Objective: To evaluate the performance of a sample of postmenopausal women complaining of decline of prospective memory, undergoing therapy with concentrated extract of soy (CES) for six months, through specific neuro...Objective: To evaluate the performance of a sample of postmenopausal women complaining of decline of prospective memory, undergoing therapy with concentrated extract of soy (CES) for six months, through specific neuropsychological assessment, developed for this purpose. Materials and Methods: A randomized and double-blind study was with 90 women, 12-month amenorrhea, 40 years to 65 years and body mass index (BMI) above 30 kg/m2, whose complaints were reduction of cognitive efficiency. The participants were randomly divided into two treatment groups: Group I— received one capsule of 150 mg extract of soy, with 60 mg isoflavones orally/day;Group II—received one capsule placebo, for six months. All participants underwent a detailed interview, the MMSE, depression scale, and as they were being included in the study, self-perception scales and neuropsychological tests before and after six months of treatment. For analysis purposes, we applied the ANOVA and t-student tests. Results: Our results suggest a possible positive effect regarding the improvement in verbal fluency and executive function tasks of planning and mental flexibility, in women undergoing therapy with concentrated extract of soy in postmenopause. There was no correlation between prospective memory and cognitive performance, and there were only intensity scores of the depressive symptoms. Conclusion: Isoflavones act favorably on the cognitive function, amongst all functions, only on verbal memory and executive function tasks of planning and mental flexibility. The others showed no signs of improvement. We concluded that concentrated extract acts only on some cognitive functions.展开更多
Prospective memory (PM) refers to memory for future intentions.Difference due to memory (Dm effect) is the difference in neural activity related to stimuli that were subsequently remembered or forgotten.Using event-re...Prospective memory (PM) refers to memory for future intentions.Difference due to memory (Dm effect) is the difference in neural activity related to stimuli that were subsequently remembered or forgotten.Using event-related potentials (ERPs),the present study investigated the Dm effect for PM using a subsequent task-switching paradigm.The results showed that a Dm effect of ERP P150 was more positive-going for later PM hit trials than for later PM forgotten trials during 100–200 ms.This Dm effect may reflect the process for the production of future intention or the process for attention.Consistent with previously reported Dm effects of other types of memory,we found that the fbN2 (250–280 ms) and late positivity component (400–700 ms) were stronger in later PM hit trials than in forgotten trials.The fbN2 was evoked by Chinese characters.The late positivity component was related to the precise encoding process.In conclusion,because of the early P150,PM encoding appears to be somewhat different from previously identified Dm effects.However,further research is needed.Our findings reveal that Dm effects of PM share similar characteristics with known Dm effects of other types of episodic memory after the very early stage of neural processing.展开更多
The present study aimed to compare the impact of the aging process on event-,time-,and activity-based prospective memory(PM)and to explore the aging patterns of PM-related cognitive functions.Seventy-five participants...The present study aimed to compare the impact of the aging process on event-,time-,and activity-based prospective memory(PM)and to explore the aging patterns of PM-related cognitive functions.Seventy-five participants were recruited and divided into three age groups:young(20–24 years old),young-old(60-70 years old),and older-old(greater than 70 years old).A computerized PM test and a set of tests capturing executive functions,retrospective memory,and working memory were administered to all participants.Significant age effects were only found for event-based PM and time-based PM.However,event-based PM was noted to decline gradually,whereas time-based PM was noted to deteriorate abruptly with age.For older,but not young participants,performance on the time-based PM tasks was significantly improved under a more lenient scoring criterion which had an increased response time window.Measures of executive functions and retrospective memory were significantly associated with PM,but these relations disappeared after controlling for age and education.Working memory was found to be the most important contributor to the effect of age on PM.These findings suggest a differential aging process for event-,time-,and activity-based PM.展开更多
In real life,we are often motivated to plan things to be performed at specific times in the future.Some of these intended actions help other individuals,and thus involve time-based prospective memory(TBPM)under prosoc...In real life,we are often motivated to plan things to be performed at specific times in the future.Some of these intended actions help other individuals,and thus involve time-based prospective memory(TBPM)under prosocial motivational conditions.Children’s social development is very rapid,and they have relatively stable prosocial motivation during school age.Few studies have paid attention to this issue.This study focuses on three aspects of this issue:(1)the impact of prosocial motivation on the TBPM of school-age children,(2)whether there are sex differences in this effect,and,for the first time,(3)the processing mechanism by which prosocial motivation affects TBPM in school-age children in the framework of the motivation cognitive model.A total of 112 elementary school students,aged between 8 and 12,participated in the experiment,using a 2(group:prosocial motivation,control)×2(sex:boy,girl)between-subjects design.The results showed that prosocial motivation can significantly reduce children’s time difference of TBPM.However,we found no sex differences in the effect of prosocial motivation on TBPM in the above two indicators.With regard to the processing mechanism,we found that the prosocial motivation group paid more attention to external time information throughout the experiment.However,their internal attention and the effectiveness of attention did not improve.These results partially support the motivation cognitive model.Overall,this study found that prosocial motivation relies mainly on external attention to improve the TBPM performance of school-age children.展开更多
