Objective: To investigate the proximate and mineral composition of the Piper retrofractum(P. retrofractum) vahl. Fruit and to evaluate its total alkaloids, phenol and flavonoid. Methods: The proximate composition of P...Objective: To investigate the proximate and mineral composition of the Piper retrofractum(P. retrofractum) vahl. Fruit and to evaluate its total alkaloids, phenol and flavonoid. Methods: The proximate composition of P. retrofractum fruit was ananlyzed using standard protocols according to Indonesian Standard and Association of Official Analytical Chemist. Meanwhile, mineral composition of the fruit was analyzed using inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry. Phytochemical screening and quantification were performed using standard protocols according to Harborn and spectrophotometric methods. Results: The results showed that P. retrofractum fruit contained carbohydrate(63.4%), crude protein(11.4%), total ash(4.29%), dietary fiber(28.8%) and total fat(2.97%). The fruit also contained calcium, copper, iron, magnesium, phosphor, potassium, sodium and zinc in different concentrations. Additionally, quinone, sterol, glycosides and alkaloid were detected in both n-hexane and ethyl acetate extracts. Moreover, tannin was presented also in ethylacetate and methanol extracts. Meanwhile, methanol extract contained sterol, glycosides, flavones, tannin and alkaloid. The results also revealed that methanol extract of the fruit contained highest phenol compared to other extract. Finally, small quantity of flavonoid(0.060 0%±0.000 2%) was observed. Conclusions: The overall results show that P. retrofractum contains potential nutritional and phytochemicals values, which support their function for pharmaceutical purposes.展开更多
Microalgae are cultured commercially as healthy food, cosmetic products, food preservatives, and a source of valuable compounds. However, the high cost of commercial culture medium is one of the challenges to microalg...Microalgae are cultured commercially as healthy food, cosmetic products, food preservatives, and a source of valuable compounds. However, the high cost of commercial culture medium is one of the challenges to microalgal production. Therefore, it is essential to find an alternative cost-effective culture medium. Aquaculture wastewater is considered as a highly potential candidate due to its high nutrient content and large quantity generated from the rapid growth of aquaculture sector. In this study, Tetraselmis chuii cultured in different media with or without wastewater was evaluated for its growth, proximate composition and carotenoid production. The results showed that significantly(P < 0.05) higher growth(4.3 × 105 cells mL^(-1)) and protein(56.4% dry weight), lipid(44% dry weight) and carbohydrate(20% of dry weight) contents were found in T. chuii when they were cultured in the combination of both wastewater and Conway(wastewater + Conway) medium. However, carotenoid production of T. chuii was significantly increased(P < 0.05) when it was cultured in wastewater only, followed by Conway + wastewater and Conway medium only. Therefore, the incorporation of wastewater with commercial medium Convey is recommended for a cost-effective microalgae culture, as well as for the enhancement of growth and nutritional content of microalgae.展开更多
The effect of preparing ＂donkwa＂ from a blend of tigernut and groundnut at different proportion （90：10, 80：20, 70：30 and 50：50 （tigernut：groundnut）） was evaluated on the proximate composition and sensory qu...The effect of preparing ＂donkwa＂ from a blend of tigernut and groundnut at different proportion （90：10, 80：20, 70：30 and 50：50 （tigernut：groundnut）） was evaluated on the proximate composition and sensory qualities. This was compared with a sample of ＂donkwa＂ prepared by the popular method from a blend of maize and groundnut. The results revealed the protein content range of 21.84%-23.67% with tigernut based ＂donkwa＂, while the protein content of maize based ＂donkwa＂ was 21.60% at 50：50 （maize：groundnut） ratio. The highest value was also recorded for fiber content with maize based ＂donkwa＂ （50：50） which was 3.63% with no significant difference from the value obtained from tigernut based ＂donkwa＂ at 90：10 （tigernut：groundnut） ratio which was 3.25%. The sensory qualities revealed that the tigernut based ＂donkwa＂ compared favourably with the maize based ＂donkwa＂ with indication that there was no significant difference in terms of colour among the samples. There was significant difference among the samples in terms of taste, texture, flavour and general acceptability with the maize based ＂donkwa＂ most preffered in terms texture and general acceptability. In conclusion, the results obtained show the possibility of preparing ＂donkwa＂ from tigernut to give a nutritious and highly acceptable product.展开更多
Plants can be exposed to mercury either by direct administration as antifungal agents, mainly to crop plants through seed treatment or foliar spray, or by accident. Mercury poisoning has become a problem of interest o...Plants can be exposed to mercury either by direct administration as antifungal agents, mainly to crop plants through seed treatment or foliar spray, or by accident. Mercury poisoning has become a problem of interest on a global scale. Natural emissions of mercury form two-thirds of the input; man-made releases form about one-third. Significant amounts of mercury may be added to agricultural land with sludge, fertilizers, lime and manures. Total mercury levels were determined in six breeds of quality protein maize using cold vapor atomic absorption spectrometry （CVAAS）. The breeds analyzed were Aziga, Abeleehi, Akposoe, Golden Jubilee, Etubi and Obaatanpa. Proximate composition of these breeds was also determined. The objective of this study was therefore to assess the effect of mercury on the proximate composition of quality protein maize. The proximate composition of the maize varieties analyzed showed that the moisture content ranged from 11.57% ± 0.205% to 12.76%± 0.042%, ash from 1.11% ±0.064% to 1.58% ±0.021%, protein, 6.51%± 0.307% to 10.39% ±0.306%, fiber 1.44% ±0.071% to 1.87% ± 0.057%, fat 1.84% ± 0.078% to 2.75% ± 0.092% and carbohydrate 71.77% ± 0.035% to 76.54% ± 0.216%. The total mercury levels in the maize breeds analyzed ranged from 0.0010 ＋ 1.17E-05μg/g to 0.0079 ＋ 1.00E-05μg/g. The mercury levels detected were lower than the WHO limit for mercury in food of 0.5 μg/g in all the maize breeds. The low levels of mercury in the maize samples show they are safe for consumption.展开更多
BACKGROUND： Aquatic invertebrates are playing an important role in assessment of the water contaminants and also serve as a major component of food chain. Freshwater mussels are considered to be the good bioindicator...BACKGROUND： Aquatic invertebrates are playing an important role in assessment of the water contaminants and also serve as a major component of food chain. Freshwater mussels are considered to be the good bioindicator species of aquatic environment and widely used to determine the metals load. METHODS： Proximate composition and elemental analysis were carried out in edible （foot, mantle） and non-edible portion （gills） of freshwater mussels （Anodonta anatina） harvested from various site of Chashma Lake, River Indus Pakistan. RESULTS： The nutritional components were varied among the studied portion and muscular foot found to be the best part for consumption. Protein and fat contents were significantly higher in foot （15.90±0.88%, 1.19 ±0.26%） as compared to mantle （10.78±2.24%, 0.27±0.09%） and gills （6.44± 1.22%, 0.53 4-0.15%） respectively. For the macro minerals mantle had high concentration of Ca （46838±984 mg/kg）, Na （2706±343 mg/kg）, P （6921± 1063 mg/kg） and Mn （7207± 1046 mg/kg） as compared to foot. CONCLUSIONS： Heavy metals （Cd, Cu, Cr） concentration in edible portions were lower than the permissible limit by WHO whereas the concentration of Pb was slightly higher than the recommended value that might be the risk for the consumers. Being filter feeder gills accumulated the high concentration of all the metals and found to be the key portion for biomonitoring studies. Freshwater mussels of Chashma Lake Indus River are the rich source of protein and all the other micro and macro minerals therefore could be used as an excellent source of food.展开更多
