This study constructs a reflective feedback model based on a pedagogical agent(PA)and explores its impact on students’problem-solving ability and cognitive load.A quasi-experimental design was used in the study,with ...This study constructs a reflective feedback model based on a pedagogical agent(PA)and explores its impact on students’problem-solving ability and cognitive load.A quasi-experimental design was used in the study,with 84 students from a middle school selected as the research subjects(44 in the experimental group and 40 in the control group).The experimental group used the reflective feedback model,while the control group used the factual feedback model.The results show that,compared with factual feedback,the reflective feedback model based on the pedagogical agent significantly improves students’problem-solving ability,especially at the action and thinking levels.In addition,this model effectively reduces students’cognitive load,especially in terms of internal and external load.展开更多
Beauty trap is a kind of traditional stratagem originating from ancient times.This stratagem is a type of strategic deception,making full use of human’s desires and weaknesses.No matter whether you are a genius or a ...Beauty trap is a kind of traditional stratagem originating from ancient times.This stratagem is a type of strategic deception,making full use of human’s desires and weaknesses.No matter whether you are a genius or a fool,you will have the opportunity to fall into a trap,especially if the trap is intended for you.Because of this characteristic,beauty trap was usually seen as a kind of effective non-military method,appearing in the war history of many different countries.With time going by,compared with its original form,this stratagem has greatly changed,developing many new forms.Some of them need to be adopted flexibly,combining with different kinds of psychological tactics.Except the field of military,this stratagem can also be seen in political struggles and commercial warfare.After coming to modern society,the beauty trap does not vanish.It seems that this stratagem will accompany the entire process of humanity,simply because the desires of humans will never disappear.展开更多
Listening is very important in the learning of English language. Most of our Chinese students regard listening comprehension as the most difficult part among all kinds of examinations. So if we can find the reasons wh...Listening is very important in the learning of English language. Most of our Chinese students regard listening comprehension as the most difficult part among all kinds of examinations. So if we can find the reasons why the students exist such barriers that prevent them from understanding, and give them ways of training it, I’m sure it will help the students to improve their ability of language learning.展开更多
A silver-based metal-organic framework（Ag-MOFs）, [Ag2（H3 ddcba）（dpp）2]（1）（H5 ddcba = 3,5-（di（2’,5’-dicarboxylphenyl）benozoic acid, dpp = 1,3-di（4-pyridyl）propane）, was successfully constructed via hyd...A silver-based metal-organic framework（Ag-MOFs）, [Ag2（H3 ddcba）（dpp）2]（1）（H5 ddcba = 3,5-（di（2’,5’-dicarboxylphenyl）benozoic acid, dpp = 1,3-di（4-pyridyl）propane）, was successfully constructed via hydrothermal assembly of a pentacaboxylate ligand, a N-donor ligand and Ag（I） ions, which possesses a pcu topology and exhibits excellent catalytic properties in aqueous solution for the degradation of onitrophenol（2-NP）, m-nitrophenol（3-NP） and p-nitrophenol（4-NP）. Related kinetics of such catalytic reactions, photoluminescent and thermal stability of compound 1 were also investigated.展开更多
Salt lakes are a mirror of climatic changes and provide holographic records of environmental changes of lakes. According to a study of geological hazards in typical salt lake areas in China and other regions, the auth...Salt lakes are a mirror of climatic changes and provide holographic records of environmental changes of lakes. According to a study of geological hazards in typical salt lake areas in China and other regions, the authors explain how geological hazards in salt lake areas are caused by natural agents and how humans can seek benefits, avoid hazards and reduce losses on the premise that they have monitored and mastered the trend of salt lake changes in advance and even can store flood and recharge water in lakes and extract saline resources. The climate in western China is probably turning from warm-dry to warm-moist. The authors analyze the change trend of salt lakes sensu lato (with salinity≥0.3 wt% (NaCl)eq) and salt lakes sensu stricto (with salinity ≥3.5 wt% (NaCl)eq) in China in such climatic conditions and distinguish three types of salt lake areas (i.e. lake water rising type, lake water falling type and lake water rising and unstable type) according to the characteristics of lake water rising and shrinking. In order to conform to the climatic and lake changes in China's salt lake areas, the authors propose to add and improve hydrological and meteorological observation stations and integrate observations with remote sensing monitoring in important salt lake areas and set up multidisciplinary and interdepartmental basic projects to monitor and study recent climatic and environmental changes in salt lake areas of western China. Moreover, it is necessary to build additional flood-control and drought-preventing water conservancy facilities in key salt lake areas and work out measures for ecological protection in salt lake areas. Full consideration should be given to the influence of flooding when building saltfields and implementing capital projects.展开更多
