contact Python-based imaging system integrating edge detection and pixel-to-distance conversion.Direct illumination effects were measured at sequential time points,followed by drug administration and longitudinal tracking of pupillary changes.The protocol was repeated at 12wk of age for developmental comparisons.Postexperiment,enucleated eyes were analyzed to evaluate in vitro vs in vivo differences.RESULTS:Significant age-dependent differences in pupil dynamics were observed.Both 2-and 12-week-old guinea pigs exhibited marked pupil constriction under direct illumination(P<0.001),with decreased eccentricity post-constriction(P<0.001).Indirect illumination caused inconsistent pupil size changes(2-week:P=0.68;12-week:P=0.49).Pharmacologically,atropine,cyclopentolate,and tropicamide induced pupil dilation(P<0.001),whereas pilocarpine caused constriction(P<0.001).All drug groups showed reduced eccentricity(P<0.001).In vivo/in vitro comparisons revealed significant structural differences.CONCLUSION:This study investigates pupillary responses in developing guinea pigs,revealing a direct pupillary light reflex(PLR)with light intensity-dependent responses,while indirect PLR was undetectable.The differential effects of muscarinic modulators on pupillary responses underscore the critical role of cholinergic signaling in ocular accommodation,with age-related variations in sensitivity.Additionally,a novel non-contact measurement methodology achieved a precision of 0.01 mm for pupillary quantification,enhancing accuracy in ocular studies.展开更多
AIM:To compare the efficacy of different administration regimens of compound tropicamide eyedrops(CTE)for pupil dilation for children with dark iris.METHODS:A prospective,comparative,randomized interventional study wa...AIM:To compare the efficacy of different administration regimens of compound tropicamide eyedrops(CTE)for pupil dilation for children with dark iris.METHODS:A prospective,comparative,randomized interventional study was conducted.Children in Group 1 received CTE 3 times with a 3min interval between each application.Children in Group 2 received CTE 4 times with a 5min interval between each application.We measured their pupil diameters at baseline(pre-drug instillation)and 30min and 60min post-drug instillation and assessed the pupillary light reflex at 60min post-drug instillation.RESULTS:In total,194 eyes of 101 children were enrolled.The changes of pupil diameter at 30min and 60min post-drug instillation were 1.2±0.6 mm and 2.3±1.0 mm in Group 1,and 2.3±0.9 mm and 3.7±1.0 mm in Group 2,respectively.Group 2 showed a larger change in pupil size than Group 1 at 30min(P<0.01)and 60min(P<0.01).The effect of pupil dilation in Group 2 was 1.25 times that in Group 1.The change in pupil size was positively associated with age.A higher proportion of children in Group 1 had smaller pupil diameter and reactive pupils at the final time point,with only 33 children(33.7%)had final pupil size≥6.5 mm,and only 9 children(9.2%)had non-reactive pupils.Children in Group 2 achieved larger pupil diameter and more nonreactive pupils at the final time point,with 84 children(87.5%)had final pupil size≥6.5 mm,and only 22 children(22.9%)had reactive pupils.CONCLUSION:Increasing the frequency of compound tropicamide and lengthening the interval between eye drop applications can produce stronger mydriatic effects.展开更多
Memory enables organisms to encode,store,and retrieve information essential for interacting with and adapting to a dynamic environment.As an internal representation of the external world,memory serves as a crucial bri...Memory enables organisms to encode,store,and retrieve information essential for interacting with and adapting to a dynamic environment.As an internal representation of the external world,memory serves as a crucial bridge between past experiences and future behaviors.However,the brain continuously forms new memories,raising the question of how new memories are integrated without disrupting previously formed ones.展开更多
AIM:To investigate the effect of pharmacological pupil alterations on intraocular lens(IOL)power calculations.METHODS:A systematic review and Meta-analysis of studies published before December 2023 in the PubMed,Embas...AIM:To investigate the effect of pharmacological pupil alterations on intraocular lens(IOL)power calculations.METHODS:A systematic review and Meta-analysis of studies published before December 2023 in the PubMed,Embase,and Cochrane library databases on the accuracy of pharmacological pupil changes on IOL power calculation was performed.The primary outcome was the results of IOL power calculations before and after the use of medications.Subgroup analyses were performed based on participants’basic characteristics,such as age,axial length(AL),and whether miosis or mydriasis were used as classification criteria for further analyses.Each eligible study was evaluated for potential risk of bias by the AHRQ assessment scale.The study