Implementing self-sustainable wireless communication systems is urgent and challenging for 5G and 6G technologies.In this paper,we elaborate on a system solution using the programmable metasurface(PMS)for simultaneous...Implementing self-sustainable wireless communication systems is urgent and challenging for 5G and 6G technologies.In this paper,we elaborate on a system solution using the programmable metasurface(PMS)for simultaneous wireless information and power transfers(SWIPT),offering an optimized wireless energy management network.Both transmitting and receiving sides of the proposed solution are presented in detail.On the transmitting side,employing the wireless power transfer(WPT)technique,we present versatile power conveying strategies for near-field or far-field targets,single or multiple targets,and equal or unequal power targets.On the receiving side,utilizing the wireless energy harvesting(WEH)technique,we report our work on multi-functional rectifying metasurfaces that collect the wirelessly transmitted energy and the ambient energy.More importantly,a numerical model based on the plane-wave angular spectrum method is investigated to accurately calculate the radiation fields of PMS in the Fresnel and Fraunhofer regions.With this model,the efficiencies of WPT between the transmitter and the receiver are analyzed.Finally,future research directions are discussed,and integrated PMS for wireless information and wireless power is outlined.展开更多
Millimeter-wave and terahertz frequency bands are receiving more and more attention due to their big potentials for widespread applications such as in high-speed communications and high-resolution imaging.Nevertheless...Millimeter-wave and terahertz frequency bands are receiving more and more attention due to their big potentials for widespread applications such as in high-speed communications and high-resolution imaging.Nevertheless,limited by the functional materials and devices in these bands,we face lots of challenges towards high efficiency,high precision,and multi-domain electromagnetic manipulations that are urgently required in the practical application scenarios.The emergence of metasurfaces,especially the digital coding metasurfaces and programmable metasurfaces,has provided powerful capabilities to control electromagnetic waves.Recently,with the progress of space-domain,time-domain,space-time-domain,and polarization-domain programmable metasurfaces,considerable new applications have been achieved,including new-architecture wireless communication transmitters,the integration of sensing and communications,simultaneous information and power transfers,and information encryption.Consequently,integrated multifunctional platforms based on metasurfaces are expected.In this review,the recent advances in millimeter-wave and terahertz programmable metasurfaces are thoroughly presented,including the design principles and methods,the applications in the nextgeneration wireless communication systems,the integrated sensing and communications,and other multifunctional systems.展开更多
Programmable metasurface enables controlling electromagnetic (EM) waves in real time. By programming the states of active device embedded in metasurface element, the EM properties of the digital metasurface can be cha...Programmable metasurface enables controlling electromagnetic (EM) waves in real time. By programming the states of active device embedded in metasurface element, the EM properties of the digital metasurface can be changed quickly without redesigning their structures. However, large numbers of long-distance wires are required to connect the programmable metasurface to provide the coded signals from field programmable gate array (FPGA) when controlling the metasurface at a long distance, which is complicated and inconvenient. Here, we propose an infrared-controlled programmable metasurface that can be programmed remotely. The infrared transceiver is able to switch the coding sequences stored in the FPGA controller, thus controlling the voltage on the varactors integrated in the metasurface. Experiment is performed at microwave frequencies, and the measured results verify that the scattering beams of the metasurface sample can be changed remotely by using infrared ray. The proposed infrared-controlled programmable metasurface opens up avenues for constructing a new class of remotely-tuning dynamic metasurfaces.展开更多
