Mechanically pumped two-phase loop(MPTL)which is a prominent two-phase heat transfer technology presents a promising prospect in thermal control for space payload.However,transient behavior of MPTL caused by phase-cha...Mechanically pumped two-phase loop(MPTL)which is a prominent two-phase heat transfer technology presents a promising prospect in thermal control for space payload.However,transient behavior of MPTL caused by phase-change and heat sources load-on/off in simulated space environment is rarely reported.In the present study,one MPTL setup was designed and constructed,and experimentally studied.Particularly,a novel two-phase thermally-controlled accumulator integrated with passive cooling measure and three capillary structures was designed as the temperature-control device.Dynamic behavior of the start-up,temperature control,and temperature adjustment were monitored;meanwhile,thermodynamic behavior within the proposed accumulator,the operating behavior as well as the heat and mass transfer behavior between the main loop and the accumulator were revealed.The results show that the fluid management function of the capillary structures for the novel accumulator is verified.The working point of the MPTL system can be adjusted by changing the temperature control point of the accumulator and it is little influenced by external heat flux and heat sources on/off.Pressure-drop oscillations which are manifested as fluctuations of temperature and pressure can be observed after phase changing due to the compressible volume within the accumulator and the negative-slope portion of the internal pressure.展开更多
Data centers(DCs)are highly energy-intensive facilities,where about 30%–50%of the power consumed is attributable to the cooling of information technology equipment.This makes liquid cooling,especially in twophase mod...Data centers(DCs)are highly energy-intensive facilities,where about 30%–50%of the power consumed is attributable to the cooling of information technology equipment.This makes liquid cooling,especially in twophase mode,as an alternative to air cooling for the microprocessors in servers of interest.The need to meet the increased power density of server racks in high-performance DCs,along with the push towards lower global warming potential(GWP)refrigerants due to environmental concerns,has motivated research on the selection of two-phase heat transfer fluids for cooling servers while simultaneously recovering waste heat.With this regard,a heat pump-assisted absorption chiller(HPAAC)system for recovering waste heat in DCs with an on-chip twophase cooling loop driven by the compressor is proposed in the present paper and the low GWP hydrofluoroolefin refrigerants,including R1224yd(Z),R1233zd(E),R1234yf,R1234ze(E),R1234ze(Z),R1243zf and R1336mzz(Z),are evaluated and compared against R245fa as server coolant.For theHPAAC system,beginning with the development of energy and economic models,the performance is analyzed through both a parametric study and optimization using the coefficient of performance(COP),energy saving ratio(ESR),payback period(PBP)and net present value(NPV)as thermo-economic indicators.Using a standard vapor compression cooling system as a benchmark,the results indicate that with the evaporation temperature between 50℃and 70℃and the subcooling degree ranging from5℃to 15°C,R1233zd(E)with moderate compressor suction pressure and pressure ratio is the best refrigerant for the HPAAC systemwhile R1234yf performs the worst.More importantly,R1233zd(E)is also superior to R245fa based on thermo-economic performance,especially under work conditions with relatively lower evaporation temperature as well as subcooling degree.Under the given working conditions,the overall COP,ESR,NPV,and PBP of R1233zd(E)HPAAC with optimum subcooling degree range from4.99 to 11.27,25.53 to 64.59,1.13 to 4.10×10^(7) CNY and 5.77 to 2.22 years,respectively.Besides,the thermo-economic performance of R1233zd(E)HPAAC under optimum working conditions in terms of subcooling degree varying with the evaporation temperature is also investigated.展开更多
为研究泵驱动两相复合制冷机组的工作特性,特别是换热性能随工质泵频率和室内外温差的变化规律,搭建泵驱动两相复合制冷机组的实验装置,对其进行了实验研究.在本实验装置中,蒸气压缩制冷模式分别采用2.63 k W压缩机和3.75 k W压缩机作...为研究泵驱动两相复合制冷机组的工作特性,特别是换热性能随工质泵频率和室内外温差的变化规律,搭建泵驱动两相复合制冷机组的实验装置,对其进行了实验研究.在本实验装置中,蒸气压缩制冷模式分别采用2.63 k W压缩机和3.75 k W压缩机作为驱动元件,泵驱动两相冷却模式采用带变频器的工质泵驱动.结果表明:室内温度25℃、室外温度10℃时,机组换热量随工质泵频率先增大后减小,在工质泵频率为35 Hz时达到最大值;能效比(energy efficiency ratio,EER)随工质泵频率初始变化不明显,然后逐渐降低.在室外温度为0~30℃时,实验获得了2种运行模式的性能变化情况和最佳转换温度.展开更多
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.51806010)Shanghai Sailing Program,China(No.18YF1409100).
