This study describes the use of the weighted multiplicative algebraic reconstruction technique(WMART)to obtain vertical ozone profiles from limb observations performed by the scanning imaging absorption spectrometer f...This study describes the use of the weighted multiplicative algebraic reconstruction technique(WMART)to obtain vertical ozone profiles from limb observations performed by the scanning imaging absorption spectrometer for atmospheric chartography(SCIAMACHY).This technique is based on SaskMART(the combination of the multiplicative algebraic reconstruction technique and SaskTRAN radiative transfer model),which was originally developed for optical spectrometer and infrared imaging system(OSIRIS)data.One of the objectives of this study was to obtain consistent ozone profiles from the two satellites.In this study,the WMART algorithm is combined with a radiative transfer model(SCIATRAN),as well as a set of measurement vectors comprising five Hartley pairing vectors(HPVs)and one Chappuis triplet vector(CTV),to retrieve ozone profiles in the altitude range of 10–69 km.Considering that the weighting factors in WMART have a significant effect on the retrievals,we propose a novel approach to calculate the pair/triplet weighting factors using wavelength weighting functions.The results of the application of the proposed ozone retrieval scheme are compared with the SCIAMACHY v3.5 ozone product by University of Bremen and validated against profiles derived from other passive satellite observations or measured by ozonesondes.Between 18 and 55 km,the retrieved ozone profiles typically agree with data from the SCIAMACHY ozone product within 5%for tropics and middle latitudes,whereas a negative deviation exists between 35 and 50 km for northern high latitudes,with a deviation of less than 10%above 50 km.Comparison of the retrieved profiles with microwave limb sounder(MLS)v5.0 indicates that the difference is within±5%between 18 and 55 km,and an agreement within 10%is achieved in other altitudes for tropics and middle latitudes.Comparison of the retrieved profiles with OSIRIS v7.1 indicates that the average deviation is within±5%between 20 and 59 km,and difference of approximately 10%is achieved below 20 km.Compared with ozonesondes data,a general validity of the retrievals is no more than 5%between 15 and 30 km.展开更多
Traditional manufacturing processes for lightweight curved profiles are often associated with lengthy procedures,high costs,low efficiency,and high energy consumption.In order to solve this problem,a new staggered ext...Traditional manufacturing processes for lightweight curved profiles are often associated with lengthy procedures,high costs,low efficiency,and high energy consumption.In order to solve this problem,a new staggered extrusion(SE)process was used to form the curved profile of AZ31 magnesium alloy in this paper.The study investigates the mapping relationship between the curvature,microstructure,and mechanical properties of the formed profiles by using different eccentricities of the die.Scanning electron microscopy(SEM)and electron backscatter diffraction techniques are employed to examine the effects of different eccentricity values(e)on grain morphology,recrystallization mechanisms,texture,and Schmid factors of the products.The results demonstrate that the staggered extrusion method promotes the deep refinement of grain size in the extruded products,with an average grain size of only 15%of the original billet,reaching 12.28μm.The tensile strength and elongation of the curved profiles after extrusion under the eccentricity value of 10 mm,20 mm and 30 mm are significantly higher than those of the billet,with the tensile strength is increased to 250,270,235 MPa,and the engineering strain elongation increased to 10.5%,12.1%,15.9%.This indicates that staggered extrusion enables curvature control of the profiles while improving their strength.展开更多
Numerical simulations on the coupling actions between the free surface oscillation in the moonpool and the heave motion response of hulls with vertical mooring stiffness are carried out in this study,where the influen...Numerical simulations on the coupling actions between the free surface oscillation in the moonpool and the heave motion response of hulls with vertical mooring stiffness are carried out in this study,where the influences of edge profiles,including sharp and convex edge profiles,on the coupling actions are considered.Two-peak variations in the free surface oscillations in the moonpool with incident wave frequencies can be observed,which are defined as the first and second peak frequencies.The free surface oscillations and heave motion responses show in-phase and out-of-phase relationships at the first and second peak frequencies,respectively.The convex edge profiles are able to generate effective suppressing actions at the second peak frequencies.However,it is only efficient for large vertical stiffness at the first peak frequency.The relative velocity between the fluid flow along the moonpool bottom and the heave motion of the hulls is the essential reason.展开更多
Objective:Lanqin oral liquid(LOL),as a traditional Chinese medicine prescription,has obvious clinical efficacy in the treatment of pharyngeal inflammation.Exploring the distribution of LOL prototype components and met...Objective:Lanqin oral liquid(LOL),as a traditional Chinese medicine prescription,has obvious clinical efficacy in the treatment of pharyngeal inflammation.Exploring the distribution of LOL prototype components and metabolites in plasma is of great significance for understanding potentially effective compounds.The aim of this study is to elucidate the metabolites and main metabolic pathways of LQL in vivo.Methods:In this study,a reliable approach integrated background subtraction and mass defect filtering(MDF),based on quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry(QTOF-MS)technology,was performed to systematically scan the metabolites of LOL in rat plasma.In addition,according to the prototype mass spectrometry fragmentation pattern and combined with metabolic pathway analysis,a biotransformation oriented analysis strategy was established and applied to the identification of metabolites in LOL in vivo.Results:As a result,159 compounds(58 prototypes and 101 metabolites)were identified or tentatively characterized in drug-containing plasma,including 74 flavonoids,30 alkaloids,34 terpenoids,five phenylpropanoids,six phenolic acids,five fatty acids,and five other type components.The main metabolic pathways include methylation,demethylation,hydroxylation,hydrogenation,glucuronidation,and sulfation.Conclusions:This study provides an overall characterization of the metabolites of LOL in vivo for the first time,providing a solid material basis for exploring the therapeutic effects and pharmacological mechanisms of LOL.展开更多
Rice(Oryza sativa)is a staple food for more than half of the world's population and a critical crop for global agriculture.Understanding the regulatory mechanisms that control gene expression in the rice genome is...Rice(Oryza sativa)is a staple food for more than half of the world's population and a critical crop for global agriculture.Understanding the regulatory mechanisms that control gene expression in the rice genome is fundamental for advancing agricultural productivity and food security.In mechanism,cis-regulatory elements(including promoters,enhancers,silencers,and insulators)are key DNA sequences whose activities determine the spatial and temporal expression patterns of nearby genes(Yocca and Edger,2022;Schmitz et al.,2022).展开更多