In current wireless communication and electronic systems,digital signals and electromagnetic(EM)radiation are processed by different modules.Here,we propose a mechanism to fuse the modulation of digital signals and th...In current wireless communication and electronic systems,digital signals and electromagnetic(EM)radiation are processed by different modules.Here,we propose a mechanism to fuse the modulation of digital signals and the manipulation of EM radiation on a single programmable metasurface(PM).The PM consists of massive subwavelength-scale digital coding elements.A set of digital states of all elements forms simultaneous digital information roles for modulation and the wave-control sequence code of the PM.By designing digital coding sequences in the spatial and temporal domains,the digital information and farfield patterns of the PM can be programmed simultaneously and instantly in desired ways.For the experimental demonstration of the mechanism,we present a programmable wireless communication system.The same system can realize transmissions of digital information in single-channel modes with beamsteerable capability and multichannel modes with multiple independent information.The measured results show the excellent performance of the programmable system.This work provides excellent prospects for applications in fifth-or sixth-generation wireless communications and modern intelligent platforms for unmanned aircrafts and vehicles.展开更多
It is of great importance to control flexibly wireless links in the modern society,especially with the advent of the Internet of Things(IoT),fifth-generation communication(5G),and beyond.Recently,we have witnessed tha...It is of great importance to control flexibly wireless links in the modern society,especially with the advent of the Internet of Things(IoT),fifth-generation communication(5G),and beyond.Recently,we have witnessed that programmable metasurface(PM)or reconfigurable intelligent surface(RIS)has become a key enabling technology for manipulating flexibly the wireless link;however,one fundamental but challenging issue is to online design the PM's control sequence in a complicated wireless environment,such as the real-world indoor environment.Here,we propose a reinforcement learning(RL)approach to online control of the PM and thus in-situ improve the quality of the underline wireless link.We designed an inexpensive one-bit PM working at around 2.442 GHz and developed associated RL algorithms,and demonstrated experimentally that it is capable of enhancing the quality of commodity wireless link by a factor of about 10 dB and beyond in multiple scenarios,even if the wireless transmitter is in the glancing angle of the PM in the realworld indoor environment.Moreover,we also prove that our RL algorithm can be extended to improve the wireless signals of receivers in dual-receiver scenario.We faithfully expect that the presented technique could hold important potentials in future wireless communication,smart homes,and many other fields.展开更多
Novel electromagnetic wave modulation by programmable dynamic metasurface promotes the device design freedom,while multibeam antennas have sparked tremendous interest in wireless communications.A programmable coding a...Novel electromagnetic wave modulation by programmable dynamic metasurface promotes the device design freedom,while multibeam antennas have sparked tremendous interest in wireless communications.A programmable coding antenna based on active metasurface elements(AMSEs)is proposed in this study,allowing scanning and state switching of multiple beams in real time.To obtain the planar array phase distribution in quick response,the aperture field superposition and discretization procedures are investigated.Without the need for a massive algorithm or elaborate design,this electronically controlled antenna with integrated radiation and phase-shift functions can flexibly manipulate the scattering state of multiple beams under field-programmable gate array(FPGA)control.Simulation and experimental results show that the multiple directional beams dynamically generated in the metasurface upper half space have good radiation performance,with the main lobe directions closely matching the predesigned angles.This metasurface antenna has great potential for future applications in multitarget radar,satellite navigation,and reconfigurable intelligent metasurfaces.展开更多
Programmable metasurfaces are revolutionizing the field of communication and perception by dynamically modulating properties such as amplitude and phase of electromagnetic(EM)waves.Nevertheless,it is challenging for e...Programmable metasurfaces are revolutionizing the field of communication and perception by dynamically modulating properties such as amplitude and phase of electromagnetic(EM)waves.Nevertheless,it is challenging for existing programmable metasurfaces to attain fully independent dynamic modulation of amplitude and phase due to the significant correlation between these two parameters.In this paper,we propose a radiation-type metasurface that can realize radiation space-time coding of the joint amplitude-phase.Hence,independent and arbitrary modulation of amplitudes and phases can be achieved for both x-polarized and y-polarized EM waves.For demonstration,the dynamic beam scanning with ultra-low sidelobe levels(SLLs)is validated.Moreover,we propose a strategy of stochastic coding and non-uniform modulation to suppress the harmonic energy,thereby obtaining the ultra-low sideband levels(SBLs).Prototypes were fabricated and measured,and all simulations and measurements demonstrated the superiority of the proposed strategy.In addition,the proposed strategy is optimization-free and highly integrated,which has unrivaled potential in the field of compact communication systems and radar systems.展开更多