China has made great efforts to alleviate poverty in rural ethnic minority areas and targeted achieving the poverty-alleviation task by the end of 2020.Aba,Ganzi,and Liangshan,three of the poorest ethnic prefectures i...China has made great efforts to alleviate poverty in rural ethnic minority areas and targeted achieving the poverty-alleviation task by the end of 2020.Aba,Ganzi,and Liangshan,three of the poorest ethnic prefectures in Sichuan Province,Southwest China,have all implemented“Internet+”tactics since 2013,which have had the positive effect of increasing family revenues by improving communication infrastructure and encouraging the large-scale use of e-commerce.This paper aims to comprehensively investigate whether“Internet+”tactics play a key role in poverty alleviation in Sichuan’s rural ethnic minority areas and to propose further measures to enhance the efficiency of e-commerce practice.To this end,we conduct an analysis using the framework of classic growth theory and use panel data from 2000 to 2018 to examine the relationship between Communication Infrastructure Investment(CII)and a set of poverty-alleviation indicators,including local GDP growth rate(LGGR),local government revenue(LGR),and per-capita income of residents(PCIR).The results indicate that strengthening CII improves the PCIR and local economic growth,playing a key role in poverty alleviation.However,the stimulation of CII on LGGR and LGR wanes as time passes.More financial and technical actions will be needed to improve the efficiency and quality of current strategies for sustainable development in those areas.展开更多
Life-history theory predicts that in hibemators age of maturation is related positively to body size and negatively to the duration of active season aboveground. Yellow souslik is a large-sized ground squirrel with lo...Life-history theory predicts that in hibemators age of maturation is related positively to body size and negatively to the duration of active season aboveground. Yellow souslik is a large-sized ground squirrel with long hibernation, which suggests late maturation. We used four-year field observations of marked individuals to determine the age of maturation in males through analysis of age-dependent variation in body size, mass, androgen status, timing of spring emergence, ranging patterns and social behavior during the mating season. Yearling males were smaller, lighter, had lower level of fecal testosterone, emerged later and had smaller home ranges than older males. Social activity and the number of females encountered did not differ between age classes. After the second hibernation none of the studied parameters varied with age. Cluster analysis revealed two behavioral tactics： ＂active＂ males （adults only） emerged earlier, ranged more widely, initiated more contacts, encountered more females and were heavier than ＂passive＂ males （both yearling and adult）. Thus, males of S. fulvus reached adult size and matured after two hibernations, which is relatively fast for such a big species with short active period. Indirect evidence for copulations and high variation among yearlings in all parameters suggest that some of them might successfully compete with adults. Active tactic of wandering and searching for females is energetically costly, and probably only adult males in good physical condition can afford it, whereas passive tactic of residing is energy saving and good for adults in poor condition and for yearlings that are continuing to grow.展开更多
Background: Caregiving for someone is a huge task for informal caregivers. The caregiving role is often challenging and overwhelming for them. Stress, burden, and depression have been frequently identified as the nega...Background: Caregiving for someone is a huge task for informal caregivers. The caregiving role is often challenging and overwhelming for them. Stress, burden, and depression have been frequently identified as the negative caregiving experiences. This systematic review synthesized the available evidence for the problem-based intervention provided for caregivers as there is little insight about the effects of problem-based intervention on caregivers. Objectives: To describe: 1) the design of problem-solving intervention;2) the effects of problem-solving intervention for caregiver outcomes. Methods: This review followed Arksey and O’Malley’s methodological framework for conducting scoping reviews which entail setting research questions, selecting relevant studies, charting the data and synthesizing the results. FPRISMA guidelines were adopted and several databases were searched including MEDLINE;EMBASE;web of science. This review contains literature from 2012 to 2019 on problem-solving-based intervention which intended to caregivers. Results: 41 publications representing 27 unique problem-based interventions. Problem-solving-based intervention has different extent effects on caregiver emotion status, burden and quality of life. Conclusions: Problem-solving intervention is promising in caregiver intervention which could reduce caregiver depression, anxiety and burden.展开更多