Evidence on the association of occupational exposure to benzene,toluene,ethylbenzene,and xylene(BTEX)with hematologic and hepatic profiles were equivocal,and few studies have investigated overall effect of BTEX mixtur...Evidence on the association of occupational exposure to benzene,toluene,ethylbenzene,and xylene(BTEX)with hematologic and hepatic profiles were equivocal,and few studies have investigated overall effect of BTEX mixtures.Herein,significant higher concentrations(p<0.05)of hippuric acid,1,2-dihydroxybenzene,mandelic acid,trans,trans-muconic acid and phenylglyoxylic acid were found in petrochemical workers than the controls,in accordance with higher levels of hematologic and hepatic profiles found in petrochemical workers(p<0.05).Occupational exposure to individual BTEX was associated with elevated levels of white blood cell(WBC),lymphocyte(LYMPH),alanine aminotransferase(ALT),and gamma-glutamyl transferase(GGT).Further,the Weighted Quantile Sum Regression model and Bayesian Kernel Machine Regression model consistently identified a positive associa-tion between BTEX mixture exposure and WBC,LYMPH,and GGT.Xylene was the primary contributor to increased WBC,LYMPH,and GGT levels.Furthermore,BTEX exposure resulting in the increased inflammation indices were mainly related to perturbations of sphingolipid metabolism,biosynthesis of unsaturated fatty acids,and primary bile acid biosynthesis.Whereas metabolites mediated the correlation between BTEX exposure and liver function indiceswere related to the perturbations of biosynthesis of unsaturated fatty acids,arachidonic acid metabolism,sphingolipid metabolism,primary bile acid biosynthesis,etc.Our findings revealed potential health risk of occupational exposure to BTEX andmight help one to understand the link between BTEX exposure and hematologic and hepatic profiles.展开更多
This study proposes a learner profile framework based on multi-feature fusion,aiming to enhance the precision of personalized learning recommendations by integrating learners’static attributes(e.g.,demographic data a...This study proposes a learner profile framework based on multi-feature fusion,aiming to enhance the precision of personalized learning recommendations by integrating learners’static attributes(e.g.,demographic data and historical academic performance)with dynamic behavioral patterns(e.g.,real-time interactions and evolving interests over time).The research employs Term Frequency-Inverse Document Frequency(TF-IDF)for semantic feature extraction,integrates the Analytic Hierarchy Process(AHP)for feature weighting,and introduces a time decay function inspired by Newton’s law of cooling to dynamically model changes in learners’interests.Empirical results demonstrate that this framework effectively captures the dynamic evolution of learners’behaviors and provides context-aware learning resource recommendations.The study introduces a novel paradigm for learner modeling in educational technology,combining methodological innovation with a scalable technical architecture,thereby laying a foundation for the development of adaptive learning systems.展开更多
Objectives:Attachment is a profound and enduring connection to the emotion children progressively form with their parents as they mature.It significantly impacts the social and psychological development of kids and te...Objectives:Attachment is a profound and enduring connection to the emotion children progressively form with their parents as they mature.It significantly impacts the social and psychological development of kids and teenagers.This study aimed to explore the latent profiles and longitudinal transition patterns of parent-child and peer attachments among adolescents.Methods:A cohort of 914 participants from China completed the measures with a twelve-month interval.There were 46.8%boys and 53.2%girls in this survey.Latent profile analysis(LPA)was adopted to explore the distinct profiles reflecting different parent-child and peer attachment response patterns at each time point.Latent transition analysis(LTA)was used to examine the membership of distinct latent profiles and how individuals move between profiles over time.Results:Three latent profiles were found:the poor parent-child communication profile,the moderate attachment profile,and the good attachment profile.It was shown that the transition probability from the poor parent-child communication and good attachment profiles to the moderate attachment profile was higher than the transition probability between the poor parent-child communication and good attachment profiles.Patterns of parent-child and peer attachments were associated with depression and anxiety.Conclusion:This study demonstrates differences in adolescents’attachment to fathers,mothers,and peers and the need for targeted interventions for groups of adolescents with moderate levels of parent-child and peer attachment.展开更多
How the strong segmentation of cascade reservoir dams and the spatiotemporal changes of sediment retention volume affect the river morphology adjustment in the reservoir area is a scientific issue worthy of exploratio...How the strong segmentation of cascade reservoir dams and the spatiotemporal changes of sediment retention volume affect the river morphology adjustment in the reservoir area is a scientific issue worthy of exploration.This study aims to reveal the adjustment mechanism of the thalweg longitudinal profile of cascade reservoirs.This study focuses on the Xiangjiaba and Xiluodu reservoirs located in the lower reaches of the Jinsha River.Utilizing multi-period observational data of thalweg elevation in reservoir reaches both before and after dam construction,the research employs statistical,geomorphological,and sedimentological methodologies to analyze variation characteristics in the measured curves,trend curves,and theoretical fitting curves of the thalweg longitudinal profile.The investigation ultimately reveals two distinct adjustment patterns in the longitudinal profiles of these cascade reservoirs:the concave curve type and the convex curve type.The former is characterized by weak riverbed scouring and silting changed to rapid aggradation in the upstream section of the reservoir area after dam closure,then changed to slow aggradation in the whole reservoir area,which is the common feature of reservoirs that were built earlier and are relatively located in the downstream(such as the Xiangjiaba Reservoir).The latter is characterized by a straight line or concave curve type with weak riverbed scouring and silting before the dam closure changed to a convex curve type with strong siltation after dam closure,which is the characteristic of reservoirs that were built later and are relatively located in the upstream(such as the Xiluodu Reservoir).The adjustment of the cascade reservoir longitudinal profile is controlled by the spatiotemporal changes of the sediment deposition volume and sedimentation rate in the reservoir area,and the alternating changes of the hydrodynamic gradient and regulation mode affect the spatial heterogeneity of the sedimentation rate.The research results are helpful for understanding the adjustment mechanism of the cascade reservoir longitudinal profile in similar areas and have a guiding role in predicting the adjustment trend of the cascade reservoir longitudinal profile without observation data.展开更多