Programmable digital coding metasurfaces(PDCMs)can manipulate electromagnetic waves with high degrees of freedom,significantly enriching metasurface designs.However,most PDCMs are limited to the control of a single po...Programmable digital coding metasurfaces(PDCMs)can manipulate electromagnetic waves with high degrees of freedom,significantly enriching metasurface designs.However,most PDCMs are limited to the control of a single polarization,which cannot meet the requirements of the high integration of intelligent components.To further improve the practicability and flexibility of metasurfaces,we propose an integrated paradigm for spin-decoupling PDCMs based on light emitting diode arrays that fully embed the photoresistor as a part of the meta-atom to independently manipulate the wavefront in different polarizations.As a proof of concept,PDCMs were simulated,fabricated,and measured to verify the feasibility and effectiveness of the proposed method.The functions of scattering and vortices are verified at different polarizations,demonstrating that the metasurface can tailor the EM functions in six channels.This study can improve the integration of intelligent control metasurfaces and lay a solid foundation for their development.展开更多
The explosion in the amount of information that is being processed is prompting the need for new computing systems beyond existing electronic computers.Photonic computing is emerging as an attractive alternative due t...The explosion in the amount of information that is being processed is prompting the need for new computing systems beyond existing electronic computers.Photonic computing is emerging as an attractive alternative due to performing calculations at the speed of light,the change for massive parallelism,and also extremely low energy consumption.We review the physical implementation of basic optical calculations,such as differentiation and integration,using metamaterials,and introduce the realization of all-optical artificial neural networks.We start with concise introductions of the mathematical principles behind such optical computation methods and present the advantages,current problems that need to be overcome,and the potential future directions in the field.We expect that our review will be useful for both novice and experienced researchers in the field of all-optical computing platforms using metamaterials.展开更多
Reconfigurable intelligent surfaces(RISs)have aroused extensive attentions from academic and wireless communication communities due to their abilities to customize the electromagnetic(EM)characteristics of the propaga...Reconfigurable intelligent surfaces(RISs)have aroused extensive attentions from academic and wireless communication communities due to their abilities to customize the electromagnetic(EM)characteristics of the propagation channels flexibly and rapidly.Recent advances in theoretical innovations and prototype systems have demonstrated the advantages of RISs in terms of low cost,low power consumption,and easy deployment.Meanwhile,the optically transparent RISs are demanded in some application scenarios.In this paper,we propose a 2-bit metalmesh-based RIS with high optical-transparency.By analyzing the surface current distributions on the element,we employ the metalmesh-grid patterns and metalmesh-stripe patterns on the top and ground layers respectively.The metalmesh patterns can help improve the optical transparency of RISs,while maintaining similar microwave characteristics.The RIS can reach the optical transparency of 79%,and the reflection amplitude is greater than3.2 dB within the operating band.Finally,to verify the capability of the proposed RIS in wavefront controls,the far-field scattering patterns of the RIS with different coding sequences are investigated and the simulation results are in good agreement with the theoretical results.展开更多
基金the National Key Research and Development Program of China under Grant Nos.2017YFA0700201,2017YFA0700202,2017YFA0700203,and 2021YFA1401001the 111 Project under Grant No.111⁃2⁃05,National Natural Science Foundation of China under Grant No.62001342+1 种基金Key Research and Development Program of Shaanxi under Grant No.2021TD⁃07Outstanding Youth Science Foundation of Shaanxi Province under Grant No.2019JC⁃15.
