The formation of the mammalian nervous system and its maturation into sensory,motor,cognitive,and behavioral circuits is a complex process that begins during early embryogenesis and lasts until young adulthood.Impaire...The formation of the mammalian nervous system and its maturation into sensory,motor,cognitive,and behavioral circuits is a complex process that begins during early embryogenesis and lasts until young adulthood.Impaired neurodevelopment can result in various neurological and psychiatric conditions,jointly named neurodevelopmental disorders(NDDs).展开更多
Colorectal cancer(CRC)is the second most common cancer in Europe and its incidence is steadily increasing.This trend could be reversed through timely secondary prevention(screening).In the last twenty years,CRC screen...Colorectal cancer(CRC)is the second most common cancer in Europe and its incidence is steadily increasing.This trend could be reversed through timely secondary prevention(screening).In the last twenty years,CRC screening programs across Europe have experienced considerable improvements(fecal occult blood testing;transition from opportunistic to population based program settings).The Czech Republic is a typical example of a country with a long history of nationwide CRC screening programs in the face of very high CRC incidence and mortality rates.Each year,approximately 8000 people are diagnosed with CRC and some 4000 die from this malignancy.Twenty years ago,the first pilot studies on CRC screening led to the introduction of the opportunistic Czech National Colorectal Cancer Screening Program in 2000.Originally,this program was based on the guaiac fecal occult blood test(FOBT)offered by general practitioners,followed by colonoscopy in cases of FOBT positivity.The program has continuously evolved,namely with the implementation of immunochemical FOBTs and screening colonoscopy,as well as the involvement of gynecologists.Since the establishment of the Czech CRC Screening Registry in 2006,2405850 FOBTs have been performed and 104565 preventive colonoscopies recorded within the screening program.The overall program expanded to cover 25.0%of the target population by 2011.However,stagnation in the annual number of performed FOBTs lately has led to switching to the option of a population-based program with personal invitation,which is currently being prepared.展开更多
The ecosystem services are material base and natural capital for sustainable development of human being. Valuation of ecosystem services is favorable for people realizing the importance of natural ecosystem to human b...The ecosystem services are material base and natural capital for sustainable development of human being. Valuation of ecosystem services is favorable for people realizing the importance of natural ecosystem to human being, and considering its long-term influence on sustainable development of human society when making decisions. Besides, it is an attempt of ecology, geography and other natural sciences to influence social decision process by economic methods. The Value of the World's Ecosystem Services and Natural Capital, written by Robert Costanza et al., in 1997, is generally regarded as a masterpiece for the research of valuing ecosystem services. However, the classifying standard of ecosystem services, the method of various services summation and the purpose for static global value, had confronted many criticisms. Still to now, accurately valuing ecosystem services is not easy, because of the complexity of natural ecosystem, the weak capability of economic system to pricing ecosystem services and the lack of more study in this field. Based on the criticisms summarizing and comprehensive analysis, further study suggestions of ecosystem services valuation is presented: multi-scale integrated and community participation applied in evaluation, dynamic changes of material value and intangible value of ecosystem services, investigation and simulation studies of the marginal value when ecosystem services changed, associated with related areas like ecological compensation research, and research on the market-oriented evaluation of ecosystem's intangible values.展开更多
