Objectives:Near misses happen more frequently than actual errors,and highlight system vulnerabilities without causing any harm,thus provide a safe space for organizational learning.Second-order problem solving behavio...Objectives:Near misses happen more frequently than actual errors,and highlight system vulnerabilities without causing any harm,thus provide a safe space for organizational learning.Second-order problem solving behavior offers a new perspective to better understand how nurses promote learning from near misses to improve organizational outcomes.This study aimed to explore frontline nurses’perspectives on using second-order problem solving behavior in learning from near misses to improve patient safety.Methods:A qualitative exploratory study design was employed.This study was conducted in three tertiary hospitals in east China from June to November 2015.Purposive sampling was used to recruit 19 frontline nurses.Semi-structured interviews and a qualitative directed content analysis was undertaken using Crossan’s 4I Framework of Organizational Learning as a coding framework.Results:Second-order problem solving behavior,based on the 4I Framework of Organizational Learning,was referred to as being a leader in exposing near misses,pushing forward the cause analysis within limited capacity,balancing the active and passive role during improvement project,and promoting the continuous improvement with passion while feeling low-powered.Conclusions:4I Framework of Organizational Learning can be an underlying guide to enrich frontline nurses’role in promoting organizations to learn from near misses.In this study,nurses displayed their pivotal role in organizational learning from near misses by using second-order problem solving.However,additional knowledge,skills,and support are needed to maximize the application of second-order problem solving behavior when near misses are recognized.展开更多
Axiomatic design (AD) and theory of inventive problem solving (TRIZ) are widely used in conceptual design. Both of them have limitations, however. We presented an integrated model of these two methods to increase the ...Axiomatic design (AD) and theory of inventive problem solving (TRIZ) are widely used in conceptual design. Both of them have limitations, however. We presented an integrated model of these two methods to increase the efficiency and quality of the problem solving process for conceptual design. AD is used for systematically defining and structuring a problem into a hierarchy. Sometimes, the design matrix is coupled in AD which indicates the functional requirements are coupled. TRIZ separation principles can be used to separate non-independent design parameters, which provide innovative solutions at each hierarchical level. We applied the integrated model to the heating and drying equipment of bitumen reproduction device. The result verifies that the integrated model can work very well in conceptual design.展开更多
Objective The aims of this study were to describe nursing students′self-directed learning readiness and social problem solving and test their correlations in Macao.Methods This descriptive cross-sectional study was c...Objective The aims of this study were to describe nursing students′self-directed learning readiness and social problem solving and test their correlations in Macao.Methods This descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted on 140baccalaureate nursing students.A stratified random sampling was performed.The Self-directed Learning Readiness(SDLR)Scale and Chinese Social Problem-Solving Inventory-Revised(C-SPSI-R)were used.Results The response rate was 79.3%.Students possessed readiness for self-directed learning(mean 149.09±12.53,51.4%at high level,48.6%at low level).Regarding to social problem solving,the mean scores of each subscale were 9.35±3.25(Rational Problem Solving,RPS),10.26±3.23(Positive Problem Orientation,PPO),8.14±4.06(Negative Problem Orientation,NPO),5.67±4.44(Avoidance Style,AS),and 4.84±3.03(Impulsivity/Carelessness Style,ICS).SDLR was positively related to RPS and PPO,but was negatively related to AS.Conclusion Half of students possessed stronger readiness for self-directed learning.Students had a belief in the ability to solve problems,and adopted relevant strategies in solving problems.However,students still had negative and dysfunctional orientation and defective attempts in solving problems.Self-directed learning was positively related to positive and constructive orientation,but was negatively related to defective problem-solving pattern.Nurse educators should create educational climates for promoting student confidence and mutual responsibility for learning and their thinking process for problem solving.展开更多
This paper looks at student's view of the usefulness of a problem solving and programming module in the first year of a 3-year undergraduate program.The School of Science and Technology,University of Northampton,U...This paper looks at student's view of the usefulness of a problem solving and programming module in the first year of a 3-year undergraduate program.The School of Science and Technology,University of Northampton,UK has been investigating,over the last seven years the teaching of problem solving.Including looking at whether a more visual approach has any benefits(the visual programming includes both 2-d and graphical user interfaces).Whilst the authors have discussed the subject problem solving and programming in the past [1] this paper considers the students perspective from research collected/collated by a student researcher under a new initiative within the University.All students interviewed either had completed the module within the two years of the survey or were completing the problem-solving module in their first year.展开更多
