Background: We studied the development of eight (8) different psychomotor and sensory functions in male and female rats, from postnatal day 10 to 45, with the aim of determining whether the ontogenesis of these functi...Background: We studied the development of eight (8) different psychomotor and sensory functions in male and female rats, from postnatal day 10 to 45, with the aim of determining whether the ontogenesis of these functions was subject to sexual dimorphism. Methods: Wistar rats bred according to standard conditions in our laboratories were put into reproduction. Ten days after whelping, male and female pups were identified and subjected to a battery of behavioral tests on postnatal days 10, 15, 20, 25, 30 and 45, to assess the development of the following psychomotor and sensory functions: Exploratory activity, locomotor activity, emotional defecation, hind paws lifting reflex latency, wire-grasping time, Latencies of execution of crawling along the wire and of leap onto the ground, nociception (tail flick) and body weight. Results: Only complex brain functions generated by cerebral cortex activities, i.e. exploratory activity and leap execution latency, do not undergo differential development sex-dependent. However, voluntary motor functions initiated in the motor cortex, and requiring high peripheral muscle performance such as crawling execution latency and wire-grasping time developed more rapidly in males than in females. Correlatively, body weight i.e. muscle mass index increased more speedily in males than in females. On the other hand, studies of automatic motor functions such as locomotor activity, and reflex motor functions i.e. hind paws lifting reflex latency and tail flick latency showed earlier development in females than in males. In addition, the study of emotional response, an emanation of limbic structures, showed prodigious development in females compared to males. Conclusion: Our studies have shown that there is a developmental sexual dimorphism of the central nervous system in the rat. Indeed, studies of automatic and reflex motor functions, whose activities are essentially linked to the spinal cord and brainstem, indicated that hindbrain areas develop more speedily in females than in males. Likewise, study of the emotional response emanating from diencephalic limbic structures, in particular the hypothalamus, showed a prodigious and early development in females compared to males. Taken together, our studies indicate that the vast majority of brain structures and functions reached maturation earlier in females than in males. Estrogen is the trigger hormone for early maturation of the female brain.展开更多
Background:Military operation personnel often suffer from sleep difficulty because of their work requirements.In this study,we investigated the efficacy of zaleplon at two doses to induce afternoon-sleep under noise i...Background:Military operation personnel often suffer from sleep difficulty because of their work requirements.In this study,we investigated the efficacy of zaleplon at two doses to induce afternoon-sleep under noise interference and its effects on psychomotor performance and vestibular function; we subsequently established the optimal dosage regimen for military operation personnel.Methods:Twenty-two healthy young male volunteers were recruited for the study.Eight subjects took 10 mg or 15 mg of zaleplon and placebo alternately and then were exposed to noise.Changes in polysomnography(PSG) indices,including sleep latency(SL),sleep efficiency(SE) and sleep structure,were recorded after drug administration.After awakening,the volunteers' subjective judgments of sleep quality and sleepiness were measured.Eight volunteers underwent 3 psychomotor performance tests at a one-week interval,and the psychomotor performance tests were conducted before and after taking zaleplon and placebo.Six volunteers participated in the vestibular function test session,and parameters,including optokinetic nystagmus(OKN),vestibular ocular reflex(VOR),visualvestibular ocular reflex(VVOR) and vestibular ocular reflex fixation suppression(VOR-Fix),were detected by the same experimental design as described above.The data of sleep observations were subjected to one-way variance analysis.Results:Compared with the placebo group,SL was shortened significantly,and the scores of subjective sleep quality and sleep depth were clearly