Examining specific tactics is useful in language teaching.Cognitive strategies identified in the literature include elaboration,prediction,contextualization and visualization;Metacognitive strategies identified includ...Examining specific tactics is useful in language teaching.Cognitive strategies identified in the literature include elaboration,prediction,contextualization and visualization;Metacognitive strategies identified include self-monitoring,selective attention,directed attention,self-evaluation and so on.In the comparison of the two learners’ listening results,it was found that although they used many similar tactics,the higher ability learner demonstrated more effective use of both cognitive and metacognitive tactics.展开更多
In recent years, reading comprehension is taking up a larger and larger part in almost every international test or domestic examination. Knowing the basic knowledge and grasping the test - taking tactics are key facto...In recent years, reading comprehension is taking up a larger and larger part in almost every international test or domestic examination. Knowing the basic knowledge and grasping the test - taking tactics are key factors of good reading comprehension. In this thesis, I will dwell on nine commonly used tactics for reading comprehension. This will help you to deal with the problems with reading comprehension efficiently.展开更多
Based on the present studies and literatures about the poplar diseases in China, the present study situation of poplar disease was introduced in this paper. 31 kinds of poplar diseases were collected of which there we...Based on the present studies and literatures about the poplar diseases in China, the present study situation of poplar disease was introduced in this paper. 31 kinds of poplar diseases were collected of which there were 14 kinds of leaves disease, 11 kinds of branch disease, 4 kinds of root disease, 2 kinds of stand rot. Each poplar species was studied on the harm, distribution, symptom, pathogens, occurrence regulation and control measures. According to previously studies, the sustained control tactics of poplar disease were summarized in this paper.展开更多
In the designed automatic balancing head, a non contact induction transformer is used to deliver driving energy to solve the problem of current fed and controlling on line. Computer controlled automatic balancing expe...In the designed automatic balancing head, a non contact induction transformer is used to deliver driving energy to solve the problem of current fed and controlling on line. Computer controlled automatic balancing experiments with phase magnitude control tactics were performed on a flexible rotor system. Results of the experiments prove that the energy feeding method and the control tactics are effective in the automatic balancing head for vibration controlling.展开更多
Through more than one month of investigation on runoff forestry in Luliang mountainous areas of Shanxi Province, the runoff forestry techniques were regarded as having a popularized value in arid and semi-arid areas. ...Through more than one month of investigation on runoff forestry in Luliang mountainous areas of Shanxi Province, the runoff forestry techniques were regarded as having a popularized value in arid and semi-arid areas. The development of runoff forestry in Shanxi Province was summarized and the sustainable development tactics was put forward.展开更多
As the increase of the complexity of the information warfare,its intervention strategy needs to be designed in an integrated environment.However,the current research always breaks the internal relation between equipme...As the increase of the complexity of the information warfare,its intervention strategy needs to be designed in an integrated environment.However,the current research always breaks the internal relation between equipment and tactics,and it is difficult to meet the requirements of their integrated analysis.In this paper,the research status quo of the integrated analysis about equipment and tactics is discussed first,some shortages of the current methods are summarized then,and an evolvement mechanism of the integrated analysis for equipment and tactics is given finally.Based on these,a framework of integrated analysis is proposed.This method's effectiveness is validated by an example.展开更多
Polygynous males can change their mating tactics across their lifetime, but information is scarce on the flexibility of this trait within a given season and the relative costs and benefits of using different tactics. ...Polygynous males can change their mating tactics across their lifetime, but information is scarce on the flexibility of this trait within a given season and the relative costs and benefits of using different tactics. Here, we monitored individually marked male reindeer Rangifer tarandus and classified their mating tactics as harem-defense, sneaking, or mixed. The costs of the male reproductive effort were assessed using both direct （i.e. percentage of body mass lost） and indirect measures （i.e. activity patterns such as feeding, standing, and walking）, while mating group size and reproductive success were recorded as mating ef- fort benefits. Our results show that reindeer males may switch between the harem-defense and sneaking tactics throughout the