Metal-organic frameworks(MOFs)materials with highly ordered and porous crystalline structure,have excellent performance in advanced oxidation progresses(AOPs)for organic contaminants degradation in water treatment.Thi...Metal-organic frameworks(MOFs)materials with highly ordered and porous crystalline structure,have excellent performance in advanced oxidation progresses(AOPs)for organic contaminants degradation in water treatment.This review intends to summarize the timely references and insights for the recent advances in MOFs that are used in AOPs.Starting with the preparation methodologies,including conventional hydrothermal method,electrochemical method,sol-gel method,and emerging microwave and ultrasound assisted synthesis methods.Application and mechanism for MOFs using in various AOPs of Fenton-like,photocatalysis,catalytic ozonation,persulfate catalysis and other emerging oxidation methods are emphatically discussed.We hope this review can comprehensively summarize the research and application progress of MOFs in AOPs,deepen the understanding of the catalytic mechanisms.展开更多
Serious hearing and balance impairments can occur as a result of loss of hair cells related to aging, environmental stresses(such as noises exposure) or exposure to chemotherapeutic drugs(such as cisplatin and aminogl...Serious hearing and balance impairments can occur as a result of loss of hair cells related to aging, environmental stresses(such as noises exposure) or exposure to chemotherapeutic drugs(such as cisplatin and aminoglycoside antibiotics). Because a large portion of hearing impairment involves loss of hair cells, regeneration or replacement of these cells is a possible alternative to prosthetic devices1. Researchers have paid hot attention to the study of inner ear hair cell regeneration for hearing restoration for many years. Besides the important function of hair cells, there are many other contributors essential for normal hearing. Hair cell regeneration is one of the essential steps for total hearing recovery, but not the only one. In this article, we will review the progresses in research on hearing loss, stem cell application and hearing restoration.展开更多
The achievement progresses of investigation and studies on marine hazardous geology are summarized and presentsd in the late 20 century in China. The importance, research value and present-day studies of marine hazard...The achievement progresses of investigation and studies on marine hazardous geology are summarized and presentsd in the late 20 century in China. The importance, research value and present-day studies of marine hazardous geology, a newly developing branch of geoscience, are well expatiated. Several often confused concepts and theories are explained and redefined here. The comment on the means of investigations, assessment of marine hazardous geology, as well as its evolution, innovation, existing questions and future tasks are also introduced and presented. The concepts of 'hazard geology', geohazard', 'map of marine hazard geology', 'integrated evaluaton on seafloor stablity' are respectively discussed, including their definition, research objects, methods and contents. The types and classification of marine hazardous geology, principles and methods of marine hazardous geology map compilation, the assessment methods and models of marine hazardous geology environment and seafloor stability and so on are also discussed.展开更多
Reproductive immunology is a crossed subject of reproductive biology and immunobiology. Great progresses have been achieved in the subject along with the deep development in life science. Modern reproductive immunolog...Reproductive immunology is a crossed subject of reproductive biology and immunobiology. Great progresses have been achieved in the subject along with the deep development in life science. Modern reproductive immunology includes immunological regulation of fertility, materno-fetal immuno-regu-lation, and neuro-reproductive endocrino-immune network. With the integrated traditional Chinese and western medicine (ICWM) applied to reproductive immunology it has been greatly enriched in research contents and depth. The present review is to introduce the recent progresses in research of integrated medicine on reproductive immunology.展开更多
Five catalytic processes and their catalysts will be introduced in my talk. Firstly,the demonstration test(3000 ton/a)results using a novel catalyst Co/SiO2 with egg-shell structure and the strategies for this catalys...Five catalytic processes and their catalysts will be introduced in my talk. Firstly,the demonstration test(3000 ton/a)results using a novel catalyst Co/SiO2 with egg-shell structure and the strategies for this catalyst preparation based on the issues from the mass transfer of produced wax from F-T synthesis will be discussed. Recent progresses on C2-oxygenate synthesis from syngas over a Rh/SiO2 catalyst and a 10 thousands ton/a demonstration test facility in China will be built in 2010 will be reported in the second section. A naphtha and diesel distillate which cut off the heavier end of S-F-A distribution direct synthesis with low methane selectivity from syngas over a Co/AC1 catalyst and a 10000 ton/a demonstration test with a bubble column slurry reactor will be talked about in this speech. A high α-alcohols of C2-C18 direct synthesis with more than 50 wt% selectivity and low methane and methanol selectivities from syngas over a Co2C/AC2 catalyst,a 3000 ton/a demonstration test with a bubble column slurry reactor and the primary fundamental understandings will be detailedly discussed in the forth section. In situ formation of homogeneous active sites on the surface of supported Rh heterogeneous catalysts and their application in hydroformylation of olefins will be introduced in fifth section.展开更多
