[Objective] The aim was to isolate a prodigiosin producing strain and study its pigment fractions.[Method] Red pigment-producing bacteria was identified by physiological and biochemical characteristics after isolation...[Objective] The aim was to isolate a prodigiosin producing strain and study its pigment fractions.[Method] Red pigment-producing bacteria was identified by physiological and biochemical characteristics after isolation in plate.By using column chromatography and thin-layer chromatography,pigment fractions were separated and purified from the extractives of the strain after fermentation in flask,and then pigment fractions were analyzed via UV-Vis and LC/MS.[Result] A red pigment-producing Serratia marcescens strain NS-17 sampled from soil of Nanchang was isolated and identified.2 pigment fractions showing similar UV-Vis and LC/MS characters were separated and purified,the characters of fraction 1 were identical to those of prodigiosin,while fraction 2 showed a special UV-Vis absorption spectrum that had not been reported.[Conclusion] A prodigiosin-producing Serratia marcescens strain NS-17 and its 2 pigment fractions were isolated.展开更多
Serratia marcescens strain 9986 is a producer of prodigiosin used as a dye of polyolefines (polyethylene, ultratene). The biosynthesis of pigment was closely connected with controlled growth parameters. A prodigiosin ...Serratia marcescens strain 9986 is a producer of prodigiosin used as a dye of polyolefines (polyethylene, ultratene). The biosynthesis of pigment was closely connected with controlled growth parameters. A prodigiosin yield 0.2 - 0.4 mg per l of culture medium in the batch culture under aerobic conditions was obtained. Prodigiosin was extracted from crude biomass treated by 0.1% of sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS). This novel elaborated stage is necessary for thermostability a dye in polymer. The consumption of prodigiosin preparation is more economical in the technology of the coloration of polyolefines. The elaborated method has been manufactured for dyeing polyethylene by biological pigment-articles of the common use corresponding to the technological standard.展开更多
Prodigiosin is a red pigment with a pyrrolylpyrromethane skeleton.It is mainly produced by bacterial strains belonging to the Serratia genus,but also by some other genera,including Streptomyces and Vibrio.Within the g...Prodigiosin is a red pigment with a pyrrolylpyrromethane skeleton.It is mainly produced by bacterial strains belonging to the Serratia genus,but also by some other genera,including Streptomyces and Vibrio.Within the genus Serratia,the pigment is generally produced as a virulence factor.However,it also has many important beneficial biological activities such as immunosuppressive and anti-proliferative activities.Moreover,the pigment has many industrial applications in textile and cosmetics.In this mini-review,we discuss the genetic and molecular mechanisms supporting prodigiosin synthesis and production from the Serratia genus,as well as its potential applications.展开更多
A red-pigmented bacterial strain NS-17 was isolated from soil, and physiological and biochemical characteristics and 16S rDNA analysis established this organism as a strain of Serratia marcescens. The red pigment isol...A red-pigmented bacterial strain NS-17 was isolated from soil, and physiological and biochemical characteristics and 16S rDNA analysis established this organism as a strain of Serratia marcescens. The red pigment isolated from cells of NS-17 was identified as prodigiosin. By analyzing factors affecting the production of prodigiosin, modified medium and culture conditions were set up, and a continuous fermentation method was carried out to take advantage of the mass production of foam during fermentation. Continuous fermentation was achieved in the following conditions: 32℃, 1:1 ventilation ratio, and medium with a nutrient concentration 5-fold higher than that of the fermentation medium (with half the inorganic salt concentration) supplied as a feed medium at a flow rate of 8 mL/min. For the first time of continuous fermentation of Serratia marcescens coupling with foam flotation, a high yield of prodigiosin was obtained. After 56 h of culturing, the total harvest of cells was enhanced 2.33-fold compared to that of batch fermentation, the total amount of prodigiosin was enhanced 2.70-fold compared to that of batch fermentation, and cells and prodigiosin were concentrated in the efflux broth automatically.展开更多