Objective:To compare the proximate composition,mineral contents,antimicrobial,phytochemical and Fourier transforms infrared(FTIR)spectroscopy analysis of bark,stem and seed of Hippophae rhamnoides.Methods:Proximate co...Objective:To compare the proximate composition,mineral contents,antimicrobial,phytochemical and Fourier transforms infrared(FTIR)spectroscopy analysis of bark,stem and seed of Hippophae rhamnoides.Methods:Proximate composition was determined according to the described methods.Mineral analysis was carried out by atomic absorption spectroscopy and flame photometer.Antimicrobial activities were evaluated according to the agar well diffusion method.Phytochemical qualitative analysis was carried out according to the described methods and functional groups were determined by FTIR Prestige-21 Shimadzu Japan.Results:The proximate analysis showed high content of protein and fiber in stem and bark.High content of Na(900 mg/L)and K(670 mg/L)was found in bark powder,while in seed,high contents of Ca(800 mg/L),Mg(725 mg/L),Fe(250 mg/L)Zn(90 mg/L)and Mn(65 mg/L)were found compared to stem and bark.Phenols,flavonoids and tannins showed high contents in stem and bark of all extracts.The bark aqueous extract showed high zone of inhibition against Staphylococcus aureus(21 mm)and Escherichia coli(20 mm),while methanol extract of stem showed high zone of inhibition(14 mm and 13 mm)against Enterococcus faecalis and Escherichia coli respectively.The aqueous extract of bark documented high zone of inhibition against Aspergillus niger(21 mm)and Aspergillus parasiticus(20 mm).FTIR spectra revealed the presence of OH,C-O and C=O functional groups.Conclusions:The study concludes that bark,stem and seed extracts will be useful guideline for the new syntheses of feed,food supplements and herb drugs with various combination,which can be used for the treatment of many diseases at global level especially in tropical regions as well as the male nutrition problems in these areas.展开更多
In spite of the established nutritive value of seafood, fishes have a special ability to store some toxic substances such as heavy metals because of its own respiration system. The goal of current study was to explore...In spite of the established nutritive value of seafood, fishes have a special ability to store some toxic substances such as heavy metals because of its own respiration system. The goal of current study was to explore the proximate chemical composition, minerals content and levels of heavy metals in edible portions of some important commercial fish species available at Makkah Central Fish Market, Saudi Arabia. The obtained results showed that Indian oil sardine fish had the highest value of crude oil (dry weight) recorded 38.00%, while, rusty parrot fish sample had the least of 1.17%. In contrast, rusty parrot fish had the highest value of crude protein represented 90.75% (dry weight), meanwhile, Indian oil sardine had the least of 54.19%. Consuming about 250 g of Indian oil sardine will cover 100% of Fe RDA (Recommended Dietary Allowances), eating 500 g of the same fish will cover about 30% of Ca RDA. While, 500 g of gilt head bream which has the highest content of K, Na and Mg will cover about 11.7%, 1.5% and 4.1% of these minerals RDA, respectively. As physical hazards, fourteen samples from the thirty three studied samples exceeded the permissible limit of Pb and Cd representing about 42%. Therefore, it is strongly recommended not to eat head, gills or viscera of all fishes.展开更多
Seasonal variation in proximate, amino acid and fatty acid composition of the body wall of sea cucumber Apostichopus japonicus was evaluated. The proximate composition, except for ash content, changed significantly am...Seasonal variation in proximate, amino acid and fatty acid composition of the body wall of sea cucumber Apostichopus japonicus was evaluated. The proximate composition, except for ash content, changed significantly among seasons （P〈0.05）. Alanine, glycine, glutamic acid and asparagic acid were the most abundant amino acids. Total amino acid and essential amino acid contents both varied clearly with seasons （P〈0.05）. 16：0 and 16：1n7 were the primary saturated fatty acid （SFA） and monounsaturated fatty acid （MUFA） respectively for all months. EPA （20：5n-3）, AA （20：4n-6） and DHA （22：6n-3） were the major polyunsaturated fatty acids （PUFA）. The proportions of SFA and PUFA yielded significant seasonal variations （P〈0.001）, but MUFA did not changed significantly. The results indicated that the biochemical compositions of the body wall in A. japonieus were significantly influenced by seasons and that the body wall tissue is an excellent source of protein, MUFA and n-3 PUFA for humans.展开更多
Adult (ADS) and larva stages of palm weevil Rhynchophorus phoenicis were analyzed for their nutritional potentials using proximate and mineral contents as indices. The early larva stage (ELS) contains the highest mois...Adult (ADS) and larva stages of palm weevil Rhynchophorus phoenicis were analyzed for their nutritional potentials using proximate and mineral contents as indices. The early larva stage (ELS) contains the highest moisture content of 11.94% while ADS has the least value of 4.79%. The late larva stage (LLS) has the highest protein content of 10.51% while ADS contains 8.43%. Ash content is highest in ELS with a value of 2.37% and lowest in ADS with a value of 1.43%. ELS and LLS have the highest (22.14%) and lowest (17.22%) fibre contents respectively. The values of potassium, magnesium and iron in ELS were (455.00±21.21), (60.69±2.57) and (6.50±3.40) mg/kg while LLS recorded (457.50±10.61), (43.52±1.37) and (6.00±1.10) mg/kg and ADS recorded (372.50±24.75), (53.31±1.88) and (22.90±3.70) mg/kg. Chromium, phosphorus, nickel, calcium, lead, man- ganese and zinc were also detected. Copper was not detected in any of the samples. In all the developmental stages the protein solubilities were pH dependent with the minimum protein solubilities occurring at acidic pH while the maximum protein solu- bilities occurred at alkaline pH.展开更多
Determination of the proximate, nutritionally valuable minerals and anti-nutrient compositions in larvae of Cirina forda (W) showed that they contained high levels of protein, (55.50%±1.20%) with ash, moisture, f...Determination of the proximate, nutritionally valuable minerals and anti-nutrient compositions in larvae of Cirina forda (W) showed that they contained high levels of protein, (55.50%±1.20%) with ash, moisture, fat, and carbohydrate levels being (10.26%±0.01%), (10.85%±0.38%), (4.68%±0.01%) and (18.70%±0.84%) respectively. Fibre was not detected. Protein solubility was higher in alkaline media than in acidic media while the isoelectric points were pH 4, 6 and 9 indicating that C. forda may be useful in food formulations involving foods like meat products. Phosphorus had the highest value of (215.54±0.21) mg/100 g while manganese had the lowest value of (1.14±0.10) mg/100 g. Copper, Co, Pb, Cr and Ni were not available. Water absorption capacity was (300%±0.15%), oil absorption capacity was (358.44%±0.21%) and foaming stability was (3%±0.00%). The results of anti-nutritional analysis revealed that oxalate and phytic acid contents were (4.11±0.05) mg/100 g and (1.02±0.00) mg/100 g respectively and that these values fell within nutritionally accepted values. Tannin was not detected in C. forda. C. forda, a rich source of animal nutrients, usable in human diets and animal feeds formulations.展开更多