前瞻性临床研究显示,患者首次脑卒中的发病率同患有心肌梗死、非脑卒中患者的血压有直接的关系,而经抗高血压临床治疗对照试验,可知舒张压的下降同高血压患者脑卒中再发的几率呈线性关系,平均每降低5~6 mm Hg,发病几率则减少30%~40%。...前瞻性临床研究显示,患者首次脑卒中的发病率同患有心肌梗死、非脑卒中患者的血压有直接的关系,而经抗高血压临床治疗对照试验,可知舒张压的下降同高血压患者脑卒中再发的几率呈线性关系,平均每降低5~6 mm Hg,发病几率则减少30%~40%。针对高血压人群及非高血压人群进行降压治疗,可以有效预防脑卒中再发,可以通过临床PROGRESS、PATS试验进行验证。通过研究降压治疗对脑卒中再发预防的研究,分析PROGRESS和PATS试验及其临床意义,以期通过降压治疗的方式,控制脑卒中的发病率,改善脑血管疾病患者的生活质量,更好的指导临床治疗。展开更多
Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy （DMD） is an X- linked disorder and presents in boys of early childhood with proximal muscle weak- ness, calf hypertrophy and markedly elevated creatine kinase levels. Weakness in DMD is p...Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy （DMD） is an X- linked disorder and presents in boys of early childhood with proximal muscle weak- ness, calf hypertrophy and markedly elevated creatine kinase levels. Weakness in DMD is progressive, and ambulation is lost early in the second decade1. The main clinical features of the patients are the proximal muscle weakness and atrophy, unusual walking posture,展开更多
Il y a sept ans,l'aéroport international d'Entebbe,unique point de passage aérien international de I'Ouganda,se trouvait dans unétat critique,néces-sitant urgemment des réparations...Il y a sept ans,l'aéroport international d'Entebbe,unique point de passage aérien international de I'Ouganda,se trouvait dans unétat critique,néces-sitant urgemment des réparations structurelles et une modernisation globale.Construit en 1928 et inauguréle 10 novembre 1951,1'aéroport n'avait pas fait T'objet d'interventions majeures depuis sa mise en service.Cette absence d'améliorations avait conduitàla dégradation avancée de ses infrastructures,avec des bamnents aux toltures permeables et des installations.展开更多
目前的分布估计算法(esti mation of distribution algorithms)中概率模型的学习或多或少存在着对先验知识的依赖,而这些先验知识往往是不可预知的.针对这一问题,文中提出采用集成学习(ensemble learning)的思想实现EDAs中概率模型结构...目前的分布估计算法(esti mation of distribution algorithms)中概率模型的学习或多或少存在着对先验知识的依赖,而这些先验知识往往是不可预知的.针对这一问题,文中提出采用集成学习(ensemble learning)的思想实现EDAs中概率模型结构和参数的自动学习,并提出了一种基于递增学习策略的连续域分布估计算法,该算法采用贪心EM算法来实现高斯混合模型(GMM)的递增学习,在不需要任何先验知识的情况下,实现模型结构和参数的自动学习.通过一组函数优化实验对该算法的性能进行了考查,并与其它同类算法进行了比较.实验结果表明该方法是有效的,并且,相比其它同类EDAs,该算法用相对少的迭代,可以得到同样或者更好的结果.展开更多
基金supported by Danish National Research Foundation(#DNRF133)(to AN)。
文摘The formation of the mammalian nervous system and its maturation into sensory,motor,cognitive,and behavioral circuits is a complex process that begins during early embryogenesis and lasts until young adulthood.Impaired neurodevelopment can result in various neurological and psychiatric conditions,jointly named neurodevelopmental disorders(NDDs).
基金Supported by The Intern Grant Agency of the Czech Ministry of Health(IGA),No.NT 13673-4
文摘Colorectal cancer(CRC)is the second most common cancer in Europe and its incidence is steadily increasing.This trend could be reversed through timely secondary prevention(screening).In the last twenty years,CRC screening programs across Europe have experienced considerable improvements(fecal occult blood testing;transition from opportunistic to population based program settings).The Czech Republic is a typical example of a country with a long history of nationwide CRC screening programs in the face of very high CRC incidence and mortality rates.Each year,approximately 8000 people are diagnosed with CRC and some 4000 die from this malignancy.Twenty years ago,the first pilot studies on CRC screening led to the introduction of the opportunistic Czech National Colorectal Cancer Screening Program in 2000.Originally,this program was based on the guaiac fecal occult blood test(FOBT)offered by general practitioners,followed by colonoscopy in cases of FOBT positivity.The program has continuously evolved,namely with the implementation of immunochemical FOBTs and screening colonoscopy,as well as the involvement of gynecologists.Since the establishment of the Czech CRC Screening Registry in 2006,2405850 FOBTs have been performed and 104565 preventive colonoscopies recorded within the screening program.The overall program expanded to cover 25.0%of the target population by 2011.However,stagnation in the annual number of performed FOBTs lately has led to switching to the option of a population-based program with personal invitation,which is currently being prepared.