was registered on PROSPERO(CRD 42024497535).RESULTS:A total of 3062 eyes from 21 studies were eligible.There was no significant difference in the IOL power calculation before and after pharmacological pupil changes using any of the Hoffer Q(WMD=0.055,95%CI=-0.046–0.156;P=0.29),SRK/T(WMD=0.003,95%CI=-0.073–0.080;P=0.93),Haigis(WMD=-0.030,95%CI=-0.176–0.116;P=0.69),Holladay 2(WMD=-0.042,95%CI=-0.366–0.282;P=0.80),and Barrett Universal Ⅱ(WMD=0.033,95%CI=-0.061–0.127;P=0.49)formulas.On the measurement of parameters related to IOL power calculation,for either miosis or mydriasis AL(P=0.98 and 0.29,respectively),lens thickness(P=0.96 and 0.13,respectively),and mean keratometry(P=0.90 and 0.86,respectively)did not present significant differences,while anterior chamber depth(P=0.07 and<0.01,respectively)and white-to-white distance(P=0.01 and 0.04,respectively)changed significantly between the two measurements prior and posterior.At the same time,despite there being some participants with the difference between the before and after calculations greater than 0.5 diopter,there was no significant difference in the incidence rate between these formulas.CONCLUSION:There is no significant effect of pharmacological pupil changes on the IOL power calculation.It will considerably reduce the visit time burden for patients who require cataract surgery.展开更多
AIM:To compare the visual and optical outcomes following femtosecond laser in situ keratomileusis(FS-LASIK)using an aberration neutral profile with asymmetric offset(AO)and pupil center(PC)treatments.METHODS:In this r...AIM:To compare the visual and optical outcomes following femtosecond laser in situ keratomileusis(FS-LASIK)using an aberration neutral profile with asymmetric offset(AO)and pupil center(PC)treatments.METHODS:In this randomized double-blind clinical trial study,48(24 cases)and 38 eyes(19 cases)underwent myopic astigmatism and hyperopic astigmatism LASIK.One eye of each individual was randomly assigned to AO centration and the fellow eye underwent the PC-centered method.The clinical outcomes including uncorrected visual acuity(UCVA),best-corrected visual acuity(BCVA),safety and efficacy indexes,subjective spherical equivalent(SE)and corneal high-order aberrations(HOAs)were measured at baseline and 6mo postoperatively.RESULTS:In the myopic group,the mean preoperative SE and astigmatism were-4.12±0.87(-2.88 to-6.00)diopter(D)and-0.88±0.79(0 to-2.75)D,respectively.In the hyperopic group,the mean preoperative SE and astigmatism were 0.93±0.59(-0.25 to 2.25)D and-0.73±1.00(0 to-4.25)D,respectively.At 6mo postoperatively,the safety and efficacy indexes were similar for centration in myopic and hyperopic LASIK groups.In the myopic group,significant changes were found in horizontal trefoil(P=0.041)and oblique trefoil(P=0.031)in favor of AO centration treatment.CONCLUSION:Femtosecond-LASIK is a safe and efficacious procedure for treatment of myopic and hyperopic astigmatism.AO-centered and PC-centered approaches provide similar visual and refractive outcomes.Myopic astigmatism LASIK with AO centration leads to slightly better corneal aberration outcomes.展开更多
Occurrence of extended-β-1actamase producing enterobacteriaceae （ESBLPE）, which has reduced the antibacterial efficacy and potency of many 3rd generation cephalosporins, was investigated among the primary school pu...Occurrence of extended-β-1actamase producing enterobacteriaceae （ESBLPE）, which has reduced the antibacterial efficacy and potency of many 3rd generation cephalosporins, was investigated among the primary school pupils. 88 primary school pupils in Obafemi-Owode Local Government, Southwestern Nigeria, including 49 males （55.7%） and 39 females （44,3%） （mean age 12 ± 3） were screened for ESBLPE isolates with exclusion criterion of antimicrobial use in the preceding 2 weeks either as therapy for gastro-intestinal complication or prophylaxis. ESBLPE detected include 4.5% of Eschericia coli, 2.3% of Enterobacter cloaca, 0% Proteus mirabilis, 2.3% Pseudomonas aeruginosa, 1.1% Staphylococcus aureus and 4.5% of Klebsiella oxytoca. 10 （76.9%） of ESBLPE isolates were resistant to disc of cefuroxime （30 μg）, 8 （61.5%） susceptible to amoxicillin/clavulanic （20/10 lag） and low susceptibility of 7 （53.8%） was recorded for ceftazidime （30 lag）. 0% susceptibility was recorded for the ESBLPE isolates to cefuroxime MIC 〉 8 gg/mL and ampicillin MIC 〉 8 lag/mL while E, coli and E. cloca each show 50.0% and P. aeruginosa and K. oxytoca show 100.0% and 75.0% susceptibility to augmentin （MIC 〈 8）. This study has shown a 14.7% proportion of the pupil to harbour ESBLPE from enteric source with increased resistant to most new generation cefuroximes. Therefore, transfer of virulent and antibiotic resistant ESBLPE could be aided by sharing feeding materials while fecal-oral route of transmission cannot be ruled out as hygiene level is very low thereby increasing emergence of virulent resistant enteric strains leading to treatment failure.展开更多