文摘Implementing self-sustainable wireless communication systems is urgent and challenging for 5G and 6G technologies.In this paper,we elaborate on a system solution using the programmable metasurface(PMS)for simultaneous wireless information and power transfers(SWIPT),offering an optimized wireless energy management network.Both transmitting and receiving sides of the proposed solution are presented in detail.On the transmitting side,employing the wireless power transfer(WPT)technique,we present versatile power conveying strategies for near-field or far-field targets,single or multiple targets,and equal or unequal power targets.On the receiving side,utilizing the wireless energy harvesting(WEH)technique,we report our work on multi-functional rectifying metasurfaces that collect the wirelessly transmitted energy and the ambient energy.More importantly,a numerical model based on the plane-wave angular spectrum method is investigated to accurately calculate the radiation fields of PMS in the Fresnel and Fraunhofer regions.With this model,the efficiencies of WPT between the transmitter and the receiver are analyzed.Finally,future research directions are discussed,and integrated PMS for wireless information and wireless power is outlined.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(U23A20279,62288101)111 Project(111-2-05)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(2242023K5002).
文摘Millimeter-wave and terahertz frequency bands are receiving more and more attention due to their big potentials for widespread applications such as in high-speed communications and high-resolution imaging.Nevertheless,limited by the functional materials and devices in these bands,we face lots of challenges towards high efficiency,high precision,and multi-domain electromagnetic manipulations that are urgently required in the practical application scenarios.The emergence of metasurfaces,especially the digital coding metasurfaces and programmable metasurfaces,has provided powerful capabilities to control electromagnetic waves.Recently,with the progress of space-domain,time-domain,space-time-domain,and polarization-domain programmable metasurfaces,considerable new applications have been achieved,including new-architecture wireless communication transmitters,the integration of sensing and communications,simultaneous information and power transfers,and information encryption.Consequently,integrated multifunctional platforms based on metasurfaces are expected.In this review,the recent advances in millimeter-wave and terahertz programmable metasurfaces are thoroughly presented,including the design principles and methods,the applications in the nextgeneration wireless communication systems,the integrated sensing and communications,and other multifunctional systems.
基金This work was supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(2017YFA0700201,2017YFA0700203 and 2016YFC0800401)National Natural Science Foundation of China(61890544,61522106,61631007,61571117,61731010,61735010,61722106,61701107,and 61701108)+3 种基金Postgraduate Research&Practice Innovation Program of Jiangsu Province(KYCX19_0081)Scientific Research Foundation of Graduate School of Southeast University(YBPY1938)Foundation of National Excellent Doctoral Dissertation of China(201444)the 111 Project(111-2-05).
文摘Programmable metasurface enables controlling electromagnetic (EM) waves in real time. By programming the states of active device embedded in metasurface element, the EM properties of the digital metasurface can be changed quickly without redesigning their structures. However, large numbers of long-distance wires are required to connect the programmable metasurface to provide the coded signals from field programmable gate array (FPGA) when controlling the metasurface at a long distance, which is complicated and inconvenient. Here, we propose an infrared-controlled programmable metasurface that can be programmed remotely. The infrared transceiver is able to switch the coding sequences stored in the FPGA controller, thus controlling the voltage on the varactors integrated in the metasurface. Experiment is performed at microwave frequencies, and the measured results verify that the scattering beams of the metasurface sample can be changed remotely by using infrared ray. The proposed infrared-controlled programmable metasurface opens up avenues for constructing a new class of remotely-tuning dynamic metasurfaces.
基金supported by the Fund for International Cooperation and Exchange of National Natural Science Foundation of China(61761136007)the National Key Research and Development Program of China(2017YFA0700201,2017YFA0700202,and 2017YFA0700203)+3 种基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China(6217010363,61631007,61571117,61501112,61501117,61871109,61522106,61731010,61735010,61722106,61701107,and 61701108)the Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province(BK20211161)the 111 Project(111-2-05)ZhiShan Young Scholar Program of Southeast University.