This study was prepared due to a lack of studies on the immune modulatory effects of prodigiosin in mice against bacterial infection and the increased demand for natural resources. This study aimed to extract prodigio...This study was prepared due to a lack of studies on the immune modulatory effects of prodigiosin in mice against bacterial infection and the increased demand for natural resources. This study aimed to extract prodigiosin from Serratia rubidaea against Citrobacter freundii in mice by evaluating its immunomodulatory activity and histological alterations. A total of twenty-four Swiss mice were divided up into four groups of six mice each. C. freundii (1 × 106 cfu/ml) was administered orally to groups (2, 3 and 4) as an infectious dosage, and one milliliter was administered to the first group as a negative control. Following 24 hours from C. freundii infection, the Group 3 and Group 4 groups were given crude prodigiosin extract in the following dosage amounts: the third and fourth groups received (500 and 1000 µg/ml Intraperitoneal) respectively. ELISA test was performed to assess IgM, IL-6, and IL-10 on days 3, 7 and 14. IgM and IL-6 findings demonstrated a significant increase in Group2 and Group4 with differences (P < 0.05), however, G3 showed a significant decrease when compared to the negative control. The results of IL-10 concentration revealed that Group 2 and Group 4 had significant decreases with differences (P < 0.05), with Group 3 having the highest titer. In conclusion, the study’s findings showed that while prodigiosin’s high concentration can boost the immune system and help laboratory animals resist bacterial infection, its low concentration acts as an immune suppressant.展开更多
Bacterial prodigiosins are red-colored secondary metabolites with multiple activities,such as anticancer,antimalarial and immunosuppressive,which hold great potential for medical applications.In this study,dramaticall...Bacterial prodigiosins are red-colored secondary metabolites with multiple activities,such as anticancer,antimalarial and immunosuppressive,which hold great potential for medical applications.In this study,dramatically enhanced prodigiosins(RED) production in Streptomyces coelicolor was achieved by combinatorial metabolic engineering,including inactivation of the repressor gene ohkA,deletion of the actinorhodin(ACT) and calcium-dependent antibiotic(CDA) biosynthetic gene clusters(BGCs) and multi-copy chromosomal integration of the RED BGC.The results showed that ohkA deletion led to a 1-fold increase of RED production over the wild-type strain M145.Then,the ACT and CDA BGCs were deleted successively based on the AohkA mutant(SBJ101).To achieve multi-copy RED BGC integration,artificial ΦC31 attB site(s) were inserted simultaneously at the position where the ACT and CDA BGCs were deleted.The resulting strains SBJ102(with a single deletion of the ACT BGC and insertion of one artificial attB site) and SBJ103(with the deletion of both BGCs and insertion of two artificial attB sites) produced 1.9-and 6-fold higher RED titers than M145,respectively.Finally,the entire RED BGC was introduced into mutants from SBJ101 to SBJ103,generating three mutants(from SBJ104 to SBJ106) with chromosomal integration of one to three copies of the RED BGC.The highest RED yield was from SBJ106,which produced a maximum level of 96.8 mg g^(-1) cell dry weight,showing a 12-fold increase relative to M145.Collectively,the metabolic engineering strategies employed in this study are very efficient for the construction of high prodigiosin-producing strains.展开更多
Prodigiosin is a secondary metabolite mainly produced at 30°C in Serratia marcescens,but it can hardly be synthetized at 37°C or higher.In this study,we provide insight into the metabolic regulation of prodi...Prodigiosin is a secondary metabolite mainly produced at 30°C in Serratia marcescens,but it can hardly be synthetized at 37°C or higher.In this study,we provide insight into the metabolic regulation of prodigiosin synthesis in response to temperature through transcriptome sequencing.The analysis of the function of differentially expressed genes suggested that temperature resulted in significant alteration of the metabolic pathways between 30 and 37°C.Specifically,30°C favored transcriptional expression of the pig gene cluster.At the same time,the carbon flux was redistributed to pathways of pyruvate,proline,serine,especially homoserine,cystathionine,homocysteine,methionine,and s-adenosylmethionine metabolism,all involved in prodigiosin biosynthesis,and was finally increased towards the prodigiosin synthesis pathway in S.marcescens at 30°C.Interestingly,results further confirmed increased transcriptional level of five regulators(LuxS,RpoS,Hfq,EepR,CRP),and decreased content of hexS through qPCR.Finally,successful co-overexpression of mmuM and metK,related to homocysteine,methionine,and s-adenosylmethionine metabolism,in the chromosome of JNB5-1(JNB5-1/MK)resulted in increased prodigiosin titer up to 7.57 g/L in JNB5-1/MK at 30°C,which was 41.2%higher than that in JNB5-1.Our transcriptome analysis provides further insight into the strain’s response to temperature changes at the transcription level,which is of great significance for improving the production of prodigiosin.展开更多