for the past few decades,the way to achieve good teacher-pupil rapport in the classroom has been at the center of heated debate all over the world.All teachers should provide a good studying environment for pupils.Thi...for the past few decades,the way to achieve good teacher-pupil rapport in the classroom has been at the center of heated debate all over the world.All teachers should provide a good studying environment for pupils.This paper will focus on four parts to discuss this issue.展开更多
A great earthquake broke out in WenChuan. A lot of people were killed, but somany people were rescused by soldiers.Here are stories about three recused pupils.Langzhen, aged three, was rescusedby the soldiers after be...A great earthquake broke out in WenChuan. A lot of people were killed, but somany people were rescused by soldiers.Here are stories about three recused pupils.Langzhen, aged three, was rescusedby the soldiers after being buried in ruinsfor 10 hours.展开更多
文摘Objectives:One of the most notable challenges in endoscopic procedures is maintaining correct orientation.Mental rotation exercise(MRE)has been suggested as a potential aid for improving orientation.However,there is a lack of research on designing MREs with varying difficultylevels for training purposes.Furthermore,few studies provide solid evidence linking MRE difficultylevels with cognitive load measurements.This study aims to address this gap by investigating the correlation between the MRE difficultylevels and participants’cognitive load,as measured by pupil dilation.Method:We recruited 33 participants to perform MREs on a computer equipped with a screen-mounted eye-tracker.The test consisted of 15 MREs,with the first10 relatively easy(traditional cube)and the next 5 more complex(invented molecule).The participants’eye movements during MREs were recorded.The participants’MRE scores and pupil dilation were obtained and compared between two MRE difficultylevels.Results:The participants who performed traditional cube MREs achieved significantlybetter MRE scores(0.77±0.11 vs.0.58±0.03,p<0.001)and lower pupil dilation(0.27±0.04 pixels vs.0.47±0.09 pixels,p<0.001)than did those who performed the invented molecule MREs.Moreover,there were significant negative correlations(r=0.62,p=0.015)between pupil dilation and MRE scores.Conclusions:The results revealed a significantnegative correlation between MRE scores and pupil dilation.The more challenging MRE questions led to worse MRE scores but increased pupil dilation.The MRE difficultylevels can be evaluated not only by the degrees or dimensions with which the objects were rotated but also by the participants’MRE scores and pupil dilation.The results of this study provide a basis for training orientation skills in endoscopy using MREs.By incorporating MREs with varying difficultylevels,customized training programs can be developed to enhance camera navigation in endoscopic and laparoscopic procedures.
文摘AIM:To investigate the effects of different light intensities and various mydriatic and miotic drugs on pupil accommodation in guinea pigs.METHODS:Forty-two-week-old guinea pigs were randomly divided into four groups to assess pupillary responses under varying light intensities(100,250,500 lx)and pharmacological interventions(1%atropine,1%cyclopentolate,1%tropicamide,or 2%pilocarpine).Baseline pupil size and eccentricity were recorded using a non-contact Python-based imaging system integrating edge detection and pixel-to-distance conversion.Direct illumination effects were measured at sequential time points,followed by drug administration and longitudinal tracking of pupillary changes.The protocol was repeated at 12wk of age for developmental comparisons.Postexperiment,enucleated eyes were analyzed to evaluate in vitro vs in vivo differences.RESULTS:Significant age-dependent differences in pupil dynamics were observed.Both 2-and 12-week-old guinea pigs exhibited marked pupil constriction under direct illumination(P<0.001),with decreased eccentricity post-constriction(P<0.001).Indirect illumination caused inconsistent pupil size changes(2-week:P=0.68;12-week:P=0.49).Pharmacologically,atropine,cyclopentolate,and tropicamide induced pupil dilation(P<0.001),whereas pilocarpine caused constriction(P<0.001).All drug groups showed reduced eccentricity(P<0.001).In vivo/in vitro comparisons revealed significant structural differences.CONCLUSION:This study investigates pupillary responses in developing guinea pigs,revealing a direct pupillary light reflex(PLR)with light intensity-dependent responses,while indirect PLR was undetectable.The differential effects of muscarinic modulators on pupillary responses underscore the critical role of cholinergic signaling in ocular accommodation,with age-related variations in sensitivity.Additionally,a novel non-contact measurement methodology achieved a precision of 0.01 mm for pupillary quantification,enhancing accuracy in ocular studies.