In recent years, along with centering on establishment of market economy system, stressing the importance of macroeconomic management, incessant exploitation, conservation and optimizing utilization of energy, and inc...In recent years, along with centering on establishment of market economy system, stressing the importance of macroeconomic management, incessant exploitation, conservation and optimizing utilization of energy, and incorporating rural production and environmental protection through technical innovation, rural energy construction has gained a significant progress with remarkable economical, environmental and social benefit.展开更多
Acomprehensive experiment on shallow water acoustics with the inseparable combination of the acoustical and oceanographic means, which is uncommon internationally, was conducted successfully in the Far Yellow Sea by a...Acomprehensive experiment on shallow water acoustics with the inseparable combination of the acoustical and oceanographic means, which is uncommon internationally, was conducted successfully in the Far Yellow Sea by a group of Chinese and U.S. scientists from August 21 to September 1,1996. The basic task of ocean acoustic research is to study the interaction between sound wave and ocean media, which includes exploring the laws of influence due to spatial and temporal variability of the ocean environment, such as ocean surface waves,inhomogeneity of sea water and sea bottom struc-展开更多
Human rights refer to the rights that should be enjoyed by anyone as human beings. However, human beings have not only the natural at- tributes, but also social attributes, including such high-level social at- tribute...Human rights refer to the rights that should be enjoyed by anyone as human beings. However, human beings have not only the natural at- tributes, but also social attributes, including such high-level social at- tributes as thinking capability and culture. The role of culture on hu- man beings can be seen in people＇s understandings on human rights connotation and human rights value. In fact, the different views on hu- man rights issue of various countries worldwide are linked with their dif- ferent cultures. We cannot change the differences of various countries in cultures, but we can learn about and understand the differences through cultural exchanges so as to enhance recognition on human rights issue.展开更多
The recent progresses in the research and development of (NWP) in China are reviewed in this paper. The most impressive achievements are the development of direct assimilation of satellite irradiances with a 3DVAR (th...The recent progresses in the research and development of (NWP) in China are reviewed in this paper. The most impressive achievements are the development of direct assimilation of satellite irradiances with a 3DVAR (three-dimentional variational) data assimilation system and a non-hydrostatic modei with a semi-Lagrangian semi-implicit scheme. Progresses have also been made in modei physics and modei application to precipitation and environmental forecasts. Some scientific issues of great importance for further development are discussed.展开更多
Progresses in the research for season division and seasonal changes are reviewed systematically in this paper,which particularly introduces the results of a national natural science foundation project,"the nonlin...Progresses in the research for season division and seasonal changes are reviewed systematically in this paper,which particularly introduces the results of a national natural science foundation project,"the nonlinear identification of seasonal changes and its responses to global warming".The project developed two objective and quantitative methods for season division:the non-linear similarity measure(NSM) method and the regional multi-element optimal dissection(RMOD) method,which differ from traditional ones for season division.Besides,the project further investigated seasonal changes and their responses to global warming,analyzed evolution characteristics of the starting date and length of seasons in history,revealed their relationships with extreme events and precipitation patterns in rainy seasons,and thereby built a research system for seasonal changes in China under the global warming background.Finally,the authors make an outlook on the research for season division and seasonal changes and put forward several issues associated with season and climate changes that need to be further explored.展开更多
