Focusing on the peculiarities of urban construction resulting from specific mountain terrains, the purpose of this study is to find out a suitable method based on a Spatial Network Comprehensive Model(SNCM) to reasona...Focusing on the peculiarities of urban construction resulting from specific mountain terrains, the purpose of this study is to find out a suitable method based on a Spatial Network Comprehensive Model(SNCM) to reasonably plan and distribute primary schools in low-income mountain cities. The construction principles and advantages of the SNCM method are proposed and the method tested in Wanyuan city of Qinba Mountain area(Southwest China) to verify its feasibility and optimization. Taking account of the mountain terrain and its influence on user behavior, we used the SNCM method to build a comprehensive model which integrates the road slope and the walking speed of pupils into the basic spatial model. The model is used to calculate a reasonable layout of the primary schools and to validate the rationale. The results show that the SNCM method can be effectively applied in low-income mountainous cities. It can not only improve the accessibility and service efficiency of primary schools using as little capital-investment as possible, but also help the city grow in an intensive and efficient way.展开更多
Oceanographical features on both sides of Balingtang Channel (17°55′-20°06′N, 122°55′-126°57′E) were comprehensively investigated on board of R/V "Experiment 3" in June. 1984. The pre...Oceanographical features on both sides of Balingtang Channel (17°55′-20°06′N, 122°55′-126°57′E) were comprehensively investigated on board of R/V "Experiment 3" in June. 1984. The pre-sent paper reports the chlorophyll data collected and primary productivity estimated there. Water sam-ples were taken with a glass bottle of Model HQMat the depth of 0, 10. 25, 50, 75, 100 and 150m, separately. Chlorophyll was determined according to the spectrophotometry proposed by UNESCO(1966) and calculated with the trichromatic equations of Jeffrey-Humphrey(1975). Estimations ofprimary productivity were carried out using a simplified equation (Q = 1.5) given by Cadee(1975).展开更多
INTRODUCTIONThe coast zone is the area where most human activities take place and where the highest economic benefit is produced. The knowledge of the distribution and variation of primary production provides the base...INTRODUCTIONThe coast zone is the area where most human activities take place and where the highest economic benefit is produced. The knowledge of the distribution and variation of primary production provides the bases as reference helping the marine exploitation and management.展开更多
Primary productivity in the western tropical Pacific and equatorial warm waters was studied in the WOCE cruise in November of 1991 and the TOGA-COARE cruise from November of 1992 to February of 1993.It is shown that t...Primary productivity in the western tropical Pacific and equatorial warm waters was studied in the WOCE cruise in November of 1991 and the TOGA-COARE cruise from November of 1992 to February of 1993.It is shown that the total amount of integrated chlorophyll a(chloro a)was 19 79 mg/m 2 in depthof0～150 m and the average daily primary productivity was 171 mg/(m 2·d)(C)appeared in the western tropical Pacific while a higher chloro a(21 68 mg/m 2)and primary productivity [228 mg/(m 2·d)(C)]were observed in the equatorial warm waters.The highest chloro a was found at the coastal stations of Philippines and Irian while the lowest chloro a was at the offshore areas bounded by 2°～4°N.The distribution pattern of chloro a biomass was related to different physical processes.Upwelling,which may have led to a high biomass, was a critical factor changing the distributions of temperature,salinity and nutrient in these areas.展开更多
In terms of the theory of the three hierarchies of distribution in economics,private law can be seen as embodying a 2.5th distribution.Primary distribution confers equal objective rights on all private agents,who acqu...In terms of the theory of the three hierarchies of distribution in economics,private law can be seen as embodying a 2.5th distribution.Primary distribution confers equal objective rights on all private agents,who acquire subjective rights through de facto and de jure acts.The legal environment should be conducive to unleashing the energy and creativity of agents,supporting entrepreneurs,safeguarding competitive neutrality and promoting the mobility of factors of production in order to consolidate the material foundation of common prosperity.Redistribution changes the rules of primary distribution and is an inherent and rightful function of private law.By equalizing the strengths and weaknesses of the interactions of private agents,redistribution is better able to promote self-determination and defend human dignity than public law.Moreover,it enables private law to achieve the national goals of enhancing social welfare and reducing confrontation in the operation of power.Private law lies between redistribution and tertiary distribution,occupying the 2.5th distribution.Its most typical expression is"interference liability,"i.e.,justified harm inflicted in cases of necessity(Aufopferungshaftung).This includes the expansion of the social liability of profitmaking legal persons,the expansion of tort liability,and the limitation of the return of benefits.Private law enables distributive justice to serve as a common basis for the various hierarchies of distribution,incorporating the different values of private law and weighting them differently depending on the circumstances.Distributive justice can also help to transform all private law rules into laws of nature,thus highlighting the neutrality of private law.展开更多
