Background:Investigators from low-,middle-,and high-income countries representing 6 continents contributed to the development of the Global Adolescent and Child Physical Activity Questionnaire(GAC-PAQ).The GAC-PAQ is ...Background:Investigators from low-,middle-,and high-income countries representing 6 continents contributed to the development of the Global Adolescent and Child Physical Activity Questionnaire(GAC-PAQ).The GAC-PAQ is designed to assess physical activity(PA)across all key domains(i.e.,school,chores,work/volunteering,transport,free time,outdoor time).It aimed to address multiple gaps in global PA surveillance(e.g.,omission of important PA domains,insufficient cultural adaptation,underrepresentation of rural areas in questionnaire validation studies).The purpose of this study was to assess the content validity of the GAC-PAQ among PA experts,8-to 17-year-olds,and one of their parents/guardians,and to discuss changes made to the questionnaire based on participants'feedback.Methods:Sixty-two experts in PA measurement and/or surveillance from 24 countries completed an online survey that included both closed-and open-ended questions about the content validity of the GAC-PAQ.The proportion of experts who agreed or strongly agreed with the items was calculated.Child-parent/guardian dyads from 15 countries(n=250;10-40 per country)participated in a structured cognitive interview to assess the clarity of the questions and response options,and they were encouraged to provide suggestions to improve clarity and facilitate completion of the questionnaire.Participating countries are:Aotearoa New Zealand,Brazil,Canada,China,Colombia,Czech Republic,India,Malawi,Mexico,Nepal,Nigeria,Spain,Sweden,Thailand,and the United Arab Emirates.Interviews were conducted in 13 different languages and structured by PA domain.Generic images were included to help participants in answering questions about PA intensity.Results:Expert agreement with the items for each domain exceeded 75%,and their qualitative feedback was used to revise the questionnaire before cognitive interviews.In general,participants found the questionnaire to be comprehensive.Adolescents(12-17 years)found it easier than children(8-11 years)to answer the questions.Several children struggled to answer questions about the duration and intensity of activities and/or concepts related to travel modes,active trips,and organized activities.Many parents/guardians were unsure about the frequency,duration,and intensity of their children's or adolescents'PA at school and/or recommended using more culturally relevant and appropriate images.Some participants misunderstood the concept of activities that“make you stronger”(intended to assess resistance activities)and/or struggled to differentiate between work,volunteering,and chores.Conclusion:Participants'feedback was used to develop a revised,simplified,and culturally adapted GAC-PAQ,which will be pilot-tested in all15 countries in an App that will include country-specific images and narration in local languages.Further research is needed to assess the reliability and validity of the revised GAC-PAQ.展开更多
This paper provides a systematic review of the histochemical localization,content characteristics,and influencing factors of saponins in Pseudostellaria heterophylla based on an extensive literature survey.It provides...This paper provides a systematic review of the histochemical localization,content characteristics,and influencing factors of saponins in Pseudostellaria heterophylla based on an extensive literature survey.It provides an in-depth analysis and summary of the effects of biological factors,environmental conditions,agronomic practices,processing methods,and continuous cropping obstacles on the synthesis of P.heterophylla saponins,as well as their underlying mechanisms.Based on identified gaps in the current literature,future research directions and prospects are proposed.The findings of this review offer valuable insights for advancing the understanding of the saponin biosynthesis mechanisms in P.heterophylla and for enhancing its quality.展开更多
[Objectives]To determine the content of Zhuang medicine Sauropus spatulifolius Beille from Guangxi.[Methods]The amino acid content of S.spatulifolius Beille was determined by ultraviolet spectrophotometry(UVs).The con...[Objectives]To determine the content of Zhuang medicine Sauropus spatulifolius Beille from Guangxi.[Methods]The amino acid content of S.spatulifolius Beille was determined by ultraviolet spectrophotometry(UVs).The content of kaempferol-3-O-gentiobioside in S.spatulifolius Beille was determined by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry(LC-MS).Pesticide residues in S.spatulifolius Beille were detected by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry(GC-MS).Heavy metal elements arsenic(As),cadmium(Cd),and lead(Pb)in S.spatulifolius Beille were detected by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry(ICP-MS).[Results]The amino acid content in S.spatulifolius Beille was 3.233 mg/g,with a relative standard deviation(RSD)of 0.36%.The content of kaempferol-3-O-gentiobioside was 1.15μg/mL.No pesticide residues or heavy metals were detected in the S.spatulifolius Beille medicinal material.[Conclusions]This study improves the quality control system for S.spatulifolius Beille and provides a reference basis for the quality standard control of Zhuang medicine S.spatulifolius Beille from Guangxi.展开更多
Gas content serves as a critical indicator for assessing the resource potential of deep coal mines and forecasting coal mine gas outburst risks.However,existing sampling technologies face challenges in maintaining the...Gas content serves as a critical indicator for assessing the resource potential of deep coal mines and forecasting coal mine gas outburst risks.However,existing sampling technologies face challenges in maintaining the integrity of gas content within samples and are often constrained by estimation errors inherent in empirical formulas,which results in inaccurate gas content measurements.This study introduces a lightweight,in-situ pressure-and gas-preserved corer designed to collect coal samples under the pressure conditions at the sampling point,effectively preventing gas loss during transfer and significantly improving measurement accuracy.Additionally,a gas migration model for deep coal mines was developed to elucidate gas migration characteristics under pressure-preserved coring conditions.The model offers valuable insights for optimizing coring parameters,demonstrating that both minimizing the coring hole diameter and reducing the pressure difference between the coring-point pressure and the original pore pressure can effectively improve the precision of gas content measurements.Coring tests conducted at an experimental base validated the performance of the corer and its effectiveness in sample collection.Furthermore,successful horizontal coring tests conducted in an underground coal mine roadway demonstrated that the measured gas content using pressure-preserved coring was 34%higher than that obtained through open sampling methods.展开更多
Rice is a poor source of folate,an essential micronutrient for the body.Biofortification offers an effective way to enhance the folate content of rice and alleviate folate deficiencies in humans.In this study,we confi...Rice is a poor source of folate,an essential micronutrient for the body.Biofortification offers an effective way to enhance the folate content of rice and alleviate folate deficiencies in humans.In this study,we confirmed that OsADCS and OsGTPCHI,encoding the initial enzymes necessary for folate synthesis,positively regulate folate accumulation in knockout mutants of both japonica and indica rice backgrounds.The folate content in the low-folate japonica variety was slightly increased by the expression of the indica alleles driven by the endosperm-specific promoter.We further obtained co-expression lines by stacking OsADCS and OsGTPCHI genes;the folate accumulation in brown rice and polished rice reached 5.65μg/g and 2.95μg/g,respectively,representing 37.9-fold and 26.5-fold increases compared with the wild type.Transcriptomic analysis of rice grains from six transgenic lines showed that folate changes affected biological pathways involved in the synthesis and metabolism of rice seed storage substances,while the expression of other folate synthesis genes was weakly regulated.In addition,we identified Aus rice as a high-folate germplasm carrying superior haplotypes of OsADCS and OsGTPCHI through natural variation.This study provides an alternative and effective complementary strategy for rice biofortification,promoting the rational combination of metabolic engineering and conventional breeding to breed high-folate varieties.展开更多