During the recent four decades since 1980,a series of modern climate satellites were launched,allowing for the measurement and record-keeping of multiple climate parameters,especially over the polar regions where trad...During the recent four decades since 1980,a series of modern climate satellites were launched,allowing for the measurement and record-keeping of multiple climate parameters,especially over the polar regions where traditional observations are difficult to obtain.China has been actively engaging in polar expeditions.Many observations were conducted during this period,accompanied by improved Earth climate models,leading to a series of insightful understandings concerning Arctic and Antarctic climate changes.Here,we review the recent progress China has made concerning Arctic and Antarctic climate change research over the past decade.The Arctic temperature increase is much higher than the global-mean warming rate,associated with a rapid decline in sea ice,a phenomenon called the Arctic Amplification.The Antarctic climate changes showed a zonally asymmetric pattern over the past four decades,with most of the fastest changes occurring over West Antarctica and the Antarctic Peninsula.The Arctic and Antarctic climate changes were driven by anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions and ozone loss,while tropical-polar teleconnections play important roles in driving the regional climate changes and extreme events over the polar regions.Polar climate changes may also feedback to the entire Earth climate system.The adjustment of the circulation in both the troposphere and the stratosphere contributed to the interactions between the polar climate changes and lower latitudes.Climate change has also driven rapid Arctic and Southern ocean acidification.Chinese researchers have made a series of advances in understanding these processes,as reviewed in this paper.展开更多
In view of the bottleneck of shale gas development technologies,the latest progresses in such theories on the fields like fracture network fracability evaluation,fracture network propagation mechanism,stimulated reser...In view of the bottleneck of shale gas development technologies,the latest progresses in such theories on the fields like fracture network fracability evaluation,fracture network propagation mechanism,stimulated reservoir volume(SRV)evaluation and fracturing fluid research&development were analyzed comprehensively in reference to the existing achievements and experiences in North American shale gas reservoir development and based on the probes,practices and cognitions of shale gas development technologies in China since 2005.First,the study on the shale brittleness develops from the definition of mineral and mechanical semi-quantitative threshold measurement to a comprehensive evaluation which integrates rock constituents,elastic mechanics and development characteristics of natural fractures together.Second,the study on the fracture network development develops from the directional extension theory to the simulation of fracture network formation in the stochastic distribution pattern of natural fractures.Third,the study on SRV develops from the micro-seismic monitoring based instrument and technology to the mathematical theory evaluation method dependent on the discrete fracture network and extended finite element.And fourth,the study on fracturing fluids develops from the wide application of slick water(drag reducing water)and a linear gel fracturing fluid system to the development and application of novel fracturing fluids with little or no water.Then,the theoretical and technological challenges were pointed out,including the comprehensive fracability evaluation of reservoir fracture networks,the deep seated shale gas fracturing,the operation curve diagnosis of shale gas fracturing,the shale gas refracturing theory,and the research&development and flowback control of novel fracturing fluids.Finally,the development trend of related technologies was predicted so as to provide a theoretical and technical guidance for the efficient shale gas development in China in the future.展开更多
As natural gas exploration expands to deep,ultra-deep and unconventional areas,more and more complex exploration targets are encountered.In this circumstance,it is necessary to improve the existing basic natural gas g...As natural gas exploration expands to deep,ultra-deep and unconventional areas,more and more complex exploration targets are encountered.In this circumstance,it is necessary to improve the existing basic natural gas geological theories for guiding the exploration and discovery of more giant gas fields.In this paper,the researches on basic natural gas geological theories since the beginning of the 12th Five-Year Plan were engaged,and then the key exploration target zones were analyzed.Some results were obtained.(1)The theory of whole-process hydrocarbon generation of organic matters was improved and the geologic theories of organic matter hydrocarbon generation(e.g.the thermal evolution model of kerogen degradation and the successive gas generation of organic matters)were developed.(2)Multi-element natural gas genesis identification method,quantitative evaluation method for different types of seals/caprocks,tight sandstone gas accumulation theory for low hydrocarbon generation intensity region,and hydrocarbon accumulation theory for giant ancient carbonate gas field were established,and the geological theories of gas generation,genesis identification and hydrocarbon accumulation were developed to provide the effective guidance for the exploration breakthrough and discovery of giant gas fields in the key basins of China recently.Four conclusions were reached:(1)ancient carbonate rock,tight sandstone,foreland region,shale and volcanic rock are primary exploration targets for discovering giant gas fields;(2)craton and foreland basins are still the key exploration areas,and ancient uplift,gentle slope and thrust belt are the main enrichment zones;(3)ancient strata and deep formations are critical gas exploration targets in the future;(4)oil cracking gas in marine basins,tight sandstone gas and shale gas are the important replacement resources for future gas reserves and production growth.展开更多