same breeding season, providing further support to the notion that reproductive tactics are flexible in ungulates. The costs and benefits of male mating effort vary according to the mating tactic, reaching the highest values in harem-holders and the lowest values in sneaking males. Moreover, males who switched between the sneaking tactic and the harem-defence tactic tended to achieve higher mating success than males who consistently used the least costly tactic. Indeed, all harem-holders successfully sired offspring, whereas only two out of three mixed-tactic males sired one calf, and sneaking males did not sire any calves. In conclusion, our results show that reindeer males can modulate their mating efforts during the same breeding season by switching between the most costly harem-defense tactic and the least costly sneaking tactic, suggesting individual solutions to the balance between reproductive effort and mating opportunities [Current Zoology 61 （5）： 802-810, 2015].展开更多
To reproduce,males have to fertilize the female’s eggs,sometimes in competition with ejaculates of other males.In species where males display alternative reproductive tactics,whereby territorial males secure mating a...To reproduce,males have to fertilize the female’s eggs,sometimes in competition with ejaculates of other males.In species where males display alternative reproductive tactics,whereby territorial males secure mating and non-territorial males have to sneak copulations,the latter might be expected to invest relatively more resources towards sperm quality compared with the territorial males.Sperm cells are especially vulnerable to oxidative stress,which reduces male fertility.Therefore,antioxidant resources are expected to modulate sperm quality,and might be allocated differently between reproductive tactics.To test the link between reproductive tactics,redox profile and sperm quality,we experimentally induced changes in the reproductive tactics of 39 captive males Seba's short-tailed bats Carollia perspicillata.We monitored the blood and ejaculate oxidative balance,and the sperm quality before,7 days and 21 days after the manipulation of reproductive tactic.Although ejaculates'oxidative damage was negatively related to sperm velocity,males exhibited similar blood and ejaculates redox profiles and similar sperm quality,regardless of their reproductive tactic.Possibly,these results arise as a consequence of some constraints having been lifted during the experiment.Our results also suggest that,in Seba's short-tailed bats,the expression of alternative reproductive tactics is not subjected to strong oxidative constraints.Furthermore,our results could reflect an absence of trade-off between pre-and post-copulatory traits in harem males,as they could be selected to invest both in female attraction and sperm quality,as a consequence of their inability to fully monopolize females.展开更多
Objective: To explore the effects of self-directed learning readiness and learning attitude on problem-solving ability among Chinese undergraduate nursing students. Methods: A convenience sampling of 460 undergraduate...Objective: To explore the effects of self-directed learning readiness and learning attitude on problem-solving ability among Chinese undergraduate nursing students. Methods: A convenience sampling of 460 undergraduate nursing students was surveyed in Tianjin, China. Students who participated in the study completed a questionnaire that included social demographic questionnaire, Self-directed Learning Readiness Scale, Attitude to Learning Scale, and Social Problem-Solving Inventory. Pearson’s correlation analysis was performed to test the correlations among problem-solving ability, self-directed learning readiness, and learning attitude. Hierarchical linear regression analyses were performed to explore the mediating role of learning attitude. Results: The results showed that learning attitude (r=0.338, P<0.01) and self-directed learning readiness (r=0.493, P<0.01) were positively correlated with problem-solving ability. Learning attitude played a partial intermediary role between self-directed learning readiness and problem-solving ability (F=74.227, P<0.01). Conclusions: It is concluded that nursing educators should pay attention on students’ individual differences and take proper actions to inspire students’ self-directed learning readiness and learning attitude.展开更多
Based on the biological key-lock-principle common in various biological systems such as the human brain, this paper relates to a method and device for creating problem-solving complexes from individual elements that c...Based on the biological key-lock-principle common in various biological systems such as the human brain, this paper relates to a method and device for creating problem-solving complexes from individual elements that can be coupled with one another and that have different properties to solve problems. The problem solution can be carried out either serially with a large computer, or with several independent, hierarchically joined computers. In this system, an independent control unit that assumes a multitude of tasks and also acts as an interface with access to all participating computers, is assigned to each problem or object class according to the amount of potential problem-oriented solutions. Such a unit prepares the partial solutions found in its computer for the totality of the solutions computed in the associated computers, finally leading to a total problem solution.展开更多
