The aim of this study was to revise the provisions for aluminum-containing food additives in GB 2760-2011 （The National Food Safety Standard for Use of Food Additives）, in order to reduce aluminum exposure among the...The aim of this study was to revise the provisions for aluminum-containing food additives in GB 2760-2011 （The National Food Safety Standard for Use of Food Additives）, in order to reduce aluminum exposure among the Chinese population. According to the latest risk assessment results of JECFA and China on aluminum and the actual use of aluminum-containing food additives in certain products, the aluminum-containing food additive-related provisions in GB 2760-2011 were revised. Those revisions included narrowing down the applicable food categories and adjusting the maximum use level of aluminum potassium sulfate and aluminum ammonium sulfate, repealing nine aluminum-containing food additives in puffed food and repealing the use of sodium aluminum phosphate, sodium aluminosilicate and starch aluminum octenylsuccinate in all food.展开更多
In accordance with the regulations as stipulated in the Pro-visions of the Customs of the People’s Republic of China on Ex-ternal Audit, the Customs officers engaged in external audit shalluse the Certificate of Exte...In accordance with the regulations as stipulated in the Pro-visions of the Customs of the People’s Republic of China on Ex-ternal Audit, the Customs officers engaged in external audit shalluse the Certificate of External Audit of the Customs (hereinafterreferred to as Certificate) as of June 5, 1997. The Certificate has ablack leather outer covering and is inlaid inside with a pierced andguilded customs emblem, which consists of the red national em-blem in its upper part, and a key and a truncheon encircled by earsof wheat in its lower part. Put in a leather covering, the Certificateis a card sealed up with plastics, on which there is a bareheadedcolour photo of the holder in the Customs uniform and with a展开更多
Contrary to the approach in judicial practice,Paragraph 1,Article 153,of the Civil Code of the People’s Republic of China,as a rule of invalidity for violating mandatory provisions,does not adopt a dichotomy towards ...Contrary to the approach in judicial practice,Paragraph 1,Article 153,of the Civil Code of the People’s Republic of China,as a rule of invalidity for violating mandatory provisions,does not adopt a dichotomy towards mandatory provisions with effectiveness and administrative characteristics,yet it maintains the legislative philosophy of differentiation.It leaves unspecified whether mandatory provisions that do not explicitly render a juristic act invalid impact the act’s validity,entrusting this determination to the discretion of judges on a case-by-case basis.When judges,under the authority of Paragraph 1,Article 153 of the Civil Code,explore the normative intent of mandatory provisions to assess their effect on the validity of juristic acts,they should engage in legal policy analysis centered on consequence-based argumentation to overcome the limitations of norm typological analysis.This analysis employs a reasoning model predicated on the normative purpose,utilizing a consequencefocused interpretative approach for formulating and arguing propositions of rules applicable to pending cases,thereby arriving at case-specific conclusions.Since the invalidation of juristic acts serves as an auxiliary regulatory tool for the state economy and society,a consequence-oriented interpretation needs to be based on the idea of mutual instrumentalization of public and private laws.This entails predicting the outcomes of negating the validity of a juristic act in industrial regulatory scenarios and assessing these outcomes within the framework of public and private regulatory instruments.展开更多
We measure the quality of provisions for bad debts, based on both the cross-sectional and time-series basis. Empirical tests show the impacts on earnings information contents, as well as on the incremental information...We measure the quality of provisions for bad debts, based on both the cross-sectional and time-series basis. Empirical tests show the impacts on earnings information contents, as well as on the incremental information content of cash flows.展开更多
The national autonomous areas exercise an important way of autonomy power to make adaptive or supplementary provisions to the existing laws, and the diversity between different ethnic groups determines the adaptive or...The national autonomous areas exercise an important way of autonomy power to make adaptive or supplementary provisions to the existing laws, and the diversity between different ethnic groups determines the adaptive or supplementary provisions that are bound to the existence of conflict in the legislative content and legal application. On the basis of adaptive or supplementary provisions, this paper carries out the analysis on the law conflict problems of marriage adaptive or supplementary provisions, hoping to start a discussion, and make scholars foeusing on the conflict of national regional autonomy law.展开更多