Fe-28Mn-(10-12)Al-(0.8-1.4)C(wt.%)steels were designed to investigate the influence of varying Al and C content on precipitation behavior ofκ-carbide and its contribution to the strength of high-Mn low-density steels...Fe-28Mn-(10-12)Al-(0.8-1.4)C(wt.%)steels were designed to investigate the influence of varying Al and C content on precipitation behavior ofκ-carbide and its contribution to the strength of high-Mn low-density steels.Results reveal that both Al and C elements promoteκ-carbide precipitation,with C having a more pronounced effect.In near-rapidly solidified 10Al steel strips,increasing C content from 0.8wt.%to 1.4wt.%raises theκ-carbide size from 9.6 nm to 38.2 nm,accompanied by volume fraction increase from 10.2vol.%to 29.8vol.%.In comparison,the average size and volume fraction ofκ-carbides in 12Al0.8C steel are only 11.4 nm and 17.8vol.%,respectively.Higher Al and C content reduces the lattice mismatch between austenite andκ-carbides,thus promoting nucleation ofκ-carbides.Notably,the increase in C content results in a greater reduction in the Gibbs free energy ofκ-carbide,leading to a stronger driving force forκ-carbide formation.Consequently,as the C content increases from 0.8wt.%to 1.4wt.%,the interaction betweenκ-carbides and dislocations transforms from particle cutting to bypassing,and the maximum precipitation strengthening ofκ-carbides reaches 583 MPa.The construction of the relationship between Al and C content andκ-carbide precipitation in this study would provide valuable insights for alloy design of high-Mn steels.展开更多
Carbon can change the phase components of low-density steels and influence the mechanical properties.In this study,a new method to control the carbon content and avoid the formation ofδ-ferrite by decarburization tre...Carbon can change the phase components of low-density steels and influence the mechanical properties.In this study,a new method to control the carbon content and avoid the formation ofδ-ferrite by decarburization treatment was proposed.The microstructural changes and mechanical characteristics with carbon content induced by decarburization were systematically examined.Crussard-Jaoul(C-J)analysis was employed to examine the work hardening characteristics during the tensile test.During decarburization by heat treatments,the carbon content within the austenite phase decreased,while Mn and Al were almost unchanged;this made the steel with full austenite transform into the austenite and ferrite dual phase.Meanwhile,(Ti,V)C carbides existed in both matrix phase and the mole fraction almost the same.In addition,the formation of other carbides restrained.Carbon loss induced a decrease in strength due to the weakening of the carbon solid solution.For the steel with the single austinite,the deformation mode of austenite was the dislocation planar glide,resulting in the formation of microbands.For the dual-phase steel,the deformation occurred by the dislocation planar glide of austenite first,with the increase in strain,the cross slip of ferrite took place,forming dislocation cells in ferrite.At the late stage of deformation,the work hardening of austinite increased rapidly,while that of ferrite increased slightly.展开更多
In order to achieve the large-scale application of manufactured sand in railway high-strength concrete structure,a series of high-strength manufactured sand concrete(HMC)are prepared by taking the manufactured sand li...In order to achieve the large-scale application of manufactured sand in railway high-strength concrete structure,a series of high-strength manufactured sand concrete(HMC)are prepared by taking the manufactured sand lithology(tuff,limestone,basalt,granite),stone powder content(0,5%,10%,15%)and concrete strength grade(C60,C80,C100)as variables.The evolution of mechanical properties of HMC and the correlation between cubic compressive strength and other mechanical properties are studied.Compared to river sand,manufactured sand enhances the cubic compressive strength,axial compressive strength and elastic modulus of concrete,while its potential microcracks weaken the flexural strength and splitting tensile strength of concrete.Stone powder content displays both positive and negative effects on mechanical properties of HMC,and the stone powder content is suggested to be less than 10%.The empirical formulas between cubic compressive strength and other mechanical properties are proposed.展开更多
This study presents an innovative approach to enhancing the security of visual medical data in the generative AI environment through the integration of blockchain technology.By combining the strengths of blockchain an...This study presents an innovative approach to enhancing the security of visual medical data in the generative AI environment through the integration of blockchain technology.By combining the strengths of blockchain and generative AI,the research team aimed to address the timely challenge of safeguarding visual medical content.The participating researchers conducted a comprehensive analysis,examining the vulnerabilities of medical AI services,personal information protection issues,and overall security weaknesses.This multi faceted exploration led to an indepth evaluation of the model’s performance and security.Notably,the correlation between accuracy,detection rate,and error rate was scrutinized.This analysis revealed insights into the model’s strengths and limitations,while the consideration of standard deviation shed light on the model’s stability and performance variability.The study proposed practical improvements,emphasizing the reduction of false negatives to enhance detection rate and leveraging blockchain technology to ensure visual data integrity in medical applications.Applying blockchain to generative AI-created medical content addresses key personal information protection issues.By utilizing the distributed ledger system of blockchain,the research team aimed to protect the privacy and integrity of medical data especially medical images.This approach not only enhances security but also enables transparent and tamperproof record-keeping.Additionally,the use of generative AI models ensures the creation of novel medical content without compromising personal information,further safeguarding patient privacy.In conclusion,this study showcases the potential of blockchain-based solutions in the medical field,particularly in securing sensitive medical data and protecting patient privacy.The proposed approach,combining blockchain and generative AI,offers a promising direction toward more robust and secure medical content management.Further research and advancements in this area will undoubtedly contribute to the development of robust and privacy-preserving healthcare systems,and visual diagnostic systems.展开更多
The endpoint carbon content in the converter is critical for the quality of steel products,and accurately predicting this parameter is an effective way to reduce alloy consumption and improve smelting efficiency.Howev...The endpoint carbon content in the converter is critical for the quality of steel products,and accurately predicting this parameter is an effective way to reduce alloy consumption and improve smelting efficiency.However,most scholars currently focus on modifying methods to enhance model accuracy,while overlooking the extent to which input parameters influence accuracy.To address this issue,in this study,a prediction model for the endpoint carbon content in the converter was developed using factor analysis(FA)and support vector machine(SVM)optimized by improved particle swarm optimization(IPSO).Analysis of the factors influencing the endpoint carbon content during the converter smelting process led to the identification of 21 input parameters.Subsequently,FA was used to reduce the dimensionality of the data and applied to the prediction model.The results demonstrate that the performance of the FA-IPSO-SVM model surpasses several existing methods,such as twin support vector regression and support vector machine.The model achieves hit rates of 89.59%,96.21%,and 98.74%within error ranges of±0.01%,±0.015%,and±0.02%,respectively.Finally,based on the prediction results obtained by sequentially removing input parameters,the parameters were classified into high influence(5%-7%),medium influence(2%-5%),and low influence(0-2%)categories according to their varying degrees of impact on prediction accuracy.This classi-fication provides a reference for selecting input parameters in future prediction models for endpoint carbon content.展开更多