Design architecture is the edifice that strengthens the functionalities as well as the security of web applications.In order to facilitate architectural security from the web application’s design phase itself,practit...Design architecture is the edifice that strengthens the functionalities as well as the security of web applications.In order to facilitate architectural security from the web application’s design phase itself,practitioners are now adopting the novel mechanism of security tactics.With the intent to conduct a research from the perspective of security tactics,the present study employs a hybrid multi-criteria decision-making approach named fuzzy analytic hierarchy process-technique for order preference by similarity ideal solution(AHP-TOPSIS)method for selecting and assessing multi-criteria decisions.The adopted methodology is a blend of fuzzy analytic hierarchy process(fuzzy AHP)and fuzzy technique for order preference by similarity ideal solution(fuzzy TOPSIS).To establish the efficacy of this methodology,the results are obtained after the evaluation have been tested on fifteen different web application projects(Online Quiz competition,Entrance Test,and others)of the Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar University,Lucknow,India.The tabulated outcomes demonstrate that the methodology of the Multi-Level Fuzzy Hybrid system is highly effective in providing accurate estimation for strengthening the security of web applications.The proposed study will help experts and developers in developing and managing security from any web application design phase for better accuracy and higher security.展开更多
基金023 Zhejiang Provincial Department of Education General Project:Research on an interdisciplinary teaching model to promote the development of computational thinking in the context of the new curriculum standards[Grant NO:Y202351596]Key Project of Zhejiang Provincial Education Science Planning:Research on an interdisciplinary teaching model to promote students’computational thinking from multiple analytical perspectives[Grant NO:2025SB103].
文摘This study constructs a reflective feedback model based on a pedagogical agent(PA)and explores its impact on students’problem-solving ability and cognitive load.A quasi-experimental design was used in the study,with 84 students from a middle school selected as the research subjects(44 in the experimental group and 40 in the control group).The experimental group used the reflective feedback model,while the control group used the factual feedback model.The results show that,compared with factual feedback,the reflective feedback model based on the pedagogical agent significantly improves students’problem-solving ability,especially at the action and thinking levels.In addition,this model effectively reduces students’cognitive load,especially in terms of internal and external load.
文摘Beauty trap is a kind of traditional stratagem originating from ancient times.This stratagem is a type of strategic deception,making full use of human’s desires and weaknesses.No matter whether you are a genius or a fool,you will have the opportunity to fall into a trap,especially if the trap is intended for you.Because of this characteristic,beauty trap was usually seen as a kind of effective non-military method,appearing in the war history of many different countries.With time going by,compared with its original form,this stratagem has greatly changed,developing many new forms.Some of them need to be adopted flexibly,combining with different kinds of psychological tactics.Except the field of military,this stratagem can also be seen in political struggles and commercial warfare.After coming to modern society,the beauty trap does not vanish.It seems that this stratagem will accompany the entire process of humanity,simply because the desires of humans will never disappear.
文摘Listening is very important in the learning of English language. Most of our Chinese students regard listening comprehension as the most difficult part among all kinds of examinations. So if we can find the reasons why the students exist such barriers that prevent them from understanding, and give them ways of training it, I’m sure it will help the students to improve their ability of language learning.
基金financial support from the National Science Foundation of China (Nos. 216731272, 2137312, 21671119, 51572152 and 51502155)
文摘A silver-based metal-organic framework（Ag-MOFs）, [Ag2（H3 ddcba）（dpp）2]（1）（H5 ddcba = 3,5-（di（2’,5’-dicarboxylphenyl）benozoic acid, dpp = 1,3-di（4-pyridyl）propane）, was successfully constructed via hydrothermal assembly of a pentacaboxylate ligand, a N-donor ligand and Ag（I） ions, which possesses a pcu topology and exhibits excellent catalytic properties in aqueous solution for the degradation of onitrophenol（2-NP）, m-nitrophenol（3-NP） and p-nitrophenol（4-NP）. Related kinetics of such catalytic reactions, photoluminescent and thermal stability of compound 1 were also investigated.
基金This study was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China grant 49833010Project of Special Funds for Public Interests Research of the Ministry of Science and Technology grant 2001DIA 10020.