基金Supported by Project of China’s Tourism Industry Innovation Team for Academic Human Resources Development in Institutions of Higher Learning under the Jurisdiction of Beijing Municipality of China (Grant No.:306002)Project of "Theory to Practice of Sustainable Development-Energy Saving and Emission Reduction of Tourism Industry" Initiated by Beijing International Studies University in 2011
文摘The ecosystem services are material base and natural capital for sustainable development of human being. Valuation of ecosystem services is favorable for people realizing the importance of natural ecosystem to human being, and considering its long-term influence on sustainable development of human society when making decisions. Besides, it is an attempt of ecology, geography and other natural sciences to influence social decision process by economic methods. The Value of the World's Ecosystem Services and Natural Capital, written by Robert Costanza et al., in 1997, is generally regarded as a masterpiece for the research of valuing ecosystem services. However, the classifying standard of ecosystem services, the method of various services summation and the purpose for static global value, had confronted many criticisms. Still to now, accurately valuing ecosystem services is not easy, because of the complexity of natural ecosystem, the weak capability of economic system to pricing ecosystem services and the lack of more study in this field. Based on the criticisms summarizing and comprehensive analysis, further study suggestions of ecosystem services valuation is presented: multi-scale integrated and community participation applied in evaluation, dynamic changes of material value and intangible value of ecosystem services, investigation and simulation studies of the marginal value when ecosystem services changed, associated with related areas like ecological compensation research, and research on the market-oriented evaluation of ecosystem's intangible values.
文摘前瞻性临床研究显示,患者首次脑卒中的发病率同患有心肌梗死、非脑卒中患者的血压有直接的关系,而经抗高血压临床治疗对照试验,可知舒张压的下降同高血压患者脑卒中再发的几率呈线性关系,平均每降低5~6 mm Hg,发病几率则减少30%~40%。针对高血压人群及非高血压人群进行降压治疗,可以有效预防脑卒中再发,可以通过临床PROGRESS、PATS试验进行验证。通过研究降压治疗对脑卒中再发预防的研究,分析PROGRESS和PATS试验及其临床意义,以期通过降压治疗的方式,控制脑卒中的发病率,改善脑血管疾病患者的生活质量,更好的指导临床治疗。
基金supported by the Natural Science Foundation of China(No.81570382)
文摘Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy （DMD） is an X- linked disorder and presents in boys of early childhood with proximal muscle weak- ness, calf hypertrophy and markedly elevated creatine kinase levels. Weakness in DMD is progressive, and ambulation is lost early in the second decade1. The main clinical features of the patients are the proximal muscle weakness and atrophy, unusual walking posture,
文摘Il y a sept ans,l'aéroport international d'Entebbe,unique point de passage aérien international de I'Ouganda,se trouvait dans unétat critique,néces-sitant urgemment des réparations structurelles et une modernisation globale.Construit en 1928 et inauguréle 10 novembre 1951,1'aéroport n'avait pas fait T'objet d'interventions majeures depuis sa mise en service.Cette absence d'améliorations avait conduitàla dégradation avancée de ses infrastructures,avec des bamnents aux toltures permeables et des installations.
文摘目前的分布估计算法(esti mation of distribution algorithms)中概率模型的学习或多或少存在着对先验知识的依赖,而这些先验知识往往是不可预知的.针对这一问题,文中提出采用集成学习(ensemble learning)的思想实现EDAs中概率模型结构和参数的自动学习,并提出了一种基于递增学习策略的连续域分布估计算法,该算法采用贪心EM算法来实现高斯混合模型(GMM)的递增学习,在不需要任何先验知识的情况下,实现模型结构和参数的自动学习.通过一组函数优化实验对该算法的性能进行了考查,并与其它同类算法进行了比较.实验结果表明该方法是有效的,并且,相比其它同类EDAs,该算法用相对少的迭代,可以得到同样或者更好的结果.