Synthetic pigments pose toxicity and harmful impacts on humans and environment.In this context,the exploration of microbial sources for producing natural pigments that are useful in various industrial applications is ...Synthetic pigments pose toxicity and harmful impacts on humans and environment.In this context,the exploration of microbial sources for producing natural pigments that are useful in various industrial applications is gaining prominence.Microbial pigments give nature its color and are a novel class of chemicals with diversity of biological functions including antibacterial,anti-mycotic,antimalarial,immuno-modulating,and anticancer properties.Microbial pigment sources have been acknowledged to be extraordinarily valuable and are in great demand,attributable to their varied uses in the food and cosmetic industries,textile,and pharmaceutical industries.Prodigiosin has recently been suggested as the most potential choice and promising biomolecule with multifaceted applications,including antimicrobial,immunosuppressive,antima-larial,antineoplastic,and anticancer properties.Prodigiosin has recently received a renewed interest owing to its reported characteristics of having profound biological activities.The focus of this review article is the most important qualities and prospective uses of prodigiosin pigment.展开更多
文摘[Objective] The aim was to isolate a prodigiosin producing strain and study its pigment fractions.[Method] Red pigment-producing bacteria was identified by physiological and biochemical characteristics after isolation in plate.By using column chromatography and thin-layer chromatography,pigment fractions were separated and purified from the extractives of the strain after fermentation in flask,and then pigment fractions were analyzed via UV-Vis and LC/MS.[Result] A red pigment-producing Serratia marcescens strain NS-17 sampled from soil of Nanchang was isolated and identified.2 pigment fractions showing similar UV-Vis and LC/MS characters were separated and purified,the characters of fraction 1 were identical to those of prodigiosin,while fraction 2 showed a special UV-Vis absorption spectrum that had not been reported.[Conclusion] A prodigiosin-producing Serratia marcescens strain NS-17 and its 2 pigment fractions were isolated.
文摘Serratia marcescens strain 9986 is a producer of prodigiosin used as a dye of polyolefines (polyethylene, ultratene). The biosynthesis of pigment was closely connected with controlled growth parameters. A prodigiosin yield 0.2 - 0.4 mg per l of culture medium in the batch culture under aerobic conditions was obtained. Prodigiosin was extracted from crude biomass treated by 0.1% of sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS). This novel elaborated stage is necessary for thermostability a dye in polymer. The consumption of prodigiosin preparation is more economical in the technology of the coloration of polyolefines. The elaborated method has been manufactured for dyeing polyethylene by biological pigment-articles of the common use corresponding to the technological standard.
文摘Prodigiosin is a red pigment with a pyrrolylpyrromethane skeleton.It is mainly produced by bacterial strains belonging to the Serratia genus,but also by some other genera,including Streptomyces and Vibrio.Within the genus Serratia,the pigment is generally produced as a virulence factor.However,it also has many important beneficial biological activities such as immunosuppressive and anti-proliferative activities.Moreover,the pigment has many industrial applications in textile and cosmetics.In this mini-review,we discuss the genetic and molecular mechanisms supporting prodigiosin synthesis and production from the Serratia genus,as well as its potential applications.
文摘A red-pigmented bacterial strain NS-17 was isolated from soil, and physiological and biochemical characteristics and 16S rDNA analysis established this organism as a strain of Serratia marcescens. The red pigment isolated from cells of NS-17 was identified as prodigiosin. By analyzing factors affecting the production of prodigiosin, modified medium and culture conditions were set up, and a continuous fermentation method was carried out to take advantage of the mass production of foam during fermentation. Continuous fermentation was achieved in the following conditions: 32℃, 1:1 ventilation ratio, and medium with a nutrient concentration 5-fold higher than that of the fermentation medium (with half the inorganic salt concentration) supplied as a feed medium at a flow rate of 8 mL/min. For the first time of continuous fermentation of Serratia marcescens coupling with foam flotation, a high yield of prodigiosin was obtained. After 56 h of culturing, the total harvest of cells was enhanced 2.33-fold compared to that of batch fermentation, the total amount of prodigiosin was enhanced 2.70-fold compared to that of batch fermentation, and cells and prodigiosin were concentrated in the efflux broth automatically.