As more and more benefits of forgetting have been found in recent studies,whether forgetting could promote individuals ability of creative problem solving remains a controversial debate.This article discusses the eff...As more and more benefits of forgetting have been found in recent studies,whether forgetting could promote individuals ability of creative problem solving remains a controversial debate.This article discusses the effect of two types of forgetting,the retrieval-induced forgetting(RIF)and the forgetting during incubation,in benefiting creative problem solving by introducing and analysing the relevant experiments.The results reveal that retrieval-induced forgetting only works when previous mental fixations occurred and the promotion varies when solving different types of problems.The level of RIF is irrelevant to the performance in solving closed-ended creative problems and high level of RIF even impairs the creativity when solving open-ended problems.And forgetting during incubation cannot explain the incubation effect.The spreading activation of relevant information or the unconscious work is more likely to be the possible reasons.In conclusion,the current article brings about the discussions about the work conditions and effects of forgetting in creative problem solving.展开更多
Research suggests that physical fitness is positively associated with cognitive functioning in older adults, and that executive functions may be associated in particular. This study explored whether personality supple...Research suggests that physical fitness is positively associated with cognitive functioning in older adults, and that executive functions may be associated in particular. This study explored whether personality supplemented the relationship between physical activity and problem-solving. A computerized version of the Tower of London provided number of errors and time to completion as dependent variables using a sample of 65 community-dwelling older people. The NEO-FFI assessed the Big 5 dimensions of personality. Choice reaction time was used to control for changes in speed of processing with increased age. Age remained a significant predictor of both dependent variables, with neuroticism and agreeableness also showing predictive ability. Aerobic fitness was not associated with either outcome measure, suggesting that there might be differential effects of exercise on measures of different executive functions. Personality factors appear to have a stronger association with the cognitive function that has been reported previously.展开更多
In primary school mathematics teaching, mathematics teachers should guide students to discover, think, solve, reflect on the problem, so as to cultivate students' ability to solve problems, improve students' a...In primary school mathematics teaching, mathematics teachers should guide students to discover, think, solve, reflect on the problem, so as to cultivate students' ability to solve problems, improve students' ability to learn mathematics. How to guide students to find problems and answer them from various angles in class is the main problem for teachers to explain knowledge and enhance students' accomplishment. Primary school mathematics is an important subject to cultivate students' thinking ability, spatial concept, number sense, operation ability and other qualities, teachers should be committed to strengthening students' ability to solve problems, improve their mathematical learning efficiency, so that students can achieve all-round development in mathematics class. This paper explores the importance of developing problem-solving ability in primary school mathematics teaching, analyzes the problems existing in the training process, and puts forward corresponding optimization measures. We should carry out questioning teaching, change teaching mode, carry out group cooperation, establish reflective consciousness, and strengthen practice.展开更多
Hands-on Mini Lab Work with a partner.Suppose you are designing rectangular gardens that are bordered by white tiles.The three smallest gardens you can design are shown below.1.How many white tiles does it take to bor...Hands-on Mini Lab Work with a partner.Suppose you are designing rectangular gardens that are bordered by white tiles.The three smallest gardens you can design are shown below.1.How many white tiles does it take to border each of these three gardens?2.Predict how many white tiles it will take to border the next largest garden.Check your answer by modeling the garden.展开更多