文摘Mechanically pumped two-phase loop(MPTL)which is a prominent two-phase heat transfer technology presents a promising prospect in thermal control for space payload.However,transient behavior of MPTL caused by phase-change and heat sources load-on/off in simulated space environment is rarely reported.In the present study,one MPTL setup was designed and constructed,and experimentally studied.Particularly,a novel two-phase thermally-controlled accumulator integrated with passive cooling measure and three capillary structures was designed as the temperature-control device.Dynamic behavior of the start-up,temperature control,and temperature adjustment were monitored;meanwhile,thermodynamic behavior within the proposed accumulator,the operating behavior as well as the heat and mass transfer behavior between the main loop and the accumulator were revealed.The results show that the fluid management function of the capillary structures for the novel accumulator is verified.The working point of the MPTL system can be adjusted by changing the temperature control point of the accumulator and it is little influenced by external heat flux and heat sources on/off.Pressure-drop oscillations which are manifested as fluctuations of temperature and pressure can be observed after phase changing due to the compressible volume within the accumulator and the negative-slope portion of the internal pressure.
基金supported by the Key Science and Technology Project of China Southern Grid Co.,Ltd.(No.090000KK52220020).
文摘Data centers(DCs)are highly energy-intensive facilities,where about 30%–50%of the power consumed is attributable to the cooling of information technology equipment.This makes liquid cooling,especially in twophase mode,as an alternative to air cooling for the microprocessors in servers of interest.The need to meet the increased power density of server racks in high-performance DCs,along with the push towards lower global warming potential(GWP)refrigerants due to environmental concerns,has motivated research on the selection of two-phase heat transfer fluids for cooling servers while simultaneously recovering waste heat.With this regard,a heat pump-assisted absorption chiller(HPAAC)system for recovering waste heat in DCs with an on-chip twophase cooling loop driven by the compressor is proposed in the present paper and the low GWP hydrofluoroolefin refrigerants,including R1224yd(Z),R1233zd(E),R1234yf,R1234ze(E),R1234ze(Z),R1243zf and R1336mzz(Z),are evaluated and compared against R245fa as server coolant.For theHPAAC system,beginning with the development of energy and economic models,the performance is analyzed through both a parametric study and optimization using the coefficient of performance(COP),energy saving ratio(ESR),payback period(PBP)and net present value(NPV)as thermo-economic indicators.Using a standard vapor compression cooling system as a benchmark,the results indicate that with the evaporation temperature between 50℃and 70℃and the subcooling degree ranging from5℃to 15°C,R1233zd(E)with moderate compressor suction pressure and pressure ratio is the best refrigerant for the HPAAC systemwhile R1234yf performs the worst.More importantly,R1233zd(E)is also superior to R245fa based on thermo-economic performance,especially under work conditions with relatively lower evaporation temperature as well as subcooling degree.Under the given working conditions,the overall COP,ESR,NPV,and PBP of R1233zd(E)HPAAC with optimum subcooling degree range from4.99 to 11.27,25.53 to 64.59,1.13 to 4.10×10^(7) CNY and 5.77 to 2.22 years,respectively.Besides,the thermo-economic performance of R1233zd(E)HPAAC under optimum working conditions in terms of subcooling degree varying with the evaporation temperature is also investigated.
文摘为研究泵驱动两相复合制冷机组的工作特性,特别是换热性能随工质泵频率和室内外温差的变化规律,搭建泵驱动两相复合制冷机组的实验装置,对其进行了实验研究.在本实验装置中,蒸气压缩制冷模式分别采用2.63 k W压缩机和3.75 k W压缩机作为驱动元件,泵驱动两相冷却模式采用带变频器的工质泵驱动.结果表明:室内温度25℃、室外温度10℃时,机组换热量随工质泵频率先增大后减小,在工质泵频率为35 Hz时达到最大值;能效比(energy efficiency ratio,EER)随工质泵频率初始变化不明显,然后逐渐降低.在室外温度为0~30℃时,实验获得了2种运行模式的性能变化情况和最佳转换温度.