Investigations were carried out to determine the influence of spontaneous fermentations as achieved at household level on the nutrients composition and aflatoxins concentration of maize during the processing into dokl...Investigations were carried out to determine the influence of spontaneous fermentations as achieved at household level on the nutrients composition and aflatoxins concentration of maize during the processing into doklu, a fermented maize food product consumed in Cote d’Ivoire with legumes, soup and fried fish. Results showed that maize grains contained aflatoxin B1, G1 and G2 and that during fermentation all physicochemical parameters significantly (P ≤ 0.05) decreased except moisture and total titratable acidity contents which were significantly (P ≤ 0.05) increased. Fermentation also caused significant reduction in the concentration of total aflatoxins (72%), with the most important reduction in aflatoxin B1 (80%) after the soaking of maize grains. However, no aflatoxin was detected after 24 hours of fermentation until the final product was obtained. Despite the losses in some nutritional compounds, the fermented product, doklu, was found to have appreciable nutritional quality.展开更多
Considering the economic importance in traditional Chinese medicine(TCM) and lack of baseline information, we evaluated the proximate composition, fatty acid and amino acid profiles, trace element content and C:N rati...Considering the economic importance in traditional Chinese medicine(TCM) and lack of baseline information, we evaluated the proximate composition, fatty acid and amino acid profiles, trace element content and C:N ratio in the alligator pipefish, Syngnathoides biaculeatus. Amongst proximate principals, a crude protein formed the major biochemical component((58.9±2.2)% dry weight). Mean percent concentrations(dry weight) of other components such as a total lipid(TL), ash and nitrogen-free extract measured were,(1.8±0.2)%,(19.2±2.2)% and(20.1±0.45)%, respectively. The fatty acid profile revealed the presence of 27 saturated fatty acids(SFA) with 13 straight-chained and 14 branched-chained, 28 unsaturated fatty acids(UFA) with 14 monounsaturated and 14 polyunsaturated and nine other minor fatty acids. Mean percent contributions of total SFAs and UFAs to TL were found to be(55.41±0.24)% and(44.05±0.25)%, respectively. Altogether, 16 dif ferent amino acids with an equal number of essential(EAA) and non-essential(NAA) ones were identified. Percent contributions by EAA and NAA to the total amino acid content were 38.11% and 61.89%, respectively. Trace metal concentrations in S. biaculeatus were generally low and their distribution followed the order, Mg>Fe>Zn>Mn>Cu>Cr>Ni>Hg>Co. The C:N ratio was(4.37±0.04)%. The profile of major biochemical constituents in alligator pipefish, S. biaculeatus revealed its potential use in TCM as well as a nutritional diet for human consumption. The results of the study would also form the basis for formulation and optimization of diets for the culture of S. biaculeatus.展开更多
The aim of this study was to determine the optimal weaning protocols for rearing juvenile cuttlefish Sepia pharaonis,as well as to understand the feeding habits of cuttlefish and develop effective aqua-cultural practi...The aim of this study was to determine the optimal weaning protocols for rearing juvenile cuttlefish Sepia pharaonis,as well as to understand the feeding habits of cuttlefish and develop effective aqua-cultural practices.The effects of four experimental weaning protocols(i.e.,food type,cuttlefish size,food ration(bw d^−1)and feeding frequency(meals d^−1))on the growth,survival and muscle proximate composition of cuttlefish juvenile were studied in quintuplicate.The weaning period lasted 2 weeks.The results showed that cuttlefish fed with frozen white shrimp(Exopalaemon carinicauda)displayed a significantly higher survival,growth parameters,ingestion rate,food conversion rate,and muscle protein content when compared with the other prepared frozen foods.The larger individuals revealed better growth performance than smaller individuals,especially in terms of survival and specific growth rate,indicating that larger individuals were more receptive to frozen prey.Furthermore,size grading should be conducted to ensure better growth during weaning.As food rations increased,the survival,growth and muscle protein content of juveniles were promoted,whereas the most appropriate food ration for cuttlefish juvenile was 35%bw d^−1.Similarly,higher feeding frequency could stimulate the appetite of animals reared on weaning,and enhance survival,growth,and protein deposition compared to low feeding frequency.These results suggest that the optimal feeding protocols of juvenile weaning is as follows:the ideal prepared food is frozen shrimp,the weight of juveniles should be 4.0 g(32 days old)or more,the food ration should be 35%(bw d^−1),and the optimum feeding frequency is 4 meals day^-1.This study offers a promising starting point to successfully breed this candidate aquaculture species.展开更多
Quinoa(Chenopodium quinoa Willd.)is regarded as a superfood due to its exceptionally high nutritional value and ability to withstand stress.Six quinoa genotypes(viz.,SAU Quinoa-1,Regalona,GPBQ-1,GPBQ-2,GPBQ-3,and GPBQ...Quinoa(Chenopodium quinoa Willd.)is regarded as a superfood due to its exceptionally high nutritional value and ability to withstand stress.Six quinoa genotypes(viz.,SAU Quinoa-1,Regalona,GPBQ-1,GPBQ-2,GPBQ-3,and GPBQ-4)were characterized for morphological,yield,and nutritional quality attributes while being grown under the agro-climatic conditions of Bangladesh.The field experiment was carried out in the winter season(November 2022–March 2023)at the Agronomy Field Laboratory of the Department of Agronomy,Bangladesh Agricultural University,Mymensingh,using a randomized complete block design with three replications.Data on various qualitative and quantitative traits related to growth and yield-attributes were recorded.A large variability was observed among the genotypes for growth habit,stem color,panicle shape,and panicle color at maturity.The whitish color of the seed was found in GPBQ-3 which indicates less saponin content as confirmed by saponin test.Yield attributing quantitative traits(viz.,days to first flowering,days to maturity,plant height,stem diameter,panicle weight,1000-seed weight,yield plant^(-1),above-ground biomass,and harvest index)also showed significant variation among the genotypes studied.Genotypes SAU Quinoa-1 and GPBQ-2 were identified as early maturing genotypes.The higher yield plant^(-1) was recorded in GPBQ-1 and GPBQ-3 genotypes.The phenotypic coefficient of variation for the majority of the traits evaluated was slightly higher than the corresponding genotypic coefficient of variation.For stem diameter,panicle weight,1000-seed weight,yields plant^(-1),and above-ground biomass,high heritability and high genetic advancement were seen as percentages of the mean.Yield plant^(-1) showed significant positive correlation with days to first flowering,days to maturity,plant height,stem diameter,panicle weight,and above-ground biomass(0.568*,0.812***,0.744***,0.895***,0.993***,and 0.985***,respectively).The first two components accounted for 85.5%of the overall variation among the genotypes,according to principal component analysis.Significant variability was also found for seed mineral contents(viz.,calcium,copper,iron,potassium,magnesium,manganese,and zinc)in the studied genotypes.The SAU Quinoa-1 genotype contained the highest amount of calcium and zinc,whereas,the highest amount of potassium was recorded in the GPBQ-1 genotype.We found a non-significant variability in carbohydrate,protein,fat,fiber,and vitamins(viz.,thiamine,riboflavin,niacin,and folic acid)contents in the studied genotypes.Considering all the yield and nutritional quality traits under study,the genotypes GPBQ-1,GPBQ-3,and GPBQ-4 were selected for future variety development program.展开更多