In the context of the codification of China's Civil Code, the academic consensus has been to make commercial legislation systematic and establish commercial norms with proper legislative expression. Many direct an...In the context of the codification of China's Civil Code, the academic consensus has been to make commercial legislation systematic and establish commercial norms with proper legislative expression. Many direct and indirect commercial norms in General Provisions of the Civil Law provide evidence that civil law has been turned into commercial law. However, a general overview shows that the absence of related norms, including agency in duty, reveals that General Provisions of the Civil Law is lacking commercial law's characteristics. In addition to the Civil Code, using General Rules of Commercial Law is a relatively reasonable choice for commercial legislative arrangements, such as norms in relation to agency in duty. Taking commercial agency as an example, legislators should adopt problem-oriented and limited systematic patterns of "residue law" instead of unified patterns of codification.展开更多
The Provisions on the Administration of Foreign-invested Advertising Enterprises,which were amended by the State Administration for Industry & Commerce(SAIC)and the MOFCOM,is hereby promulgated and shall enter int...The Provisions on the Administration of Foreign-invested Advertising Enterprises,which were amended by the State Administration for Industry & Commerce(SAIC)and the MOFCOM,is hereby promulgated and shall enter into force as of October 1,2008.展开更多
China has since 1978 promulgated more than 440 laws and regulations and more than 40 of them contain clear-cut provisions on human rights. Political right Political right is the most important human rights. China’s C...China has since 1978 promulgated more than 440 laws and regulations and more than 40 of them contain clear-cut provisions on human rights. Political right Political right is the most important human rights. China’s Constitution provides that the Chinese citizens enjoy freedom of speech, press, assembly, association, procession and demonstration.展开更多
Due to the lack of coordination between international investment law and international tax law,many contracting parties in the negotiations of old-generation international investment agreements(lAs)lacked a full under...Due to the lack of coordination between international investment law and international tax law,many contracting parties in the negotiations of old-generation international investment agreements(lAs)lacked a full understanding of the impact of these agreements on tax measures.As a result,old-generation IIAs often have deficiencies in addressing tax matters,thereby challenging the tax sovereignty of host countries.In recent years,an increasing number of countries have introduced standalone tax carve-out provisions in IIAs,and the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development has increasingly focused on the impact of IIAs on tax measures,calling for strengthened coordination between investment and tax policymakers.Therefore,it is necessary for China to explore more efficient ways to improve the tax carve-out provisions in its network of IIAs,making them more balanced,coordinated,and consistent.展开更多
A two-layer sector-based decision support system had been researched, designed, andimplemented for a bank in England to improve the techniques used by the bank to forecast the levelof provisions to be raised against t...A two-layer sector-based decision support system had been researched, designed, andimplemented for a bank in England to improve the techniques used by the bank to forecast the levelof provisions to be raised against the eventuality of unsecured debt failing to perform. After describlug the structure of the DSS, the paper discusses the decision process using the DSS stage by Stage:from updating database, specifying model, eValuating weight, estimating the magnitude of relationshipbetween variables, completing the assumptions, to carrying out forecasting.展开更多
The General Provisions of Civil Law(民法通则),formulated in the early days of reform and opening up,was a special law that set out the basic principles or rules of civil law,defining civil subjects,civil legal acts an...The General Provisions of Civil Law(民法通则),formulated in the early days of reform and opening up,was a special law that set out the basic principles or rules of civil law,defining civil subjects,civil legal acts and the agency system,declaring the civil rights enjoyed by civil subjects,establishing a relatively complete system of civil liability system,and so on.It kindled awareness of civil rights among the mass of the population,ensured China’s rapid economic and social development,and laid down a basic framework and content for the civil code,so holds an important position in contemporary Chinese history.But with the development of the economy and society,civil law has had to change with the times.Civil law jurisprudence injects theoretical support into contemporary civil law legislation,and the blueprint for law based governance provides a powerful impetus to the historic leap forward of contemporary Chinese civil law,providing the necessary conditions for the codification of civil law.The completion of the General Rules of Civil Law(民法总则)answers the requirements of the economic,humanist and legal character of the times,demonstrates the humanist stance and spirit of the civil code,rises to the challenge of modern scientific and technological development,and ensures people’s enjoyment and control of their new-style rights and their objective forms.This signifies that the GPCL has accomplished its historical task and civil law in contemporary China has realized a historic leap forward,laying a foundation for the compilation of the Chinese civil code,including the specific provisions of the framework and the contents of its individual parts.展开更多