文摘In current wireless communication and electronic systems,digital signals and electromagnetic(EM)radiation are processed by different modules.Here,we propose a mechanism to fuse the modulation of digital signals and the manipulation of EM radiation on a single programmable metasurface(PM).The PM consists of massive subwavelength-scale digital coding elements.A set of digital states of all elements forms simultaneous digital information roles for modulation and the wave-control sequence code of the PM.By designing digital coding sequences in the spatial and temporal domains,the digital information and farfield patterns of the PM can be programmed simultaneously and instantly in desired ways.For the experimental demonstration of the mechanism,we present a programmable wireless communication system.The same system can realize transmissions of digital information in single-channel modes with beamsteerable capability and multichannel modes with multiple independent information.The measured results show the excellent performance of the programmable system.This work provides excellent prospects for applications in fifth-or sixth-generation wireless communications and modern intelligent platforms for unmanned aircrafts and vehicles.
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(2021YFA1401002,2017YFA0700201,2017YFA0700202 and 2017YFA0700203).
文摘It is of great importance to control flexibly wireless links in the modern society,especially with the advent of the Internet of Things(IoT),fifth-generation communication(5G),and beyond.Recently,we have witnessed that programmable metasurface(PM)or reconfigurable intelligent surface(RIS)has become a key enabling technology for manipulating flexibly the wireless link;however,one fundamental but challenging issue is to online design the PM's control sequence in a complicated wireless environment,such as the real-world indoor environment.Here,we propose a reinforcement learning(RL)approach to online control of the PM and thus in-situ improve the quality of the underline wireless link.We designed an inexpensive one-bit PM working at around 2.442 GHz and developed associated RL algorithms,and demonstrated experimentally that it is capable of enhancing the quality of commodity wireless link by a factor of about 10 dB and beyond in multiple scenarios,even if the wireless transmitter is in the glancing angle of the PM in the realworld indoor environment.Moreover,we also prove that our RL algorithm can be extended to improve the wireless signals of receivers in dual-receiver scenario.We faithfully expect that the presented technique could hold important potentials in future wireless communication,smart homes,and many other fields.
文摘Novel electromagnetic wave modulation by programmable dynamic metasurface promotes the device design freedom,while multibeam antennas have sparked tremendous interest in wireless communications.A programmable coding antenna based on active metasurface elements(AMSEs)is proposed in this study,allowing scanning and state switching of multiple beams in real time.To obtain the planar array phase distribution in quick response,the aperture field superposition and discretization procedures are investigated.Without the need for a massive algorithm or elaborate design,this electronically controlled antenna with integrated radiation and phase-shift functions can flexibly manipulate the scattering state of multiple beams under field-programmable gate array(FPGA)control.Simulation and experimental results show that the multiple directional beams dynamically generated in the metasurface upper half space have good radiation performance,with the main lobe directions closely matching the predesigned angles.This metasurface antenna has great potential for future applications in multitarget radar,satellite navigation,and reconfigurable intelligent metasurfaces.
基金National Key Research and Development Program of China(SQ2022YFB3806200)National Natural Science Foundation of China(52272101)+1 种基金Natural Science Foundation of Shaanxi Province(2024JC-YBMS-462,2024JC-YBMS-518,2024JC-YBQN-0721)Science and Technology Innovation Team of Shaanxi Province(2023-CX-TD-48)。
文摘Programmable metasurfaces are revolutionizing the field of communication and perception by dynamically modulating properties such as amplitude and phase of electromagnetic(EM)waves.Nevertheless,it is challenging for existing programmable metasurfaces to attain fully independent dynamic modulation of amplitude and phase due to the significant correlation between these two parameters.In this paper,we propose a radiation-type metasurface that can realize radiation space-time coding of the joint amplitude-phase.Hence,independent and arbitrary modulation of amplitudes and phases can be achieved for both x-polarized and y-polarized EM waves.For demonstration,the dynamic beam scanning with ultra-low sidelobe levels(SLLs)is validated.Moreover,we propose a strategy of stochastic coding and non-uniform modulation to suppress the harmonic energy,thereby obtaining the ultra-low sideband levels(SBLs).Prototypes were fabricated and measured,and all simulations and measurements demonstrated the superiority of the proposed strategy.In addition,the proposed strategy is optimization-free and highly integrated,which has unrivaled potential in the field of compact communication systems and radar systems.