Zirconium alloy cladding materials inevitably undergo hydrogen absorption in the processing and operation process of the reactor,and its static and dynamic mechanical properties are closely related to the hydrogen con...Zirconium alloy cladding materials inevitably undergo hydrogen absorption in the processing and operation process of the reactor,and its static and dynamic mechanical properties are closely related to the hydrogen content.Samples with hydrogen content ranging from 23μg/g to 132μg/g were obtained using the method of gas-phase hydrogen charging,and the influence of hydrogen content on static/dynamic mechanical properties of Zr-Sn-Nb-Fe alloy was studied.The results show that the effect of weak hydrogen charging on the ultimate tensile strength,yield strength,and elongation of zirconium alloy is not obvious.There are a large number of dimples on the fracture surface of the tensile sample before and after hydrogen charging,which is a typical ductile fracture.However,the impact toughness of Zr-Sn-Nb-Fe alloy decreases significantly after trace hydrogen charging.The impact sample without hydrogen charging shows the mixed fracture mechanism of ductile fracture and microcleavage fracture.The increase in hydrogen permeability leads to the emergence of hydride,and the deformation of high strain rate under the impact loading condition leads to secondary cracks in the microstructure.The initiation and expansion of the secondary cracks is the main reason for the reduction of the impact toughness.展开更多
Aseries of [(Fe_(0.6)Co_(0.2)Ni_(0.2))_(0.75-0.03x)B_(0.2)Si_(0.05+0.03x)]_(96)Nb_(4) amorphous alloy composite coatings were prepared by adjusting the silicon content(x=0,1,2,3,4,5,and 6)and their microstructures and...Aseries of [(Fe_(0.6)Co_(0.2)Ni_(0.2))_(0.75-0.03x)B_(0.2)Si_(0.05+0.03x)]_(96)Nb_(4) amorphous alloy composite coatings were prepared by adjusting the silicon content(x=0,1,2,3,4,5,and 6)and their microstructures and tribological properties were investigated by laser cladding technique.Additionally,the effect of Si on the glass forming ability(GFA)of the layers was understood.Results show that an appropriate Si content can refine the microstructure of the FeCoNiBSiNb laser cladding layers and improve the mechanical and tribological properties.The hardness of the coating layer increases monotonically with the Si content.At the Si content of 4.8at%(x=0),the coating layer exhibits a relatively low hardness(734.2HV 0.1).Conversely,at the silicon content of 13.44at%(x=3),the coating layer exhibits the highest hardness(1106HV 0.1).The non-crystalline content and tensile strength exhibit an initial increase,followed by a subsequent decrease.At x=2,the coating exhibits its maximum fracture strength(2880 MPa).However,when x>2,the fracture strength of the coating decreases with an increase in x.Conversely,with an increase in Si content,the wear volume loss initially decreases and then increases.At a Si content of 10.56at%(x=2),the coating exhibits the highest non-crystalline content(42%),the highest tensile strength(2880 MPa),and the most favorable dry friction performance.展开更多
In order to adjust some properties of cement grout or concrete,some mineral admixtures are usually added in the preparation.Admixtures can reduce the cement consumption and save the cost,and also adjust the workabilit...In order to adjust some properties of cement grout or concrete,some mineral admixtures are usually added in the preparation.Admixtures can reduce the cement consumption and save the cost,and also adjust the workability of the material,improve the strength and durability of the cement stone,or reduce hydration heat of the composite cement.At present,the content of fly ash or slag is generally less than 50%among the composite cementitious materials that have been studied more,but there is little research on composite cementitious materials with large mineral admixture.In this paper,XRD,SEM,and adiabatic temperature rise tests were used to discuss hydration products and mechanism of composite cement grout with 90%content of fly ash and slag.The results show that the hydration of the composite cement grout is an alkali-activated hydration reaction,and the hydration products are mainly amorphous substances such as hydrated calcium silicate or hydrated calcium aluminate gel.The hydration reaction temperature rise is much lower than that of ordinary cement grout,and the time of the temperature peak is significantly delayed.展开更多
Sesame(Sesamum indicum L.)is an ancient diploid oilseed crop valued for its high oil content,quality protein,unsaturated fatty acids,and antioxidants.The emerging research focuses on the utilization of vegetable prote...Sesame(Sesamum indicum L.)is an ancient diploid oilseed crop valued for its high oil content,quality protein,unsaturated fatty acids,and antioxidants.The emerging research focuses on the utilization of vegetable proteins in the development of novel products and the formulation of functional foods.Developing sesame genotypes with higher protein and oil content is a current focus for improving sesame quality traits,as preferred by the sesame seed oil industry and consumers.Despite previous genome-wide association studies(GWAS)on various agronomic and biochemical traits in sesame,the genetic basis of protein content and oil content remains limited.Therefore,this study was designed to identify candidate genes and quantitative trait loci(QTLs)regulating the target traits using 401 sesame accessions grown in three environments(2018WH,2018LQ,and 2022WH).The protein and oil content in the sesame population varied significantly.The protein content ranged from 15.06%to 26.45%,while the oil content was between 41.68%and 60.15%.Furthermore,the white seeds had a higher oil content,while the black seeds had a higher protein content,indicating an association between seed colour and oil and protein content.GWAS results revealed that 632 and 269 QTLs were selected as significant genetic regions for protein and oil content,respectively.Of these significant QTLs,we identified 10 and 22 stable QTLs for protein and oil content,respectively.A total of 17 candidate genes related to protein and oil content were identified within 32 stable quantitative trait loci(QTLs).Interestingly,two variant sites,SNP13:10093594 and In Del13:10935497,related to protein content,were identified in the gene sequences of SINPZ1300586 and SINPZ1300694.Four SNPs,SNP1:22608987,SNP4:13355820,SNP8:21686488,and SNP11:142842,for oil content were found correspond to the genes SINPZ0102106,SINPZ0401222,SINPZ0801731,and SINPZ1100015,respectively.The findings provide light on the genetic basis of protein and oil characteristics.These genes and QTLs can aid the molecular breeding and genetic engineering of innovative sesame germplasm,with improved potential for protein and oil content,as well as desired quality attributes.展开更多