This paper examines the impact of loan loss provisions(LLPs)on return predictability during 1994–2017.We find that on average,LLPs are negatively associated with one year ahead stock returns.This effect is particular...This paper examines the impact of loan loss provisions(LLPs)on return predictability during 1994–2017.We find that on average,LLPs are negatively associated with one year ahead stock returns.This effect is particularly significant during the global financial crisis but much weaker during the Basel Ⅱ and Ⅲ periods.Consistent with these findings,a long–short trading strategy based on LLPs generates positive abnormal returns during the Basel Ⅱ and Ⅲ periods but negative abnormal returns during the financial crisis.Cross-sectional tests show that this effect is more pronounced among banks with greater information asymmetry.Decomposition of LLPs suggests that these findings are driven mainly by nondiscretionary LLPs.Overall,our results suggest that the relationship between LLPs and future stock returns is not linear but contingent on bank regulations and macroeconomic conditions.展开更多
The Ministry of Agriculture of China announced at the news release conference held on December 19th,2007 that it will soonissue 6 new provisions on pesticides."Toreduce pollution to agricultural
Grave-sweeping is one of the popular special events in Asian cities,especiallyin Chinese societies,in which families express filial piety to their ancestors during two traditional grave-sweeping festivalsin a year.The...Grave-sweeping is one of the popular special events in Asian cities,especiallyin Chinese societies,in which families express filial piety to their ancestors during two traditional grave-sweeping festivalsin a year.The extraordinary high travel demandis often attracted to columbaria within a relative short period around the festivals,and induces severe impacts to the local traffic.It is challenging for the government and private operators to formulatea public transport service setting to satisfactorily cater all the visitors'travel demand.This paper aims to proposean optimization frameworkto identifythe optimalprovisions of public transport services for columbarium trips to achieve consumer surplus or profit maximization.Numerical studies are carried out usingthe travel demand data collected from a selected columbarium,to examine the effects of different public transport service settings to the policyobjectivesin variouscases.The modelresults showthat the current situation is neither consumer surplus nor profit optimum.Improvement schemes are suggested in relation to allow various fares during different visit periods and provide multiple public transport feeder services to serve the visitors during the high travel demand period.展开更多
Rhesus macaques(Macaca mulatta)have demonstrated a potent capability of adapting to human-disturbed environment.In China,they have become popular attractions in ecotourism areas and receive substantial food from touri...Rhesus macaques(Macaca mulatta)have demonstrated a potent capability of adapting to human-disturbed environment.In China,they have become popular attractions in ecotourism areas and receive substantial food from tourists,resulting in local booming populations.Previous studies have highlighted human-macaque conflicts and yet ignored their impact on local natural ecosystems.Through reviewing previous researches,we summarized the contributing factors to the thriving populations of rhesus macaque and expounded upon the potential impacts of them on other local organisms.Booming populations of rhesus macaque caused by provisioning could present potential risks to local plant and animal community through lesser seed dispersal and greater predation and competition pressures on other sympatric species,ultimately impacting the diversity and stability of local ecosystems.Thus,it is imperative to draft the relevant laws to strictly control human provisioning for wild rhesus macaques and conduct further studies to elucidate their interspecies relationships.And a higher priority should be devoted to monitoring these potentially overabundant populations and formulating optimal management strategies to achieve harmonious coexistence between humans and rhesus macaques.展开更多
Human well-being and livelihoods depend on natural ecosystem services(ESs).Following the increment of population,ESs have been deteriorated over time.Ultimately,land use/land cover(LULC)changes have a profound impact ...Human well-being and livelihoods depend on natural ecosystem services(ESs).Following the increment of population,ESs have been deteriorated over time.Ultimately,land use/land cover(LULC)changes have a profound impact on the change of ecosystem.The primary goal of this study is to determine the impacts of LULC changes on ecosystem service values(ESVs)in the upper Gilgel Abbay watershed,Ethiopia.Changes in LULC types were studied using three Landsat images representing 1986,2003,and 2021.The Landsat images were classified using a supervised image classification technique in Earth Resources Data Analysis System(ERDAS)Imagine 2014.We classified ESs in this study into four categories(including provisioning,regulating,supporting,and cultural services)based on global ES classification scheme.The adjusted ESV coefficient benefit approach was employed to measure the impacts of LULC changes on ESVs.Five LULC types were identified in this study,including cultivated land,forest,shrubland,grassland,and water body.The result revealed that the area of cultivated land accounted for 64.50%,71.50%,and 61.50%of the total area in 1986,2003,and 2021,respectively.The percentage of the total area covered by forest was 9.50%,5.90%,and 14.80%in 1986,2003,and 2021,respectively.Result revealed that the total ESV decreased from 7.42×10^(7) to 6.44×10^(7) USD between 1986 and 2003.This is due to the expansion of cultivated land at the expense of forest and shrubland.However,the total ESV increased from 6.44×10^(7) to 7.76×10^(7) USD during 2003-2021,because of the increment of forest and shrubland.The expansion of cultivated land and the reductions of forest and shrubland reduced most individual ESs during 1986-2003.Nevertheless,the increase in forest and shrubland at the expense of cultivated land enhanced many ESs during 2003-2021.Therefore,the findings suggest that appropriate land use practices should be scaled-up to sustainably maintain ESs.展开更多