BACKGROUND The use of a problem-solving model guided by stimulus-organism-response(SOR)theory for women with postpartum depression after cesarean delivery may inform nursing interventions for women with postpartum dep...BACKGROUND The use of a problem-solving model guided by stimulus-organism-response(SOR)theory for women with postpartum depression after cesarean delivery may inform nursing interventions for women with postpartum depression.AIM To explore the state of mind and coping style of women with depression after cesarean delivery guided by SOR theory.METHODS Eighty postpartum depressed women with cesarean delivery admitted to the hospital between January 2022 and October 2023 were selected and divided into two groups of 40 cases each,according to the random number table method.In the control group,the observation group adopted the problem-solving nursing model under SOR theory.The two groups were consecutively intervened for 12 weeks,and the state of mind,coping styles,and degree of post-partum depression were analyzed at the end of the intervention.RESULTS The Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale and Hamilton Depression Scale-24-item scores of the observation group were lower than in the control group after care,and the level of improvement in the state of mind was higher than that of the control group(P<0.05).The level of coping with illness in the observation group after care(26.48±3.35)was higher than that in the control group(21.73±3.20),and the level of avoidance(12.04±2.68)and submission(8.14±1.15)was lower than that in the control group(15.75±2.69 and 9.95±1.20),with significant differences(P<0.05).CONCLUSION Adopting the problem-solving nursing model using SOR theory for postpartum depressed mothers after cesarean delivery reduced maternal depression,improved their state of mind,and coping level with illness.展开更多
Considered a crucial skill in the 21st century,collaborative problem solving(CPS)has been an essential development task for preschool children.This study analyzes preschool children’s discourse in the project-based l...Considered a crucial skill in the 21st century,collaborative problem solving(CPS)has been an essential development task for preschool children.This study analyzes preschool children’s discourse in the project-based learning(PBL)process and presents the following findings.Firstly,in the collaborative dimension,the frequency of children’s discourse on establishing and maintaining shared understanding(U)and taking appropriate action to solve the problem(A)is relatively high,while that on establishing and maintaining team organization(O)is relatively low.Secondly,in the problem solving dimension,the frequency of children’s discourse on planning and executing(P&E)is the highest,while that on monitoring and reflecting(M&R)is the lowest.Thirdly,in terms of turn taking patterns,self-selection accounts for a significantly higher proportion than allocation and continuation.Overall,preschool children’s CPS is characterized by loose collaboration and multilinear problem solving.They are usually keener to strive for opportunities to express their views but lack attention to others’speeches.At the same time,they can constantly come up with new problem solving plans and actions but rarely reflect on their feasibility and actual effects.In addition to children’s collaborative role,teachers’intervention can also impact the CPS processes.Therefore,teachers are recommended to provide children with opportunities for CPS and strengthen monitoring,guidance,and support in children’s CPS processes to facilitate better child engagement in CPS.展开更多
Algorithms are the primary component of Artificial Intelligence(AI).The algorithm is the process in AI that imitates the human mind to solve problems.Currently evaluating the performance of AI is achieved by evaluatin...Algorithms are the primary component of Artificial Intelligence(AI).The algorithm is the process in AI that imitates the human mind to solve problems.Currently evaluating the performance of AI is achieved by evaluating AI algorithms by metric scores on data sets.However the evaluation of algorithms in AI is challenging because the evaluation of the same type of algorithm has many data sets and evaluation metrics.Different algorithms may have individual strengths and weaknesses in evaluation metric scores on separate data sets,lacking the credibility and validity of the evaluation.Moreover,evaluation of algorithms requires repeated experiments on different data sets,reducing the attention of researchers to the research of the algorithms itself.Crucially,this approach to evaluating comparative metric scores does not take into account the algorithm’s ability to solve problems.And the classical algorithm evaluation of time and space complexity is not suitable for evaluating AI algorithms.Because classical algorithms input is infinite numbers,whereas AI algorithms input is a data set,which is limited and multifarious.According to the AI algorithm evaluation without response to the problem solving capability,this paper summarizes the features of AI algorithm evaluation and proposes an AI evaluation method that incorporates the problem-solving capabilities of algorithms.展开更多