The distribution and fractionation of persistent organic pollutants(POPs)in different matrices refer to how these pollutants are dispersed and separated within various environmental compartments.This is a significant ...The distribution and fractionation of persistent organic pollutants(POPs)in different matrices refer to how these pollutants are dispersed and separated within various environmental compartments.This is a significant study area as it helps us understand the transport efficiencies and long-range transport potentials of POPs to enter remote areas,particularly polar regions.This study provides a comprehensive review of the progress in understanding the distribution and fractionation of POPs.We focus on the contributions of four intermedia processes(dry and wet depositions for gaseous and particulate POPs)and determine their transfer between air and soil.These processes are controlled by their partitioning between gaseous and particulate phases in the atmosphere.The distribution patterns and fractionations can be categorized into primary and secondary types.Equations are developed to quantificationally study the primary and secondary distributions and fractionations of POPs.The analysis results suggest that the transfer of low molecular weight(LMW)POPs from air to soil is mainly through gas diffusion and particle deposition,whereas high molecular weight(HMW)POPs are mainly via particle deposition.HMW-POPs tend to be trapped near the source,whereas LMW-POPs are more prone to undergo long-range atmospheric transport.This crucial distinction elucidates the primary reason behind their temperatureindependent primary fractionation.However,the secondary distribution and fractionation can only be observed along a temperature gradient,such as latitudinal or altitudinal transects.An animation is produced by a one-dimensional transport model to simulate conceptively the transport of CB-28 and CB-180,revealing the similarities and differences between the primary and secondary distributions and fractionations.We suggest that the decreasing temperature trend along latitudes is not the major reason for POPs to be fractionated into the polar ecosystems,but drives the longer-term accumulation of POPs in cold climates or polar cold trapping.展开更多
In this paper, we try to find some general rules and the structural factors that cause a fall in labor economic growth in countries all over the world, the by a U-shaped curve in which the tuming point is for labor sh...In this paper, we try to find some general rules and the structural factors that cause a fall in labor economic growth in countries all over the world, the by a U-shaped curve in which the tuming point is for labor share in primary distribution share. We show that, in the process of evolution of labor share is characterized $6,000 per capita GDP （in PPP, 2000）. We develop a model to explain this phenomenon that provides an in-depth explanation for Kuznets＇ inverted U hypothesis. Our findings indicate that the evolution of China＇s labor share is basically consistent with the model we have constructed. In addition, sectoral composition and the relative bargaining power of labor are also factors influencing labor share. These findings imply that labor share of primary distribution in China may enter an upward trajectory over the next two years. This process may be accelerated by the central government＇s policies for dealing with global financial crisis and by structural adjustment.展开更多
This paper investigates how national income distribution among the corporate, government, and household sectors has changed from 1992 to 2005 using the Flow of Funds Accounts adjusted after the National Economic Censu...This paper investigates how national income distribution among the corporate, government, and household sectors has changed from 1992 to 2005 using the Flow of Funds Accounts adjusted after the National Economic Census 2004. We analyze the changes in institutional distribution of national income from the primary and secondary distribution of national income, with a focus on explaining the fall in the household sector＇s share of the national income pie since 1996. To analyze the primary distribution of national income among institutional sectors, we formulate the share of each sector in primary national income as the weighted average of the product of factor income share using each sector＇s proportion of the different types of factor income as weights. With this formula, we adjust factor income shares in the Flow of Funds Account, re-compute the distribution of disposable income by institutional sector from 1993 to 2005, and extrapolate the distribution to 2006 and 2007. Our findings are： the share of the household sector in national disposable income reached its peak in 1996, and declined by over twelve percentage points between 1996 and 2005, of which 10.71 and 2.01 percentage points were due to primary distribution and secondary distribution respectively. In contrast, the share of the corporate and government sectors in primary distribution increased by 7.49 and 3.21 percentage points respectively. In secondary distribution, the share of the government sector further increased by 3.17 percentage points, at the expense of the other two sectors. We also find that the decline in the share of labor income and property income in factor income distribution are the two main sources for the decline in the household share of primary distribution. In the period 2005-2007, the household share of national income fell further by over three percentage points, mostly resulting from the increase in the share of net production tax.展开更多
基金funded by the National Social Science Foundation of Chongqing (Grants No. 2016YBJJ031)
文摘Focusing on the peculiarities of urban construction resulting from specific mountain terrains, the purpose of this study is to find out a suitable method based on a Spatial Network Comprehensive Model(SNCM) to reasonably plan and distribute primary schools in low-income mountain cities. The construction principles and advantages of the SNCM method are proposed and the method tested in Wanyuan city of Qinba Mountain area(Southwest China) to verify its feasibility and optimization. Taking account of the mountain terrain and its influence on user behavior, we used the SNCM method to build a comprehensive model which integrates the road slope and the walking speed of pupils into the basic spatial model. The model is used to calculate a reasonable layout of the primary schools and to validate the rationale. The results show that the SNCM method can be effectively applied in low-income mountainous cities. It can not only improve the accessibility and service efficiency of primary schools using as little capital-investment as possible, but also help the city grow in an intensive and efficient way.