基金Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.82371093,No.72342015)R&D Program of Beijing Municipal Education Commission(No.KZ202110025039).
文摘AIM:To compare the efficacy of different administration regimens of compound tropicamide eyedrops(CTE)for pupil dilation for children with dark iris.METHODS:A prospective,comparative,randomized interventional study was conducted.Children in Group 1 received CTE 3 times with a 3min interval between each application.Children in Group 2 received CTE 4 times with a 5min interval between each application.We measured their pupil diameters at baseline(pre-drug instillation)and 30min and 60min post-drug instillation and assessed the pupillary light reflex at 60min post-drug instillation.RESULTS:In total,194 eyes of 101 children were enrolled.The changes of pupil diameter at 30min and 60min post-drug instillation were 1.2±0.6 mm and 2.3±1.0 mm in Group 1,and 2.3±0.9 mm and 3.7±1.0 mm in Group 2,respectively.Group 2 showed a larger change in pupil size than Group 1 at 30min(P<0.01)and 60min(P<0.01).The effect of pupil dilation in Group 2 was 1.25 times that in Group 1.The change in pupil size was positively associated with age.A higher proportion of children in Group 1 had smaller pupil diameter and reactive pupils at the final time point,with only 33 children(33.7%)had final pupil size≥6.5 mm,and only 9 children(9.2%)had non-reactive pupils.Children in Group 2 achieved larger pupil diameter and more nonreactive pupils at the final time point,with 84 children(87.5%)had final pupil size≥6.5 mm,and only 22 children(22.9%)had reactive pupils.CONCLUSION:Increasing the frequency of compound tropicamide and lengthening the interval between eye drop applications can produce stronger mydriatic effects.
文摘Memory enables organisms to encode,store,and retrieve information essential for interacting with and adapting to a dynamic environment.As an internal representation of the external world,memory serves as a crucial bridge between past experiences and future behaviors.However,the brain continuously forms new memories,raising the question of how new memories are integrated without disrupting previously formed ones.
基金Supported by Beijing Natural Science Foundation from Beijing Municipal Government(No.7202030).
文摘AIM:To investigate the effect of pharmacological pupil alterations on intraocular lens(IOL)power calculations.METHODS:A systematic review and Meta-analysis of studies published before December 2023 in the PubMed,Embase,and Cochrane library databases on the accuracy of pharmacological pupil changes on IOL power calculation was performed.The primary outcome was the results of IOL power calculations before and after the use of medications.Subgroup analyses were performed based on participants’basic characteristics,such as age,axial length(AL),and whether miosis or mydriasis were used as classification criteria for further analyses.Each eligible study was evaluated for potential risk of bias by the AHRQ assessment scale.The study was registered on PROSPERO(CRD 42024497535).RESULTS:A total of 3062 eyes from 21 studies were eligible.There was no significant difference in the IOL power calculation before and after pharmacological pupil changes using any of the Hoffer Q(WMD=0.055,95%CI=-0.046–0.156;P=0.29),SRK/T(WMD=0.003,95%CI=-0.073–0.080;P=0.93),Haigis(WMD=-0.030,95%CI=-0.176–0.116;P=0.69),Holladay 2(WMD=-0.042,95%CI=-0.366–0.282;P=0.80),and Barrett Universal Ⅱ(WMD=0.033,95%CI=-0.061–0.127;P=0.49)formulas.On the measurement of parameters related to IOL power calculation,for either miosis or mydriasis AL(P=0.98 and 0.29,respectively),lens thickness(P=0.96 and 0.13,respectively),and mean keratometry(P=0.90 and 0.86,respectively)did not present significant differences,while anterior chamber depth(P=0.07 and<0.01,respectively)and white-to-white distance(P=0.01 and 0.04,respectively)changed significantly between the two measurements prior and posterior.At the same time,despite there being some participants with the difference between the before and after calculations greater than 0.5 diopter,there was no significant difference in the incidence rate between these formulas.CONCLUSION:There is no significant effect of pharmacological pupil changes on the IOL power calculation.It will considerably reduce the visit time burden for patients who require cataract surgery.