Time-based prospective memory(TBPM)is affected by many factors,which include Type A and Type B personality types.Type A individuals have a strong desire to complete tasks and a strong sense of time-urgency to complete...Time-based prospective memory(TBPM)is affected by many factors,which include Type A and Type B personality types.Type A individuals have a strong desire to complete tasks and a strong sense of time-urgency to complete established tasks before the deadline.Type B individuals have fewer time constraints and usually procrastinate until the deadline to complete the task.Compared with Type B individuals,Type A individuals may perform better in TBPM due to their advantages in time cognition and attitude.This study explores the differences in the TBPM ability between Type A individuals and Type B individuals under different time monitoring conditions.In Experiment 1,there was no limit to how many times participants could check the time.The results showed that the performance of TBPM between Type A individuals and Type B individuals was not different.In Experiment 2,participants could only check the time once during each TBPM task.The results showed that,compared to Type B individuals,Type A individuals performed better in TBPM,with higher time monitoring frequency and slower response speed to the ongoing tasks.These findings suggest that the performance of Type A individuals in TBPM has an advantage only under the restricted time monitoring condition.This advantage is then mainly due to the increase in the attention consumption of Type A individuals in both internal and external attention.展开更多
Time-based prospective memory(TBPM)is the ability to remember to do a planned task at the right time.In social interactions,people are often motivated to do things for others,which reflects an important factor that in...Time-based prospective memory(TBPM)is the ability to remember to do a planned task at the right time.In social interactions,people are often motivated to do things for others,which reflects an important factor that influences prospective memory,namely prosocial motivation.According to the motivational cognitive model,prosocial motivation promotes TBPM by paying more attention or adopting more effective strategies.This study explored the effect of prosocial motivation on TBPM under different time-monitoring conditions within the motivational cognitive model framework.One hundred and thirty-one university students participated in this experiment that adopted a 2(groups:control,prosocial motivation)×2(viewing time conditions:limited,unlimited)between-subjects design.The results revealed that the prosocial motivation group had better TBPM performance than the control group under both limited and unlimited viewing time conditions.At the same time,compared with the control group,the prosocial motivation group consumed more internal attention and utilized more strategies under both viewing time conditions,and their external attention was more effective.In addition,the external attention of the prosocial motivation group was higher only when time-monitoring was unlimited.The results of this study further extend knowledge of the motivational cognitive model and expand its scope of application,which has theoretical significance.展开更多
Event-related potentials were used in this study to investigate the neural correlates of prospective memory and whether working memory is involved in prospective remembering.Thirty undergraduate or graduate students p...Event-related potentials were used in this study to investigate the neural correlates of prospective memory and whether working memory is involved in prospective remembering.Thirty undergraduate or graduate students participated in the study.All participants completed a working memory test,namely,the Chinese Letter-Number Span Test,and were divided into two groups:the longer and shorter working memory span groups.They also undertook a prospective memory task while electrophysiological data were recorded.The results showed that participants in the longer working memory span group had shorter reaction times and smaller amplitudes in prospective positivity than participants in the shorter working memory span group.The results suggested that working memory resources are involved in the intention retrieval process of prospective remembering.展开更多
基金supported by CNPq,National Council for Scientific and Technological Development