Enabling technologies are those technologies preparing input data,analyzing output data and facilitating the whole processes for numerical simulations.This paper outlines current enabling technologies for large-scale ...Enabling technologies are those technologies preparing input data,analyzing output data and facilitating the whole processes for numerical simulations.This paper outlines current enabling technologies for large-scale multidisciplinary simulations used in the High End Digital Prototyping(HEDP)system,a problem solving environment equipped with capability of mesh generation and large-scale visualization.A problem solving environment is a computer system that provides all the computational facilities necessary to solve a target class of problems.Mesh generation continues to be the pacing technology for a practical numerical analysis,which is essential to yielding an accurate and efficient solution.Large-scale visualization maps the massive data to some kinds of scenes interactively,which can be realized through a tiled display wall system with distributed visualization capability.HEDP is designed for large-scale andmultidisciplinary simulations,and there are four categories of modules involved,namely pre-processing module,computing module,post-processing module,and platform control module.All these modules are coupled through a software bus,which makes the modules integrated seamlessly.Detailed design principles and applications of the HEDP environment are addressed in this paper.展开更多
Insight problem solving is characterized by mental impasses,states of mind in which the problem solver does not know what to do next.Although many studies have investigated the neural correlates of insight problem sol...Insight problem solving is characterized by mental impasses,states of mind in which the problem solver does not know what to do next.Although many studies have investigated the neural correlates of insight problem solving,however,the question when mental impasses occur during insight problem solving has been rarely studied.The present study adopted high temporal resolution ERPs to investigate the temporal dynamics of an impasse underlying insight problem solving.Time locked ERPs were recorded associated with problems with impasses(PWI) and problems without impasses(POI).The problem types were determined by participants' subjective responses.The results revealed an early frontocentral P2 was linked with the preconscious awareness of mental impasses and a P3a was associated with fixed attention when the impasse formed.These findings suggest the impasse may occur initially at a relatively early stage and metacognition plays an important role in insight problem solving.展开更多
This paper proposes an approach to diagnostic reasoning with the followingdistinct features: ① A diagnostic system is formulated in FoL with equality,particularly in the form of program clauses; ② The abnormality of...This paper proposes an approach to diagnostic reasoning with the followingdistinct features: ① A diagnostic system is formulated in FoL with equality,particularly in the form of program clauses; ② The abnormality of system components is determined in terms of either experiential knowledge of domain experts or behavioral description of components; ③ Heuristics is fully used not only to assist in judging the abnormality of system components, but also to guide the diagnosis; ④ A uaique diagnosis will be computed for a given observation, provided that certain esseotial I-O information is supplementedwhen demanded.展开更多
A qualia role-based entity-dependency graph(EDG)is proposed to represent and extract quantity relations for solving algebra story problems stated in Chinese.Traditional neural solvers use end-to-end models to translat...A qualia role-based entity-dependency graph(EDG)is proposed to represent and extract quantity relations for solving algebra story problems stated in Chinese.Traditional neural solvers use end-to-end models to translate problem texts into math expressions,which lack quantity relation acquisition in sophisticated scenarios.To address the problem,the proposed method leverages EDG to represent quantity relations hidden in qualia roles of math objects.Algorithms were designed for EDG generation and quantity relation extraction for solving algebra story problems.Experimental result shows that the proposedmethod achieved an average accuracy of 82.2%on quantity relation extraction compared to 74.5%of baseline method.Another prompt learning result shows a 5%increase obtained in problem solving by injecting the extracted quantity relations into the baseline neural solvers.展开更多
The growing urbanization of hill towns results in an increasing demand for infrastructural facilities.Infrastructural facilities are generally planned without considering the effects of the surroundings as well as the...The growing urbanization of hill towns results in an increasing demand for infrastructural facilities.Infrastructural facilities are generally planned without considering the effects of the surroundings as well as their effects on the sensitive ecosystem of hill areas.Site planning decisions are taken on the basis of judgment and experience of planners in the absence of a rational and quantitative framework for ensuring the sustainable development of hill areas.This scenario generates the need for an efficient site planning framework.Site planning is a creative problem solving(CPS)process.Hence,in the current study,the CPSbased framework is developed as follows.First,existing CPS-based frameworks for planning and designing are reviewed.Second,the framework is developed for site planning in hill areas.Third,the developed framework is validated through planning infrastructural facilities of an institutional campus on a site located in hill areas.The major strength of the developed framework includes three cycles,namely,understand,process,and implement.Site planning decisions are taken through the generation of alternate scenarios and their subsequent evaluation on the basis of impact on the sensitive ecosystem of hill areas.展开更多
