Given the extensive utilization of cantilever retaining walls in construction and development projects,their optimal design and analysis with proper attention to seismic loads is a typical engineering problem.This res...Given the extensive utilization of cantilever retaining walls in construction and development projects,their optimal design and analysis with proper attention to seismic loads is a typical engineering problem.This research presents a new algorithm for pseudo-static analysis of retaining walls employing upper bound method.The algorithm can be utilized to design and check the external and internal stability of the wall based on the proposed mechanism.One of the main features of this algorithm is its ability to determine the critical condition of failure wedges,the minimum safety factor and maximum force acting on the wall,as well as the minimum weight of the wall,simultaneously,by effectively using the multi-objective optimization.The results obtained by the proposed failure mechanisms show that,while using the upper bound limit analysis approach,the active force should be maximized concurrent with optimizing the direction of the plane passing through the back of the heel.The present study also applies the proposed algorithm to determine the critical direction of the earthquake acceleration coefficient.The critical direction of earthquake acceleration coefficient is defined as the direction that maximizes the active force exerted on the wall and minimizes the safety factor for wall stability.The results obtained in this study are in good agreement with those of similar studies carried out based on the limit equilibrium method and finite element analysis.The critical failure mechanisms were determined via optimization with genetic algorithm.展开更多
This paper describes a commonly used pseudo-static method in seismic resistant design of the cross section of underground structures. Based on dynamic theory and the vibration characteristics of underground structures...This paper describes a commonly used pseudo-static method in seismic resistant design of the cross section of underground structures. Based on dynamic theory and the vibration characteristics of underground structures, the sources of errors when using this method are analyzed. The traditional seismic motion loading approach is replaced by a method in which a one-dimensional soil layer response stress is differentiated and then converted into seismic live loads. To validate the improved method, a comparison of analytical results is conducted for internal forces under earthquake shaking of a typical shallow embedded box-shaped subway station structure using four methods： the response displacement method, finite element response acceleration method, the finite element dynamic analysis method and the improved pseudo-static calculation method. It is shown that the improved finite element pseudo-static method proposed in this paper provides an effective tool for the seismic design of underground structures. The evaluation yields results close to those obtained by the finite element dynamic analysis method, and shows that the improved finite element pseudo-static method provides a higher degree of precision.展开更多
This paper presents a procedure for assessing the reinforcement force of geosynthetics required for maintaining dynamic stability of a steep soil slope. Such a procedure is achieved with the use of the discretization ...This paper presents a procedure for assessing the reinforcement force of geosynthetics required for maintaining dynamic stability of a steep soil slope. Such a procedure is achieved with the use of the discretization technique and kinematic analysis of plasticity theory, i.e. discretization-based kinematic analysis. The discretization technique allows discretization of the analyzed slope into various components and generation of a kinematically admissible failure mechanism based on an associated flow rule.Accordingly, variations in soil properties including soil cohesion, internal friction angle and unit weight are accounted for with ease, while the conventional kinematic analysis fails to consider the changes in soil properties. The spatialetemporal effects of dynamic accelerations represented by primary and shear seismic waves are considered using the pseudo-dynamic approach. In the presence of geosynthetic reinforcement, tensile failure is discussed providing that the geosynthetics are installed with sufficient length. Equating the total rates of work done by external forces to the internal rates of work yields the upper bound solution of required reinforcement force, below which slopes fail. The reinforcement force is sought by optimizing the objective function with regard to independent variables, and presented in a normalized form. Pseudo-static analysis is a special case and hence readily transformed from pseudodynamic analysis. Comparisons of the pseudo-static/dynamic solutions calculated in this study are highlighted. Although the pseudo-static approach yields a conservative solution, its ability to give a reasonable result is substantiated for steep slopes. In order to provide a more meaningful solution to a stability analysis, the pseudo-dynamic approach is recommended due to considerations of spatial etemporal effect of earthquake input.展开更多
traditional In this paper, two drawbacks pseudo-static method （vertical of the slice method） in the slope stability evaluation have been studied. First, the sliding mass is divided into vertical slices according to...traditional In this paper, two drawbacks pseudo-static method （vertical of the slice method） in the slope stability evaluation have been studied. First, the sliding mass is divided into vertical slices according to this method, which is irrational to some extent in the seismic design of slope. Second, only peak ground acceleration （PGA） is considered, and the effects of shaking frequency and duration on slope stability are neglected. And then, based on the theory of elastic wave and the summarized geological model, this paper put forwards an improved method of pseudo-method by using the theory of elastic wave and Hilbert-Huang transform. The improved pseudostatic method gives reasonable considerations to the time-frequency effects of seismic wave and its rationality has been verified by the shaking table test. This method can evaluate the safety of a slope, the happening time and the scale of landslides. At the same time, this method also can improve the high accuracy of the evaluation of the safety of the slope.展开更多