文摘Objective: To evaluate the performance of a sample of postmenopausal women complaining of decline of prospective memory, undergoing therapy with concentrated extract of soy (CES) for six months, through specific neuropsychological assessment, developed for this purpose. Materials and Methods: A randomized and double-blind study was with 90 women, 12-month amenorrhea, 40 years to 65 years and body mass index (BMI) above 30 kg/m2, whose complaints were reduction of cognitive efficiency. The participants were randomly divided into two treatment groups: Group I— received one capsule of 150 mg extract of soy, with 60 mg isoflavones orally/day;Group II—received one capsule placebo, for six months. All participants underwent a detailed interview, the MMSE, depression scale, and as they were being included in the study, self-perception scales and neuropsychological tests before and after six months of treatment. For analysis purposes, we applied the ANOVA and t-student tests. Results: Our results suggest a possible positive effect regarding the improvement in verbal fluency and executive function tasks of planning and mental flexibility, in women undergoing therapy with concentrated extract of soy in postmenopause. There was no correlation between prospective memory and cognitive performance, and there were only intensity scores of the depressive symptoms. Conclusion: Isoflavones act favorably on the cognitive function, amongst all functions, only on verbal memory and executive function tasks of planning and mental flexibility. The others showed no signs of improvement. We concluded that concentrated extract acts only on some cognitive functions.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 30870760)Ministry of Education of China (Grant No. 20101108110004)the Key Foundation of Beijing Municipal Commission of Education (Grant No. KZ201010028029)
文摘Prospective memory (PM) refers to memory for future intentions.Difference due to memory (Dm effect) is the difference in neural activity related to stimuli that were subsequently remembered or forgotten.Using event-related potentials (ERPs),the present study investigated the Dm effect for PM using a subsequent task-switching paradigm.The results showed that a Dm effect of ERP P150 was more positive-going for later PM hit trials than for later PM forgotten trials during 100–200 ms.This Dm effect may reflect the process for the production of future intention or the process for attention.Consistent with previously reported Dm effects of other types of memory,we found that the fbN2 (250–280 ms) and late positivity component (400–700 ms) were stronger in later PM hit trials than in forgotten trials.The fbN2 was evoked by Chinese characters.The late positivity component was related to the precise encoding process.In conclusion,because of the early P150,PM encoding appears to be somewhat different from previously identified Dm effects.However,further research is needed.Our findings reveal that Dm effects of PM share similar characteristics with known Dm effects of other types of episodic memory after the very early stage of neural processing.
基金supported by a grant from the Knowledge Innovation Project of the Chinese Academy of Sciences(KSCX2-EW-J-8)a grant from the National Key Technologies R&D Program(2012BAI36B01)Sun Yat-sen University and the Key Laboratory of Mental Health,Institute of Psychology,Chinese Academy of Sciences for supporting this study.
文摘The present study aimed to compare the impact of the aging process on event-,time-,and activity-based prospective memory(PM)and to explore the aging patterns of PM-related cognitive functions.Seventy-five participants were recruited and divided into three age groups:young(20–24 years old),young-old(60-70 years old),and older-old(greater than 70 years old).A computerized PM test and a set of tests capturing executive functions,retrospective memory,and working memory were administered to all participants.Significant age effects were only found for event-based PM and time-based PM.However,event-based PM was noted to decline gradually,whereas time-based PM was noted to deteriorate abruptly with age.For older,but not young participants,performance on the time-based PM tasks was significantly improved under a more lenient scoring criterion which had an increased response time window.Measures of executive functions and retrospective memory were significantly associated with PM,but these relations disappeared after controlling for age and education.Working memory was found to be the most important contributor to the effect of age on PM.These findings suggest a differential aging process for event-,time-,and activity-based PM.
基金General Project of Humanities and Social Science Research in Colleges and Universities of Henan Province,Grant/Award Number:2023-ZZJH-307Philosophy and Social Science Planning Project of Henan Province,Grant/Award Number:2022CJY045Scientific research laboratory(platform)open project for undergraduates of Henan University,Grant/Award Number:20221404070。
文摘In real life,we are often motivated to plan things to be performed at specific times in the future.Some of these intended actions help other individuals,and thus involve time-based prospective memory(TBPM)under prosocial motivational conditions.Children’s social development is very rapid,and they have relatively stable prosocial motivation during school age.Few studies have paid attention to this issue.This study focuses on three aspects of this issue:(1)the impact of prosocial motivation on the TBPM of school-age children,(2)whether there are sex differences in this effect,and,for the first time,(3)the processing mechanism by which prosocial motivation affects TBPM in school-age children in the framework of the motivation cognitive model.A total of 112 elementary school students,aged between 8 and 12,participated in the experiment,using a 2(group:prosocial motivation,control)×2(sex:boy,girl)between-subjects design.The results showed that prosocial motivation can significantly reduce children’s time difference of TBPM.However,we found no sex differences in the effect of prosocial motivation on TBPM in the above two indicators.With regard to the processing mechanism,we found that the prosocial motivation group paid more attention to external time information throughout the experiment.However,their internal attention and the effectiveness of attention did not improve.These results partially support the motivation cognitive model.Overall,this study found that prosocial motivation relies mainly on external attention to improve the TBPM performance of school-age children.