In this study,compacted loess samples with varying compaction water content but identical dry density were prepared to investigate the evolution of their hydraulic conductivity and compression behavior.Additionally,en...In this study,compacted loess samples with varying compaction water content but identical dry density were prepared to investigate the evolution of their hydraulic conductivity and compression behavior.Additionally,environmental scanning electron microscopy(ESEM)and nuclear magnetic resonance(NMR)analyses were conducted to gain microstructural insights into loess behavior at the laboratory scale.The results indicate that the maximum saturated hydraulic conductivity is observed at the lowest compaction water content,particularly in the early stage of permeability tests.In particular,for loess compacted at water contents below the optimum(as determined by the modified Proctor compaction test),the hydraulic conductivity decreases throughout the permeability tests.Conversely,when the water content exceeds the optimum level,the hydraulic conductivity shows an increasing trend.In terms of compression behavior,when the as-compacted samples are loaded in oedometer conditions,an increase in material compressibility is observed with increasing compaction water content.Again,a different phenomenological behavior was observed when the compaction water content exceeded the optimum,i.e.an abrupt increase in loess compressibility.ESEM tests provide microstructural confirmation of this evidence,as the surface morphology of the compacted loess changes significantly with increasing compaction water content.The microstructural evolution was also quantified in terms of area ratio using image processing software.Finally,NMR was used to quantify the intra-and inter-aggregate water at different compaction water contents,once again highlighting a threshold for the presence or absence of inter-aggregate water similar to the optimum water content.展开更多
Salt stress significantly inhibits crop growth and development,and mitigating this can enhance salt tolerance in various crops.Previous studies have shown that regulating saccharide biosynthesis is a key aspect of pla...Salt stress significantly inhibits crop growth and development,and mitigating this can enhance salt tolerance in various crops.Previous studies have shown that regulating saccharide biosynthesis is a key aspect of plant salt tolerance;however,the underlying molecular mechanisms remain largely unexplored.In this study,we demonstrate that overexpression of a salt-inducible galactinol synthase gene,ZmGolS1,alleviates salt-induced growth inhibition,likely by promoting raffinose synthesis.Additionally,we show that natural variation in ZmGolS1 transcript levels contributes to the diversity of raffinose content and salt tolerance in maize.We further reveal that ZmRR18,a type-B response regulator transcription factor,binds to the AATC element in the promoter of ZmGolS1,with this binding increases the transcript levels of ZmGolS1 under salt conditions.Moreover,a single nucleotide polymorphism(termed SNP-302T)within the ZmGolS1 promoter significantly reduces its binding affinity for ZmRR18,resulting in decreased ZmGolS1 expression and diminished raffinose content,ultimately leading to a salt-hypersensitive phenotype.Collectively,our findings reveal the molecular mechanisms by which the ZmRR18-ZmGolS1 module enhances raffinose biosynthesis,thereby promoting maize growth under salt conditions.This research provides important insights into salt tolerance mechanisms associated with saccharide biosynthesis and identifies valuable genetic loci for breeding salt-tolerant maize varieties.展开更多
Protein content plays a crucial role in determining the eating and cooking quality of rice.However,the genetic and molecular basis underlying grain protein content remains to be elucidated.In this study,we identified ...Protein content plays a crucial role in determining the eating and cooking quality of rice.However,the genetic and molecular basis underlying grain protein content remains to be elucidated.In this study,we identified a genomic region associated with grain protein content in rice chromosome segment substitution lines containing the flowering gene Ghd7.1,which reduced grain protein content by repressing the transcription of the gene OsAAP6.Knockout of Ghd7.1 increased grain protein content and decreased the eating and cooking quality of rice.Introduction of the functional haplotype of Ghd7.1 into two elite rice cultivars reduced their protein content and increased their eating quality and grain yield with no effect on the regulation of flowering time.Ghd7.1 might be used for regulating the protein content and improving the eating quality of rice varieties.展开更多
Carnitine(CAR) is a vital quaternary ammonium compound. However, the characteristics of CAR content and its influencing factors across different marine animal species remain poorly understood. This study examined the ...Carnitine(CAR) is a vital quaternary ammonium compound. However, the characteristics of CAR content and its influencing factors across different marine animal species remain poorly understood. This study examined the CAR content in 258 marine animals, representing 54 species across seven classes, collected from coastal and offshore regions of China and the Northwest Pacific Ocean(NWPO) between May 2020 and June 2022. The CAR content ranged from0.01 mmol/kg to 1.33 mmol/kg, with a mean value of(0.15 ± 0.18) mmol/kg(mean ± standard deviation). The highest CAR content was observed in Crustacea [(0.48 ± 0.38) mmol/kg], which was four times greater than the average CAR content in the other classes [(0.12 ± 0.11) mmol/kg]. Overall, the CAR content exhibited minor variation among marine animals, potentially because the carnitine pool maintains its dynamic balance. Additionally, significant correlations were observed between the CAR content and environmental factors in some species: a negative correlation with seawater temperature and positive correlations with latitude, seawater salinity, and depth. These results suggest that the CAR content in marine animals is influenced by environmental changes. This study provides theoretical insights for understanding the characteristics and influencing factors of CAR content in marine animals.展开更多
Crude fat is an important nutritional component of maize kernels.However,the genetic mechanisms underlying crude fat content in maize kernels remain elusive.Previous studies used single-model genome-wide association s...Crude fat is an important nutritional component of maize kernels.However,the genetic mechanisms underlying crude fat content in maize kernels remain elusive.Previous studies used single-model genome-wide association studies(GWAS)with limited population sizes,which can result in false loci positives and hinder functional gene identification.Therefore,this study used a population consisting of 495 maize inbred lines,combined with 1.25 million single nucleotide polymorphisms(SNPs),and implemented GWAS using six models to identify quantitative trait nucleotides(QTNs)controlling crude fat content and to mine key genes.The results revealed a wide variation in crude fat content(0.62-16.03%)and broad-sense heritability(H^(2))(96.23%).In total,744 significant QTNs were detected,with 147 co-located across different models,environments,and methods.Based on the 147 colocated QTNs,candidate genes were searched at 50 kb up-and down-stream intervals of each QTN.We finally screened eight candidate genes(GRMZM2G169089,GRMZM2G117935,GRMZM2G002075,GRMZM2G368838,GRMZM2G058496,GRMZM2G090669,GRMZM2G001241,and GRMZM2G333454)related to crude fat content that exhibited high expression levels during kernel development in maize inbred line B73.Notably,GRMZM2G169089,GRMZM2G117935,GRMZM2G002075,and GRMZM2G368838 are involved in the linoleic acid metabolic pathway,oil metabolism,kernel growth,and development in maize.Furthermore,co-expression network analysis revealed that the eight candidate genes strongly correlated with 30 known genes.Proteins encoded by candidate genes interact with other proteins and play an important role in oil content and oleic acid metabolism in maize kernels.The best haplotypes of candidate genes might increase crude fat content without decreasing maize yield.These results broaden the understanding of the genetic mechanism of crude fat content and facilitate marker-assisted selection for high-crude fat breeding programs for maize.展开更多
The present teaching content of the power electronics course is insufficient to cover the power electronics technology used in building electrical engineering.This paper analyzes the relationship between building elec...The present teaching content of the power electronics course is insufficient to cover the power electronics technology used in building electrical engineering.This paper analyzes the relationship between building electrical engineering and power electronics technology,investigates the main power electronics technology used in building electrical engineering,introduces the teaching content of current power electronics course,analyzes the insufficiency of current teaching content related to the practice of electrical engineering,and proposes the principles and directions for the reformation and innovation of the teaching content of the course of power electronics for the major of building electricity and intelligence.展开更多