Substantial effects of photochemical reaction losses of volatile organic compounds(VOCs)on factor profiles can be investigated by comparing the differences between daytime and nighttime dispersion-normalized VOC data ...Substantial effects of photochemical reaction losses of volatile organic compounds(VOCs)on factor profiles can be investigated by comparing the differences between daytime and nighttime dispersion-normalized VOC data resolved profiles.Hourly speciated VOC data measured in Shijiazhuang,China from May to September 2021 were used to conduct study.The mean VOC concentration in the daytime and at nighttime were 32.8 and 36.0 ppbv,respectively.Alkanes and aromatics concentrations in the daytime(12.9 and 3.08 ppbv)were lower than nighttime(15.5 and 3.63 ppbv),whereas that of alkenes showed the opposite tendency.The concentration differences between daytime and nighttime for alkynes and halogenated hydrocarbonswere uniformly small.The reactivities of the dominant species in factor profiles for gasoline emissions,natural gas and diesel vehicles,and liquefied petroleum gas were relatively low and their profiles were less affected by photochemical losses.Photochemical losses produced a substantial impact on the profiles of solvent use,petrochemical industry emissions,combustion sources,and biogenic emissions where the dominant species in these factor profiles had high reactivities.Although the profile of biogenic emissions was substantially affected by photochemical loss of isoprene,the low emissions at nighttime also had an important impact on its profile.Chemical losses of highly active VOC species substantially reduced their concentrations in apportioned factor profiles.This study results were consistent with the analytical results obtained through initial concentration estimation,suggesting that the initial concentration estimation could be the most effective currently availablemethod for the source analyses of active VOCs although with uncertainty.展开更多
Drug repurposing offers a promising alternative to traditional drug development and significantly re-duces costs and timelines by identifying new therapeutic uses for existing drugs.However,the current approaches ofte...Drug repurposing offers a promising alternative to traditional drug development and significantly re-duces costs and timelines by identifying new therapeutic uses for existing drugs.However,the current approaches often rely on limited data sources and simplistic hypotheses,which restrict their ability to capture the multi-faceted nature of biological systems.This study introduces adaptive multi-view learning(AMVL),a novel methodology that integrates chemical-induced transcriptional profiles(CTPs),knowledge graph(KG)embeddings,and large language model(LLM)representations,to enhance drug repurposing predictions.AMVL incorporates an innovative similarity matrix expansion strategy and leverages multi-view learning(MVL),matrix factorization,and ensemble optimization techniques to integrate heterogeneous multi-source data.Comprehensive evaluations on benchmark datasets(Fdata-set,Cdataset,and Ydataset)and the large-scale iDrug dataset demonstrate that AMVL outperforms state-of-the-art(SOTA)methods,achieving superior accuracy in predicting drug-disease associations across multiple metrics.Literature-based validation further confirmed the model's predictive capabilities,with seven out of the top ten predictions corroborated by post-2011 evidence.To promote transparency and reproducibility,all data and codes used in this study were open-sourced,providing resources for pro-cessing CTPs,KG,and LLM-based similarity calculations,along with the complete AMVL algorithm and benchmarking procedures.By unifying diverse data modalities,AMVL offers a robust and scalable so-lution for accelerating drug discovery,fostering advancements in translational medicine and integrating multi-omics data.We aim to inspire further innovations in multi-source data integration and support the development of more precise and efficient strategies for advancing drug discovery and translational medicine.展开更多
Ocean reanalysis data,compared to traditional observational data,possess stronger continuity and higher data accuracy.The globally high-resolution ice-ocean coupled reanalysis product China Ocean ReAnalysis,Version 2....Ocean reanalysis data,compared to traditional observational data,possess stronger continuity and higher data accuracy.The globally high-resolution ice-ocean coupled reanalysis product China Ocean ReAnalysis,Version 2.0(CORA v2.0),independently developed by the National Marine Information Center,has attracted considerable attention since its release in 2020.This study selected six representative points of sound velocity profiles in different global ocean regions and conducted comparative analysis between the 2014 momentary data from CORA v2.0 and Argo data.Additionally,the monthly average data of CORA v2.0 in 2013 were compared and studied against General Digital Environmental Model(GDEM)and World Ocean Atlas(WOA)data.Metrics such as Root Mean Square Error(RMSE)and Mean Error(ME)were introduced to evaluate the differences between datasets.The result reveals that,in a comparison of single moment data,the sound velocity profiles of CORA v2.0 data and Argo data exhibit high consistency,with ME generally within 2 m/s.Regarding a comparison of monthly average data,the consistency between CORA v2.0 data and WOA data is higher,while the error relative to GDEM data is relatively larger,but their RMSE and ME exhibit high similarity in temporal trends.Based on the 2014 data of CORA v2.0,the temporal and spatial evolutionary laws of global seawater sound velocity profiles and sound speed fields were analyzed.On the time scale,the variation of seawater sound speed is mainly influenced by seasons,with significant differences between winter and summer seasons.On the daily scale,there are certain differences in sound velocity profiles mainly in the early morning and afternoon.On the spatial scale,analysis was conducted from both horizontal and vertical perspectives.The distribution of sound speed exhibits evident regularity with latitude,with shallow seawater sound speed being greatly influenced by external factors while deep seawater is relatively stable.Using the Range-dependent Acoustic Model for Geoacoustics(RAMgeo)model to solve the underwater acoustic field at three specific points,the characteristic changes of sound velocity profiles at different times of the day and their impact on under water sound propagation losses were obtained.This paper provides valuable information for the application of CORA v2.0 data products.展开更多
CO2 concentrations at different heights in a broadleaved/Korean forest (with a mean height of 26 m) were measured with infrared gas analyzer IRGA (model 2250D, LI-COR Inc. and LI-COR, 820) from Aug. to Oct. of 1999, A...CO2 concentrations at different heights in a broadleaved/Korean forest (with a mean height of 26 m) were measured with infrared gas analyzer IRGA (model 2250D, LI-COR Inc. and LI-COR, 820) from Aug. to Oct. of 1999, Apr. to Jul. of 2000, and from Aug. 2002 to Sept. 2003. Based on the collected dada, the diurnal and seasonal dynamics of profiles and storage of carbon dioxide in the forest were analyzed. The diurnal CO2 profiles showed that the vertical distribution of CO2 concentration were different for daytime and nighttime, and the CO2 concentration was highest close to forest floor, no matter at daytime and nighttime. The seasonal profiles of CO2 showed that stratification in the canopy was evident during growth season. CO2 concentrations at different heights (60 m to 2.5 m) had a little change in March, with a difference of 10 mmolmol-1, but had a significant change in July, with a difference of 60 mmolmol-1. In July, there also existed a greater gradient of CO2 concentrations at canopy (22, 26 and 32 m), with a difference of 8 mmolmol-1. The calculated total storage (ΔC/Δt ) of CO2 in the air column with height of 40 m beneath eddy covariance instrument was negative, and made a little contribution to NEE.展开更多