The leaves of 12 species （Acacia auriculiformis, Albizzia procera, Dalbergia sissoo, Gliricidia maculata, Leucaena leuco- cephala, Samanea saman, Azadirachta indica, Eucalyptus hybrida, Gmelina arborea, Michelia cham...The leaves of 12 species （Acacia auriculiformis, Albizzia procera, Dalbergia sissoo, Gliricidia maculata, Leucaena leuco- cephala, Samanea saman, Azadirachta indica, Eucalyptus hybrida, Gmelina arborea, Michelia champaca, Morus alba, and Tectona grandis） of Multipurpose trees and shrubs （MPTs） grown in the agroforestry arboretum were evaluated for their nutritional characteristics in terms of proximate composition, cell wall constituents, total tannins, major （Ca and P） and trace minerals （Fe, Cu, Zn, Mn and Co）, in vitro dry matter and organic matter digestibility （IVDMD and IVOMD） and metabolisable energy （ME） values. There were significant （P〈0.01） variations among MPTs for all parameters studied. The average values of （92.02±0.30）%, （16.00±0.74）%, （3.05±0.13）%, （18.97±1.07）%, （54.00±1.12）% and （7.98 ± 0.30）% （DM basis） were observed for OM （organic matter）, CP （crude protein）, EE （ether extract）, CF （crude fibre）, NFE （nitrogen-free extract） and total ash, respectively. Leguminous trees had high CP compared to nonleguminous ones （18.30% vs 13.70%）. The mean values for cell wall constituents viz., NDF （neutral detergent fibre）, ADF （acid detergent fibre）, hemi cellulose, cellulose and ADL （acid detergent lignin） were found to be （52.48±1.05）%, （31.72±0.97）%, （20.76±0.88）%, （16.97±0.70）% and （9.57±0.62）%, respectively. The total tannin contents averaged （4.22±0.32）%. The ratio of Ca to P was quite wider. The levels of Fe and Mn were adequate to rich in all the MPTs while many of the tree species possessed P, Cu, Zn and Co level below the critical limits for the animals. The average IVDMD and IVOMD values were found to be （48.96±1.30）% and （50.69±1.36）%, respectively. The ME value averaged （6.95i-0.11） MJ·kg-1 DM. The CP content had significant positive correlation with IVDMD, IVOMD and ME val- ues while NDF, ADF, ADL and total tannins showed negative correlations with these three parameters. Based on the results, Leucaena Leucocephala could be considered as good quality fodder as it had the highest level of IVDMD/IVOMD （65.20%/67.66%） and ME （7.95 MJ·kg-1 DM） while G. maculata, M. alba, A. indica, D. sissoo and S. saman were of medium type and rest of poor quality.展开更多
Objectives: To investigate the proximate composition, mineral content, and phytochemical compounds in Calophyllum inophyllum(C. inophyllum) leaves. Moreover,isolation and identification of pyrene were also performed.M...Objectives: To investigate the proximate composition, mineral content, and phytochemical compounds in Calophyllum inophyllum(C. inophyllum) leaves. Moreover,isolation and identification of pyrene were also performed.Methods: C. inophyllum leaves were extracted with methanol by percolation methods.The proximate composition of C. inophyllum leaves was analyzed by standard methods.Mineral contents in this plant were analyzed by using atomic absorption spectrophotometer. Phytochemical screening and analysis of this plant were performed by spectrophotometric method. Washing method with carbon disulfide was used for isolating dihydropyrene compound from C. inophyllum leaves extracts.Results: The result revealed that C. inophyllum leaves contained 11.24% moisture,4.75% ash, 6.43% crude protein, 23.96% crude fiber, 9.91% carbohydrate, and energy(79.17 kcal/100 g). The leaves also contained 0.007% iron, 1.240% calcium, 0.075%sodium, 0.195% magnesium, 0.100% ppm potassium, and 0.040% phosphorus. Moreover, 11.51% alkaloid, 2.48% triterpenoid, 2.37% flavonoid, 7.68% tannin, 2.16%saponin, 2.53% polyphenol, were identified in the methanolic crude extracts of C. inophyllum leaves. It was found that trans-2-[2-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]-10 b,10 c-dimethyl-10 b,10 c-dihydropyrene was obtained at purity of 79.18%(22.17% yield)from C. inophyllum leaves.Conclusions: C. inophyllum leaves may be used as a good source of fiber. It was found that C. inophyllum leaves have the potential as herbal drugs due to their phytochemical content. The separation, isolation, and purification of bioactive compounds from this methanolic crude extract and their biological activity are under further investigation.展开更多
Rosa x alba is cultivated almost exclusively for the production of aromatic water and fruits widely used as ingredients in some traditional food preparations sold commercially.Results of the proximate and elemental an...Rosa x alba is cultivated almost exclusively for the production of aromatic water and fruits widely used as ingredients in some traditional food preparations sold commercially.Results of the proximate and elemental analyses revealed that flowers exhibited higher moisture content while the dry matter content was higher in leaves.Total fat and ash was higher in fruits when compared with leaves and flowers.All studied organs were found to be rich in essential mineral such as K,Ca,P and Mg.Qualitative and quantitative analysis of the volatile oils revealed different composition patterns between organs.Linalool and geraniol were found as major constituents of the leaf oil whereas 2-phenethyl alcohol and eugenol were the major constituents of the floral oil.In contrast,fruits showed very distinct composition and alkanes/alkenes were found to have the major contribution.The present composition could justify the traditional use of Rosa x alba which could be considered as a potential source of essential minerals and volatile constituents.展开更多
The exploitation of neglected niger accessions plays a crucial role in future breeding programs aimed to enhance the quality.Present study evaluated the genetic variation in nutritional and nutraceutical compositions ...The exploitation of neglected niger accessions plays a crucial role in future breeding programs aimed to enhance the quality.Present study evaluated the genetic variation in nutritional and nutraceutical compositions of 30 indigenous niger accessions originating from Eastern Ghats of India,and compare them with three improved varieties of the locality.The proximate compositions(g/100 g)showed significant variations,with moisture ranging from 1.36 g to 4.95 g,ash from 1.06 g to 5.45 g,fat from 28.53 g to 44.11 g,protein from 8.84 g to 18.18 g,carbohydrate from 11.21 g to 35.09 g,fiber from 16.32 g to 26.62 g,and energy from 407.32 kcal to 526.84 kcal.Niger seeds are rich in phenol 41.10–82.20 mg/g,flavonoid 5.32–15.98μg/g,antioxidant 13.59–31.08%across the accessions.Principal component analysis revealed that the first two axis explained 41.8%of the total variation,indicating significant differences among genotypes.The heritability and genetic advance in percent of mean(GAM)ranged from 61.11%to 99.91%and 12.5%–89.1%among the traits across the populations.High heritability and GAM recorded in vitamin C,ash content,antioxidant capacity,flavonoid and phenol suggests that these traits may be important for niger breeding program.Altogether,some indigenous niger accessions such as Mangardora,Ganjeipadar and Kolabnagar had exceptionally rich in fat,protein and energy contents and are nutritionally superior compared to improved variety of the locality.Further,exceptional rich in flavonoid,antioxidant capacity and vitamin C was recorded in Manahar,Badapada and Mahadeiput.These nutrition rich accessions have ample opportunities for future breeding programs aimed to enhance the quality and hold great potential in food industry for making high value functional food.展开更多