基金supported by a Project Grant(Grant No.PJT183705)an Early Career Investigator Prize(Grant No.ECP 184184)from the Canadian Institutes of Health Research+7 种基金a Prentice Institute Research Affiliate Fund Grant from the Prentice Institute for Global Population and Economy(Grant No.G00004116)a Te Herenga Waka Victoria University of Wellington Division of Science Health Engineering Architecture and Design Innovation Faculty Strategic Research Grant(Grant No.FSRG-SHEADI-10724)The Thailand Physical Activity Knowledge Development Centre(TPAK)/Thai Health Promotion Foundation provided funding for the cognitive interviews and pilot study in Thailand(Grant No.66-P1-0473)The University Pablo de Olavide provided a scholarship for 2 undergraduate students working on the project(codes PPI2207 and PPI2308)In the Czech Republicthe study was supported by Palacky University IGA(Grant No.IGA_FTK_2023_017)supported by the Division of Intramural Research at the National Institute on Minority Health and Health Disparities of the National Institutes of Healthsupported by the Key Project of the National Philosophy and Social Science Foundation of China(23&ZD197)。
文摘Background:Investigators from low-,middle-,and high-income countries representing 6 continents contributed to the development of the Global Adolescent and Child Physical Activity Questionnaire(GAC-PAQ).The GAC-PAQ is designed to assess physical activity(PA)across all key domains(i.e.,school,chores,work/volunteering,transport,free time,outdoor time).It aimed to address multiple gaps in global PA surveillance(e.g.,omission of important PA domains,insufficient cultural adaptation,underrepresentation of rural areas in questionnaire validation studies).The purpose of this study was to assess the content validity of the GAC-PAQ among PA experts,8-to 17-year-olds,and one of their parents/guardians,and to discuss changes made to the questionnaire based on participants'feedback.Methods:Sixty-two experts in PA measurement and/or surveillance from 24 countries completed an online survey that included both closed-and open-ended questions about the content validity of the GAC-PAQ.The proportion of experts who agreed or strongly agreed with the items was calculated.Child-parent/guardian dyads from 15 countries(n=250;10-40 per country)participated in a structured cognitive interview to assess the clarity of the questions and response options,and they were encouraged to provide suggestions to improve clarity and facilitate completion of the questionnaire.Participating countries are:Aotearoa New Zealand,Brazil,Canada,China,Colombia,Czech Republic,India,Malawi,Mexico,Nepal,Nigeria,Spain,Sweden,Thailand,and the United Arab Emirates.Interviews were conducted in 13 different languages and structured by PA domain.Generic images were included to help participants in answering questions about PA intensity.Results:Expert agreement with the items for each domain exceeded 75%,and their qualitative feedback was used to revise the questionnaire before cognitive interviews.In general,participants found the questionnaire to be comprehensive.Adolescents(12-17 years)found it easier than children(8-11 years)to answer the questions.Several children struggled to answer questions about the duration and intensity of activities and/or concepts related to travel modes,active trips,and organized activities.Many parents/guardians were unsure about the frequency,duration,and intensity of their children's or adolescents'PA at school and/or recommended using more culturally relevant and appropriate images.Some participants misunderstood the concept of activities that“make you stronger”(intended to assess resistance activities)and/or struggled to differentiate between work,volunteering,and chores.Conclusion:Participants'feedback was used to develop a revised,simplified,and culturally adapted GAC-PAQ,which will be pilot-tested in all15 countries in an App that will include country-specific images and narration in local languages.Further research is needed to assess the reliability and validity of the revised GAC-PAQ.
基金Supported by Open Fund Project of the Engineering Technology Research Center of Characteristic Medicinal Plants of Fujian(PP202003).
文摘This paper provides a systematic review of the histochemical localization,content characteristics,and influencing factors of saponins in Pseudostellaria heterophylla based on an extensive literature survey.It provides an in-depth analysis and summary of the effects of biological factors,environmental conditions,agronomic practices,processing methods,and continuous cropping obstacles on the synthesis of P.heterophylla saponins,as well as their underlying mechanisms.Based on identified gaps in the current literature,future research directions and prospects are proposed.The findings of this review offer valuable insights for advancing the understanding of the saponin biosynthesis mechanisms in P.heterophylla and for enhancing its quality.
基金Supported by Guangxi Key Research and Development Program Project(GuiKe AB18221095)Open Fund Project of Guangxi Key Laboratory of Research on Ethnic Medicinal Plants in the Youjiang River Basin(yykf2024-01)+1 种基金High-level Talent Research Project of Youjiang Medical University for Nationalities(1002018079)2023 National-level College Student Innovation and Entrepreneurship Training Program Project(202310599008).
文摘[Objectives]To determine the content of Zhuang medicine Sauropus spatulifolius Beille from Guangxi.[Methods]The amino acid content of S.spatulifolius Beille was determined by ultraviolet spectrophotometry(UVs).The content of kaempferol-3-O-gentiobioside in S.spatulifolius Beille was determined by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry(LC-MS).Pesticide residues in S.spatulifolius Beille were detected by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry(GC-MS).Heavy metal elements arsenic(As),cadmium(Cd),and lead(Pb)in S.spatulifolius Beille were detected by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry(ICP-MS).[Results]The amino acid content in S.spatulifolius Beille was 3.233 mg/g,with a relative standard deviation(RSD)of 0.36%.The content of kaempferol-3-O-gentiobioside was 1.15μg/mL.No pesticide residues or heavy metals were detected in the S.spatulifolius Beille medicinal material.[Conclusions]This study improves the quality control system for S.spatulifolius Beille and provides a reference basis for the quality standard control of Zhuang medicine S.spatulifolius Beille from Guangxi.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.51827901,42477191,and 52304033)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(No.YJ202449)+1 种基金the Open Research Fund of State Key Laboratory of Geomechanics and Geotechnical Engineering,Institute of Rock and Soil Mechanics,Chinese Academy of Sciences(No.SKLGME022009)the China Postdoctoral Science Foundation(No.2023M742446).
文摘Gas content serves as a critical indicator for assessing the resource potential of deep coal mines and forecasting coal mine gas outburst risks.However,existing sampling technologies face challenges in maintaining the integrity of gas content within samples and are often constrained by estimation errors inherent in empirical formulas,which results in inaccurate gas content measurements.This study introduces a lightweight,in-situ pressure-and gas-preserved corer designed to collect coal samples under the pressure conditions at the sampling point,effectively preventing gas loss during transfer and significantly improving measurement accuracy.Additionally,a gas migration model for deep coal mines was developed to elucidate gas migration characteristics under pressure-preserved coring conditions.The model offers valuable insights for optimizing coring parameters,demonstrating that both minimizing the coring hole diameter and reducing the pressure difference between the coring-point pressure and the original pore pressure can effectively improve the precision of gas content measurements.Coring tests conducted at an experimental base validated the performance of the corer and its effectiveness in sample collection.Furthermore,successful horizontal coring tests conducted in an underground coal mine roadway demonstrated that the measured gas content using pressure-preserved coring was 34%higher than that obtained through open sampling methods.