The gas_well system permanently installed in the soil was adopted for studying the dynamic relationship between CO 2 profiles and seedling root growth of Pinus sylvestris var. sylvestriformis (Takenouchi) Che...The gas_well system permanently installed in the soil was adopted for studying the dynamic relationship between CO 2 profiles and seedling root growth of Pinus sylvestris var. sylvestriformis (Takenouchi) Cheng et C. D. Chu. The study was conducted in the Open Research Station of Changbai Mountain Forest Ecological System, The Chinese Academy of Sciences from 1999 to 2001. Four treatments were arranged in the rectangular open_top chambers (OTCs): ambient CO 2+no_seedling, 700 μmol/mol CO 2+no_seedling, ambient CO 2 +seedlings, 700 μmol/mol CO 2+seedlings. By collecting and analyzing soil gas synchronously, it was found that the dynamics of CO 2 profiles were related to the biological activity of seedlings. There were more roots distributed in the top soil and the boundary layer across soil and sand, which made more contributions to the CO 2 profiles due to respiration root. Compared with the ambient CO 2, elevated CO 2 led to the peak of CO 2 concentration distribution shifted from soil surface layer to the boundary layer as seasonally growing of seedling roots. It is suggested the gas_well system is an inexpensive, non_destructive and relatively sensitive method for study of soil CO 2 concentration profiles.展开更多
Male breast cancer(MBC)is rare,representing 0.5%–1%of all breast cancers,but its incidence is increasing due to improved diagnostics and awareness.MBC typically presents in older men,is human epidermal growth factor ...Male breast cancer(MBC)is rare,representing 0.5%–1%of all breast cancers,but its incidence is increasing due to improved diagnostics and awareness.MBC typically presents in older men,is human epidermal growth factor receptor 2(HER2)-negative and estrogen receptor(ER)-positive,and lacks routine screening,leading to delayed diagnosis and advanced disease.Major risk factors include hormonal imbalance,radiation exposure,obesity,alcohol use,and Breast Cancer Gene 1 and 2(BRCA1/2)mutations.Clinically,it may resemble gynecomastia but usually appears as a unilateral,painless mass or nipple discharge.Advances in imaging and liquid biopsy have enhanced early detection.Molecular mechanisms involve hormonal signaling,HER2/epidermal growth factor receptor(EGFR)pathways,tumor suppressor gene alterations,and epigenetic changes.While standard treatments mirror those for female breast cancer,emerging options such as cyclin-dependent kinase 4 and 6(CDK4/6),and poly(ADP-ribose)polymerase(PARP)inhibitors,immunotherapy,and precision medicine are reshaping management.Incorporating artificial intelligence,molecular profiling,and male-specific clinical trials is essential to improve outcomes and bridge current diagnostic and therapeutic gaps.展开更多
Rapid advancements in forensic DNA technology has resulted in its increasing use to resolve crime cases, particularly in the detection of low-level DNA traces. This has been made possible by the increasing sensitivity...Rapid advancements in forensic DNA technology has resulted in its increasing use to resolve crime cases, particularly in the detection of low-level DNA traces. This has been made possible by the increasing sensitivity of STR typing kits. Low-template DNA analysis requires careful consideration of the derived stochastic variations that lead to heterozygote imbalance, allele drop-out and increased detection of background contamination. The relevance of the evidence and the probative value of the DNA profile are important issues in the evaluation of forensic evidence.展开更多
BACKGROUND Paternal perinatal depression(PPD)is closely associated with maternal mental health challenges,marital strain,and adverse child developmental outcomes.Despite its significant impact,PPD remains under-recogn...BACKGROUND Paternal perinatal depression(PPD)is closely associated with maternal mental health challenges,marital strain,and adverse child developmental outcomes.Despite its significant impact,PPD remains under-recognized in family-centered clinical practice.Concurrently,against the backdrop of rising rates of delayed marriage and China’s Maternity Incentive Policy,the proportion of women giving birth at an advanced maternal age is increasing.Nevertheless,research specifically examining PPD among spouses of older mothers remains critically scarce,both in China and globally.AIM To investigate PPD and its influencing factors in Chinese advanced maternal age families.METHODS This cross-sectional study included 358 participants;it was conducted among fathers of pregnant women of advanced maternal age at five hospitals in the Pearl River Delta region of China from September 2023 to June 2024.Data were collected via a general information questionnaire,the Social Support Rating Scale,and the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale.Latent profile analysis and regression mixture models(RMMs)were adopted to analyze the latent PPD types and factors that influenced PPD.RESULTS The incidence of PPD was 16.48%,and three profiles were identified:Low-symptomatic(175 cases,48.89%),monophasic(140 cases,39.10%),and high-symptomatic(43 cases,12.01%).The RMM analysis revealed that first pregnancy,low income(<¥3000/month),part-time work,and a history of abnormal pregnancy were positively associated with the high-symptomatic type(P<0.05).Conversely,high subjective support and support utilization were negatively associated with the high-symptomatic type compared with the low-symptomatic type(P<0.05).Good couple relationships,high objective and subjective support,and high support utilization were negatively associated with monophasic disorder(P<0.05).CONCLUSION PPD incidence is high among Chinese fathers with advanced maternal age partners,and the characteristics of depression are varied.Healthcare practitioners should prioritize individuals with low levels of social support.展开更多
Spared regions of the damaged central nervous system undergo dynamic remodelling and exhibit a remarkable potential for therapeutic exploitation1.Lesion-remote astrocytes(LRAs),which interact with viable neurons and g...Spared regions of the damaged central nervous system undergo dynamic remodelling and exhibit a remarkable potential for therapeutic exploitation1.Lesion-remote astrocytes(LRAs),which interact with viable neurons and glia,undergo reactive transformations whose molecular and functional properties are poorly understood2.Here,using multiple transcriptional profiling methods,we investigated LRAs from spared regions of mouse spinal cord following traumatic spinal cord injury.展开更多