The goal of the present study is to investigate the relationship between pupils’problem posing and problem solving abilities,their beliefs about problem posing and problem solving,and their general mathematics abilit...The goal of the present study is to investigate the relationship between pupils’problem posing and problem solving abilities,their beliefs about problem posing and problem solving,and their general mathematics abilities,in a Chinese context.Five instruments,i.e.,a problem posing test,a problem solving test,a problem posing questionnaire,a problem solving questionnaire,and a standard achievement test,were administered to 69 Chinese fifth-grade pupils to assess these five variables and analyze their mutual relationships.Results revealed strong correlations between pupils’problem posing and problem solving abilities and beliefs,and their general mathematical abilities.展开更多
文摘Objectives:Near misses happen more frequently than actual errors,and highlight system vulnerabilities without causing any harm,thus provide a safe space for organizational learning.Second-order problem solving behavior offers a new perspective to better understand how nurses promote learning from near misses to improve organizational outcomes.This study aimed to explore frontline nurses’perspectives on using second-order problem solving behavior in learning from near misses to improve patient safety.Methods:A qualitative exploratory study design was employed.This study was conducted in three tertiary hospitals in east China from June to November 2015.Purposive sampling was used to recruit 19 frontline nurses.Semi-structured interviews and a qualitative directed content analysis was undertaken using Crossan’s 4I Framework of Organizational Learning as a coding framework.Results:Second-order problem solving behavior,based on the 4I Framework of Organizational Learning,was referred to as being a leader in exposing near misses,pushing forward the cause analysis within limited capacity,balancing the active and passive role during improvement project,and promoting the continuous improvement with passion while feeling low-powered.Conclusions:4I Framework of Organizational Learning can be an underlying guide to enrich frontline nurses’role in promoting organizations to learn from near misses.In this study,nurses displayed their pivotal role in organizational learning from near misses by using second-order problem solving.However,additional knowledge,skills,and support are needed to maximize the application of second-order problem solving behavior when near misses are recognized.
基金Funded by the Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 50575083)
文摘Axiomatic design (AD) and theory of inventive problem solving (TRIZ) are widely used in conceptual design. Both of them have limitations, however. We presented an integrated model of these two methods to increase the efficiency and quality of the problem solving process for conceptual design. AD is used for systematically defining and structuring a problem into a hierarchy. Sometimes, the design matrix is coupled in AD which indicates the functional requirements are coupled. TRIZ separation principles can be used to separate non-independent design parameters, which provide innovative solutions at each hierarchical level. We applied the integrated model to the heating and drying equipment of bitumen reproduction device. The result verifies that the integrated model can work very well in conceptual design.
文摘Objective The aims of this study were to describe nursing students′self-directed learning readiness and social problem solving and test their correlations in Macao.Methods This descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted on 140baccalaureate nursing students.A stratified random sampling was performed.The Self-directed Learning Readiness(SDLR)Scale and Chinese Social Problem-Solving Inventory-Revised(C-SPSI-R)were used.Results The response rate was 79.3%.Students possessed readiness for self-directed learning(mean 149.09±12.53,51.4%at high level,48.6%at low level).Regarding to social problem solving,the mean scores of each subscale were 9.35±3.25(Rational Problem Solving,RPS),10.26±3.23(Positive Problem Orientation,PPO),8.14±4.06(Negative Problem Orientation,NPO),5.67±4.44(Avoidance Style,AS),and 4.84±3.03(Impulsivity/Carelessness Style,ICS).SDLR was positively related to RPS and PPO,but was negatively related to AS.Conclusion Half of students possessed stronger readiness for self-directed learning.Students had a belief in the ability to solve problems,and adopted relevant strategies in solving problems.However,students still had negative and dysfunctional orientation and defective attempts in solving problems.Self-directed learning was positively related to positive and constructive orientation,but was negatively related to defective problem-solving pattern.Nurse educators should create educational climates for promoting student confidence and mutual responsibility for learning and their thinking process for problem solving.