The some physical and chemical properties values ofpepino fruit were determined. The mineral elements （AI, B, Ca, Cu, Fe, K, Mg, Mn, Mo, Na, Ni, P, Se and Zn） of fruit were analysed by Inductively Coupled Plasma Ato...The some physical and chemical properties values ofpepino fruit were determined. The mineral elements （AI, B, Ca, Cu, Fe, K, Mg, Mn, Mo, Na, Ni, P, Se and Zn） of fruit were analysed by Inductively Coupled Plasma Atomic Emission Spectrometry （ICP-AES）. Organic acid contents were analysed via HPLC equipped Ca （3,256.96 mg/kg）, K （43,465.60 mg/kg）, P （7,907.32 mg/kg） Na （1,496.13 mg/kg） and Mg （2,541.12 mg/kg） were established as major minerals in fruits. These results show that pepino fruit may be useful for the evaluation of dietary information in important food crops.展开更多
A research was conducted to assess the effects of three different drying techniques, namely open sun drying （OSD）, solar dryers （SD） and solar tent dryers （STD）. Data on physical characteristics such as weight, ...A research was conducted to assess the effects of three different drying techniques, namely open sun drying （OSD）, solar dryers （SD） and solar tent dryers （STD）. Data on physical characteristics such as weight, total length and standard length were recorded and proximate composition of the fish sample Clarias gariepinus （Burchell, 1822） was carried out before, during and after drying to assess changes on physical characteristics and nutrient composition at different level. After drying, the samples were subjected to storage for eight weeks. The result obtained shows that there was no significant （P 〉 0.01） difference in the drying weight of the fish samples between the direct SD and the STD. However, for the total and standard length there was significant （P 〈 0.01） difference in the drying techniques, but no significant difference （P 〉 0.05） in the drying period. There was no significant （P 〉 0.05） difference on the physical parameters, storage period, proximate composition of both direct SD and STD and the drying period, respectively. Therefore, direct SD can be substituted with the STD without altering the quality of the product.展开更多
基金supported by Directorate General of Resources for Science,Technology and Higher Education,Ministry of Research,Technology and Higher Education of the Republic of Indonesia(grant No.653/PKS/ITS/2017)
文摘Objective: To investigate the proximate and mineral composition of the Piper retrofractum(P. retrofractum) vahl. Fruit and to evaluate its total alkaloids, phenol and flavonoid. Methods: The proximate composition of P. retrofractum fruit was ananlyzed using standard protocols according to Indonesian Standard and Association of Official Analytical Chemist. Meanwhile, mineral composition of the fruit was analyzed using inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry. Phytochemical screening and quantification were performed using standard protocols according to Harborn and spectrophotometric methods. Results: The results showed that P. retrofractum fruit contained carbohydrate(63.4%), crude protein(11.4%), total ash(4.29%), dietary fiber(28.8%) and total fat(2.97%). The fruit also contained calcium, copper, iron, magnesium, phosphor, potassium, sodium and zinc in different concentrations. Additionally, quinone, sterol, glycosides and alkaloid were detected in both n-hexane and ethyl acetate extracts. Moreover, tannin was presented also in ethylacetate and methanol extracts. Meanwhile, methanol extract contained sterol, glycosides, flavones, tannin and alkaloid. The results also revealed that methanol extract of the fruit contained highest phenol compared to other extract. Finally, small quantity of flavonoid(0.060 0%±0.000 2%) was observed. Conclusions: The overall results show that P. retrofractum contains potential nutritional and phytochemicals values, which support their function for pharmaceutical purposes.
基金supported by the Ministry of Higher Education, Malaysia, through Fundamental Research Grant Scheme (FRGS) project (FRGS/1/2015/WAB01/UMT/03/ 6).
文摘Microalgae are cultured commercially as healthy food, cosmetic products, food preservatives, and a source of valuable compounds. However, the high cost of commercial culture medium is one of the challenges to microalgal production. Therefore, it is essential to find an alternative cost-effective culture medium. Aquaculture wastewater is considered as a highly potential candidate due to its high nutrient content and large quantity generated from the rapid growth of aquaculture sector. In this study, Tetraselmis chuii cultured in different media with or without wastewater was evaluated for its growth, proximate composition and carotenoid production. The results showed that significantly(P < 0.05) higher growth(4.3 × 105 cells mL^(-1)) and protein(56.4% dry weight), lipid(44% dry weight) and carbohydrate(20% of dry weight) contents were found in T. chuii when they were cultured in the combination of both wastewater and Conway(wastewater + Conway) medium. However, carotenoid production of T. chuii was significantly increased(P < 0.05) when it was cultured in wastewater only, followed by Conway + wastewater and Conway medium only. Therefore, the incorporation of wastewater with commercial medium Convey is recommended for a cost-effective microalgae culture, as well as for the enhancement of growth and nutritional content of microalgae.
文摘The effect of preparing ＂donkwa＂ from a blend of tigernut and groundnut at different proportion （90：10, 80：20, 70：30 and 50：50 （tigernut：groundnut）） was evaluated on the proximate composition and sensory qualities. This was compared with a sample of ＂donkwa＂ prepared by the popular method from a blend of maize and groundnut. The results revealed the protein content range of 21.84%-23.67% with tigernut based ＂donkwa＂, while the protein content of maize based ＂donkwa＂ was 21.60% at 50：50 （maize：groundnut） ratio. The highest value was also recorded for fiber content with maize based ＂donkwa＂ （50：50） which was 3.63% with no significant difference from the value obtained from tigernut based ＂donkwa＂ at 90：10 （tigernut：groundnut） ratio which was 3.25%. The sensory qualities revealed that the tigernut based ＂donkwa＂ compared favourably with the maize based ＂donkwa＂ with indication that there was no significant difference in terms of colour among the samples. There was significant difference among the samples in terms of taste, texture, flavour and general acceptability with the maize based ＂donkwa＂ most preffered in terms texture and general acceptability. In conclusion, the results obtained show the possibility of preparing ＂donkwa＂ from tigernut to give a nutritious and highly acceptable product.
文摘Plants can be exposed to mercury either by direct administration as antifungal agents, mainly to crop plants through seed treatment or foliar spray, or by accident. Mercury poisoning has become a problem of interest on a global scale. Natural emissions of mercury form two-thirds of the input; man-made releases form about one-third. Significant amounts of mercury may be added to agricultural land with sludge, fertilizers, lime and manures. Total mercury levels were determined in six breeds of quality protein maize using cold vapor atomic absorption spectrometry （CVAAS）. The breeds analyzed were Aziga, Abeleehi, Akposoe, Golden Jubilee, Etubi and Obaatanpa. Proximate composition of these breeds was also determined. The objective of this study was therefore to assess the effect of mercury on the proximate composition of quality protein maize. The proximate composition of the maize varieties analyzed showed that the moisture content ranged from 11.57% ± 0.205% to 12.76%± 0.042%, ash from 1.11% ±0.064% to 1.58% ±0.021%, protein, 6.51%± 0.307% to 10.39% ±0.306%, fiber 1.44% ±0.071% to 1.87% ± 0.057%, fat 1.84% ± 0.078% to 2.75% ± 0.092% and carbohydrate 71.77% ± 0.035% to 76.54% ± 0.216%. The total mercury levels in the maize breeds analyzed ranged from 0.0010 ＋ 1.17E-05μg/g to 0.0079 ＋ 1.00E-05μg/g. The mercury levels detected were lower than the WHO limit for mercury in food of 0.5 μg/g in all the maize breeds. The low levels of mercury in the maize samples show they are safe for consumption.