Friction and wear are unavoidable in mechanical movement.The use of lubricants with nano-additives can effectively reduce friction and wear,which is of great significance to saving energy and protecting the environmen...Friction and wear are unavoidable in mechanical movement.The use of lubricants with nano-additives can effectively reduce friction and wear,which is of great significance to saving energy and protecting the environment.At present,great progress has been made in the scientific research and industrial application of nano-additives for lubricants.This paper mainly introduces the types of nano-additives for lubricants(such as carbon nanomaterials,nano-metals,nano-oxides,sulfides,complexes,polymers,etc.),the tribological properties of lubricants with different components of nano-additives,and the lubrication mechanisms of the nano-additives(including tribofilm formation,rolling ball bearing effect,repairing effect,polishing effect,and synergistic effect).It also deals with the dispersion of nano-additives in lubricants and the influences of their particle size and microstructure on the tribological properties of lubricants.This review outlines the performance requirements of nano-additives in different lubrication states,discusses the use of nano-additives in challenging working conditions,and identifies various industrial oil nano-additives with reference to the appropriate options in diverse working environments.Furthermore,the existing problems of nano-additives and their application prospects are summarized.This review,hopefully,would help to shed light on the design and synthesis of novel high-performance nano-additives and promote their application in engineering.展开更多
Oral squamous cell carcinoma(OSCC)progresses from preneoplastic precursors via genetic and epigenetic alterations.Previous studies have focused on the treatment of terminally developed OSCC.However,the role of epigene...Oral squamous cell carcinoma(OSCC)progresses from preneoplastic precursors via genetic and epigenetic alterations.Previous studies have focused on the treatment of terminally developed OSCC.However,the role of epigenetic regulators as therapeutic targets during the transition from preneoplastic precursors to OSCC has not been well studied.Our study identified lysine-specific demethylase 1(LSD1)as a crucial promoter of OSCC,demonstrating that its knockout or pharmacological inhibition in mice reversed OSCC preneoplasia.LSD1 inhibition by SP2509 disrupted cell cycle,reduced immunosuppression,and enhanced CD4+and CD8+T-cell infiltration.In a feline model of spontaneous OSCC,a clinical LSD1 inhibitor(Seclidemstat or SP2577)was found to be safe and effectively inhibit the STAT3 network.Mechanistic studies revealed that LSD1 drives OSCC progression through STAT3 signaling,which is regulated by phosphorylation of the cell cycle mediator CDK7 and immunosuppressive CTLA4.Notably,LSD1 inhibition reduced the phosphorylation of CDK7 at Tyr170 and eIF4B at Ser422,offering insights into a novel mechanism by which LSD1 regulates the preneoplastic-to-OSCC transition.This study provides a deeper understanding of OSCC progression and highlights LSD1 as a potential therapeutic target for controlling OSCC progression from preneoplastic lesions.展开更多
Spinal muscular atrophy is a devastating motor neuron disease characterized by severe cases of fatal muscle weakness.It is one of the most common genetic causes of mortality among infants aged less than 2 years.Biomar...Spinal muscular atrophy is a devastating motor neuron disease characterized by severe cases of fatal muscle weakness.It is one of the most common genetic causes of mortality among infants aged less than 2 years.Biomarker research is currently receiving more attention,and new candidate biomarkers are constantly being discovered.This review initially discusses the evaluation methods commonly used in clinical practice while briefly outlining their respective pros and cons.We also describe recent advancements in research and the clinical significance of molecular biomarkers for spinal muscular atrophy,which are classified as either specific or non-specific biomarkers.This review provides new insights into the pathogenesis of spinal muscular atrophy,the mechanism of biomarkers in response to drug-modified therapies,the selection of biomarker candidates,and would promote the development of future research.Furthermore,the successful utilization of biomarkers may facilitate the implementation of gene-targeting treatments for patients with spinal muscular atrophy.展开更多
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.21906088,51902169,52170039)the National Science Foundation for Post-doctoral Scientists of China(No.2021T140165)+2 种基金the Heilongjiang Provincial Natural Science Foundation of China(No.LH2020B023)Department of Education Heilongjiang Province(Nos.135309338,135309351)University Nursing Program for Young Scholars with Creative Talents in Heilongjiang Province(Nos.UNPYSCT-2020068,UNPYSCT-2020067).