文摘Salt lakes are a mirror of climatic changes and provide holographic records of environmental changes of lakes. According to a study of geological hazards in typical salt lake areas in China and other regions, the authors explain how geological hazards in salt lake areas are caused by natural agents and how humans can seek benefits, avoid hazards and reduce losses on the premise that they have monitored and mastered the trend of salt lake changes in advance and even can store flood and recharge water in lakes and extract saline resources. The climate in western China is probably turning from warm-dry to warm-moist. The authors analyze the change trend of salt lakes sensu lato (with salinity≥0.3 wt% (NaCl)eq) and salt lakes sensu stricto (with salinity ≥3.5 wt% (NaCl)eq) in China in such climatic conditions and distinguish three types of salt lake areas (i.e. lake water rising type, lake water falling type and lake water rising and unstable type) according to the characteristics of lake water rising and shrinking. In order to conform to the climatic and lake changes in China's salt lake areas, the authors propose to add and improve hydrological and meteorological observation stations and integrate observations with remote sensing monitoring in important salt lake areas and set up multidisciplinary and interdepartmental basic projects to monitor and study recent climatic and environmental changes in salt lake areas of western China. Moreover, it is necessary to build additional flood-control and drought-preventing water conservancy facilities in key salt lake areas and work out measures for ecological protection in salt lake areas. Full consideration should be given to the influence of flooding when building saltfields and implementing capital projects.
基金This research has been supported by the National Social Science Foundation of China(Grant No.19BJL126)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.71903139)+2 种基金It has been also supported by the Humanities and Social Sciences Foundation of the Ministry of Education of China(Grant No.16YJC630089)Annual projects of the National Ethnic Affairs Commission of the People’s Republic of China(Grant No.2020-GMC-032)the Basic Scientific Research Service Fee Project of Central Universities of Sichuan University(Grant Nos.2020CXQ07 and skbsh2019-36).
文摘China has made great efforts to alleviate poverty in rural ethnic minority areas and targeted achieving the poverty-alleviation task by the end of 2020.Aba,Ganzi,and Liangshan,three of the poorest ethnic prefectures in Sichuan Province,Southwest China,have all implemented“Internet+”tactics since 2013,which have had the positive effect of increasing family revenues by improving communication infrastructure and encouraging the large-scale use of e-commerce.This paper aims to comprehensively investigate whether“Internet+”tactics play a key role in poverty alleviation in Sichuan’s rural ethnic minority areas and to propose further measures to enhance the efficiency of e-commerce practice.To this end,we conduct an analysis using the framework of classic growth theory and use panel data from 2000 to 2018 to examine the relationship between Communication Infrastructure Investment(CII)and a set of poverty-alleviation indicators,including local GDP growth rate(LGGR),local government revenue(LGR),and per-capita income of residents(PCIR).The results indicate that strengthening CII improves the PCIR and local economic growth,playing a key role in poverty alleviation.However,the stimulation of CII on LGGR and LGR wanes as time passes.More financial and technical actions will be needed to improve the efficiency and quality of current strategies for sustainable development in those areas.
文摘Life-history theory predicts that in hibemators age of maturation is related positively to body size and negatively to the duration of active season aboveground. Yellow souslik is a large-sized ground squirrel with long hibernation, which suggests late maturation. We used four-year field observations of marked individuals to determine the age of maturation in males through analysis of age-dependent variation in body size, mass, androgen status, timing of spring emergence, ranging patterns and social behavior during the mating season. Yearling males were smaller, lighter, had lower level of fecal testosterone, emerged later and had smaller home ranges than older males. Social activity and the number of females encountered did not differ between age classes. After the second hibernation none of the studied parameters varied with age. Cluster analysis revealed two behavioral tactics： ＂active＂ males （adults only） emerged earlier, ranged more widely, initiated more contacts, encountered more females and were heavier than ＂passive＂ males （both yearling and adult）. Thus, males of S. fulvus reached adult size and matured after two hibernations, which is relatively fast for such a big species with short active period. Indirect evidence for copulations and high variation among yearlings in all parameters suggest that some of them might successfully compete with adults. Active tactic of wandering and searching for females is energetically costly, and probably only adult males in good physical condition can afford it, whereas passive tactic of residing is energy saving and good for adults in poor condition and for yearlings that are continuing to grow.