文摘BACKGROUND： Aquatic invertebrates are playing an important role in assessment of the water contaminants and also serve as a major component of food chain. Freshwater mussels are considered to be the good bioindicator species of aquatic environment and widely used to determine the metals load. METHODS： Proximate composition and elemental analysis were carried out in edible （foot, mantle） and non-edible portion （gills） of freshwater mussels （Anodonta anatina） harvested from various site of Chashma Lake, River Indus Pakistan. RESULTS： The nutritional components were varied among the studied portion and muscular foot found to be the best part for consumption. Protein and fat contents were significantly higher in foot （15.90±0.88%, 1.19 ±0.26%） as compared to mantle （10.78±2.24%, 0.27±0.09%） and gills （6.44± 1.22%, 0.53 4-0.15%） respectively. For the macro minerals mantle had high concentration of Ca （46838±984 mg/kg）, Na （2706±343 mg/kg）, P （6921± 1063 mg/kg） and Mn （7207± 1046 mg/kg） as compared to foot. CONCLUSIONS： Heavy metals （Cd, Cu, Cr） concentration in edible portions were lower than the permissible limit by WHO whereas the concentration of Pb was slightly higher than the recommended value that might be the risk for the consumers. Being filter feeder gills accumulated the high concentration of all the metals and found to be the key portion for biomonitoring studies. Freshwater mussels of Chashma Lake Indus River are the rich source of protein and all the other micro and macro minerals therefore could be used as an excellent source of food.
基金Supported by Center of Biotechnology and Microbiology,University of Peshawar,KPK-Pakistan
文摘Objective:To compare the proximate composition,mineral contents,antimicrobial,phytochemical and Fourier transforms infrared(FTIR)spectroscopy analysis of bark,stem and seed of Hippophae rhamnoides.Methods:Proximate composition was determined according to the described methods.Mineral analysis was carried out by atomic absorption spectroscopy and flame photometer.Antimicrobial activities were evaluated according to the agar well diffusion method.Phytochemical qualitative analysis was carried out according to the described methods and functional groups were determined by FTIR Prestige-21 Shimadzu Japan.Results:The proximate analysis showed high content of protein and fiber in stem and bark.High content of Na(900 mg/L)and K(670 mg/L)was found in bark powder,while in seed,high contents of Ca(800 mg/L),Mg(725 mg/L),Fe(250 mg/L)Zn(90 mg/L)and Mn(65 mg/L)were found compared to stem and bark.Phenols,flavonoids and tannins showed high contents in stem and bark of all extracts.The bark aqueous extract showed high zone of inhibition against Staphylococcus aureus(21 mm)and Escherichia coli(20 mm),while methanol extract of stem showed high zone of inhibition(14 mm and 13 mm)against Enterococcus faecalis and Escherichia coli respectively.The aqueous extract of bark documented high zone of inhibition against Aspergillus niger(21 mm)and Aspergillus parasiticus(20 mm).FTIR spectra revealed the presence of OH,C-O and C=O functional groups.Conclusions:The study concludes that bark,stem and seed extracts will be useful guideline for the new syntheses of feed,food supplements and herb drugs with various combination,which can be used for the treatment of many diseases at global level especially in tropical regions as well as the male nutrition problems in these areas.
文摘In spite of the established nutritive value of seafood, fishes have a special ability to store some toxic substances such as heavy metals because of its own respiration system. The goal of current study was to explore the proximate chemical composition, minerals content and levels of heavy metals in edible portions of some important commercial fish species available at Makkah Central Fish Market, Saudi Arabia. The obtained results showed that Indian oil sardine fish had the highest value of crude oil (dry weight) recorded 38.00%, while, rusty parrot fish sample had the least of 1.17%. In contrast, rusty parrot fish had the highest value of crude protein represented 90.75% (dry weight), meanwhile, Indian oil sardine had the least of 54.19%. Consuming about 250 g of Indian oil sardine will cover 100% of Fe RDA (Recommended Dietary Allowances), eating 500 g of the same fish will cover about 30% of Ca RDA. While, 500 g of gilt head bream which has the highest content of K, Na and Mg will cover about 11.7%, 1.5% and 4.1% of these minerals RDA, respectively. As physical hazards, fourteen samples from the thirty three studied samples exceeded the permissible limit of Pb and Cd representing about 42%. Therefore, it is strongly recommended not to eat head, gills or viscera of all fishes.
基金Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No. 40906071)National Key Technology R & D Program (No.2006BAD09A02)+1 种基金the National High Technology Research and Development Program of China (863 Program) (Nos.2006AA100304 and 2006AA10A411)the Central Public-Interest Scientific Institution Basal Research Fund (No. 2009-ts-07)
文摘Seasonal variation in proximate, amino acid and fatty acid composition of the body wall of sea cucumber Apostichopus japonicus was evaluated. The proximate composition, except for ash content, changed significantly among seasons （P〈0.05）. Alanine, glycine, glutamic acid and asparagic acid were the most abundant amino acids. Total amino acid and essential amino acid contents both varied clearly with seasons （P〈0.05）. 16：0 and 16：1n7 were the primary saturated fatty acid （SFA） and monounsaturated fatty acid （MUFA） respectively for all months. EPA （20：5n-3）, AA （20：4n-6） and DHA （22：6n-3） were the major polyunsaturated fatty acids （PUFA）. The proportions of SFA and PUFA yielded significant seasonal variations （P〈0.001）, but MUFA did not changed significantly. The results indicated that the biochemical compositions of the body wall in A. japonieus were significantly influenced by seasons and that the body wall tissue is an excellent source of protein, MUFA and n-3 PUFA for humans.
文摘Adult (ADS) and larva stages of palm weevil Rhynchophorus phoenicis were analyzed for their nutritional potentials using proximate and mineral contents as indices. The early larva stage (ELS) contains the highest moisture content of 11.94% while ADS has the least value of 4.79%. The late larva stage (LLS) has the highest protein content of 10.51% while ADS contains 8.43%. Ash content is highest in ELS with a value of 2.37% and lowest in ADS with a value of 1.43%. ELS and LLS have the highest (22.14%) and lowest (17.22%) fibre contents respectively. The values of potassium, magnesium and iron in ELS were (455.00±21.21), (60.69±2.57) and (6.50±3.40) mg/kg while LLS recorded (457.50±10.61), (43.52±1.37) and (6.00±1.10) mg/kg and ADS recorded (372.50±24.75), (53.31±1.88) and (22.90±3.70) mg/kg. Chromium, phosphorus, nickel, calcium, lead, man- ganese and zinc were also detected. Copper was not detected in any of the samples. In all the developmental stages the protein solubilities were pH dependent with the minimum protein solubilities occurring at acidic pH while the maximum protein solu- bilities occurred at alkaline pH.
文摘Determination of the proximate, nutritionally valuable minerals and anti-nutrient compositions in larvae of Cirina forda (W) showed that they contained high levels of protein, (55.50%±1.20%) with ash, moisture, fat, and carbohydrate levels being (10.26%±0.01%), (10.85%±0.38%), (4.68%±0.01%) and (18.70%±0.84%) respectively. Fibre was not detected. Protein solubility was higher in alkaline media than in acidic media while the isoelectric points were pH 4, 6 and 9 indicating that C. forda may be useful in food formulations involving foods like meat products. Phosphorus had the highest value of (215.54±0.21) mg/100 g while manganese had the lowest value of (1.14±0.10) mg/100 g. Copper, Co, Pb, Cr and Ni were not available. Water absorption capacity was (300%±0.15%), oil absorption capacity was (358.44%±0.21%) and foaming stability was (3%±0.00%). The results of anti-nutritional analysis revealed that oxalate and phytic acid contents were (4.11±0.05) mg/100 g and (1.02±0.00) mg/100 g respectively and that these values fell within nutritionally accepted values. Tannin was not detected in C. forda. C. forda, a rich source of animal nutrients, usable in human diets and animal feeds formulations.
基金provided by the International Foundation for Science,Sweden(E/4955-1).