Based on the nonlinear Barton–Bandis(B–B)failure criterion,this study considers the system reliability of rock wedge stability under the pseudo-static seismic load.The failure probability(Pf)of the system is calcula...Based on the nonlinear Barton–Bandis(B–B)failure criterion,this study considers the system reliability of rock wedge stability under the pseudo-static seismic load.The failure probability(Pf)of the system is calculated based on the Monte−Carlo method when considering parameter correlation and variability.Parameter analysis and sensitivity analysis are carried out to explore the influence of parameters on reliability.The relationships among the failure probability,safety factor(Fs),and variation coefficient are explored,and then stability probability curves of the rock wedge under the pseudo-static seismic load are drawn.The results show that the parameter correlation of the B–B failure criterion has a significant influence on the failure probability,but correlation increases system reliability or decreases system reliability affected by other parameters.Under the pseudo-static seismic action,sliding on both planes is the main failure mode of wedge system.In addition,the parameters with relatively high sensitivity are two angles related to the joint dip.When the coefficient of variation is consistent,the probability of system failure is a function of the safety factor.展开更多
Many researchers have developed new calculation methods to analyze seismic slope stability problems, but the conventional pseudo-static method is still widely used in engineering design due to its simplicity. Based on...Many researchers have developed new calculation methods to analyze seismic slope stability problems, but the conventional pseudo-static method is still widely used in engineering design due to its simplicity. Based on the Technical Code for Building Slope Engineering（GB 50330-2013） of China and the Guidelines for Evaluating and Mitigating Seismic Hazards in California（SP117）, a comparative study on the pseudo-static method was performed. The results indicate that the largest difference between these two design codes lies in determination of the seismic equivalence reduction factor( f;). The GB 50330-2013 code specifies a single value for f;of 0.25. In SP117, numerous factors,such as magnitude and distance, are considered in determining f;. Two case studies show that the types of slope stability status evaluated by SP117 are in agreement with those evaluated by the seismic time-history stability analysis and Newmark displacement analysis. The factors of safety evaluated by SP117 can be used in practice for safe design. However, the factors of safety evaluated by GB 50330-2013 are risky for slope seismic design.展开更多
A shaking table test was performed to investigate the different responses of piles with and without cement-soil reinforcement,considering both inertial and kinematic interactions.A comparison of the dynamic shear stre...A shaking table test was performed to investigate the different responses of piles with and without cement-soil reinforcement,considering both inertial and kinematic interactions.A comparison of the dynamic shear stress−strain hysteresis curves of soil profiles on the pile side with and without cement-soil reinforced piles indicates that cement-soil reinforced piles not only bear more tremendous shear stress but also have smaller strains under the action of cyclic shear stress.Furthermore,the cement-soil on the pile side not only shares part of the shear stress and modifies the bending moment distribution but also significantly enhances the resistance of the pile-side soil,reducing the lateral displacement of the superstructure.Cement-soil reinforcement reduced shear strains,inhibited sand liquefaction,and reduced superstructure displacements by 27%−47%(instantaneous)and 40%−65%(permanent).The proportion of horizontal load sharing between cement-soil reinforcement and saturated sand is considered,along with the change pattern of the subgrade reaction after sand liquefaction.An equivalent subgrade reaction calculation method is proposed,which accounts for the horizontal load-sharing ratios of soils with two different strengths.The test results indicate that the pile stress and displacement,estimated using the equivalent subgrade reaction,are in good agreement with the observed results.展开更多
文摘Given the extensive utilization of cantilever retaining walls in construction and development projects,their optimal design and analysis with proper attention to seismic loads is a typical engineering problem.This research presents a new algorithm for pseudo-static analysis of retaining walls employing upper bound method.The algorithm can be utilized to design and check the external and internal stability of the wall based on the proposed mechanism.One of the main features of this algorithm is its ability to determine the critical condition of failure wedges,the minimum safety factor and maximum force acting on the wall,as well as the minimum weight of the wall,simultaneously,by effectively using the multi-objective optimization.The results obtained by the proposed failure mechanisms show that,while using the upper bound limit analysis approach,the active force should be maximized concurrent with optimizing the direction of the plane passing through the back of the heel.The present study also applies the proposed algorithm to determine the critical direction of the earthquake acceleration coefficient.The critical direction of earthquake acceleration coefficient is defined as the direction that maximizes the active force exerted on the wall and minimizes the safety factor for wall stability.The results obtained in this study are in good agreement with those of similar studies carried out based on the limit equilibrium method and finite element analysis.The critical failure mechanisms were determined via optimization with genetic algorithm.