A set of experimental data obtained at the Institute of Physics and Power Engineering in a vertical bundle cooled with supercritical R-12 was analyzed. The test section was a 7-element bundle installed in a hexagonal ...A set of experimental data obtained at the Institute of Physics and Power Engineering in a vertical bundle cooled with supercritical R-12 was analyzed. The test section was a 7-element bundle installed in a hexagonal flow channel with three grid spacers. Data was collected at pressures of approximately 4.65 MPa for several different combinations of wall and bulk-fluid temperatures that were below, at, or above pseudocritical conditions. Analysis of the data has confirmed that there are three distinct heat-transfer regimes for forced convention in supercritical fluids： （1） normal heat transfer, （2） deteriorated heat transfer, and （3） enhanced heat transfer. It was also confirmed that the effects of spacers are evident which was previously observed in sub-critical experimental data. This work compares the wall and bulk fluid temperature data of the experiments to predictions based upon current 1-D correlations for heat transfer in supercritical fluids.展开更多
基金supported by the National Science Foundations of China(No.61905256)the National Key Research and Development Program of China(No.2019YFC0214702)the Youth Innovation Promotion Association of Chinese Academy of Sciences(No.2020439)。
文摘This study describes the use of the weighted multiplicative algebraic reconstruction technique(WMART)to obtain vertical ozone profiles from limb observations performed by the scanning imaging absorption spectrometer for atmospheric chartography(SCIAMACHY).This technique is based on SaskMART(the combination of the multiplicative algebraic reconstruction technique and SaskTRAN radiative transfer model),which was originally developed for optical spectrometer and infrared imaging system(OSIRIS)data.One of the objectives of this study was to obtain consistent ozone profiles from the two satellites.In this study,the WMART algorithm is combined with a radiative transfer model(SCIATRAN),as well as a set of measurement vectors comprising five Hartley pairing vectors(HPVs)and one Chappuis triplet vector(CTV),to retrieve ozone profiles in the altitude range of 10–69 km.Considering that the weighting factors in WMART have a significant effect on the retrievals,we propose a novel approach to calculate the pair/triplet weighting factors using wavelength weighting functions.The results of the application of the proposed ozone retrieval scheme are compared with the SCIAMACHY v3.5 ozone product by University of Bremen and validated against profiles derived from other passive satellite observations or measured by ozonesondes.Between 18 and 55 km,the retrieved ozone profiles typically agree with data from the SCIAMACHY ozone product within 5%for tropics and middle latitudes,whereas a negative deviation exists between 35 and 50 km for northern high latitudes,with a deviation of less than 10%above 50 km.Comparison of the retrieved profiles with microwave limb sounder(MLS)v5.0 indicates that the difference is within±5%between 18 and 55 km,and an agreement within 10%is achieved in other altitudes for tropics and middle latitudes.Comparison of the retrieved profiles with OSIRIS v7.1 indicates that the average deviation is within±5%between 20 and 59 km,and difference of approximately 10%is achieved below 20 km.Compared with ozonesondes data,a general validity of the retrievals is no more than 5%between 15 and 30 km.
基金Project(JQ2022E004)supported by the Natural Science Foundation of Heilongjiang Province,China。
文摘Traditional manufacturing processes for lightweight curved profiles are often associated with lengthy procedures,high costs,low efficiency,and high energy consumption.In order to solve this problem,a new staggered extrusion(SE)process was used to form the curved profile of AZ31 magnesium alloy in this paper.The study investigates the mapping relationship between the curvature,microstructure,and mechanical properties of the formed profiles by using different eccentricities of the die.Scanning electron microscopy(SEM)and electron backscatter diffraction techniques are employed to examine the effects of different eccentricity values(e)on grain morphology,recrystallization mechanisms,texture,and Schmid factors of the products.The results demonstrate that the staggered extrusion method promotes the deep refinement of grain size in the extruded products,with an average grain size of only 15%of the original billet,reaching 12.28μm.The tensile strength and elongation of the curved profiles after extrusion under the eccentricity value of 10 mm,20 mm and 30 mm are significantly higher than those of the billet,with the tensile strength is increased to 250,270,235 MPa,and the engineering strain elongation increased to 10.5%,12.1%,15.9%.This indicates that staggered extrusion enables curvature control of the profiles while improving their strength.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.52371267 and 52171250).
文摘Numerical simulations on the coupling actions between the free surface oscillation in the moonpool and the heave motion response of hulls with vertical mooring stiffness are carried out in this study,where the influences of edge profiles,including sharp and convex edge profiles,on the coupling actions are considered.Two-peak variations in the free surface oscillations in the moonpool with incident wave frequencies can be observed,which are defined as the first and second peak frequencies.The free surface oscillations and heave motion responses show in-phase and out-of-phase relationships at the first and second peak frequencies,respectively.The convex edge profiles are able to generate effective suppressing actions at the second peak frequencies.However,it is only efficient for large vertical stiffness at the first peak frequency.The relative velocity between the fluid flow along the moonpool bottom and the heave motion of the hulls is the essential reason.
文摘Objective:Lanqin oral liquid(LOL),as a traditional Chinese medicine prescription,has obvious clinical efficacy in the treatment of pharyngeal inflammation.Exploring the distribution of LOL prototype components and metabolites in plasma is of great significance for understanding potentially effective compounds.The aim of this study is to elucidate the metabolites and main metabolic pathways of LQL in vivo.Methods:In this study,a reliable approach integrated background subtraction and mass defect filtering(MDF),based on quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry(QTOF-MS)technology,was performed to systematically scan the metabolites of LOL in rat plasma.In addition,according to the prototype mass spectrometry fragmentation pattern and combined with metabolic pathway analysis,a biotransformation oriented analysis strategy was established and applied to the identification of metabolites in LOL in vivo.Results:As a result,159 compounds(58 prototypes and 101 metabolites)were identified or tentatively characterized in drug-containing plasma,including 74 flavonoids,30 alkaloids,34 terpenoids,five phenylpropanoids,six phenolic acids,five fatty acids,and five other type components.The main metabolic pathways include methylation,demethylation,hydroxylation,hydrogenation,glucuronidation,and sulfation.Conclusions:This study provides an overall characterization of the metabolites of LOL in vivo for the first time,providing a solid material basis for exploring the therapeutic effects and pharmacological mechanisms of LOL.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(32070656)。
文摘Rice(Oryza sativa)is a staple food for more than half of the world's population and a critical crop for global agriculture.Understanding the regulatory mechanisms that control gene expression in the rice genome is fundamental for advancing agricultural productivity and food security.In mechanism,cis-regulatory elements(including promoters,enhancers,silencers,and insulators)are key DNA sequences whose activities determine the spatial and temporal expression patterns of nearby genes(Yocca and Edger,2022;Schmitz et al.,2022).