文摘This paper looks at student's view of the usefulness of a problem solving and programming module in the first year of a 3-year undergraduate program.The School of Science and Technology,University of Northampton,UK has been investigating,over the last seven years the teaching of problem solving.Including looking at whether a more visual approach has any benefits(the visual programming includes both 2-d and graphical user interfaces).Whilst the authors have discussed the subject problem solving and programming in the past [1] this paper considers the students perspective from research collected/collated by a student researcher under a new initiative within the University.All students interviewed either had completed the module within the two years of the survey or were completing the problem-solving module in their first year.
文摘As more and more benefits of forgetting have been found in recent studies,whether forgetting could promote individuals ability of creative problem solving remains a controversial debate.This article discusses the effect of two types of forgetting,the retrieval-induced forgetting(RIF)and the forgetting during incubation,in benefiting creative problem solving by introducing and analysing the relevant experiments.The results reveal that retrieval-induced forgetting only works when previous mental fixations occurred and the promotion varies when solving different types of problems.The level of RIF is irrelevant to the performance in solving closed-ended creative problems and high level of RIF even impairs the creativity when solving open-ended problems.And forgetting during incubation cannot explain the incubation effect.The spreading activation of relevant information or the unconscious work is more likely to be the possible reasons.In conclusion,the current article brings about the discussions about the work conditions and effects of forgetting in creative problem solving.
文摘Research suggests that physical fitness is positively associated with cognitive functioning in older adults, and that executive functions may be associated in particular. This study explored whether personality supplemented the relationship between physical activity and problem-solving. A computerized version of the Tower of London provided number of errors and time to completion as dependent variables using a sample of 65 community-dwelling older people. The NEO-FFI assessed the Big 5 dimensions of personality. Choice reaction time was used to control for changes in speed of processing with increased age. Age remained a significant predictor of both dependent variables, with neuroticism and agreeableness also showing predictive ability. Aerobic fitness was not associated with either outcome measure, suggesting that there might be differential effects of exercise on measures of different executive functions. Personality factors appear to have a stronger association with the cognitive function that has been reported previously.
文摘In primary school mathematics teaching, mathematics teachers should guide students to discover, think, solve, reflect on the problem, so as to cultivate students' ability to solve problems, improve students' ability to learn mathematics. How to guide students to find problems and answer them from various angles in class is the main problem for teachers to explain knowledge and enhance students' accomplishment. Primary school mathematics is an important subject to cultivate students' thinking ability, spatial concept, number sense, operation ability and other qualities, teachers should be committed to strengthening students' ability to solve problems, improve their mathematical learning efficiency, so that students can achieve all-round development in mathematics class. This paper explores the importance of developing problem-solving ability in primary school mathematics teaching, analyzes the problems existing in the training process, and puts forward corresponding optimization measures. We should carry out questioning teaching, change teaching mode, carry out group cooperation, establish reflective consciousness, and strengthen practice.
文摘Hands-on Mini Lab Work with a partner.Suppose you are designing rectangular gardens that are bordered by white tiles.The three smallest gardens you can design are shown below.1.How many white tiles does it take to border each of these three gardens?2.Predict how many white tiles it will take to border the next largest garden.Check your answer by modeling the garden.
文摘BACKGROUND The use of a problem-solving model guided by stimulus-organism-response(SOR)theory for women with postpartum depression after cesarean delivery may inform nursing interventions for women with postpartum depression.AIM To explore the state of mind and coping style of women with depression after cesarean delivery guided by SOR theory.METHODS Eighty postpartum depressed women with cesarean delivery admitted to the hospital between January 2022 and October 2023 were selected and divided into two groups of 40 cases each,according to the random number table method.In the control group,the observation group adopted the problem-solving nursing model under SOR theory.The two groups were consecutively intervened for 12 weeks,and the state of mind,coping styles,and degree of post-partum depression were analyzed at the end of the intervention.RESULTS The Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale and Hamilton Depression Scale-24-item scores of the observation group were lower than in the control group after care,and the level of improvement in the state of mind was higher than that of the control group(P<0.05).The level of coping with illness in the observation group after care(26.48±3.35)was higher than that in the control group(21.73±3.20),and the level of avoidance(12.04±2.68)and submission(8.14±1.15)was lower than that in the control group(15.75±2.69 and 9.95±1.20),with significant differences(P<0.05).CONCLUSION Adopting the problem-solving nursing model using SOR theory for postpartum depressed mothers after cesarean delivery reduced maternal depression,improved their state of mind,and coping level with illness.