文摘Metal-organic frameworks(MOFs)materials with highly ordered and porous crystalline structure,have excellent performance in advanced oxidation progresses(AOPs)for organic contaminants degradation in water treatment.This review intends to summarize the timely references and insights for the recent advances in MOFs that are used in AOPs.Starting with the preparation methodologies,including conventional hydrothermal method,electrochemical method,sol-gel method,and emerging microwave and ultrasound assisted synthesis methods.Application and mechanism for MOFs using in various AOPs of Fenton-like,photocatalysis,catalytic ozonation,persulfate catalysis and other emerging oxidation methods are emphatically discussed.We hope this review can comprehensively summarize the research and application progress of MOFs in AOPs,deepen the understanding of the catalytic mechanisms.
基金the Beijing Scienceand Technology NOVA program Grant (No.2006B53)the Peking Union Medical CollegeHospital Junior Researcher Grant.
文摘Serious hearing and balance impairments can occur as a result of loss of hair cells related to aging, environmental stresses(such as noises exposure) or exposure to chemotherapeutic drugs(such as cisplatin and aminoglycoside antibiotics). Because a large portion of hearing impairment involves loss of hair cells, regeneration or replacement of these cells is a possible alternative to prosthetic devices1. Researchers have paid hot attention to the study of inner ear hair cell regeneration for hearing restoration for many years. Besides the important function of hair cells, there are many other contributors essential for normal hearing. Hair cell regeneration is one of the essential steps for total hearing recovery, but not the only one. In this article, we will review the progresses in research on hearing loss, stem cell application and hearing restoration.
文摘The achievement progresses of investigation and studies on marine hazardous geology are summarized and presentsd in the late 20 century in China. The importance, research value and present-day studies of marine hazardous geology, a newly developing branch of geoscience, are well expatiated. Several often confused concepts and theories are explained and redefined here. The comment on the means of investigations, assessment of marine hazardous geology, as well as its evolution, innovation, existing questions and future tasks are also introduced and presented. The concepts of 'hazard geology', geohazard', 'map of marine hazard geology', 'integrated evaluaton on seafloor stablity' are respectively discussed, including their definition, research objects, methods and contents. The types and classification of marine hazardous geology, principles and methods of marine hazardous geology map compilation, the assessment methods and models of marine hazardous geology environment and seafloor stability and so on are also discussed.
文摘Reproductive immunology is a crossed subject of reproductive biology and immunobiology. Great progresses have been achieved in the subject along with the deep development in life science. Modern reproductive immunology includes immunological regulation of fertility, materno-fetal immuno-regu-lation, and neuro-reproductive endocrino-immune network. With the integrated traditional Chinese and western medicine (ICWM) applied to reproductive immunology it has been greatly enriched in research contents and depth. The present review is to introduce the recent progresses in research of integrated medicine on reproductive immunology.
文摘Five catalytic processes and their catalysts will be introduced in my talk. Firstly,the demonstration test(3000 ton/a)results using a novel catalyst Co/SiO2 with egg-shell structure and the strategies for this catalyst preparation based on the issues from the mass transfer of produced wax from F-T synthesis will be discussed. Recent progresses on C2-oxygenate synthesis from syngas over a Rh/SiO2 catalyst and a 10 thousands ton/a demonstration test facility in China will be built in 2010 will be reported in the second section. A naphtha and diesel distillate which cut off the heavier end of S-F-A distribution direct synthesis with low methane selectivity from syngas over a Co/AC1 catalyst and a 10000 ton/a demonstration test with a bubble column slurry reactor will be talked about in this speech. A high α-alcohols of C2-C18 direct synthesis with more than 50 wt% selectivity and low methane and methanol selectivities from syngas over a Co2C/AC2 catalyst,a 3000 ton/a demonstration test with a bubble column slurry reactor and the primary fundamental understandings will be detailedly discussed in the forth section. In situ formation of homogeneous active sites on the surface of supported Rh heterogeneous catalysts and their application in hydroformylation of olefins will be introduced in fifth section.