基金Henan Philosophy and Social Science Planning Project,Grant/Award Number:2020BJY010Post-funded Project of National Social Science Fund,Grant/Award Number:20FJKB005。
文摘Time-based prospective memory(TBPM)is affected by many factors,which include Type A and Type B personality types.Type A individuals have a strong desire to complete tasks and a strong sense of time-urgency to complete established tasks before the deadline.Type B individuals have fewer time constraints and usually procrastinate until the deadline to complete the task.Compared with Type B individuals,Type A individuals may perform better in TBPM due to their advantages in time cognition and attitude.This study explores the differences in the TBPM ability between Type A individuals and Type B individuals under different time monitoring conditions.In Experiment 1,there was no limit to how many times participants could check the time.The results showed that the performance of TBPM between Type A individuals and Type B individuals was not different.In Experiment 2,participants could only check the time once during each TBPM task.The results showed that,compared to Type B individuals,Type A individuals performed better in TBPM,with higher time monitoring frequency and slower response speed to the ongoing tasks.These findings suggest that the performance of Type A individuals in TBPM has an advantage only under the restricted time monitoring condition.This advantage is then mainly due to the increase in the attention consumption of Type A individuals in both internal and external attention.
基金Philosophy and Social Science Planning Project of Henan Province,Grant/Award Numbers:2022CJY045,2022CJY047。
文摘Time-based prospective memory(TBPM)is the ability to remember to do a planned task at the right time.In social interactions,people are often motivated to do things for others,which reflects an important factor that influences prospective memory,namely prosocial motivation.According to the motivational cognitive model,prosocial motivation promotes TBPM by paying more attention or adopting more effective strategies.This study explored the effect of prosocial motivation on TBPM under different time-monitoring conditions within the motivational cognitive model framework.One hundred and thirty-one university students participated in this experiment that adopted a 2(groups:control,prosocial motivation)×2(viewing time conditions:limited,unlimited)between-subjects design.The results revealed that the prosocial motivation group had better TBPM performance than the control group under both limited and unlimited viewing time conditions.At the same time,compared with the control group,the prosocial motivation group consumed more internal attention and utilized more strategies under both viewing time conditions,and their external attention was more effective.In addition,the external attention of the prosocial motivation group was higher only when time-monitoring was unlimited.The results of this study further extend knowledge of the motivational cognitive model and expand its scope of application,which has theoretical significance.
基金supported by the National Key Technologies R&D Program(2012BAI36B01)the Young Investigator Scientific Fund of the Institute of Psychology,Chinese Academy of Sciences(O9CX073007)+3 种基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China(#30900403)Youth Innovation Promotion Association Funding of Chinese Academy of Sciences(Y1CX131003)the Key Laboratory of Mental Health,Institute of Psychology,Chinese Academy of Sciences,the Knowledge Innovation Project of the Chinese Academy of Sciences(KSCX2-EW-J-8)a grant from the initiation fund of the CAS/SAFEA International Partnership Program for Creative Research Teams(Y2CX131003).
文摘Event-related potentials were used in this study to investigate the neural correlates of prospective memory and whether working memory is involved in prospective remembering.Thirty undergraduate or graduate students participated in the study.All participants completed a working memory test,namely,the Chinese Letter-Number Span Test,and were divided into two groups:the longer and shorter working memory span groups.They also undertook a prospective memory task while electrophysiological data were recorded.The results showed that participants in the longer working memory span group had shorter reaction times and smaller amplitudes in prospective positivity than participants in the shorter working memory span group.The results suggested that working memory resources are involved in the intention retrieval process of prospective remembering.