基金supported by the Central Public-Interest Scientific Institution Basal Research Fund,China(Grant No.CPSIBRF-CNRRI-202403)。
文摘Rice is a poor source of folate,an essential micronutrient for the body.Biofortification offers an effective way to enhance the folate content of rice and alleviate folate deficiencies in humans.In this study,we confirmed that OsADCS and OsGTPCHI,encoding the initial enzymes necessary for folate synthesis,positively regulate folate accumulation in knockout mutants of both japonica and indica rice backgrounds.The folate content in the low-folate japonica variety was slightly increased by the expression of the indica alleles driven by the endosperm-specific promoter.We further obtained co-expression lines by stacking OsADCS and OsGTPCHI genes;the folate accumulation in brown rice and polished rice reached 5.65μg/g and 2.95μg/g,respectively,representing 37.9-fold and 26.5-fold increases compared with the wild type.Transcriptomic analysis of rice grains from six transgenic lines showed that folate changes affected biological pathways involved in the synthesis and metabolism of rice seed storage substances,while the expression of other folate synthesis genes was weakly regulated.In addition,we identified Aus rice as a high-folate germplasm carrying superior haplotypes of OsADCS and OsGTPCHI through natural variation.This study provides an alternative and effective complementary strategy for rice biofortification,promoting the rational combination of metabolic engineering and conventional breeding to breed high-folate varieties.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.52301058 and 52271034)the China Postdoctoral Science Foundation(No.2023M732183)+3 种基金the Postdoctoral Fellowship Program of CPSF(No.GZB20230399)the Key scientific and technological project in Ningbo City(No.2022Z056)supported by the Independent Research Project of State Key Laboratory of the Advanced Special Steel,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Advanced Ferrometallurgy,Shanghai University(SKLASS 2023-Z12)the Science and Technology Commission of Shanghai Municipality(No.19DZ2270200).
文摘Fe-28Mn-(10-12)Al-(0.8-1.4)C(wt.%)steels were designed to investigate the influence of varying Al and C content on precipitation behavior ofκ-carbide and its contribution to the strength of high-Mn low-density steels.Results reveal that both Al and C elements promoteκ-carbide precipitation,with C having a more pronounced effect.In near-rapidly solidified 10Al steel strips,increasing C content from 0.8wt.%to 1.4wt.%raises theκ-carbide size from 9.6 nm to 38.2 nm,accompanied by volume fraction increase from 10.2vol.%to 29.8vol.%.In comparison,the average size and volume fraction ofκ-carbides in 12Al0.8C steel are only 11.4 nm and 17.8vol.%,respectively.Higher Al and C content reduces the lattice mismatch between austenite andκ-carbides,thus promoting nucleation ofκ-carbides.Notably,the increase in C content results in a greater reduction in the Gibbs free energy ofκ-carbide,leading to a stronger driving force forκ-carbide formation.Consequently,as the C content increases from 0.8wt.%to 1.4wt.%,the interaction betweenκ-carbides and dislocations transforms from particle cutting to bypassing,and the maximum precipitation strengthening ofκ-carbides reaches 583 MPa.The construction of the relationship between Al and C content andκ-carbide precipitation in this study would provide valuable insights for alloy design of high-Mn steels.
基金financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.U2141207,52171111,and 52001083)the Youth Talent Project of China National Nuclear Corporation(No.CNNC2021Y-TEPHEU01)+3 种基金the China Postdoctoral Science Foundation(No.2020M681077)the Natural Science Foundation of Heilongjiang,China(No.LH2019E030)the Heilongjiang Postdoctoral Science Foundation,China(No.LBH-Z19125)he Heilongjiang Touyan Innovation Team Program,China,and the Natural Science Foundation of Heilongjiang(No.LH2020E060)。
文摘Carbon can change the phase components of low-density steels and influence the mechanical properties.In this study,a new method to control the carbon content and avoid the formation ofδ-ferrite by decarburization treatment was proposed.The microstructural changes and mechanical characteristics with carbon content induced by decarburization were systematically examined.Crussard-Jaoul(C-J)analysis was employed to examine the work hardening characteristics during the tensile test.During decarburization by heat treatments,the carbon content within the austenite phase decreased,while Mn and Al were almost unchanged;this made the steel with full austenite transform into the austenite and ferrite dual phase.Meanwhile,(Ti,V)C carbides existed in both matrix phase and the mole fraction almost the same.In addition,the formation of other carbides restrained.Carbon loss induced a decrease in strength due to the weakening of the carbon solid solution.For the steel with the single austinite,the deformation mode of austenite was the dislocation planar glide,resulting in the formation of microbands.For the dual-phase steel,the deformation occurred by the dislocation planar glide of austenite first,with the increase in strain,the cross slip of ferrite took place,forming dislocation cells in ferrite.At the late stage of deformation,the work hardening of austinite increased rapidly,while that of ferrite increased slightly.
基金Funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.U1934206,52108260)China Academy of Railway Sciences Fund(No.2021YJ078)+1 种基金Railway Engineering Construction Standard Project(No.2023-BZWW-006)New Cornerstone Science Foundation through the XPLORER PRIZE。
文摘In order to achieve the large-scale application of manufactured sand in railway high-strength concrete structure,a series of high-strength manufactured sand concrete(HMC)are prepared by taking the manufactured sand lithology(tuff,limestone,basalt,granite),stone powder content(0,5%,10%,15%)and concrete strength grade(C60,C80,C100)as variables.The evolution of mechanical properties of HMC and the correlation between cubic compressive strength and other mechanical properties are studied.Compared to river sand,manufactured sand enhances the cubic compressive strength,axial compressive strength and elastic modulus of concrete,while its potential microcracks weaken the flexural strength and splitting tensile strength of concrete.Stone powder content displays both positive and negative effects on mechanical properties of HMC,and the stone powder content is suggested to be less than 10%.The empirical formulas between cubic compressive strength and other mechanical properties are proposed.
文摘This study presents an innovative approach to enhancing the security of visual medical data in the generative AI environment through the integration of blockchain technology.By combining the strengths of blockchain and generative AI,the research team aimed to address the timely challenge of safeguarding visual medical content.The participating researchers conducted a comprehensive analysis,examining the vulnerabilities of medical AI services,personal information protection issues,and overall security weaknesses.This multi faceted exploration led to an indepth evaluation of the model’s performance and security.Notably,the correlation between accuracy,detection rate,and error rate was scrutinized.This analysis revealed insights into the model’s strengths and limitations,while the consideration of standard deviation shed light on the model’s stability and performance variability.The study proposed practical improvements,emphasizing the reduction of false negatives to enhance detection rate and leveraging blockchain technology to ensure visual data integrity in medical applications.Applying blockchain to generative AI-created medical content addresses key personal information protection issues.By utilizing the distributed ledger system of blockchain,the research team aimed to protect the privacy and integrity of medical data especially medical images.This approach not only enhances security but also enables transparent and tamperproof record-keeping.Additionally,the use of generative AI models ensures the creation of novel medical content without compromising personal information,further safeguarding patient privacy.In conclusion,this study showcases the potential of blockchain-based solutions in the medical field,particularly in securing sensitive medical data and protecting patient privacy.The proposed approach,combining blockchain and generative AI,offers a promising direction toward more robust and secure medical content management.Further research and advancements in this area will undoubtedly contribute to the development of robust and privacy-preserving healthcare systems,and visual diagnostic systems.
基金financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.52174297).