1.Aims The provision of low carbon energy to our society is a key issue at the heart of sustainable development of global energy supply.The Global Energy Interconnection(GEI)publishes original research on theories and...1.Aims The provision of low carbon energy to our society is a key issue at the heart of sustainable development of global energy supply.The Global Energy Interconnection(GEI)publishes original research on theories and developments as well practical applications on principles of large scale low carbon energy generation,transmission,distribution&storage technologies,global energy interconnection&system developments,global energy policy and energy market operations,global climate changes&environmental impacts,global energy transition strategies and global energy governance.展开更多
文摘The aim of this study was to revise the provisions for aluminum-containing food additives in GB 2760-2011 （The National Food Safety Standard for Use of Food Additives）, in order to reduce aluminum exposure among the Chinese population. According to the latest risk assessment results of JECFA and China on aluminum and the actual use of aluminum-containing food additives in certain products, the aluminum-containing food additive-related provisions in GB 2760-2011 were revised. Those revisions included narrowing down the applicable food categories and adjusting the maximum use level of aluminum potassium sulfate and aluminum ammonium sulfate, repealing nine aluminum-containing food additives in puffed food and repealing the use of sodium aluminum phosphate, sodium aluminosilicate and starch aluminum octenylsuccinate in all food.
文摘In accordance with the regulations as stipulated in the Pro-visions of the Customs of the People’s Republic of China on Ex-ternal Audit, the Customs officers engaged in external audit shalluse the Certificate of External Audit of the Customs (hereinafterreferred to as Certificate) as of June 5, 1997. The Certificate has ablack leather outer covering and is inlaid inside with a pierced andguilded customs emblem, which consists of the red national em-blem in its upper part, and a key and a truncheon encircled by earsof wheat in its lower part. Put in a leather covering, the Certificateis a card sealed up with plastics, on which there is a bareheadedcolour photo of the holder in the Customs uniform and with a
文摘Contrary to the approach in judicial practice,Paragraph 1,Article 153,of the Civil Code of the People’s Republic of China,as a rule of invalidity for violating mandatory provisions,does not adopt a dichotomy towards mandatory provisions with effectiveness and administrative characteristics,yet it maintains the legislative philosophy of differentiation.It leaves unspecified whether mandatory provisions that do not explicitly render a juristic act invalid impact the act’s validity,entrusting this determination to the discretion of judges on a case-by-case basis.When judges,under the authority of Paragraph 1,Article 153 of the Civil Code,explore the normative intent of mandatory provisions to assess their effect on the validity of juristic acts,they should engage in legal policy analysis centered on consequence-based argumentation to overcome the limitations of norm typological analysis.This analysis employs a reasoning model predicated on the normative purpose,utilizing a consequencefocused interpretative approach for formulating and arguing propositions of rules applicable to pending cases,thereby arriving at case-specific conclusions.Since the invalidation of juristic acts serves as an auxiliary regulatory tool for the state economy and society,a consequence-oriented interpretation needs to be based on the idea of mutual instrumentalization of public and private laws.This entails predicting the outcomes of negating the validity of a juristic act in industrial regulatory scenarios and assessing these outcomes within the framework of public and private regulatory instruments.
文摘We measure the quality of provisions for bad debts, based on both the cross-sectional and time-series basis. Empirical tests show the impacts on earnings information contents, as well as on the incremental information content of cash flows.
文摘The national autonomous areas exercise an important way of autonomy power to make adaptive or supplementary provisions to the existing laws, and the diversity between different ethnic groups determines the adaptive or supplementary provisions that are bound to the existence of conflict in the legislative content and legal application. On the basis of adaptive or supplementary provisions, this paper carries out the analysis on the law conflict problems of marriage adaptive or supplementary provisions, hoping to start a discussion, and make scholars foeusing on the conflict of national regional autonomy law.