文摘In recent years, along with centering on establishment of market economy system, stressing the importance of macroeconomic management, incessant exploitation, conservation and optimizing utilization of energy, and incorporating rural production and environmental protection through technical innovation, rural energy construction has gained a significant progress with remarkable economical, environmental and social benefit.
文摘Acomprehensive experiment on shallow water acoustics with the inseparable combination of the acoustical and oceanographic means, which is uncommon internationally, was conducted successfully in the Far Yellow Sea by a group of Chinese and U.S. scientists from August 21 to September 1,1996. The basic task of ocean acoustic research is to study the interaction between sound wave and ocean media, which includes exploring the laws of influence due to spatial and temporal variability of the ocean environment, such as ocean surface waves,inhomogeneity of sea water and sea bottom struc-
文摘Human rights refer to the rights that should be enjoyed by anyone as human beings. However, human beings have not only the natural at- tributes, but also social attributes, including such high-level social at- tributes as thinking capability and culture. The role of culture on hu- man beings can be seen in people＇s understandings on human rights connotation and human rights value. In fact, the different views on hu- man rights issue of various countries worldwide are linked with their dif- ferent cultures. We cannot change the differences of various countries in cultures, but we can learn about and understand the differences through cultural exchanges so as to enhance recognition on human rights issue.
文摘The recent progresses in the research and development of (NWP) in China are reviewed in this paper. The most impressive achievements are the development of direct assimilation of satellite irradiances with a 3DVAR (three-dimentional variational) data assimilation system and a non-hydrostatic modei with a semi-Lagrangian semi-implicit scheme. Progresses have also been made in modei physics and modei application to precipitation and environmental forecasts. Some scientific issues of great importance for further development are discussed.
基金National Natural Science Foundation of China (40875040,41175067)National Key Program for Developing Basic Science:Global Change Research (2012CB955902)Special Scientific Research Project of China’s Public Welfare (GYHY201106016)
文摘Progresses in the research for season division and seasonal changes are reviewed systematically in this paper,which particularly introduces the results of a national natural science foundation project,"the nonlinear identification of seasonal changes and its responses to global warming".The project developed two objective and quantitative methods for season division:the non-linear similarity measure(NSM) method and the regional multi-element optimal dissection(RMOD) method,which differ from traditional ones for season division.Besides,the project further investigated seasonal changes and their responses to global warming,analyzed evolution characteristics of the starting date and length of seasons in history,revealed their relationships with extreme events and precipitation patterns in rainy seasons,and thereby built a research system for seasonal changes in China under the global warming background.Finally,the authors make an outlook on the research for season division and seasonal changes and put forward several issues associated with season and climate changes that need to be further explored.
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(2018YFA 0605703)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.41976193 and No.42176243)+8 种基金X.CHEN was supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(2019YFC1509100)the National Science Foundation of China(No.41825012)B.WU was supported by the Major Program of the National Natural Science Foundation of China(41790472)the National Key Basic Research Project of China(2019YFA0607002)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(41730959)X.CHENG was funded by the Innovation Group Project of Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory(Zhuhai)(Grant No.311021008)M.DING was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(42122047 and 42105036)the Basic Research Fund of the Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences(2021Y021 and 2021Z006)Q.SUN was supported by the National Key R&D Program of China(No.2022YFE0106300).
