The apoplast is one of the first cellular compartments outside the plasma membrane encountered by phytopathogenic microbes in the early stages of plant tissue invasion.Plants have developed sophisticated surveillance ...The apoplast is one of the first cellular compartments outside the plasma membrane encountered by phytopathogenic microbes in the early stages of plant tissue invasion.Plants have developed sophisticated surveillance mechanisms to sense danger events at the cell surface and promptly activate immunity.However,a fine tuning of the activation of immune pathways is necessary to mount a robust and effective defense response.Several endogenous proteins and enzymes are synthesized as inactive precursors,and their post-translational processing has emerged as a critical mechanism for triggering alarms in the apoplast.In this review,we focus on the precursors of phytocytokines,cell wall remodeling enzymes,and proteases.The physiological events that convert inactive precursors into immunomodulatory active peptides or enzymes are described.This review also explores the functional synergies among phytocytokines,cell wall damage-associated molecular patterns,and remodeling,highlighting their roles in boosting extracellular immunity and reinforcing defenses against pests.展开更多
基金supported by Sapienza University of Rome,grants RM120172 B78CFDF2,RM11916B7A142CF1,RM122181424F1F42,and RG12117 A898EABE0by the European Union“NextGenerationEU”program“Project ECS 0000024 Rome Technopole”-CUP B83C22002820006,PNRR Missione 4 Componente 2 Investimento 1.5by the Italian Ministry for Education,University and Research(MUR)with the project REACH-XY:CUP B93C22001920001.
文摘The apoplast is one of the first cellular compartments outside the plasma membrane encountered by phytopathogenic microbes in the early stages of plant tissue invasion.Plants have developed sophisticated surveillance mechanisms to sense danger events at the cell surface and promptly activate immunity.However,a fine tuning of the activation of immune pathways is necessary to mount a robust and effective defense response.Several endogenous proteins and enzymes are synthesized as inactive precursors,and their post-translational processing has emerged as a critical mechanism for triggering alarms in the apoplast.In this review,we focus on the precursors of phytocytokines,cell wall remodeling enzymes,and proteases.The physiological events that convert inactive precursors into immunomodulatory active peptides or enzymes are described.This review also explores the functional synergies among phytocytokines,cell wall damage-associated molecular patterns,and remodeling,highlighting their roles in boosting extracellular immunity and reinforcing defenses against pests.
