Surgical innovation and pioneering are important for improving patient outcome, but can be associated with learning curves. Although learning curves in surgery are a recognized problem, the impact of surgical learning...Surgical innovation and pioneering are important for improving patient outcome, but can be associated with learning curves. Although learning curves in surgery are a recognized problem, the impact of surgical learning curves is increasing, due to increasing complexity of innovative surgical procedures, the rapid rate at which new interventions are implemented and a decrease in relative effectiveness of new interventions compared to old interventions. For minimally invasive esophagectomy(MIE), there is now robust evidence that implementation can lead to significant learning associated morbidity(morbidity during a learning curve, that could have been avoided if patients were operated by surgeons that have completed the learning curve). This article provides an overview of the evidence of the impact of learning curves after implementation of MIE. In addition, caveats for implementation and available evidence regarding factors that are important for safe implementation and safe pioneering of MIE are discussed.展开更多
I believe that translators of Chinese literature must possess not only linguistic profciency but also a deep understanding of the essence of Chinese culture. They should be familiar with the historical context and cul...I believe that translators of Chinese literature must possess not only linguistic profciency but also a deep understanding of the essence of Chinese culture. They should be familiar with the historical context and cultural environment in which the original work was created, as well as the author’s personal life experiences. After all, Chinese culture is so vast, profound and all-encompassing that a lifetime of study is not enough to grasp it in its entirety.Local dialects, as living vehicles of regional culture, should fall within the translator’s purview. This is especially true when translating works rich in dialectal features, where the translator must delve into the relevant background, culture and dialect itself.展开更多
文摘Surgical innovation and pioneering are important for improving patient outcome, but can be associated with learning curves. Although learning curves in surgery are a recognized problem, the impact of surgical learning curves is increasing, due to increasing complexity of innovative surgical procedures, the rapid rate at which new interventions are implemented and a decrease in relative effectiveness of new interventions compared to old interventions. For minimally invasive esophagectomy(MIE), there is now robust evidence that implementation can lead to significant learning associated morbidity(morbidity during a learning curve, that could have been avoided if patients were operated by surgeons that have completed the learning curve). This article provides an overview of the evidence of the impact of learning curves after implementation of MIE. In addition, caveats for implementation and available evidence regarding factors that are important for safe implementation and safe pioneering of MIE are discussed.
文摘I believe that translators of Chinese literature must possess not only linguistic profciency but also a deep understanding of the essence of Chinese culture. They should be familiar with the historical context and cultural environment in which the original work was created, as well as the author’s personal life experiences. After all, Chinese culture is so vast, profound and all-encompassing that a lifetime of study is not enough to grasp it in its entirety.Local dialects, as living vehicles of regional culture, should fall within the translator’s purview. This is especially true when translating works rich in dialectal features, where the translator must delve into the relevant background, culture and dialect itself.