基金China Earthquake Administration Association Fund Under Grant No. 106060 and Institute of Engineering Mechanics Director Fund
文摘This paper describes a commonly used pseudo-static method in seismic resistant design of the cross section of underground structures. Based on dynamic theory and the vibration characteristics of underground structures, the sources of errors when using this method are analyzed. The traditional seismic motion loading approach is replaced by a method in which a one-dimensional soil layer response stress is differentiated and then converted into seismic live loads. To validate the improved method, a comparison of analytical results is conducted for internal forces under earthquake shaking of a typical shallow embedded box-shaped subway station structure using four methods： the response displacement method, finite element response acceleration method, the finite element dynamic analysis method and the improved pseudo-static calculation method. It is shown that the improved finite element pseudo-static method proposed in this paper provides an effective tool for the seismic design of underground structures. The evaluation yields results close to those obtained by the finite element dynamic analysis method, and shows that the improved finite element pseudo-static method provides a higher degree of precision.
基金financial support for the first author’s PhD program by the President’s Graduate Fellowship in Singapore
文摘This paper presents a procedure for assessing the reinforcement force of geosynthetics required for maintaining dynamic stability of a steep soil slope. Such a procedure is achieved with the use of the discretization technique and kinematic analysis of plasticity theory, i.e. discretization-based kinematic analysis. The discretization technique allows discretization of the analyzed slope into various components and generation of a kinematically admissible failure mechanism based on an associated flow rule.Accordingly, variations in soil properties including soil cohesion, internal friction angle and unit weight are accounted for with ease, while the conventional kinematic analysis fails to consider the changes in soil properties. The spatialetemporal effects of dynamic accelerations represented by primary and shear seismic waves are considered using the pseudo-dynamic approach. In the presence of geosynthetic reinforcement, tensile failure is discussed providing that the geosynthetics are installed with sufficient length. Equating the total rates of work done by external forces to the internal rates of work yields the upper bound solution of required reinforcement force, below which slopes fail. The reinforcement force is sought by optimizing the objective function with regard to independent variables, and presented in a normalized form. Pseudo-static analysis is a special case and hence readily transformed from pseudodynamic analysis. Comparisons of the pseudo-static/dynamic solutions calculated in this study are highlighted. Although the pseudo-static approach yields a conservative solution, its ability to give a reasonable result is substantiated for steep slopes. In order to provide a more meaningful solution to a stability analysis, the pseudo-dynamic approach is recommended due to considerations of spatial etemporal effect of earthquake input.