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Project(Nos.2019YFC1804503 and 2019YFC1804502)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.42307477 and 42207485)Guangdong Provincial Key R&D Program(No.2022-GDUT-A0007).
文摘Evidence on the association of occupational exposure to benzene,toluene,ethylbenzene,and xylene(BTEX)with hematologic and hepatic profiles were equivocal,and few studies have investigated overall effect of BTEX mixtures.Herein,significant higher concentrations(p<0.05)of hippuric acid,1,2-dihydroxybenzene,mandelic acid,trans,trans-muconic acid and phenylglyoxylic acid were found in petrochemical workers than the controls,in accordance with higher levels of hematologic and hepatic profiles found in petrochemical workers(p<0.05).Occupational exposure to individual BTEX was associated with elevated levels of white blood cell(WBC),lymphocyte(LYMPH),alanine aminotransferase(ALT),and gamma-glutamyl transferase(GGT).Further,the Weighted Quantile Sum Regression model and Bayesian Kernel Machine Regression model consistently identified a positive associa-tion between BTEX mixture exposure and WBC,LYMPH,and GGT.Xylene was the primary contributor to increased WBC,LYMPH,and GGT levels.Furthermore,BTEX exposure resulting in the increased inflammation indices were mainly related to perturbations of sphingolipid metabolism,biosynthesis of unsaturated fatty acids,and primary bile acid biosynthesis.Whereas metabolites mediated the correlation between BTEX exposure and liver function indiceswere related to the perturbations of biosynthesis of unsaturated fatty acids,arachidonic acid metabolism,sphingolipid metabolism,primary bile acid biosynthesis,etc.Our findings revealed potential health risk of occupational exposure to BTEX andmight help one to understand the link between BTEX exposure and hematologic and hepatic profiles.
基金This work is supported by the Ministry of Education of Humanities and Social Science projects in China(No.20YJCZH124)Guangdong Province Education and Teaching Reform Project No.640:Research on the Teaching Practice and Application of Online Peer Assessment Methods in the Context of Artificial Intelligence.
文摘This study proposes a learner profile framework based on multi-feature fusion,aiming to enhance the precision of personalized learning recommendations by integrating learners’static attributes(e.g.,demographic data and historical academic performance)with dynamic behavioral patterns(e.g.,real-time interactions and evolving interests over time).The research employs Term Frequency-Inverse Document Frequency(TF-IDF)for semantic feature extraction,integrates the Analytic Hierarchy Process(AHP)for feature weighting,and introduces a time decay function inspired by Newton’s law of cooling to dynamically model changes in learners’interests.Empirical results demonstrate that this framework effectively captures the dynamic evolution of learners’behaviors and provides context-aware learning resource recommendations.The study introduces a novel paradigm for learner modeling in educational technology,combining methodological innovation with a scalable technical architecture,thereby laying a foundation for the development of adaptive learning systems.
基金funded by the Shihezi University Innovation and Development Special Project“Research and Application of Knowledge Graph Based Big Data Platform for the Development Trend of College Students’Mental Health”(CXFZSK202205)by the China Young Pioneers Research Topic General Topic(2022YB16).
文摘Objectives:Attachment is a profound and enduring connection to the emotion children progressively form with their parents as they mature.It significantly impacts the social and psychological development of kids and teenagers.This study aimed to explore the latent profiles and longitudinal transition patterns of parent-child and peer attachments among adolescents.Methods:A cohort of 914 participants from China completed the measures with a twelve-month interval.There were 46.8%boys and 53.2%girls in this survey.Latent profile analysis(LPA)was adopted to explore the distinct profiles reflecting different parent-child and peer attachment response patterns at each time point.Latent transition analysis(LTA)was used to examine the membership of distinct latent profiles and how individuals move between profiles over time.Results:Three latent profiles were found:the poor parent-child communication profile,the moderate attachment profile,and the good attachment profile.It was shown that the transition probability from the poor parent-child communication and good attachment profiles to the moderate attachment profile was higher than the transition probability between the poor parent-child communication and good attachment profiles.Patterns of parent-child and peer attachments were associated with depression and anxiety.Conclusion:This study demonstrates differences in adolescents’attachment to fathers,mothers,and peers and the need for targeted interventions for groups of adolescents with moderate levels of parent-child and peer attachment.
基金National Key R&D Program of China,No.2022YFC3203903National Natural Science Foundation of China,No.42371010,No.41971004。
文摘How the strong segmentation of cascade reservoir dams and the spatiotemporal changes of sediment retention volume affect the river morphology adjustment in the reservoir area is a scientific issue worthy of exploration.This study aims to reveal the adjustment mechanism of the thalweg longitudinal profile of cascade reservoirs.This study focuses on the Xiangjiaba and Xiluodu reservoirs located in the lower reaches of the Jinsha River.Utilizing multi-period observational data of thalweg elevation in reservoir reaches both before and after dam construction,the research employs statistical,geomorphological,and sedimentological methodologies to analyze variation characteristics in the measured curves,trend curves,and theoretical fitting curves of the thalweg longitudinal profile.The investigation ultimately reveals two distinct adjustment patterns in the longitudinal profiles of these cascade reservoirs:the concave curve type and the convex curve type.The former is characterized by weak riverbed scouring and silting changed to rapid aggradation in the upstream section of the reservoir area after dam closure,then changed to slow aggradation in the whole reservoir area,which is the common feature of reservoirs that were built earlier and are relatively located in the downstream(such as the Xiangjiaba Reservoir).The latter is characterized by a straight line or concave curve type with weak riverbed scouring and silting before the dam closure changed to a convex curve type with strong siltation after dam closure,which is the characteristic of reservoirs that were built later and are relatively located in the upstream(such as the Xiluodu Reservoir).The adjustment of the cascade reservoir longitudinal profile is controlled by the spatiotemporal changes of the sediment deposition volume and sedimentation rate in the reservoir area,and the alternating changes of the hydrodynamic gradient and regulation mode affect the spatial heterogeneity of the sedimentation rate.The research results are helpful for understanding the adjustment mechanism of the cascade reservoir longitudinal profile in similar areas and have a guiding role in predicting the adjustment trend of the cascade reservoir longitudinal profile without observation data.
基金supported by the National Key R&D Program of China(No.2023YFC3705801)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.42177085).