文摘The endpoint carbon content in the converter is critical for the quality of steel products,and accurately predicting this parameter is an effective way to reduce alloy consumption and improve smelting efficiency.However,most scholars currently focus on modifying methods to enhance model accuracy,while overlooking the extent to which input parameters influence accuracy.To address this issue,in this study,a prediction model for the endpoint carbon content in the converter was developed using factor analysis(FA)and support vector machine(SVM)optimized by improved particle swarm optimization(IPSO).Analysis of the factors influencing the endpoint carbon content during the converter smelting process led to the identification of 21 input parameters.Subsequently,FA was used to reduce the dimensionality of the data and applied to the prediction model.The results demonstrate that the performance of the FA-IPSO-SVM model surpasses several existing methods,such as twin support vector regression and support vector machine.The model achieves hit rates of 89.59%,96.21%,and 98.74%within error ranges of±0.01%,±0.015%,and±0.02%,respectively.Finally,based on the prediction results obtained by sequentially removing input parameters,the parameters were classified into high influence(5%-7%),medium influence(2%-5%),and low influence(0-2%)categories according to their varying degrees of impact on prediction accuracy.This classi-fication provides a reference for selecting input parameters in future prediction models for endpoint carbon content.
文摘Zirconium alloy cladding materials inevitably undergo hydrogen absorption in the processing and operation process of the reactor,and its static and dynamic mechanical properties are closely related to the hydrogen content.Samples with hydrogen content ranging from 23μg/g to 132μg/g were obtained using the method of gas-phase hydrogen charging,and the influence of hydrogen content on static/dynamic mechanical properties of Zr-Sn-Nb-Fe alloy was studied.The results show that the effect of weak hydrogen charging on the ultimate tensile strength,yield strength,and elongation of zirconium alloy is not obvious.There are a large number of dimples on the fracture surface of the tensile sample before and after hydrogen charging,which is a typical ductile fracture.However,the impact toughness of Zr-Sn-Nb-Fe alloy decreases significantly after trace hydrogen charging.The impact sample without hydrogen charging shows the mixed fracture mechanism of ductile fracture and microcleavage fracture.The increase in hydrogen permeability leads to the emergence of hydride,and the deformation of high strain rate under the impact loading condition leads to secondary cracks in the microstructure.The initiation and expansion of the secondary cracks is the main reason for the reduction of the impact toughness.
文摘Aseries of [(Fe_(0.6)Co_(0.2)Ni_(0.2))_(0.75-0.03x)B_(0.2)Si_(0.05+0.03x)]_(96)Nb_(4) amorphous alloy composite coatings were prepared by adjusting the silicon content(x=0,1,2,3,4,5,and 6)and their microstructures and tribological properties were investigated by laser cladding technique.Additionally,the effect of Si on the glass forming ability(GFA)of the layers was understood.Results show that an appropriate Si content can refine the microstructure of the FeCoNiBSiNb laser cladding layers and improve the mechanical and tribological properties.The hardness of the coating layer increases monotonically with the Si content.At the Si content of 4.8at%(x=0),the coating layer exhibits a relatively low hardness(734.2HV 0.1).Conversely,at the silicon content of 13.44at%(x=3),the coating layer exhibits the highest hardness(1106HV 0.1).The non-crystalline content and tensile strength exhibit an initial increase,followed by a subsequent decrease.At x=2,the coating exhibits its maximum fracture strength(2880 MPa).However,when x>2,the fracture strength of the coating decreases with an increase in x.Conversely,with an increase in Si content,the wear volume loss initially decreases and then increases.At a Si content of 10.56at%(x=2),the coating exhibits the highest non-crystalline content(42%),the highest tensile strength(2880 MPa),and the most favorable dry friction performance.
文摘In order to adjust some properties of cement grout or concrete,some mineral admixtures are usually added in the preparation.Admixtures can reduce the cement consumption and save the cost,and also adjust the workability of the material,improve the strength and durability of the cement stone,or reduce hydration heat of the composite cement.At present,the content of fly ash or slag is generally less than 50%among the composite cementitious materials that have been studied more,but there is little research on composite cementitious materials with large mineral admixture.In this paper,XRD,SEM,and adiabatic temperature rise tests were used to discuss hydration products and mechanism of composite cement grout with 90%content of fly ash and slag.The results show that the hydration of the composite cement grout is an alkali-activated hydration reaction,and the hydration products are mainly amorphous substances such as hydrated calcium silicate or hydrated calcium aluminate gel.The hydration reaction temperature rise is much lower than that of ordinary cement grout,and the time of the temperature peak is significantly delayed.
基金funded by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(2024YFD1600100)the Agricultural Science and Technology Innovation Program of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences(CAAS-ASTIP-2021-OCRI)+3 种基金China Agriculture Research System(CARS-14)Hubei International Science and Technology Cooperation Project(2024EHA055)Science and Technology Innovation Project of Hubei province(2024-620-000-001-031)Fundamental Research Funds for Central Non-profit Scientific Institution(1610172023003)。
文摘Sesame(Sesamum indicum L.)is an ancient diploid oilseed crop valued for its high oil content,quality protein,unsaturated fatty acids,and antioxidants.The emerging research focuses on the utilization of vegetable proteins in the development of novel products and the formulation of functional foods.Developing sesame genotypes with higher protein and oil content is a current focus for improving sesame quality traits,as preferred by the sesame seed oil industry and consumers.Despite previous genome-wide association studies(GWAS)on various agronomic and biochemical traits in sesame,the genetic basis of protein content and oil content remains limited.Therefore,this study was designed to identify candidate genes and quantitative trait loci(QTLs)regulating the target traits using 401 sesame accessions grown in three environments(2018WH,2018LQ,and 2022WH).The protein and oil content in the sesame population varied significantly.The protein content ranged from 15.06%to 26.45%,while the oil content was between 41.68%and 60.15%.Furthermore,the white seeds had a higher oil content,while the black seeds had a higher protein content,indicating an association between seed colour and oil and protein content.GWAS results revealed that 632 and 269 QTLs were selected as significant genetic regions for protein and oil content,respectively.Of these significant QTLs,we identified 10 and 22 stable QTLs for protein and oil content,respectively.A total of 17 candidate genes related to protein and oil content were identified within 32 stable quantitative trait loci(QTLs).Interestingly,two variant sites,SNP13:10093594 and In Del13:10935497,related to protein content,were identified in the gene sequences of SINPZ1300586 and SINPZ1300694.Four SNPs,SNP1:22608987,SNP4:13355820,SNP8:21686488,and SNP11:142842,for oil content were found correspond to the genes SINPZ0102106,SINPZ0401222,SINPZ0801731,and SINPZ1100015,respectively.The findings provide light on the genetic basis of protein and oil characteristics.These genes and QTLs can aid the molecular breeding and genetic engineering of innovative sesame germplasm,with improved potential for protein and oil content,as well as desired quality attributes.
基金the China Postdoctoral Science Foundation(Grant No.2024MD753992)Shaanxi Geotechnical Mechanics and Engineering Young Talent Support Program Project(Grant No.YESS2024005)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.41931285).