基金funded by the Zhejiang Provincial Educational Science Planning Project“Reconstructing Young Children’s Learning Experience:Research on the Construction and Practice of Sustainable Development Curriculum in Kindergarten”(No.2020SCG202).
文摘Considered a crucial skill in the 21st century,collaborative problem solving(CPS)has been an essential development task for preschool children.This study analyzes preschool children’s discourse in the project-based learning(PBL)process and presents the following findings.Firstly,in the collaborative dimension,the frequency of children’s discourse on establishing and maintaining shared understanding(U)and taking appropriate action to solve the problem(A)is relatively high,while that on establishing and maintaining team organization(O)is relatively low.Secondly,in the problem solving dimension,the frequency of children’s discourse on planning and executing(P&E)is the highest,while that on monitoring and reflecting(M&R)is the lowest.Thirdly,in terms of turn taking patterns,self-selection accounts for a significantly higher proportion than allocation and continuation.Overall,preschool children’s CPS is characterized by loose collaboration and multilinear problem solving.They are usually keener to strive for opportunities to express their views but lack attention to others’speeches.At the same time,they can constantly come up with new problem solving plans and actions but rarely reflect on their feasibility and actual effects.In addition to children’s collaborative role,teachers’intervention can also impact the CPS processes.Therefore,teachers are recommended to provide children with opportunities for CPS and strengthen monitoring,guidance,and support in children’s CPS processes to facilitate better child engagement in CPS.
基金funded by the General Program of the National Natural Science Foundation of China grant number[62277022].
文摘Algorithms are the primary component of Artificial Intelligence(AI).The algorithm is the process in AI that imitates the human mind to solve problems.Currently evaluating the performance of AI is achieved by evaluating AI algorithms by metric scores on data sets.However the evaluation of algorithms in AI is challenging because the evaluation of the same type of algorithm has many data sets and evaluation metrics.Different algorithms may have individual strengths and weaknesses in evaluation metric scores on separate data sets,lacking the credibility and validity of the evaluation.Moreover,evaluation of algorithms requires repeated experiments on different data sets,reducing the attention of researchers to the research of the algorithms itself.Crucially,this approach to evaluating comparative metric scores does not take into account the algorithm’s ability to solve problems.And the classical algorithm evaluation of time and space complexity is not suitable for evaluating AI algorithms.Because classical algorithms input is infinite numbers,whereas AI algorithms input is a data set,which is limited and multifarious.According to the AI algorithm evaluation without response to the problem solving capability,this paper summarizes the features of AI algorithm evaluation and proposes an AI evaluation method that incorporates the problem-solving capabilities of algorithms.
文摘Enabling technologies are those technologies preparing input data,analyzing output data and facilitating the whole processes for numerical simulations.This paper outlines current enabling technologies for large-scale multidisciplinary simulations used in the High End Digital Prototyping(HEDP)system,a problem solving environment equipped with capability of mesh generation and large-scale visualization.A problem solving environment is a computer system that provides all the computational facilities necessary to solve a target class of problems.Mesh generation continues to be the pacing technology for a practical numerical analysis,which is essential to yielding an accurate and efficient solution.Large-scale visualization maps the massive data to some kinds of scenes interactively,which can be realized through a tiled display wall system with distributed visualization capability.HEDP is designed for large-scale andmultidisciplinary simulations,and there are four categories of modules involved,namely pre-processing module,computing module,post-processing module,and platform control module.All these modules are coupled through a software bus,which makes the modules integrated seamlessly.Detailed design principles and applications of the HEDP environment are addressed in this paper.