文摘This study was prepared due to a lack of studies on the immune modulatory effects of prodigiosin in mice against bacterial infection and the increased demand for natural resources. This study aimed to extract prodigiosin from Serratia rubidaea against Citrobacter freundii in mice by evaluating its immunomodulatory activity and histological alterations. A total of twenty-four Swiss mice were divided up into four groups of six mice each. C. freundii (1 × 106 cfu/ml) was administered orally to groups (2, 3 and 4) as an infectious dosage, and one milliliter was administered to the first group as a negative control. Following 24 hours from C. freundii infection, the Group 3 and Group 4 groups were given crude prodigiosin extract in the following dosage amounts: the third and fourth groups received (500 and 1000 µg/ml Intraperitoneal) respectively. ELISA test was performed to assess IgM, IL-6, and IL-10 on days 3, 7 and 14. IgM and IL-6 findings demonstrated a significant increase in Group2 and Group4 with differences (P < 0.05), however, G3 showed a significant decrease when compared to the negative control. The results of IL-10 concentration revealed that Group 2 and Group 4 had significant decreases with differences (P < 0.05), with Group 3 having the highest titer. In conclusion, the study’s findings showed that while prodigiosin’s high concentration can boost the immune system and help laboratory animals resist bacterial infection, its low concentration acts as an immune suppressant.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(31430004,31421061,31630003,31370081 and 31570072)the Science and Technology Commission of Shanghai Municipality(16490712100)
文摘Bacterial prodigiosins are red-colored secondary metabolites with multiple activities,such as anticancer,antimalarial and immunosuppressive,which hold great potential for medical applications.In this study,dramatically enhanced prodigiosins(RED) production in Streptomyces coelicolor was achieved by combinatorial metabolic engineering,including inactivation of the repressor gene ohkA,deletion of the actinorhodin(ACT) and calcium-dependent antibiotic(CDA) biosynthetic gene clusters(BGCs) and multi-copy chromosomal integration of the RED BGC.The results showed that ohkA deletion led to a 1-fold increase of RED production over the wild-type strain M145.Then,the ACT and CDA BGCs were deleted successively based on the AohkA mutant(SBJ101).To achieve multi-copy RED BGC integration,artificial ΦC31 attB site(s) were inserted simultaneously at the position where the ACT and CDA BGCs were deleted.The resulting strains SBJ102(with a single deletion of the ACT BGC and insertion of one artificial attB site) and SBJ103(with the deletion of both BGCs and insertion of two artificial attB sites) produced 1.9-and 6-fold higher RED titers than M145,respectively.Finally,the entire RED BGC was introduced into mutants from SBJ101 to SBJ103,generating three mutants(from SBJ104 to SBJ106) with chromosomal integration of one to three copies of the RED BGC.The highest RED yield was from SBJ106,which produced a maximum level of 96.8 mg g^(-1) cell dry weight,showing a 12-fold increase relative to M145.Collectively,the metabolic engineering strategies employed in this study are very efficient for the construction of high prodigiosin-producing strains.
基金This work was supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(2018YFA0900300)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(31870066,21778024)+1 种基金National First-Class Discipline Program of Light Industry Technology and Engineering(LITE2018-06)the Program of Introducing Talents of Discipline to Universities(111-2-06).
文摘Prodigiosin is a secondary metabolite mainly produced at 30°C in Serratia marcescens,but it can hardly be synthetized at 37°C or higher.In this study,we provide insight into the metabolic regulation of prodigiosin synthesis in response to temperature through transcriptome sequencing.The analysis of the function of differentially expressed genes suggested that temperature resulted in significant alteration of the metabolic pathways between 30 and 37°C.Specifically,30°C favored transcriptional expression of the pig gene cluster.At the same time,the carbon flux was redistributed to pathways of pyruvate,proline,serine,especially homoserine,cystathionine,homocysteine,methionine,and s-adenosylmethionine metabolism,all involved in prodigiosin biosynthesis,and was finally increased towards the prodigiosin synthesis pathway in S.marcescens at 30°C.Interestingly,results further confirmed increased transcriptional level of five regulators(LuxS,RpoS,Hfq,EepR,CRP),and decreased content of hexS through qPCR.Finally,successful co-overexpression of mmuM and metK,related to homocysteine,methionine,and s-adenosylmethionine metabolism,in the chromosome of JNB5-1(JNB5-1/MK)resulted in increased prodigiosin titer up to 7.57 g/L in JNB5-1/MK at 30°C,which was 41.2%higher than that in JNB5-1.Our transcriptome analysis provides further insight into the strain’s response to temperature changes at the transcription level,which is of great significance for improving the production of prodigiosin.
文摘Synthetic pigments pose toxicity and harmful impacts on humans and environment.In this context,the exploration of microbial sources for producing natural pigments that are useful in various industrial applications is gaining prominence.Microbial pigments give nature its color and are a novel class of chemicals with diversity of biological functions including antibacterial,anti-mycotic,antimalarial,immuno-modulating,and anticancer properties.Microbial pigment sources have been acknowledged to be extraordinarily valuable and are in great demand,attributable to their varied uses in the food and cosmetic industries,textile,and pharmaceutical industries.Prodigiosin has recently been suggested as the most potential choice and promising biomolecule with multifaceted applications,including antimicrobial,immunosuppressive,antima-larial,antineoplastic,and anticancer properties.Prodigiosin has recently received a renewed interest owing to its reported characteristics of having profound biological activities.The focus of this review article is the most important qualities and prospective uses of prodigiosin pigment.