文摘In this study,compacted loess samples with varying compaction water content but identical dry density were prepared to investigate the evolution of their hydraulic conductivity and compression behavior.Additionally,environmental scanning electron microscopy(ESEM)and nuclear magnetic resonance(NMR)analyses were conducted to gain microstructural insights into loess behavior at the laboratory scale.The results indicate that the maximum saturated hydraulic conductivity is observed at the lowest compaction water content,particularly in the early stage of permeability tests.In particular,for loess compacted at water contents below the optimum(as determined by the modified Proctor compaction test),the hydraulic conductivity decreases throughout the permeability tests.Conversely,when the water content exceeds the optimum level,the hydraulic conductivity shows an increasing trend.In terms of compression behavior,when the as-compacted samples are loaded in oedometer conditions,an increase in material compressibility is observed with increasing compaction water content.Again,a different phenomenological behavior was observed when the compaction water content exceeded the optimum,i.e.an abrupt increase in loess compressibility.ESEM tests provide microstructural confirmation of this evidence,as the surface morphology of the compacted loess changes significantly with increasing compaction water content.The microstructural evolution was also quantified in terms of area ratio using image processing software.Finally,NMR was used to quantify the intra-and inter-aggregate water at different compaction water contents,once again highlighting a threshold for the presence or absence of inter-aggregate water similar to the optimum water content.
基金support from the National Key R&D Program of China(2022YFF1001601)the National Science Fund for Distinguished Young Scholars(32325037)+2 种基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China(32201718 and 32401756)the Postdoctoral Innovation Talents Support Program(BX20240420)the China Postdoctoral Science Foundation(2024T171011 and 2023M743817).
文摘Salt stress significantly inhibits crop growth and development,and mitigating this can enhance salt tolerance in various crops.Previous studies have shown that regulating saccharide biosynthesis is a key aspect of plant salt tolerance;however,the underlying molecular mechanisms remain largely unexplored.In this study,we demonstrate that overexpression of a salt-inducible galactinol synthase gene,ZmGolS1,alleviates salt-induced growth inhibition,likely by promoting raffinose synthesis.Additionally,we show that natural variation in ZmGolS1 transcript levels contributes to the diversity of raffinose content and salt tolerance in maize.We further reveal that ZmRR18,a type-B response regulator transcription factor,binds to the AATC element in the promoter of ZmGolS1,with this binding increases the transcript levels of ZmGolS1 under salt conditions.Moreover,a single nucleotide polymorphism(termed SNP-302T)within the ZmGolS1 promoter significantly reduces its binding affinity for ZmRR18,resulting in decreased ZmGolS1 expression and diminished raffinose content,ultimately leading to a salt-hypersensitive phenotype.Collectively,our findings reveal the molecular mechanisms by which the ZmRR18-ZmGolS1 module enhances raffinose biosynthesis,thereby promoting maize growth under salt conditions.This research provides important insights into salt tolerance mechanisms associated with saccharide biosynthesis and identifies valuable genetic loci for breeding salt-tolerant maize varieties.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(32272071,No.32261143466)the Major Program of Science and Technology Development of Wuhan,China(2022021302024850)the Key Project for Research and Development of Hubei Province,China(2023BBB027)。
文摘Protein content plays a crucial role in determining the eating and cooking quality of rice.However,the genetic and molecular basis underlying grain protein content remains to be elucidated.In this study,we identified a genomic region associated with grain protein content in rice chromosome segment substitution lines containing the flowering gene Ghd7.1,which reduced grain protein content by repressing the transcription of the gene OsAAP6.Knockout of Ghd7.1 increased grain protein content and decreased the eating and cooking quality of rice.Introduction of the functional haplotype of Ghd7.1 into two elite rice cultivars reduced their protein content and increased their eating quality and grain yield with no effect on the regulation of flowering time.Ghd7.1 might be used for regulating the protein content and improving the eating quality of rice varieties.
基金The Shandong Provincial Natural Science Foundation of China under contract No.ZR2022MD055Youth Program of National Natural Science Foundation of China under contract No. 41606097Central Public interest Scientific Institution Basal Research Fund of CAFS under contract No. 2023TD53。
文摘Carnitine(CAR) is a vital quaternary ammonium compound. However, the characteristics of CAR content and its influencing factors across different marine animal species remain poorly understood. This study examined the CAR content in 258 marine animals, representing 54 species across seven classes, collected from coastal and offshore regions of China and the Northwest Pacific Ocean(NWPO) between May 2020 and June 2022. The CAR content ranged from0.01 mmol/kg to 1.33 mmol/kg, with a mean value of(0.15 ± 0.18) mmol/kg(mean ± standard deviation). The highest CAR content was observed in Crustacea [(0.48 ± 0.38) mmol/kg], which was four times greater than the average CAR content in the other classes [(0.12 ± 0.11) mmol/kg]. Overall, the CAR content exhibited minor variation among marine animals, potentially because the carnitine pool maintains its dynamic balance. Additionally, significant correlations were observed between the CAR content and environmental factors in some species: a negative correlation with seawater temperature and positive correlations with latitude, seawater salinity, and depth. These results suggest that the CAR content in marine animals is influenced by environmental changes. This study provides theoretical insights for understanding the characteristics and influencing factors of CAR content in marine animals.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(32101700)the China Postdoctoral Science Foundation(2022M7111220)+1 种基金the Science and Technology Innovation Program of Hunan Province,China(2021RC2082)and the Postgraduate Scientific Research Innovation Project of Hunan Province,China(CX20230697)。
文摘Crude fat is an important nutritional component of maize kernels.However,the genetic mechanisms underlying crude fat content in maize kernels remain elusive.Previous studies used single-model genome-wide association studies(GWAS)with limited population sizes,which can result in false loci positives and hinder functional gene identification.Therefore,this study used a population consisting of 495 maize inbred lines,combined with 1.25 million single nucleotide polymorphisms(SNPs),and implemented GWAS using six models to identify quantitative trait nucleotides(QTNs)controlling crude fat content and to mine key genes.The results revealed a wide variation in crude fat content(0.62-16.03%)and broad-sense heritability(H^(2))(96.23%).In total,744 significant QTNs were detected,with 147 co-located across different models,environments,and methods.Based on the 147 colocated QTNs,candidate genes were searched at 50 kb up-and down-stream intervals of each QTN.We finally screened eight candidate genes(GRMZM2G169089,GRMZM2G117935,GRMZM2G002075,GRMZM2G368838,GRMZM2G058496,GRMZM2G090669,GRMZM2G001241,and GRMZM2G333454)related to crude fat content that exhibited high expression levels during kernel development in maize inbred line B73.Notably,GRMZM2G169089,GRMZM2G117935,GRMZM2G002075,and GRMZM2G368838 are involved in the linoleic acid metabolic pathway,oil metabolism,kernel growth,and development in maize.Furthermore,co-expression network analysis revealed that the eight candidate genes strongly correlated with 30 known genes.Proteins encoded by candidate genes interact with other proteins and play an important role in oil content and oleic acid metabolism in maize kernels.The best haplotypes of candidate genes might increase crude fat content without decreasing maize yield.These results broaden the understanding of the genetic mechanism of crude fat content and facilitate marker-assisted selection for high-crude fat breeding programs for maize.
基金Cloud Course of Beijing University of Civil Engineering and Architecture at Super Star Learning(YC240109)。
文摘The present teaching content of the power electronics course is insufficient to cover the power electronics technology used in building electrical engineering.This paper analyzes the relationship between building electrical engineering and power electronics technology,investigates the main power electronics technology used in building electrical engineering,introduces the teaching content of current power electronics course,analyzes the insufficiency of current teaching content related to the practice of electrical engineering,and proposes the principles and directions for the reformation and innovation of the teaching content of the course of power electronics for the major of building electricity and intelligence.