文摘In the context of the codification of China's Civil Code, the academic consensus has been to make commercial legislation systematic and establish commercial norms with proper legislative expression. Many direct and indirect commercial norms in General Provisions of the Civil Law provide evidence that civil law has been turned into commercial law. However, a general overview shows that the absence of related norms, including agency in duty, reveals that General Provisions of the Civil Law is lacking commercial law's characteristics. In addition to the Civil Code, using General Rules of Commercial Law is a relatively reasonable choice for commercial legislative arrangements, such as norms in relation to agency in duty. Taking commercial agency as an example, legislators should adopt problem-oriented and limited systematic patterns of "residue law" instead of unified patterns of codification.
文摘The Provisions on the Administration of Foreign-invested Advertising Enterprises,which were amended by the State Administration for Industry & Commerce(SAIC)and the MOFCOM,is hereby promulgated and shall enter into force as of October 1,2008.
文摘China has since 1978 promulgated more than 440 laws and regulations and more than 40 of them contain clear-cut provisions on human rights. Political right Political right is the most important human rights. China’s Constitution provides that the Chinese citizens enjoy freedom of speech, press, assembly, association, procession and demonstration.
基金a mid-term output of the major project of National Social Science Fund,entitled Research on China’s International Anti-Tax Avoidance Legislation in the Era of Code(project number:23AFX025)。
文摘Due to the lack of coordination between international investment law and international tax law,many contracting parties in the negotiations of old-generation international investment agreements(lAs)lacked a full understanding of the impact of these agreements on tax measures.As a result,old-generation IIAs often have deficiencies in addressing tax matters,thereby challenging the tax sovereignty of host countries.In recent years,an increasing number of countries have introduced standalone tax carve-out provisions in IIAs,and the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development has increasingly focused on the impact of IIAs on tax measures,calling for strengthened coordination between investment and tax policymakers.Therefore,it is necessary for China to explore more efficient ways to improve the tax carve-out provisions in its network of IIAs,making them more balanced,coordinated,and consistent.
文摘A two-layer sector-based decision support system had been researched, designed, andimplemented for a bank in England to improve the techniques used by the bank to forecast the levelof provisions to be raised against the eventuality of unsecured debt failing to perform. After describlug the structure of the DSS, the paper discusses the decision process using the DSS stage by Stage:from updating database, specifying model, eValuating weight, estimating the magnitude of relationshipbetween variables, completing the assumptions, to carrying out forecasting.
基金This paper is a phased result of“Research on the Important Issues in Compiling the GRCL,”a major project of the Humanities and Social Science Fund,Ministry of Education(15JJD820009).
文摘The General Provisions of Civil Law(民法通则),formulated in the early days of reform and opening up,was a special law that set out the basic principles or rules of civil law,defining civil subjects,civil legal acts and the agency system,declaring the civil rights enjoyed by civil subjects,establishing a relatively complete system of civil liability system,and so on.It kindled awareness of civil rights among the mass of the population,ensured China’s rapid economic and social development,and laid down a basic framework and content for the civil code,so holds an important position in contemporary Chinese history.But with the development of the economy and society,civil law has had to change with the times.Civil law jurisprudence injects theoretical support into contemporary civil law legislation,and the blueprint for law based governance provides a powerful impetus to the historic leap forward of contemporary Chinese civil law,providing the necessary conditions for the codification of civil law.The completion of the General Rules of Civil Law(民法总则)answers the requirements of the economic,humanist and legal character of the times,demonstrates the humanist stance and spirit of the civil code,rises to the challenge of modern scientific and technological development,and ensures people’s enjoyment and control of their new-style rights and their objective forms.This signifies that the GPCL has accomplished its historical task and civil law in contemporary China has realized a historic leap forward,laying a foundation for the compilation of the Chinese civil code,including the specific provisions of the framework and the contents of its individual parts.
文摘This paper examines the impact of loan loss provisions(LLPs)on return predictability during 1994–2017.We find that on average,LLPs are negatively associated with one year ahead stock returns.This effect is particularly significant during the global financial crisis but much weaker during the Basel Ⅱ and Ⅲ periods.Consistent with these findings,a long–short trading strategy based on LLPs generates positive abnormal returns during the Basel Ⅱ and Ⅲ periods but negative abnormal returns during the financial crisis.Cross-sectional tests show that this effect is more pronounced among banks with greater information asymmetry.Decomposition of LLPs suggests that these findings are driven mainly by nondiscretionary LLPs.Overall,our results suggest that the relationship between LLPs and future stock returns is not linear but contingent on bank regulations and macroeconomic conditions.