increased in the zaleplon 10 mg group(P<0.05).Moreover,the SE and the percent of REM(rapid eye movement) sleep were increased remarkably in the zaleplon 15 mg group(P<0.01).Furthermore,the SE,percent of REM sleep and scores of subjective sleep depth in the zaleplon 15 mg group were significantly higher than in the zaleplon 10 mg group(P<0.05).The psychomotor performance did not change significantly after ingestion of 10 mg or 15 mg of zaleplon,whereas the OKN and VOR gains were lower in the two dose groups of zaleplon(P<0.05) and restored to normal 3h after drug ingestion.Conclusion:Zaleplon is an ideal hypnotic for military personnel,and its hypnotic efficiency is dose-related under noise interference; a 15 mg dose of zaleplon could provide significantly better sleep than a 10 mg dose of zaleplon.展开更多
目的:比较瑞马唑仑或丙泊酚复合阿芬太尼静脉麻醉无痛胃肠镜检查患者术后精神运动功能恢复的情况。方法:选择无痛胃肠镜检查患者78例,随机分为瑞马唑仑组(RA组)和丙泊酚组(PA组),两组分别给予瑞马唑仑或丙泊酚复合阿芬太尼静脉麻醉,记...目的:比较瑞马唑仑或丙泊酚复合阿芬太尼静脉麻醉无痛胃肠镜检查患者术后精神运动功能恢复的情况。方法:选择无痛胃肠镜检查患者78例,随机分为瑞马唑仑组(RA组)和丙泊酚组(PA组),两组分别给予瑞马唑仑或丙泊酚复合阿芬太尼静脉麻醉,记录术前(T1)、开始检查时(T2)、苏醒时(T3)和离室时(T4)的血压、心率、呼吸和指脉氧饱和度;应用Trieger点测试(trieger dot test,TDT)和数字符号替换测试(digit symbol substitution test,DSST)评估术前(T1)、离室时(T4)和术后1 h(T5)、术后2 h(T6)时精神运动功能情况。结果:与T1相比,两组T4、T5时TDT试验中遗漏点数(number of dots missed,NDM)、遗漏点最远距离(maximum distance of dots missed,MDDM)和遗漏点平均距离(average distance of dots missed,ADDM)均增加,比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);与T1相比,两组T4、T5时DSST的完成率和正确率均降低,比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。两组患者T6时TDT和DSST结果与T1比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。与PA组相比,RA组T4、T5时NDM、MDDM和ADDM均降低,比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);RA组T4、T5时DSST完成率和正确率均增加,比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。与PA组相比,RA组T2时低血压发生率降低,比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。两组呼吸抑制发生率比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论:瑞马唑仑复合阿芬太尼用于无痛胃肠镜检查,术后2 h精神运动功能完全恢复;瑞马唑仑组患者精神运动功能恢复快于较丙泊酚组,且不良反应少。展开更多
文摘Background: We studied the development of eight (8) different psychomotor and sensory functions in male and female rats, from postnatal day 10 to 45, with the aim of determining whether the ontogenesis of these functions was subject to sexual dimorphism. Methods: Wistar rats bred according to standard conditions in our laboratories were put into reproduction. Ten days after whelping, male and female pups were identified and subjected to a battery of behavioral tests on postnatal days 10, 15, 20, 25, 30 and 45, to assess the development of the following psychomotor and sensory functions: Exploratory activity, locomotor activity, emotional defecation, hind paws lifting reflex latency, wire-grasping time, Latencies of execution of crawling along the wire and of leap onto the ground, nociception (tail flick) and body weight. Results: Only complex brain functions generated by cerebral cortex activities, i.e. exploratory activity and leap execution latency, do not undergo differential development sex-dependent. However, voluntary motor functions initiated in the motor cortex, and requiring high peripheral muscle performance such as crawling execution latency and wire-grasping time developed more rapidly in males than in females. Correlatively, body weight i.e. muscle mass index increased more speedily in males than in females. On the other hand, studies of automatic motor functions such as locomotor activity, and reflex motor functions i.e. hind paws lifting reflex latency and tail flick latency showed earlier development in females than in males. In addition, the study of emotional response, an emanation of limbic structures, showed prodigious development in females compared to males. Conclusion: Our studies have shown that there is a developmental sexual dimorphism of the central nervous system in the rat. Indeed, studies of automatic and reflex motor functions, whose activities are essentially linked to the spinal cord and brainstem, indicated that hindbrain areas develop more speedily in females than in males. Likewise, study of the emotional response emanating from diencephalic limbic structures, in particular the hypothalamus, showed a prodigious and early development in females compared to males. Taken together, our studies indicate that the vast majority of brain structures and functions reached maturation earlier in females than in males. Estrogen is the trigger hormone for early maturation of the female brain.