文摘During the recent four decades since 1980,a series of modern climate satellites were launched,allowing for the measurement and record-keeping of multiple climate parameters,especially over the polar regions where traditional observations are difficult to obtain.China has been actively engaging in polar expeditions.Many observations were conducted during this period,accompanied by improved Earth climate models,leading to a series of insightful understandings concerning Arctic and Antarctic climate changes.Here,we review the recent progress China has made concerning Arctic and Antarctic climate change research over the past decade.The Arctic temperature increase is much higher than the global-mean warming rate,associated with a rapid decline in sea ice,a phenomenon called the Arctic Amplification.The Antarctic climate changes showed a zonally asymmetric pattern over the past four decades,with most of the fastest changes occurring over West Antarctica and the Antarctic Peninsula.The Arctic and Antarctic climate changes were driven by anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions and ozone loss,while tropical-polar teleconnections play important roles in driving the regional climate changes and extreme events over the polar regions.Polar climate changes may also feedback to the entire Earth climate system.The adjustment of the circulation in both the troposphere and the stratosphere contributed to the interactions between the polar climate changes and lower latitudes.Climate change has also driven rapid Arctic and Southern ocean acidification.Chinese researchers have made a series of advances in understanding these processes,as reviewed in this paper.
基金supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China“Dynamic fracture control mechanism and water-free fracturing theory for shale formations”(No.51490653).
文摘In view of the bottleneck of shale gas development technologies,the latest progresses in such theories on the fields like fracture network fracability evaluation,fracture network propagation mechanism,stimulated reservoir volume(SRV)evaluation and fracturing fluid research&development were analyzed comprehensively in reference to the existing achievements and experiences in North American shale gas reservoir development and based on the probes,practices and cognitions of shale gas development technologies in China since 2005.First,the study on the shale brittleness develops from the definition of mineral and mechanical semi-quantitative threshold measurement to a comprehensive evaluation which integrates rock constituents,elastic mechanics and development characteristics of natural fractures together.Second,the study on the fracture network development develops from the directional extension theory to the simulation of fracture network formation in the stochastic distribution pattern of natural fractures.Third,the study on SRV develops from the micro-seismic monitoring based instrument and technology to the mathematical theory evaluation method dependent on the discrete fracture network and extended finite element.And fourth,the study on fracturing fluids develops from the wide application of slick water(drag reducing water)and a linear gel fracturing fluid system to the development and application of novel fracturing fluids with little or no water.Then,the theoretical and technological challenges were pointed out,including the comprehensive fracability evaluation of reservoir fracture networks,the deep seated shale gas fracturing,the operation curve diagnosis of shale gas fracturing,the shale gas refracturing theory,and the research&development and flowback control of novel fracturing fluids.Finally,the development trend of related technologies was predicted so as to provide a theoretical and technical guidance for the efficient shale gas development in China in the future.
基金supported by the National Major Science and Technology Project(No.2016ZX05007-003)Type“A”Special Strategic Pilot Science and Technology Project of the Chinese Academy of Sciences(No.XDA14010403)PetroChina Special Major Science and Technology Project(No.2016B-0601).
文摘As natural gas exploration expands to deep,ultra-deep and unconventional areas,more and more complex exploration targets are encountered.In this circumstance,it is necessary to improve the existing basic natural gas geological theories for guiding the exploration and discovery of more giant gas fields.In this paper,the researches on basic natural gas geological theories since the beginning of the 12th Five-Year Plan were engaged,and then the key exploration target zones were analyzed.Some results were obtained.(1)The theory of whole-process hydrocarbon generation of organic matters was improved and the geologic theories of organic matter hydrocarbon generation(e.g.the thermal evolution model of kerogen degradation and the successive gas generation of organic matters)were developed.(2)Multi-element natural gas genesis identification method,quantitative evaluation method for different types of seals/caprocks,tight sandstone gas accumulation theory for low hydrocarbon generation intensity region,and hydrocarbon accumulation theory for giant ancient carbonate gas field were established,and the geological theories of gas generation,genesis identification and hydrocarbon accumulation were developed to provide the effective guidance for the exploration breakthrough and discovery of giant gas fields in the key basins of China recently.Four conclusions were reached:(1)ancient carbonate rock,tight sandstone,foreland region,shale and volcanic rock are primary exploration targets for discovering giant gas fields;(2)craton and foreland basins are still the key exploration areas,and ancient uplift,gentle slope and thrust belt are the main enrichment zones;(3)ancient strata and deep formations are critical gas exploration targets in the future;(4)oil cracking gas in marine basins,tight sandstone gas and shale gas are the important replacement resources for future gas reserves and production growth.