文摘Investigations were carried out to determine the influence of spontaneous fermentations as achieved at household level on the nutrients composition and aflatoxins concentration of maize during the processing into doklu, a fermented maize food product consumed in Cote d’Ivoire with legumes, soup and fried fish. Results showed that maize grains contained aflatoxin B1, G1 and G2 and that during fermentation all physicochemical parameters significantly (P ≤ 0.05) decreased except moisture and total titratable acidity contents which were significantly (P ≤ 0.05) increased. Fermentation also caused significant reduction in the concentration of total aflatoxins (72%), with the most important reduction in aflatoxin B1 (80%) after the soaking of maize grains. However, no aflatoxin was detected after 24 hours of fermentation until the final product was obtained. Despite the losses in some nutritional compounds, the fermented product, doklu, was found to have appreciable nutritional quality.
文摘Considering the economic importance in traditional Chinese medicine(TCM) and lack of baseline information, we evaluated the proximate composition, fatty acid and amino acid profiles, trace element content and C:N ratio in the alligator pipefish, Syngnathoides biaculeatus. Amongst proximate principals, a crude protein formed the major biochemical component((58.9±2.2)% dry weight). Mean percent concentrations(dry weight) of other components such as a total lipid(TL), ash and nitrogen-free extract measured were,(1.8±0.2)%,(19.2±2.2)% and(20.1±0.45)%, respectively. The fatty acid profile revealed the presence of 27 saturated fatty acids(SFA) with 13 straight-chained and 14 branched-chained, 28 unsaturated fatty acids(UFA) with 14 monounsaturated and 14 polyunsaturated and nine other minor fatty acids. Mean percent contributions of total SFAs and UFAs to TL were found to be(55.41±0.24)% and(44.05±0.25)%, respectively. Altogether, 16 dif ferent amino acids with an equal number of essential(EAA) and non-essential(NAA) ones were identified. Percent contributions by EAA and NAA to the total amino acid content were 38.11% and 61.89%, respectively. Trace metal concentrations in S. biaculeatus were generally low and their distribution followed the order, Mg>Fe>Zn>Mn>Cu>Cr>Ni>Hg>Co. The C:N ratio was(4.37±0.04)%. The profile of major biochemical constituents in alligator pipefish, S. biaculeatus revealed its potential use in TCM as well as a nutritional diet for human consumption. The results of the study would also form the basis for formulation and optimization of diets for the culture of S. biaculeatus.
基金This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.41806186)the Ningbo Science and Technology Bureau(No.2014C11001).
文摘The aim of this study was to determine the optimal weaning protocols for rearing juvenile cuttlefish Sepia pharaonis,as well as to understand the feeding habits of cuttlefish and develop effective aqua-cultural practices.The effects of four experimental weaning protocols(i.e.,food type,cuttlefish size,food ration(bw d^−1)and feeding frequency(meals d^−1))on the growth,survival and muscle proximate composition of cuttlefish juvenile were studied in quintuplicate.The weaning period lasted 2 weeks.The results showed that cuttlefish fed with frozen white shrimp(Exopalaemon carinicauda)displayed a significantly higher survival,growth parameters,ingestion rate,food conversion rate,and muscle protein content when compared with the other prepared frozen foods.The larger individuals revealed better growth performance than smaller individuals,especially in terms of survival and specific growth rate,indicating that larger individuals were more receptive to frozen prey.Furthermore,size grading should be conducted to ensure better growth during weaning.As food rations increased,the survival,growth and muscle protein content of juveniles were promoted,whereas the most appropriate food ration for cuttlefish juvenile was 35%bw d^−1.Similarly,higher feeding frequency could stimulate the appetite of animals reared on weaning,and enhance survival,growth,and protein deposition compared to low feeding frequency.These results suggest that the optimal feeding protocols of juvenile weaning is as follows:the ideal prepared food is frozen shrimp,the weight of juveniles should be 4.0 g(32 days old)or more,the food ration should be 35%(bw d^−1),and the optimum feeding frequency is 4 meals day^-1.This study offers a promising starting point to successfully breed this candidate aquaculture species.
文摘Quinoa(Chenopodium quinoa Willd.)is regarded as a superfood due to its exceptionally high nutritional value and ability to withstand stress.Six quinoa genotypes(viz.,SAU Quinoa-1,Regalona,GPBQ-1,GPBQ-2,GPBQ-3,and GPBQ-4)were characterized for morphological,yield,and nutritional quality attributes while being grown under the agro-climatic conditions of Bangladesh.The field experiment was carried out in the winter season(November 2022–March 2023)at the Agronomy Field Laboratory of the Department of Agronomy,Bangladesh Agricultural University,Mymensingh,using a randomized complete block design with three replications.Data on various qualitative and quantitative traits related to growth and yield-attributes were recorded.A large variability was observed among the genotypes for growth habit,stem color,panicle shape,and panicle color at maturity.The whitish color of the seed was found in GPBQ-3 which indicates less saponin content as confirmed by saponin test.Yield attributing quantitative traits(viz.,days to first flowering,days to maturity,plant height,stem diameter,panicle weight,1000-seed weight,yield plant^(-1),above-ground biomass,and harvest index)also showed significant variation among the genotypes studied.Genotypes SAU Quinoa-1 and GPBQ-2 were identified as early maturing genotypes.The higher yield plant^(-1) was recorded in GPBQ-1 and GPBQ-3 genotypes.The phenotypic coefficient of variation for the majority of the traits evaluated was slightly higher than the corresponding genotypic coefficient of variation.For stem diameter,panicle weight,1000-seed weight,yields plant^(-1),and above-ground biomass,high heritability and high genetic advancement were seen as percentages of the mean.Yield plant^(-1) showed significant positive correlation with days to first flowering,days to maturity,plant height,stem diameter,panicle weight,and above-ground biomass(0.568*,0.812***,0.744***,0.895***,0.993***,and 0.985***,respectively).The first two components accounted for 85.5%of the overall variation among the genotypes,according to principal component analysis.Significant variability was also found for seed mineral contents(viz.,calcium,copper,iron,potassium,magnesium,manganese,and zinc)in the studied genotypes.The SAU Quinoa-1 genotype contained the highest amount of calcium and zinc,whereas,the highest amount of potassium was recorded in the GPBQ-1 genotype.We found a non-significant variability in carbohydrate,protein,fat,fiber,and vitamins(viz.,thiamine,riboflavin,niacin,and folic acid)contents in the studied genotypes.Considering all the yield and nutritional quality traits under study,the genotypes GPBQ-1,GPBQ-3,and GPBQ-4 were selected for future variety development program.