基金supported in part by National Science Foundation of China (Contract NO. 41030742)Guangxi Science Foundation and the Program for Science & Technology of Henan Province in China (Grant No. 142300410200)
文摘traditional In this paper, two drawbacks pseudo-static method （vertical of the slice method） in the slope stability evaluation have been studied. First, the sliding mass is divided into vertical slices according to this method, which is irrational to some extent in the seismic design of slope. Second, only peak ground acceleration （PGA） is considered, and the effects of shaking frequency and duration on slope stability are neglected. And then, based on the theory of elastic wave and the summarized geological model, this paper put forwards an improved method of pseudo-method by using the theory of elastic wave and Hilbert-Huang transform. The improved pseudostatic method gives reasonable considerations to the time-frequency effects of seismic wave and its rationality has been verified by the shaking table test. This method can evaluate the safety of a slope, the happening time and the scale of landslides. At the same time, this method also can improve the high accuracy of the evaluation of the safety of the slope.
基金Project(51878668)supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of ChinaProjects(2017-122-058,2018-123-040)supported by the Guizhou Provincial Department of Transportation Foundation,ChinaProject([2018]2815)supported by the Guizhou Provincial Department of Science and Technology Foundation,China。
文摘Based on the nonlinear Barton–Bandis(B–B)failure criterion,this study considers the system reliability of rock wedge stability under the pseudo-static seismic load.The failure probability(Pf)of the system is calculated based on the Monte−Carlo method when considering parameter correlation and variability.Parameter analysis and sensitivity analysis are carried out to explore the influence of parameters on reliability.The relationships among the failure probability,safety factor(Fs),and variation coefficient are explored,and then stability probability curves of the rock wedge under the pseudo-static seismic load are drawn.The results show that the parameter correlation of the B–B failure criterion has a significant influence on the failure probability,but correlation increases system reliability or decreases system reliability affected by other parameters.Under the pseudo-static seismic action,sliding on both planes is the main failure mode of wedge system.In addition,the parameters with relatively high sensitivity are two angles related to the joint dip.When the coefficient of variation is consistent,the probability of system failure is a function of the safety factor.
基金supported by the National Key R&D Program of China(Grant No.2017YFC0404804)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.51509019)
文摘Many researchers have developed new calculation methods to analyze seismic slope stability problems, but the conventional pseudo-static method is still widely used in engineering design due to its simplicity. Based on the Technical Code for Building Slope Engineering（GB 50330-2013） of China and the Guidelines for Evaluating and Mitigating Seismic Hazards in California（SP117）, a comparative study on the pseudo-static method was performed. The results indicate that the largest difference between these two design codes lies in determination of the seismic equivalence reduction factor( f;). The GB 50330-2013 code specifies a single value for f;of 0.25. In SP117, numerous factors,such as magnitude and distance, are considered in determining f;. Two case studies show that the types of slope stability status evaluated by SP117 are in agreement with those evaluated by the seismic time-history stability analysis and Newmark displacement analysis. The factors of safety evaluated by SP117 can be used in practice for safe design. However, the factors of safety evaluated by GB 50330-2013 are risky for slope seismic design.
基金Project(52078129)supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of ChinaProject(MTF2023009)supported by the Open Project of Key Laboratory of Transport Industry of Comprehensive Transportation Theory(Nanjing Modern Multimodal Transportation Laboratory),ChinaProject(2242024K40037)supported by the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities,China。
文摘A shaking table test was performed to investigate the different responses of piles with and without cement-soil reinforcement,considering both inertial and kinematic interactions.A comparison of the dynamic shear stress−strain hysteresis curves of soil profiles on the pile side with and without cement-soil reinforced piles indicates that cement-soil reinforced piles not only bear more tremendous shear stress but also have smaller strains under the action of cyclic shear stress.Furthermore,the cement-soil on the pile side not only shares part of the shear stress and modifies the bending moment distribution but also significantly enhances the resistance of the pile-side soil,reducing the lateral displacement of the superstructure.Cement-soil reinforcement reduced shear strains,inhibited sand liquefaction,and reduced superstructure displacements by 27%−47%(instantaneous)and 40%−65%(permanent).The proportion of horizontal load sharing between cement-soil reinforcement and saturated sand is considered,along with the change pattern of the subgrade reaction after sand liquefaction.An equivalent subgrade reaction calculation method is proposed,which accounts for the horizontal load-sharing ratios of soils with two different strengths.The test results indicate that the pile stress and displacement,estimated using the equivalent subgrade reaction,are in good agreement with the observed results.