基金supported by a grant from the Military Medical Research Foundation of PLA,China (AWS14J011)
文摘Background:Military operation personnel often suffer from sleep difficulty because of their work requirements.In this study,we investigated the efficacy of zaleplon at two doses to induce afternoon-sleep under noise interference and its effects on psychomotor performance and vestibular function; we subsequently established the optimal dosage regimen for military operation personnel.Methods:Twenty-two healthy young male volunteers were recruited for the study.Eight subjects took 10 mg or 15 mg of zaleplon and placebo alternately and then were exposed to noise.Changes in polysomnography(PSG) indices,including sleep latency(SL),sleep efficiency(SE) and sleep structure,were recorded after drug administration.After awakening,the volunteers' subjective judgments of sleep quality and sleepiness were measured.Eight volunteers underwent 3 psychomotor performance tests at a one-week interval,and the psychomotor performance tests were conducted before and after taking zaleplon and placebo.Six volunteers participated in the vestibular function test session,and parameters,including optokinetic nystagmus(OKN),vestibular ocular reflex(VOR),visualvestibular ocular reflex(VVOR) and vestibular ocular reflex fixation suppression(VOR-Fix),were detected by the same experimental design as described above.The data of sleep observations were subjected to one-way variance analysis.Results:Compared with the placebo group,SL was shortened significantly,and the scores of subjective sleep quality and sleep depth were clearly increased in the zaleplon 10 mg group(P<0.05).Moreover,the SE and the percent of REM(rapid eye movement) sleep were increased remarkably in the zaleplon 15 mg group(P<0.01).Furthermore,the SE,percent of REM sleep and scores of subjective sleep depth in the zaleplon 15 mg group were significantly higher than in the zaleplon 10 mg group(P<0.05).The psychomotor performance did not change significantly after ingestion of 10 mg or 15 mg of zaleplon,whereas the OKN and VOR gains were lower in the two dose groups of zaleplon(P<0.05) and restored to normal 3h after drug ingestion.Conclusion:Zaleplon is an ideal hypnotic for military personnel,and its hypnotic efficiency is dose-related under noise interference; a 15 mg dose of zaleplon could provide significantly better sleep than a 10 mg dose of zaleplon.
文摘目的:比较瑞马唑仑或丙泊酚复合阿芬太尼静脉麻醉无痛胃肠镜检查患者术后精神运动功能恢复的情况。方法:选择无痛胃肠镜检查患者78例,随机分为瑞马唑仑组(RA组)和丙泊酚组(PA组),两组分别给予瑞马唑仑或丙泊酚复合阿芬太尼静脉麻醉,记录术前(T1)、开始检查时(T2)、苏醒时(T3)和离室时(T4)的血压、心率、呼吸和指脉氧饱和度;应用Trieger点测试(trieger dot test,TDT)和数字符号替换测试(digit symbol substitution test,DSST)评估术前(T1)、离室时(T4)和术后1 h(T5)、术后2 h(T6)时精神运动功能情况。结果:与T1相比,两组T4、T5时TDT试验中遗漏点数(number of dots missed,NDM)、遗漏点最远距离(maximum distance of dots missed,MDDM)和遗漏点平均距离(average distance of dots missed,ADDM)均增加,比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);与T1相比,两组T4、T5时DSST的完成率和正确率均降低,比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。两组患者T6时TDT和DSST结果与T1比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。与PA组相比,RA组T4、T5时NDM、MDDM和ADDM均降低,比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);RA组T4、T5时DSST完成率和正确率均增加,比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。与PA组相比,RA组T2时低血压发生率降低,比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。两组呼吸抑制发生率比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论:瑞马唑仑复合阿芬太尼用于无痛胃肠镜检查,术后2 h精神运动功能完全恢复;瑞马唑仑组患者精神运动功能恢复快于较丙泊酚组,且不良反应少。