文摘Substantial effects of photochemical reaction losses of volatile organic compounds(VOCs)on factor profiles can be investigated by comparing the differences between daytime and nighttime dispersion-normalized VOC data resolved profiles.Hourly speciated VOC data measured in Shijiazhuang,China from May to September 2021 were used to conduct study.The mean VOC concentration in the daytime and at nighttime were 32.8 and 36.0 ppbv,respectively.Alkanes and aromatics concentrations in the daytime(12.9 and 3.08 ppbv)were lower than nighttime(15.5 and 3.63 ppbv),whereas that of alkenes showed the opposite tendency.The concentration differences between daytime and nighttime for alkynes and halogenated hydrocarbonswere uniformly small.The reactivities of the dominant species in factor profiles for gasoline emissions,natural gas and diesel vehicles,and liquefied petroleum gas were relatively low and their profiles were less affected by photochemical losses.Photochemical losses produced a substantial impact on the profiles of solvent use,petrochemical industry emissions,combustion sources,and biogenic emissions where the dominant species in these factor profiles had high reactivities.Although the profile of biogenic emissions was substantially affected by photochemical loss of isoprene,the low emissions at nighttime also had an important impact on its profile.Chemical losses of highly active VOC species substantially reduced their concentrations in apportioned factor profiles.This study results were consistent with the analytical results obtained through initial concentration estimation,suggesting that the initial concentration estimation could be the most effective currently availablemethod for the source analyses of active VOCs although with uncertainty.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.:62101087)the China Postdoctoral Science Foundation(Grant No.:2021MD703942)+2 种基金the Chongqing Postdoctoral Research Project Special Funding,China(Grant No.:2021XM2016)the Science Foundation of Chongqing Municipal Commission of Education,China(Grant No.:KJQN202100642)the Chongqing Natural Science Foundation,China(Grant No.:cstc2021jcyj-msxmX0834).
文摘Drug repurposing offers a promising alternative to traditional drug development and significantly re-duces costs and timelines by identifying new therapeutic uses for existing drugs.However,the current approaches often rely on limited data sources and simplistic hypotheses,which restrict their ability to capture the multi-faceted nature of biological systems.This study introduces adaptive multi-view learning(AMVL),a novel methodology that integrates chemical-induced transcriptional profiles(CTPs),knowledge graph(KG)embeddings,and large language model(LLM)representations,to enhance drug repurposing predictions.AMVL incorporates an innovative similarity matrix expansion strategy and leverages multi-view learning(MVL),matrix factorization,and ensemble optimization techniques to integrate heterogeneous multi-source data.Comprehensive evaluations on benchmark datasets(Fdata-set,Cdataset,and Ydataset)and the large-scale iDrug dataset demonstrate that AMVL outperforms state-of-the-art(SOTA)methods,achieving superior accuracy in predicting drug-disease associations across multiple metrics.Literature-based validation further confirmed the model's predictive capabilities,with seven out of the top ten predictions corroborated by post-2011 evidence.To promote transparency and reproducibility,all data and codes used in this study were open-sourced,providing resources for pro-cessing CTPs,KG,and LLM-based similarity calculations,along with the complete AMVL algorithm and benchmarking procedures.By unifying diverse data modalities,AMVL offers a robust and scalable so-lution for accelerating drug discovery,fostering advancements in translational medicine and integrating multi-omics data.We aim to inspire further innovations in multi-source data integration and support the development of more precise and efficient strategies for advancing drug discovery and translational medicine.
基金The National Natural Science Foundation of China under contract No.42075149the Key Research and Development Program of China under contract No.2021YFC101500.
文摘Ocean reanalysis data,compared to traditional observational data,possess stronger continuity and higher data accuracy.The globally high-resolution ice-ocean coupled reanalysis product China Ocean ReAnalysis,Version 2.0(CORA v2.0),independently developed by the National Marine Information Center,has attracted considerable attention since its release in 2020.This study selected six representative points of sound velocity profiles in different global ocean regions and conducted comparative analysis between the 2014 momentary data from CORA v2.0 and Argo data.Additionally,the monthly average data of CORA v2.0 in 2013 were compared and studied against General Digital Environmental Model(GDEM)and World Ocean Atlas(WOA)data.Metrics such as Root Mean Square Error(RMSE)and Mean Error(ME)were introduced to evaluate the differences between datasets.The result reveals that,in a comparison of single moment data,the sound velocity profiles of CORA v2.0 data and Argo data exhibit high consistency,with ME generally within 2 m/s.Regarding a comparison of monthly average data,the consistency between CORA v2.0 data and WOA data is higher,while the error relative to GDEM data is relatively larger,but their RMSE and ME exhibit high similarity in temporal trends.Based on the 2014 data of CORA v2.0,the temporal and spatial evolutionary laws of global seawater sound velocity profiles and sound speed fields were analyzed.On the time scale,the variation of seawater sound speed is mainly influenced by seasons,with significant differences between winter and summer seasons.On the daily scale,there are certain differences in sound velocity profiles mainly in the early morning and afternoon.On the spatial scale,analysis was conducted from both horizontal and vertical perspectives.The distribution of sound speed exhibits evident regularity with latitude,with shallow seawater sound speed being greatly influenced by external factors while deep seawater is relatively stable.Using the Range-dependent Acoustic Model for Geoacoustics(RAMgeo)model to solve the underwater acoustic field at three specific points,the characteristic changes of sound velocity profiles at different times of the day and their impact on under water sound propagation losses were obtained.This paper provides valuable information for the application of CORA v2.0 data products.
基金This study is supported by The Development Plan of State Key Fundamental Research of China (973) (contract No. 2002CB412502),by Knowledge Innovation Project of CAS (KZCX1-SW-01-03) and by Natural Science Foundation of China (30170167).
文摘CO2 concentrations at different heights in a broadleaved/Korean forest (with a mean height of 26 m) were measured with infrared gas analyzer IRGA (model 2250D, LI-COR Inc. and LI-COR, 820) from Aug. to Oct. of 1999, Apr. to Jul. of 2000, and from Aug. 2002 to Sept. 2003. Based on the collected dada, the diurnal and seasonal dynamics of profiles and storage of carbon dioxide in the forest were analyzed. The diurnal CO2 profiles showed that the vertical distribution of CO2 concentration were different for daytime and nighttime, and the CO2 concentration was highest close to forest floor, no matter at daytime and nighttime. The seasonal profiles of CO2 showed that stratification in the canopy was evident during growth season. CO2 concentrations at different heights (60 m to 2.5 m) had a little change in March, with a difference of 10 mmolmol-1, but had a significant change in July, with a difference of 60 mmolmol-1. In July, there also existed a greater gradient of CO2 concentrations at canopy (22, 26 and 32 m), with a difference of 8 mmolmol-1. The calculated total storage (ΔC/Δt ) of CO2 in the air column with height of 40 m beneath eddy covariance instrument was negative, and made a little contribution to NEE.