基金Supported by Noor Ophthalmology Research Center.
文摘AIM:To compare the visual and optical outcomes following femtosecond laser in situ keratomileusis(FS-LASIK)using an aberration neutral profile with asymmetric offset(AO)and pupil center(PC)treatments.METHODS:In this randomized double-blind clinical trial study,48(24 cases)and 38 eyes(19 cases)underwent myopic astigmatism and hyperopic astigmatism LASIK.One eye of each individual was randomly assigned to AO centration and the fellow eye underwent the PC-centered method.The clinical outcomes including uncorrected visual acuity(UCVA),best-corrected visual acuity(BCVA),safety and efficacy indexes,subjective spherical equivalent(SE)and corneal high-order aberrations(HOAs)were measured at baseline and 6mo postoperatively.RESULTS:In the myopic group,the mean preoperative SE and astigmatism were-4.12±0.87(-2.88 to-6.00)diopter(D)and-0.88±0.79(0 to-2.75)D,respectively.In the hyperopic group,the mean preoperative SE and astigmatism were 0.93±0.59(-0.25 to 2.25)D and-0.73±1.00(0 to-4.25)D,respectively.At 6mo postoperatively,the safety and efficacy indexes were similar for centration in myopic and hyperopic LASIK groups.In the myopic group,significant changes were found in horizontal trefoil(P=0.041)and oblique trefoil(P=0.031)in favor of AO centration treatment.CONCLUSION:Femtosecond-LASIK is a safe and efficacious procedure for treatment of myopic and hyperopic astigmatism.AO-centered and PC-centered approaches provide similar visual and refractive outcomes.Myopic astigmatism LASIK with AO centration leads to slightly better corneal aberration outcomes.
文摘Occurrence of extended-β-1actamase producing enterobacteriaceae （ESBLPE）, which has reduced the antibacterial efficacy and potency of many 3rd generation cephalosporins, was investigated among the primary school pupils. 88 primary school pupils in Obafemi-Owode Local Government, Southwestern Nigeria, including 49 males （55.7%） and 39 females （44,3%） （mean age 12 ± 3） were screened for ESBLPE isolates with exclusion criterion of antimicrobial use in the preceding 2 weeks either as therapy for gastro-intestinal complication or prophylaxis. ESBLPE detected include 4.5% of Eschericia coli, 2.3% of Enterobacter cloaca, 0% Proteus mirabilis, 2.3% Pseudomonas aeruginosa, 1.1% Staphylococcus aureus and 4.5% of Klebsiella oxytoca. 10 （76.9%） of ESBLPE isolates were resistant to disc of cefuroxime （30 μg）, 8 （61.5%） susceptible to amoxicillin/clavulanic （20/10 lag） and low susceptibility of 7 （53.8%） was recorded for ceftazidime （30 lag）. 0% susceptibility was recorded for the ESBLPE isolates to cefuroxime MIC 〉 8 gg/mL and ampicillin MIC 〉 8 lag/mL while E, coli and E. cloca each show 50.0% and P. aeruginosa and K. oxytoca show 100.0% and 75.0% susceptibility to augmentin （MIC 〈 8）. This study has shown a 14.7% proportion of the pupil to harbour ESBLPE from enteric source with increased resistant to most new generation cefuroximes. Therefore, transfer of virulent and antibiotic resistant ESBLPE could be aided by sharing feeding materials while fecal-oral route of transmission cannot be ruled out as hygiene level is very low thereby increasing emergence of virulent resistant enteric strains leading to treatment failure.
文摘for the past few decades,the way to achieve good teacher-pupil rapport in the classroom has been at the center of heated debate all over the world.All teachers should provide a good studying environment for pupils.This paper will focus on four parts to discuss this issue.
文摘A great earthquake broke out in WenChuan. A lot of people were killed, but somany people were rescused by soldiers.Here are stories about three recused pupils.Langzhen, aged three, was rescusedby the soldiers after being buried in ruinsfor 10 hours.