文摘Background: Caregiving for someone is a huge task for informal caregivers. The caregiving role is often challenging and overwhelming for them. Stress, burden, and depression have been frequently identified as the negative caregiving experiences. This systematic review synthesized the available evidence for the problem-based intervention provided for caregivers as there is little insight about the effects of problem-based intervention on caregivers. Objectives: To describe: 1) the design of problem-solving intervention;2) the effects of problem-solving intervention for caregiver outcomes. Methods: This review followed Arksey and O’Malley’s methodological framework for conducting scoping reviews which entail setting research questions, selecting relevant studies, charting the data and synthesizing the results. FPRISMA guidelines were adopted and several databases were searched including MEDLINE;EMBASE;web of science. This review contains literature from 2012 to 2019 on problem-solving-based intervention which intended to caregivers. Results: 41 publications representing 27 unique problem-based interventions. Problem-solving-based intervention has different extent effects on caregiver emotion status, burden and quality of life. Conclusions: Problem-solving intervention is promising in caregiver intervention which could reduce caregiver depression, anxiety and burden.
文摘Examining specific tactics is useful in language teaching.Cognitive strategies identified in the literature include elaboration,prediction,contextualization and visualization;Metacognitive strategies identified include self-monitoring,selective attention,directed attention,self-evaluation and so on.In the comparison of the two learners’ listening results,it was found that although they used many similar tactics,the higher ability learner demonstrated more effective use of both cognitive and metacognitive tactics.
文摘In recent years, reading comprehension is taking up a larger and larger part in almost every international test or domestic examination. Knowing the basic knowledge and grasping the test - taking tactics are key factors of good reading comprehension. In this thesis, I will dwell on nine commonly used tactics for reading comprehension. This will help you to deal with the problems with reading comprehension efficiently.
文摘Based on the present studies and literatures about the poplar diseases in China, the present study situation of poplar disease was introduced in this paper. 31 kinds of poplar diseases were collected of which there were 14 kinds of leaves disease, 11 kinds of branch disease, 4 kinds of root disease, 2 kinds of stand rot. Each poplar species was studied on the harm, distribution, symptom, pathogens, occurrence regulation and control measures. According to previously studies, the sustained control tactics of poplar disease were summarized in this paper.
文摘In the designed automatic balancing head, a non contact induction transformer is used to deliver driving energy to solve the problem of current fed and controlling on line. Computer controlled automatic balancing experiments with phase magnitude control tactics were performed on a flexible rotor system. Results of the experiments prove that the energy feeding method and the control tactics are effective in the automatic balancing head for vibration controlling.
文摘Through more than one month of investigation on runoff forestry in Luliang mountainous areas of Shanxi Province, the runoff forestry techniques were regarded as having a popularized value in arid and semi-arid areas. The development of runoff forestry in Shanxi Province was summarized and the sustainable development tactics was put forward.
基金Sponsored by the National Natural Science Foundation(71101149,71071160,91024006)Natural Science Foundation of Hunan Province(11JJ4065)Ph.D.Programs Foundation of Ministry of Education of China(20104307120020)
文摘As the increase of the complexity of the information warfare,its intervention strategy needs to be designed in an integrated environment.However,the current research always breaks the internal relation between equipment and tactics,and it is difficult to meet the requirements of their integrated analysis.In this paper,the research status quo of the integrated analysis about equipment and tactics is discussed first,some shortages of the current methods are summarized then,and an evolvement mechanism of the integrated analysis for equipment and tactics is given finally.Based on these,a framework of integrated analysis is proposed.This method's effectiveness is validated by an example.
文摘Polygynous males can change their mating tactics across their lifetime, but information is scarce on the flexibility of this trait within a given season and the relative costs and benefits of using different tactics. Here, we monitored individually marked male reindeer Rangifer tarandus and classified their mating tactics as harem-defense, sneaking, or mixed. The costs of the male reproductive effort were assessed using both direct （i.e. percentage of body mass lost） and indirect measures （i.e. activity patterns such as feeding, standing, and walking）, while mating group size and reproductive success were recorded as mating ef- fort benefits. Our results show that reindeer males may switch between the harem-defense and sneaking tactics throughout the same breeding season, providing further support to the notion that reproductive tactics are flexible in ungulates. The costs and benefits of male mating effort vary according to the mating tactic, reaching the highest values in harem-holders and the lowest values in sneaking males. Moreover, males who switched between the sneaking tactic and the harem-defence tactic tended to achieve higher mating success than males who consistently used the least costly tactic. Indeed, all harem-holders successfully sired offspring, whereas only two out of three mixed-tactic males sired one calf, and sneaking males did not sire any calves. In conclusion, our results show that reindeer males can modulate their mating efforts during the same breeding season by switching between the most costly harem-defense tactic and the least costly sneaking tactic, suggesting individual solutions to the balance between reproductive effort and mating opportunities [Current Zoology 61 （5）： 802-810, 2015].