文摘The Ministry of Agriculture of China announced at the news release conference held on December 19th,2007 that it will soonissue 6 new provisions on pesticides."Toreduce pollution to agricultural
基金supported by a grant from the Research Grants Council of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region,China(HKU7026-PPR-12).
文摘Grave-sweeping is one of the popular special events in Asian cities,especiallyin Chinese societies,in which families express filial piety to their ancestors during two traditional grave-sweeping festivalsin a year.The extraordinary high travel demandis often attracted to columbaria within a relative short period around the festivals,and induces severe impacts to the local traffic.It is challenging for the government and private operators to formulatea public transport service setting to satisfactorily cater all the visitors'travel demand.This paper aims to proposean optimization frameworkto identifythe optimalprovisions of public transport services for columbarium trips to achieve consumer surplus or profit maximization.Numerical studies are carried out usingthe travel demand data collected from a selected columbarium,to examine the effects of different public transport service settings to the policyobjectivesin variouscases.The modelresults showthat the current situation is neither consumer surplus nor profit optimum.Improvement schemes are suggested in relation to allow various fares during different visit periods and provide multiple public transport feeder services to serve the visitors during the high travel demand period.
基金Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities,Sun Yat-sen University(23lgzy002)Forestry Administration of Guangdong Province(33000-42090019)+1 种基金Shenzhen Park Service(33000-71020177)Neilingding-Futian National Nature Reserve(33000-71020200)。
文摘Rhesus macaques(Macaca mulatta)have demonstrated a potent capability of adapting to human-disturbed environment.In China,they have become popular attractions in ecotourism areas and receive substantial food from tourists,resulting in local booming populations.Previous studies have highlighted human-macaque conflicts and yet ignored their impact on local natural ecosystems.Through reviewing previous researches,we summarized the contributing factors to the thriving populations of rhesus macaque and expounded upon the potential impacts of them on other local organisms.Booming populations of rhesus macaque caused by provisioning could present potential risks to local plant and animal community through lesser seed dispersal and greater predation and competition pressures on other sympatric species,ultimately impacting the diversity and stability of local ecosystems.Thus,it is imperative to draft the relevant laws to strictly control human provisioning for wild rhesus macaques and conduct further studies to elucidate their interspecies relationships.And a higher priority should be devoted to monitoring these potentially overabundant populations and formulating optimal management strategies to achieve harmonious coexistence between humans and rhesus macaques.
文摘Human well-being and livelihoods depend on natural ecosystem services(ESs).Following the increment of population,ESs have been deteriorated over time.Ultimately,land use/land cover(LULC)changes have a profound impact on the change of ecosystem.The primary goal of this study is to determine the impacts of LULC changes on ecosystem service values(ESVs)in the upper Gilgel Abbay watershed,Ethiopia.Changes in LULC types were studied using three Landsat images representing 1986,2003,and 2021.The Landsat images were classified using a supervised image classification technique in Earth Resources Data Analysis System(ERDAS)Imagine 2014.We classified ESs in this study into four categories(including provisioning,regulating,supporting,and cultural services)based on global ES classification scheme.The adjusted ESV coefficient benefit approach was employed to measure the impacts of LULC changes on ESVs.Five LULC types were identified in this study,including cultivated land,forest,shrubland,grassland,and water body.The result revealed that the area of cultivated land accounted for 64.50%,71.50%,and 61.50%of the total area in 1986,2003,and 2021,respectively.The percentage of the total area covered by forest was 9.50%,5.90%,and 14.80%in 1986,2003,and 2021,respectively.Result revealed that the total ESV decreased from 7.42×10^(7) to 6.44×10^(7) USD between 1986 and 2003.This is due to the expansion of cultivated land at the expense of forest and shrubland.However,the total ESV increased from 6.44×10^(7) to 7.76×10^(7) USD during 2003-2021,because of the increment of forest and shrubland.The expansion of cultivated land and the reductions of forest and shrubland reduced most individual ESs during 1986-2003.Nevertheless,the increase in forest and shrubland at the expense of cultivated land enhanced many ESs during 2003-2021.Therefore,the findings suggest that appropriate land use practices should be scaled-up to sustainably maintain ESs.
文摘1.Aims The provision of low carbon energy to our society is a key issue at the heart of sustainable development of global energy supply.The Global Energy Interconnection(GEI)publishes original research on theories and developments as well practical applications on principles of large scale low carbon energy generation,transmission,distribution&storage technologies,global energy interconnection&system developments,global energy policy and energy market operations,global climate changes&environmental impacts,global energy transition strategies and global energy governance.