基金supported in part by the National Key Research and Development Program of China under Grant 2022YFB3806200the National Natural Science Foundation of China under Grants 62101588 and 62201609.
文摘Programmable digital coding metasurfaces(PDCMs)can manipulate electromagnetic waves with high degrees of freedom,significantly enriching metasurface designs.However,most PDCMs are limited to the control of a single polarization,which cannot meet the requirements of the high integration of intelligent components.To further improve the practicability and flexibility of metasurfaces,we propose an integrated paradigm for spin-decoupling PDCMs based on light emitting diode arrays that fully embed the photoresistor as a part of the meta-atom to independently manipulate the wavefront in different polarizations.As a proof of concept,PDCMs were simulated,fabricated,and measured to verify the feasibility and effectiveness of the proposed method.The functions of scattering and vortices are verified at different polarizations,demonstrating that the metasurface can tailor the EM functions in six channels.This study can improve the integration of intelligent control metasurfaces and lay a solid foundation for their development.
基金the National Key Research and Development Program of China(2017YFA0700201,2017YFA0700203,and 2016YFC0800401)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(61890544)+1 种基金the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(2242021k30040)the 111 Project(111-2-05).
基金POSCO and the National Research Foundation(NRF)(Grant Nos.NRF-2022M3C1A3081312,NRF-2022M3H4A1A02074314,NRF-2022M3H4A1A02085335,CAMM-2019M3A6B3030637,and NRF-2019R1A5A8080290)funded by the Ministry of Science and ICT,Republic of Korea.
文摘The explosion in the amount of information that is being processed is prompting the need for new computing systems beyond existing electronic computers.Photonic computing is emerging as an attractive alternative due to performing calculations at the speed of light,the change for massive parallelism,and also extremely low energy consumption.We review the physical implementation of basic optical calculations,such as differentiation and integration,using metamaterials,and introduce the realization of all-optical artificial neural networks.We start with concise introductions of the mathematical principles behind such optical computation methods and present the advantages,current problems that need to be overcome,and the potential future directions in the field.We expect that our review will be useful for both novice and experienced researchers in the field of all-optical computing platforms using metamaterials.
基金supported by the Program of Song Shan Laboratory(included in the management of Major Science and Technology Program of Henan Province)(221100211300-02)the National Key Research and Development Program of China(2017YFA0700201,2017YFA0700202,2017YFA0700203,2018YFA0701904)+5 种基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China(62288101,61731010)the 111 Project(111-2-05)the Jiangsu Province Frontier Leading Technology Basic Research Project(BK20212002)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(2242022k30004)the National Science Foundation for Distinguished Young Scholars of China(62225108)the Southeast University-China Mobile Research Institute Joint Innovation Center(R207010101125D9).
文摘Reconfigurable intelligent surfaces(RISs)have aroused extensive attentions from academic and wireless communication communities due to their abilities to customize the electromagnetic(EM)characteristics of the propagation channels flexibly and rapidly.Recent advances in theoretical innovations and prototype systems have demonstrated the advantages of RISs in terms of low cost,low power consumption,and easy deployment.Meanwhile,the optically transparent RISs are demanded in some application scenarios.In this paper,we propose a 2-bit metalmesh-based RIS with high optical-transparency.By analyzing the surface current distributions on the element,we employ the metalmesh-grid patterns and metalmesh-stripe patterns on the top and ground layers respectively.The metalmesh patterns can help improve the optical transparency of RISs,while maintaining similar microwave characteristics.The RIS can reach the optical transparency of 79%,and the reflection amplitude is greater than3.2 dB within the operating band.Finally,to verify the capability of the proposed RIS in wavefront controls,the far-field scattering patterns of the RIS with different coding sequences are investigated and the simulation results are in good agreement with the theoretical results.