文摘To reproduce,males have to fertilize the female’s eggs,sometimes in competition with ejaculates of other males.In species where males display alternative reproductive tactics,whereby territorial males secure mating and non-territorial males have to sneak copulations,the latter might be expected to invest relatively more resources towards sperm quality compared with the territorial males.Sperm cells are especially vulnerable to oxidative stress,which reduces male fertility.Therefore,antioxidant resources are expected to modulate sperm quality,and might be allocated differently between reproductive tactics.To test the link between reproductive tactics,redox profile and sperm quality,we experimentally induced changes in the reproductive tactics of 39 captive males Seba's short-tailed bats Carollia perspicillata.We monitored the blood and ejaculate oxidative balance,and the sperm quality before,7 days and 21 days after the manipulation of reproductive tactic.Although ejaculates'oxidative damage was negatively related to sperm velocity,males exhibited similar blood and ejaculates redox profiles and similar sperm quality,regardless of their reproductive tactic.Possibly,these results arise as a consequence of some constraints having been lifted during the experiment.Our results also suggest that,in Seba's short-tailed bats,the expression of alternative reproductive tactics is not subjected to strong oxidative constraints.Furthermore,our results could reflect an absence of trade-off between pre-and post-copulatory traits in harem males,as they could be selected to invest both in female attraction and sperm quality,as a consequence of their inability to fully monopolize females.
文摘Objective: To explore the effects of self-directed learning readiness and learning attitude on problem-solving ability among Chinese undergraduate nursing students. Methods: A convenience sampling of 460 undergraduate nursing students was surveyed in Tianjin, China. Students who participated in the study completed a questionnaire that included social demographic questionnaire, Self-directed Learning Readiness Scale, Attitude to Learning Scale, and Social Problem-Solving Inventory. Pearson’s correlation analysis was performed to test the correlations among problem-solving ability, self-directed learning readiness, and learning attitude. Hierarchical linear regression analyses were performed to explore the mediating role of learning attitude. Results: The results showed that learning attitude (r=0.338, P<0.01) and self-directed learning readiness (r=0.493, P<0.01) were positively correlated with problem-solving ability. Learning attitude played a partial intermediary role between self-directed learning readiness and problem-solving ability (F=74.227, P<0.01). Conclusions: It is concluded that nursing educators should pay attention on students’ individual differences and take proper actions to inspire students’ self-directed learning readiness and learning attitude.
文摘Based on the biological key-lock-principle common in various biological systems such as the human brain, this paper relates to a method and device for creating problem-solving complexes from individual elements that can be coupled with one another and that have different properties to solve problems. The problem solution can be carried out either serially with a large computer, or with several independent, hierarchically joined computers. In this system, an independent control unit that assumes a multitude of tasks and also acts as an interface with access to all participating computers, is assigned to each problem or object class according to the amount of potential problem-oriented solutions. Such a unit prepares the partial solutions found in its computer for the totality of the solutions computed in the associated computers, finally leading to a total problem solution.
文摘Design architecture is the edifice that strengthens the functionalities as well as the security of web applications.In order to facilitate architectural security from the web application’s design phase itself,practitioners are now adopting the novel mechanism of security tactics.With the intent to conduct a research from the perspective of security tactics,the present study employs a hybrid multi-criteria decision-making approach named fuzzy analytic hierarchy process-technique for order preference by similarity ideal solution(AHP-TOPSIS)method for selecting and assessing multi-criteria decisions.The adopted methodology is a blend of fuzzy analytic hierarchy process(fuzzy AHP)and fuzzy technique for order preference by similarity ideal solution(fuzzy TOPSIS).To establish the efficacy of this methodology,the results are obtained after the evaluation have been tested on fifteen different web application projects(Online Quiz competition,Entrance Test,and others)of the Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar University,Lucknow,India.The tabulated outcomes demonstrate that the methodology of the Multi-Level Fuzzy Hybrid system is highly effective in providing accurate estimation for strengthening the security of web applications.The proposed study will help experts and developers in developing and managing security from any web application design phase for better accuracy and higher security.