基金supported by the National Basic Research Program of China (2010CB833904)Research Innovation Program for College Graduates of Jiangsu Province (CXLX12_0353, CXLX12_0351)the Fourth High-level Personnel Training Project in Jiangsu Province
文摘Insight problem solving is characterized by mental impasses,states of mind in which the problem solver does not know what to do next.Although many studies have investigated the neural correlates of insight problem solving,however,the question when mental impasses occur during insight problem solving has been rarely studied.The present study adopted high temporal resolution ERPs to investigate the temporal dynamics of an impasse underlying insight problem solving.Time locked ERPs were recorded associated with problems with impasses(PWI) and problems without impasses(POI).The problem types were determined by participants' subjective responses.The results revealed an early frontocentral P2 was linked with the preconscious awareness of mental impasses and a P3a was associated with fixed attention when the impasse formed.These findings suggest the impasse may occur initially at a relatively early stage and metacognition plays an important role in insight problem solving.
文摘This paper proposes an approach to diagnostic reasoning with the followingdistinct features: ① A diagnostic system is formulated in FoL with equality,particularly in the form of program clauses; ② The abnormality of system components is determined in terms of either experiential knowledge of domain experts or behavioral description of components; ③ Heuristics is fully used not only to assist in judging the abnormality of system components, but also to guide the diagnosis; ④ A uaique diagnosis will be computed for a given observation, provided that certain esseotial I-O information is supplementedwhen demanded.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Nos.62177024,62007014)the Humanities and Social Sciences Youth Fund of the Ministry of Education (No.20YJC880024)+1 种基金China Post Doctoral Science Foundation (No.2019M652678)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities (No.CCNU20ZT019).
文摘A qualia role-based entity-dependency graph(EDG)is proposed to represent and extract quantity relations for solving algebra story problems stated in Chinese.Traditional neural solvers use end-to-end models to translate problem texts into math expressions,which lack quantity relation acquisition in sophisticated scenarios.To address the problem,the proposed method leverages EDG to represent quantity relations hidden in qualia roles of math objects.Algorithms were designed for EDG generation and quantity relation extraction for solving algebra story problems.Experimental result shows that the proposedmethod achieved an average accuracy of 82.2%on quantity relation extraction compared to 74.5%of baseline method.Another prompt learning result shows a 5%increase obtained in problem solving by injecting the extracted quantity relations into the baseline neural solvers.
文摘The growing urbanization of hill towns results in an increasing demand for infrastructural facilities.Infrastructural facilities are generally planned without considering the effects of the surroundings as well as their effects on the sensitive ecosystem of hill areas.Site planning decisions are taken on the basis of judgment and experience of planners in the absence of a rational and quantitative framework for ensuring the sustainable development of hill areas.This scenario generates the need for an efficient site planning framework.Site planning is a creative problem solving(CPS)process.Hence,in the current study,the CPSbased framework is developed as follows.First,existing CPS-based frameworks for planning and designing are reviewed.Second,the framework is developed for site planning in hill areas.Third,the developed framework is validated through planning infrastructural facilities of an institutional campus on a site located in hill areas.The major strength of the developed framework includes three cycles,namely,understand,process,and implement.Site planning decisions are taken through the generation of alternate scenarios and their subsequent evaluation on the basis of impact on the sensitive ecosystem of hill areas.
基金This research was supported by Grant Education Sciences Planning(JG10DB223)“Experimental research on the development of pupils’problem posing ability in Shenyang City”from the Research Fund of the Shenyang Educational Committeeby Grant GOA 2012/10“Number sense:Analysis and improvement”from the Research Fund of the Katholieke Universiteit Leuven,Belgium.
文摘The goal of the present study is to investigate the relationship between pupils’problem posing and problem solving abilities,their beliefs about problem posing and problem solving,and their general mathematics abilities,in a Chinese context.Five instruments,i.e.,a problem posing test,a problem solving test,a problem posing questionnaire,a problem solving questionnaire,and a standard achievement test,were administered to 69 Chinese fifth-grade pupils to assess these five variables and analyze their mutual relationships.Results revealed strong correlations between pupils’problem posing and problem solving abilities and beliefs,and their general mathematical abilities.