文摘Oceanographical features on both sides of Balingtang Channel (17°55′-20°06′N, 122°55′-126°57′E) were comprehensively investigated on board of R/V "Experiment 3" in June. 1984. The pre-sent paper reports the chlorophyll data collected and primary productivity estimated there. Water sam-ples were taken with a glass bottle of Model HQMat the depth of 0, 10. 25, 50, 75, 100 and 150m, separately. Chlorophyll was determined according to the spectrophotometry proposed by UNESCO(1966) and calculated with the trichromatic equations of Jeffrey-Humphrey(1975). Estimations ofprimary productivity were carried out using a simplified equation (Q = 1.5) given by Cadee(1975).
文摘INTRODUCTIONThe coast zone is the area where most human activities take place and where the highest economic benefit is produced. The knowledge of the distribution and variation of primary production provides the bases as reference helping the marine exploitation and management.
文摘Primary productivity in the western tropical Pacific and equatorial warm waters was studied in the WOCE cruise in November of 1991 and the TOGA-COARE cruise from November of 1992 to February of 1993.It is shown that the total amount of integrated chlorophyll a(chloro a)was 19 79 mg/m 2 in depthof0～150 m and the average daily primary productivity was 171 mg/(m 2·d)(C)appeared in the western tropical Pacific while a higher chloro a(21 68 mg/m 2)and primary productivity [228 mg/(m 2·d)(C)]were observed in the equatorial warm waters.The highest chloro a was found at the coastal stations of Philippines and Irian while the lowest chloro a was at the offshore areas bounded by 2°～4°N.The distribution pattern of chloro a biomass was related to different physical processes.Upwelling,which may have led to a high biomass, was a critical factor changing the distributions of temperature,salinity and nutrient in these areas.
文摘In terms of the theory of the three hierarchies of distribution in economics,private law can be seen as embodying a 2.5th distribution.Primary distribution confers equal objective rights on all private agents,who acquire subjective rights through de facto and de jure acts.The legal environment should be conducive to unleashing the energy and creativity of agents,supporting entrepreneurs,safeguarding competitive neutrality and promoting the mobility of factors of production in order to consolidate the material foundation of common prosperity.Redistribution changes the rules of primary distribution and is an inherent and rightful function of private law.By equalizing the strengths and weaknesses of the interactions of private agents,redistribution is better able to promote self-determination and defend human dignity than public law.Moreover,it enables private law to achieve the national goals of enhancing social welfare and reducing confrontation in the operation of power.Private law lies between redistribution and tertiary distribution,occupying the 2.5th distribution.Its most typical expression is"interference liability,"i.e.,justified harm inflicted in cases of necessity(Aufopferungshaftung).This includes the expansion of the social liability of profitmaking legal persons,the expansion of tort liability,and the limitation of the return of benefits.Private law enables distributive justice to serve as a common basis for the various hierarchies of distribution,incorporating the different values of private law and weighting them differently depending on the circumstances.Distributive justice can also help to transform all private law rules into laws of nature,thus highlighting the neutrality of private law.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(42077341),the State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment,Harbin Institute of Technology(No.2022TS05)the Special Project for Sustainable Development Science Technology in Shenzhen(No.KCXFZ20201221173000001)supported by the Heilongjiang Touyan Innovation Team Program and the Natural Science Foundation of Heilongjiang Province of China(Grant No.LH2021E096),China.