基金National Natural Science Foundation of China(21805085)The Key Technologies R&D Program of Henan Province(212102210039)+2 种基金Scientific and Technological Innovation Team of Henan Province University(22IRTSTHN018)Zhongyuan Science and Technology Innovation Leadership Program(214200510024)Visiting Professor Fund Project of North China University of Water Resources and Electric Power(4001-40734).
文摘Friction and wear are unavoidable in mechanical movement.The use of lubricants with nano-additives can effectively reduce friction and wear,which is of great significance to saving energy and protecting the environment.At present,great progress has been made in the scientific research and industrial application of nano-additives for lubricants.This paper mainly introduces the types of nano-additives for lubricants(such as carbon nanomaterials,nano-metals,nano-oxides,sulfides,complexes,polymers,etc.),the tribological properties of lubricants with different components of nano-additives,and the lubrication mechanisms of the nano-additives(including tribofilm formation,rolling ball bearing effect,repairing effect,polishing effect,and synergistic effect).It also deals with the dispersion of nano-additives in lubricants and the influences of their particle size and microstructure on the tribological properties of lubricants.This review outlines the performance requirements of nano-additives in different lubrication states,discusses the use of nano-additives in challenging working conditions,and identifies various industrial oil nano-additives with reference to the appropriate options in diverse working environments.Furthermore,the existing problems of nano-additives and their application prospects are summarized.This review,hopefully,would help to shed light on the design and synthesis of novel high-performance nano-additives and promote their application in engineering.
基金NIH/NIDCR grant R01 DE031413 and CTSA pilot grant UL1TR001430 to Manish V.Bais.
文摘Oral squamous cell carcinoma(OSCC)progresses from preneoplastic precursors via genetic and epigenetic alterations.Previous studies have focused on the treatment of terminally developed OSCC.However,the role of epigenetic regulators as therapeutic targets during the transition from preneoplastic precursors to OSCC has not been well studied.Our study identified lysine-specific demethylase 1(LSD1)as a crucial promoter of OSCC,demonstrating that its knockout or pharmacological inhibition in mice reversed OSCC preneoplasia.LSD1 inhibition by SP2509 disrupted cell cycle,reduced immunosuppression,and enhanced CD4+and CD8+T-cell infiltration.In a feline model of spontaneous OSCC,a clinical LSD1 inhibitor(Seclidemstat or SP2577)was found to be safe and effectively inhibit the STAT3 network.Mechanistic studies revealed that LSD1 drives OSCC progression through STAT3 signaling,which is regulated by phosphorylation of the cell cycle mediator CDK7 and immunosuppressive CTLA4.Notably,LSD1 inhibition reduced the phosphorylation of CDK7 at Tyr170 and eIF4B at Ser422,offering insights into a novel mechanism by which LSD1 regulates the preneoplastic-to-OSCC transition.This study provides a deeper understanding of OSCC progression and highlights LSD1 as a potential therapeutic target for controlling OSCC progression from preneoplastic lesions.
基金supported by the Collaborative Innovation Center for Clinical and Translational Science by Chinese Ministry of Education&Shanghai,No.CCTS-2022205the“Double World-Class Project”of Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine(both to JZ)。
文摘Spinal muscular atrophy is a devastating motor neuron disease characterized by severe cases of fatal muscle weakness.It is one of the most common genetic causes of mortality among infants aged less than 2 years.Biomarker research is currently receiving more attention,and new candidate biomarkers are constantly being discovered.This review initially discusses the evaluation methods commonly used in clinical practice while briefly outlining their respective pros and cons.We also describe recent advancements in research and the clinical significance of molecular biomarkers for spinal muscular atrophy,which are classified as either specific or non-specific biomarkers.This review provides new insights into the pathogenesis of spinal muscular atrophy,the mechanism of biomarkers in response to drug-modified therapies,the selection of biomarker candidates,and would promote the development of future research.Furthermore,the successful utilization of biomarkers may facilitate the implementation of gene-targeting treatments for patients with spinal muscular atrophy.