文摘The gas_well system permanently installed in the soil was adopted for studying the dynamic relationship between CO 2 profiles and seedling root growth of Pinus sylvestris var. sylvestriformis (Takenouchi) Cheng et C. D. Chu. The study was conducted in the Open Research Station of Changbai Mountain Forest Ecological System, The Chinese Academy of Sciences from 1999 to 2001. Four treatments were arranged in the rectangular open_top chambers (OTCs): ambient CO 2+no_seedling, 700 μmol/mol CO 2+no_seedling, ambient CO 2 +seedlings, 700 μmol/mol CO 2+seedlings. By collecting and analyzing soil gas synchronously, it was found that the dynamics of CO 2 profiles were related to the biological activity of seedlings. There were more roots distributed in the top soil and the boundary layer across soil and sand, which made more contributions to the CO 2 profiles due to respiration root. Compared with the ambient CO 2, elevated CO 2 led to the peak of CO 2 concentration distribution shifted from soil surface layer to the boundary layer as seasonally growing of seedling roots. It is suggested the gas_well system is an inexpensive, non_destructive and relatively sensitive method for study of soil CO 2 concentration profiles.
文摘Male breast cancer(MBC)is rare,representing 0.5%–1%of all breast cancers,but its incidence is increasing due to improved diagnostics and awareness.MBC typically presents in older men,is human epidermal growth factor receptor 2(HER2)-negative and estrogen receptor(ER)-positive,and lacks routine screening,leading to delayed diagnosis and advanced disease.Major risk factors include hormonal imbalance,radiation exposure,obesity,alcohol use,and Breast Cancer Gene 1 and 2(BRCA1/2)mutations.Clinically,it may resemble gynecomastia but usually appears as a unilateral,painless mass or nipple discharge.Advances in imaging and liquid biopsy have enhanced early detection.Molecular mechanisms involve hormonal signaling,HER2/epidermal growth factor receptor(EGFR)pathways,tumor suppressor gene alterations,and epigenetic changes.While standard treatments mirror those for female breast cancer,emerging options such as cyclin-dependent kinase 4 and 6(CDK4/6),and poly(ADP-ribose)polymerase(PARP)inhibitors,immunotherapy,and precision medicine are reshaping management.Incorporating artificial intelligence,molecular profiling,and male-specific clinical trials is essential to improve outcomes and bridge current diagnostic and therapeutic gaps.
文摘Rapid advancements in forensic DNA technology has resulted in its increasing use to resolve crime cases, particularly in the detection of low-level DNA traces. This has been made possible by the increasing sensitivity of STR typing kits. Low-template DNA analysis requires careful consideration of the derived stochastic variations that lead to heterozygote imbalance, allele drop-out and increased detection of background contamination. The relevance of the evidence and the probative value of the DNA profile are important issues in the evaluation of forensic evidence.
基金Supported by High-level Professional Groups in Gangdong Province,No.GSPZYQ2020101Guangdong Province Educational Research Planning Project,No.2024GXJK742。
文摘BACKGROUND Paternal perinatal depression(PPD)is closely associated with maternal mental health challenges,marital strain,and adverse child developmental outcomes.Despite its significant impact,PPD remains under-recognized in family-centered clinical practice.Concurrently,against the backdrop of rising rates of delayed marriage and China’s Maternity Incentive Policy,the proportion of women giving birth at an advanced maternal age is increasing.Nevertheless,research specifically examining PPD among spouses of older mothers remains critically scarce,both in China and globally.AIM To investigate PPD and its influencing factors in Chinese advanced maternal age families.METHODS This cross-sectional study included 358 participants;it was conducted among fathers of pregnant women of advanced maternal age at five hospitals in the Pearl River Delta region of China from September 2023 to June 2024.Data were collected via a general information questionnaire,the Social Support Rating Scale,and the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale.Latent profile analysis and regression mixture models(RMMs)were adopted to analyze the latent PPD types and factors that influenced PPD.RESULTS The incidence of PPD was 16.48%,and three profiles were identified:Low-symptomatic(175 cases,48.89%),monophasic(140 cases,39.10%),and high-symptomatic(43 cases,12.01%).The RMM analysis revealed that first pregnancy,low income(<¥3000/month),part-time work,and a history of abnormal pregnancy were positively associated with the high-symptomatic type(P<0.05).Conversely,high subjective support and support utilization were negatively associated with the high-symptomatic type compared with the low-symptomatic type(P<0.05).Good couple relationships,high objective and subjective support,and high support utilization were negatively associated with monophasic disorder(P<0.05).CONCLUSION PPD incidence is high among Chinese fathers with advanced maternal age partners,and the characteristics of depression are varied.Healthcare practitioners should prioritize individuals with low levels of social support.
文摘Spared regions of the damaged central nervous system undergo dynamic remodelling and exhibit a remarkable potential for therapeutic exploitation1.Lesion-remote astrocytes(LRAs),which interact with viable neurons and glia,undergo reactive transformations whose molecular and functional properties are poorly understood2.Here,using multiple transcriptional profiling methods,we investigated LRAs from spared regions of mouse spinal cord following traumatic spinal cord injury.
文摘A set of experimental data obtained at the Institute of Physics and Power Engineering in a vertical bundle cooled with supercritical R-12 was analyzed. The test section was a 7-element bundle installed in a hexagonal flow channel with three grid spacers. Data was collected at pressures of approximately 4.65 MPa for several different combinations of wall and bulk-fluid temperatures that were below, at, or above pseudocritical conditions. Analysis of the data has confirmed that there are three distinct heat-transfer regimes for forced convention in supercritical fluids： （1） normal heat transfer, （2） deteriorated heat transfer, and （3） enhanced heat transfer. It was also confirmed that the effects of spacers are evident which was previously observed in sub-critical experimental data. This work compares the wall and bulk fluid temperature data of the experiments to predictions based upon current 1-D correlations for heat transfer in supercritical fluids.