文摘The distribution and fractionation of persistent organic pollutants(POPs)in different matrices refer to how these pollutants are dispersed and separated within various environmental compartments.This is a significant study area as it helps us understand the transport efficiencies and long-range transport potentials of POPs to enter remote areas,particularly polar regions.This study provides a comprehensive review of the progress in understanding the distribution and fractionation of POPs.We focus on the contributions of four intermedia processes(dry and wet depositions for gaseous and particulate POPs)and determine their transfer between air and soil.These processes are controlled by their partitioning between gaseous and particulate phases in the atmosphere.The distribution patterns and fractionations can be categorized into primary and secondary types.Equations are developed to quantificationally study the primary and secondary distributions and fractionations of POPs.The analysis results suggest that the transfer of low molecular weight(LMW)POPs from air to soil is mainly through gas diffusion and particle deposition,whereas high molecular weight(HMW)POPs are mainly via particle deposition.HMW-POPs tend to be trapped near the source,whereas LMW-POPs are more prone to undergo long-range atmospheric transport.This crucial distinction elucidates the primary reason behind their temperatureindependent primary fractionation.However,the secondary distribution and fractionation can only be observed along a temperature gradient,such as latitudinal or altitudinal transects.An animation is produced by a one-dimensional transport model to simulate conceptively the transport of CB-28 and CB-180,revealing the similarities and differences between the primary and secondary distributions and fractionations.We suggest that the decreasing temperature trend along latitudes is not the major reason for POPs to be fractionated into the polar ecosystems,but drives the longer-term accumulation of POPs in cold climates or polar cold trapping.
基金This paper is one of the phased products of a joint research project undertaken in 2007 between the Micro-Group of the Institute of Economics, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences （CASS） and CCWE, Tsinghua University. The micro-data employed come from a survey of firms conducted by the Institute of Economics, CASS, in 2006. The authors gratefully acknowledge the support of the Ministry of Education＇s Cheung Kong Scholars Program and the National Natural Science Foundation （project number： 70473048）.
文摘In this paper, we try to find some general rules and the structural factors that cause a fall in labor economic growth in countries all over the world, the by a U-shaped curve in which the tuming point is for labor share in primary distribution share. We show that, in the process of evolution of labor share is characterized $6,000 per capita GDP （in PPP, 2000）. We develop a model to explain this phenomenon that provides an in-depth explanation for Kuznets＇ inverted U hypothesis. Our findings indicate that the evolution of China＇s labor share is basically consistent with the model we have constructed. In addition, sectoral composition and the relative bargaining power of labor are also factors influencing labor share. These findings imply that labor share of primary distribution in China may enter an upward trajectory over the next two years. This process may be accelerated by the central government＇s policies for dealing with global financial crisis and by structural adjustment.
文摘This paper investigates how national income distribution among the corporate, government, and household sectors has changed from 1992 to 2005 using the Flow of Funds Accounts adjusted after the National Economic Census 2004. We analyze the changes in institutional distribution of national income from the primary and secondary distribution of national income, with a focus on explaining the fall in the household sector＇s share of the national income pie since 1996. To analyze the primary distribution of national income among institutional sectors, we formulate the share of each sector in primary national income as the weighted average of the product of factor income share using each sector＇s proportion of the different types of factor income as weights. With this formula, we adjust factor income shares in the Flow of Funds Account, re-compute the distribution of disposable income by institutional sector from 1993 to 2005, and extrapolate the distribution to 2006 and 2007. Our findings are： the share of the household sector in national disposable income reached its peak in 1996, and declined by over twelve percentage points between 1996 and 2005, of which 10.71 and 2.01 percentage points were due to primary distribution and secondary distribution respectively. In contrast, the share of the corporate and government sectors in primary distribution increased by 7.49 and 3.21 percentage points respectively. In secondary distribution, the share of the government sector further increased by 3.17 percentage points, at the expense of the other two sectors. We also find that the decline in the share of labor income and property income in factor income distribution are the two main sources for the decline in the household share of primary distribution. In the period 2005-2007, the household share of national income fell further by over three percentage points, mostly resulting from the increase in the share of net production tax.
