As renewable energy resources increasingly penetrate the electric grid,the inertia capability of power systems has become a developmental bottleneck.Nevertheless,the importance of primary frequency response(PFR)when m...As renewable energy resources increasingly penetrate the electric grid,the inertia capability of power systems has become a developmental bottleneck.Nevertheless,the importance of primary frequency response(PFR)when making generation-expansion plans has been largely ignored.In this paper,we propose an optimal generation-expansion planning framework for wind and thermal power plants that takes PFR into account.The model is based on the frequency equivalent model.It includes investment,startup/shutdown,and typical operating costs for both thermal and renewable generators.The linearization constraints of PFR are derived theoretically.Case studies based on the modified IEEE 39-bus system demonstrate the efficiency and effectiveness of the proposed method.Compared with methods that ignore PFR,the method proposed in this paper can effectively reduce the cost of the entire planning and operation cycle,improving the accommodation rate of renewable energy.展开更多
Strict enforcement of government policies to integrate high generation share from renewable energy sources(RES)like wind and PV would create inevitable operational challenges for the utilities to deliver Frequency Res...Strict enforcement of government policies to integrate high generation share from renewable energy sources(RES)like wind and PV would create inevitable operational challenges for the utilities to deliver Frequency Response(FR)services.Uncertain RES generation characteristics would worsen the situation for SO,to detain initial frequency deviation following the largest generation outage.This necessitates investigation of optimal generator combination for securing PFR adequacy with simultaneous characterization of uncertainty.In this regard,this paper proposes a novel Modified Interval(MI)based optimal generation mix formulation for operation cost minimization and FR adequacy.RES uncertainty is characterised by forecasted upper and lower bound,while hourly ramp needs are based on the net load scenarios.Proposed model is assessed on one area IEEE reliability test system.Rate of change of frequency(ROCOF)and frequency deviation are considered as network security limits to obtain optimal generation mix.Results obtained provide,overall cost performance,PFR and optimal generation mix,without violating system security criteria.This model would certainly assist SO,to enhance system’s inertia and PFR adequacy at short-term system operations and could be extended for long-term planning framework.展开更多
In power systems with high proportion of variable renewable energy,the scarcity of inertia and primary frequency response(IPFR)becomes a critical issue.This evolution necessitates the emergence of corresponding market...In power systems with high proportion of variable renewable energy,the scarcity of inertia and primary frequency response(IPFR)becomes a critical issue.This evolution necessitates the emergence of corresponding markets.The increasing variety of markets and the diversity of market participants have led to more complex bidding behaviors than before,which need be thoroughly studied.This paper proposes a bi-level model to analyze the bidding behaviors of a renewable-storage system(RSS)acting as a price maker in multiple markets.The nonlinear relationship between IPFR and system frequency is modeled.To depict the characteristics of IPFR and future markets,the unit commitment(UC)process is embedded.To address the nonconvexity caused by the UC process in the proposed bi-level model,a solu-tion approach based on penalty function and dual theory is presented.The proposed model and its solution method are applied to a case study based on the IEEE30-bus system and historical operational data from the California Independent System Operator.The case study results illustrate that the proposed model can effectively charac-terize the complex bidding behaviors of RSS in multiple markets and validate the efficacy of the solution method.展开更多
基金supported in part by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.U1966204,51907064).
文摘As renewable energy resources increasingly penetrate the electric grid,the inertia capability of power systems has become a developmental bottleneck.Nevertheless,the importance of primary frequency response(PFR)when making generation-expansion plans has been largely ignored.In this paper,we propose an optimal generation-expansion planning framework for wind and thermal power plants that takes PFR into account.The model is based on the frequency equivalent model.It includes investment,startup/shutdown,and typical operating costs for both thermal and renewable generators.The linearization constraints of PFR are derived theoretically.Case studies based on the modified IEEE 39-bus system demonstrate the efficiency and effectiveness of the proposed method.Compared with methods that ignore PFR,the method proposed in this paper can effectively reduce the cost of the entire planning and operation cycle,improving the accommodation rate of renewable energy.
基金This work is supported by the DST grant for UKICERI project,DST/RCUK/JVCCE/2015/02.
文摘Strict enforcement of government policies to integrate high generation share from renewable energy sources(RES)like wind and PV would create inevitable operational challenges for the utilities to deliver Frequency Response(FR)services.Uncertain RES generation characteristics would worsen the situation for SO,to detain initial frequency deviation following the largest generation outage.This necessitates investigation of optimal generator combination for securing PFR adequacy with simultaneous characterization of uncertainty.In this regard,this paper proposes a novel Modified Interval(MI)based optimal generation mix formulation for operation cost minimization and FR adequacy.RES uncertainty is characterised by forecasted upper and lower bound,while hourly ramp needs are based on the net load scenarios.Proposed model is assessed on one area IEEE reliability test system.Rate of change of frequency(ROCOF)and frequency deviation are considered as network security limits to obtain optimal generation mix.Results obtained provide,overall cost performance,PFR and optimal generation mix,without violating system security criteria.This model would certainly assist SO,to enhance system’s inertia and PFR adequacy at short-term system operations and could be extended for long-term planning framework.
基金supported by the SGCC Science and Technology Project“Cost Analysis,Market Bidding Mechanism Research and Validation of New Power System Transformation under a Diversified Value System”(No.1400-202357380A-2-3-XG).
文摘In power systems with high proportion of variable renewable energy,the scarcity of inertia and primary frequency response(IPFR)becomes a critical issue.This evolution necessitates the emergence of corresponding markets.The increasing variety of markets and the diversity of market participants have led to more complex bidding behaviors than before,which need be thoroughly studied.This paper proposes a bi-level model to analyze the bidding behaviors of a renewable-storage system(RSS)acting as a price maker in multiple markets.The nonlinear relationship between IPFR and system frequency is modeled.To depict the characteristics of IPFR and future markets,the unit commitment(UC)process is embedded.To address the nonconvexity caused by the UC process in the proposed bi-level model,a solu-tion approach based on penalty function and dual theory is presented.The proposed model and its solution method are applied to a case study based on the IEEE30-bus system and historical operational data from the California Independent System Operator.The case study results illustrate that the proposed model can effectively charac-terize the complex bidding behaviors of RSS in multiple markets and validate the efficacy of the solution method.