文摘The leaves of 12 species （Acacia auriculiformis, Albizzia procera, Dalbergia sissoo, Gliricidia maculata, Leucaena leuco- cephala, Samanea saman, Azadirachta indica, Eucalyptus hybrida, Gmelina arborea, Michelia champaca, Morus alba, and Tectona grandis） of Multipurpose trees and shrubs （MPTs） grown in the agroforestry arboretum were evaluated for their nutritional characteristics in terms of proximate composition, cell wall constituents, total tannins, major （Ca and P） and trace minerals （Fe, Cu, Zn, Mn and Co）, in vitro dry matter and organic matter digestibility （IVDMD and IVOMD） and metabolisable energy （ME） values. There were significant （P〈0.01） variations among MPTs for all parameters studied. The average values of （92.02±0.30）%, （16.00±0.74）%, （3.05±0.13）%, （18.97±1.07）%, （54.00±1.12）% and （7.98 ± 0.30）% （DM basis） were observed for OM （organic matter）, CP （crude protein）, EE （ether extract）, CF （crude fibre）, NFE （nitrogen-free extract） and total ash, respectively. Leguminous trees had high CP compared to nonleguminous ones （18.30% vs 13.70%）. The mean values for cell wall constituents viz., NDF （neutral detergent fibre）, ADF （acid detergent fibre）, hemi cellulose, cellulose and ADL （acid detergent lignin） were found to be （52.48±1.05）%, （31.72±0.97）%, （20.76±0.88）%, （16.97±0.70）% and （9.57±0.62）%, respectively. The total tannin contents averaged （4.22±0.32）%. The ratio of Ca to P was quite wider. The levels of Fe and Mn were adequate to rich in all the MPTs while many of the tree species possessed P, Cu, Zn and Co level below the critical limits for the animals. The average IVDMD and IVOMD values were found to be （48.96±1.30）% and （50.69±1.36）%, respectively. The ME value averaged （6.95i-0.11） MJ·kg-1 DM. The CP content had significant positive correlation with IVDMD, IVOMD and ME val- ues while NDF, ADF, ADL and total tannins showed negative correlations with these three parameters. Based on the results, Leucaena Leucocephala could be considered as good quality fodder as it had the highest level of IVDMD/IVOMD （65.20%/67.66%） and ME （7.95 MJ·kg-1 DM） while G. maculata, M. alba, A. indica, D. sissoo and S. saman were of medium type and rest of poor quality.
基金the current project under a scheme (329/SP2H/LT/DRPM/IX/2016) called “the Education of Master Degree Leading to Doctoral Program for Excellent Graduates (PMDSU)”
文摘Objectives: To investigate the proximate composition, mineral content, and phytochemical compounds in Calophyllum inophyllum(C. inophyllum) leaves. Moreover,isolation and identification of pyrene were also performed.Methods: C. inophyllum leaves were extracted with methanol by percolation methods.The proximate composition of C. inophyllum leaves was analyzed by standard methods.Mineral contents in this plant were analyzed by using atomic absorption spectrophotometer. Phytochemical screening and analysis of this plant were performed by spectrophotometric method. Washing method with carbon disulfide was used for isolating dihydropyrene compound from C. inophyllum leaves extracts.Results: The result revealed that C. inophyllum leaves contained 11.24% moisture,4.75% ash, 6.43% crude protein, 23.96% crude fiber, 9.91% carbohydrate, and energy(79.17 kcal/100 g). The leaves also contained 0.007% iron, 1.240% calcium, 0.075%sodium, 0.195% magnesium, 0.100% ppm potassium, and 0.040% phosphorus. Moreover, 11.51% alkaloid, 2.48% triterpenoid, 2.37% flavonoid, 7.68% tannin, 2.16%saponin, 2.53% polyphenol, were identified in the methanolic crude extracts of C. inophyllum leaves. It was found that trans-2-[2-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]-10 b,10 c-dimethyl-10 b,10 c-dihydropyrene was obtained at purity of 79.18%(22.17% yield)from C. inophyllum leaves.Conclusions: C. inophyllum leaves may be used as a good source of fiber. It was found that C. inophyllum leaves have the potential as herbal drugs due to their phytochemical content. The separation, isolation, and purification of bioactive compounds from this methanolic crude extract and their biological activity are under further investigation.
文摘Rosa x alba is cultivated almost exclusively for the production of aromatic water and fruits widely used as ingredients in some traditional food preparations sold commercially.Results of the proximate and elemental analyses revealed that flowers exhibited higher moisture content while the dry matter content was higher in leaves.Total fat and ash was higher in fruits when compared with leaves and flowers.All studied organs were found to be rich in essential mineral such as K,Ca,P and Mg.Qualitative and quantitative analysis of the volatile oils revealed different composition patterns between organs.Linalool and geraniol were found as major constituents of the leaf oil whereas 2-phenethyl alcohol and eugenol were the major constituents of the floral oil.In contrast,fruits showed very distinct composition and alkanes/alkenes were found to have the major contribution.The present composition could justify the traditional use of Rosa x alba which could be considered as a potential source of essential minerals and volatile constituents.
基金Financial assistance was supported by University Grants Commission(UGC)(CUO/ACA/NNF-PHD/135)。
文摘The exploitation of neglected niger accessions plays a crucial role in future breeding programs aimed to enhance the quality.Present study evaluated the genetic variation in nutritional and nutraceutical compositions of 30 indigenous niger accessions originating from Eastern Ghats of India,and compare them with three improved varieties of the locality.The proximate compositions(g/100 g)showed significant variations,with moisture ranging from 1.36 g to 4.95 g,ash from 1.06 g to 5.45 g,fat from 28.53 g to 44.11 g,protein from 8.84 g to 18.18 g,carbohydrate from 11.21 g to 35.09 g,fiber from 16.32 g to 26.62 g,and energy from 407.32 kcal to 526.84 kcal.Niger seeds are rich in phenol 41.10–82.20 mg/g,flavonoid 5.32–15.98μg/g,antioxidant 13.59–31.08%across the accessions.Principal component analysis revealed that the first two axis explained 41.8%of the total variation,indicating significant differences among genotypes.The heritability and genetic advance in percent of mean(GAM)ranged from 61.11%to 99.91%and 12.5%–89.1%among the traits across the populations.High heritability and GAM recorded in vitamin C,ash content,antioxidant capacity,flavonoid and phenol suggests that these traits may be important for niger breeding program.Altogether,some indigenous niger accessions such as Mangardora,Ganjeipadar and Kolabnagar had exceptionally rich in fat,protein and energy contents and are nutritionally superior compared to improved variety of the locality.Further,exceptional rich in flavonoid,antioxidant capacity and vitamin C was recorded in Manahar,Badapada and Mahadeiput.These nutrition rich accessions have ample opportunities for future breeding programs aimed to enhance the quality and hold great potential in food industry for making high value functional food.
文摘The some physical and chemical properties values ofpepino fruit were determined. The mineral elements （AI, B, Ca, Cu, Fe, K, Mg, Mn, Mo, Na, Ni, P, Se and Zn） of fruit were analysed by Inductively Coupled Plasma Atomic Emission Spectrometry （ICP-AES）. Organic acid contents were analysed via HPLC equipped Ca （3,256.96 mg/kg）, K （43,465.60 mg/kg）, P （7,907.32 mg/kg） Na （1,496.13 mg/kg） and Mg （2,541.12 mg/kg） were established as major minerals in fruits. These results show that pepino fruit may be useful for the evaluation of dietary information in important food crops.
文摘A research was conducted to assess the effects of three different drying techniques, namely open sun drying （OSD）, solar dryers （SD） and solar tent dryers （STD）. Data on physical characteristics such as weight, total length and standard length were recorded and proximate composition of the fish sample Clarias gariepinus （Burchell, 1822） was carried out before, during and after drying to assess changes on physical characteristics and nutrient composition at different level. After drying, the samples were subjected to storage for eight weeks. The result obtained shows that there was no significant （P 〉 0.01） difference in the drying weight of the fish samples between the direct SD and the STD. However, for the total and standard length there was significant （P 〈 0.01） difference in the drying techniques, but no significant difference （P 〉 0.05） in the drying period. There was no significant （P 〉 0.05） difference on the physical parameters, storage period, proximate composition of both direct SD and STD and the drying period, respectively. Therefore, direct SD can be substituted with the STD without altering the quality of the product.
