Melatonin(N-acetyl-5-methoxytryptamine)is known as the hormone of darkness because it is synthesized at night and involved in regulating the circadian clock.The hormone is primarily synthesized by the vertebrate pinea...Melatonin(N-acetyl-5-methoxytryptamine)is known as the hormone of darkness because it is synthesized at night and involved in regulating the circadian clock.The hormone is primarily synthesized by the vertebrate pineal gland,but is ubiquitous among invertebrates,unicellular organisms,plants,and even cyanobacteria(Hattori and Suzuki,2024).Melatonin is well-conserved evolutionarily and possesses several physiological functions,such as immune response,bone and glucose metabolism,and memory formation besides regulating the circadian rhythm.展开更多
Glaucoma is a multifactorial eye disorder that can cause vision loss and irreversible blindness,affecting individ uals aged 40 to 80 yea rs worldwide.Due to the aging population,it is expected that the number of peopl...Glaucoma is a multifactorial eye disorder that can cause vision loss and irreversible blindness,affecting individ uals aged 40 to 80 yea rs worldwide.Due to the aging population,it is expected that the number of people affected by glaucoma will surpass 111 million by 2040 as the disease becomes more prevalent.Glaucoma primarily contributes to optic nerve axon loss and the progressive degeneration of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs),subsequently leading to vision impairment.展开更多
Dopamine,often termed the"feel-good"neurotransmitter,plays a crucial role in myriad physiological and psychological brain processes.While dopamine is primarily associated with pleasure,reward,and motivation,...Dopamine,often termed the"feel-good"neurotransmitter,plays a crucial role in myriad physiological and psychological brain processes.While dopamine is primarily associated with pleasure,reward,and motivation,its effects can be quite complex;and this complexity is further compounded when examining how dopamine functions in typical versus disease-affected neural circuits.In pa rticula r,epilepsy,characte rized by heightened brain excitability,is linked to cognitive dysfunction,and dopamine is implicated in elements of both its pathology and treatment.Neuroscience has been successful in describing the synaptic abnormalities believed to contribute to memory issues in epilepsy,aiding in the search for effective therapies for what persists as a major medical issue.展开更多
With the growing demands for food safety,quality,and environmental protection,active food packaging is playing an increasingly vital role in the food industry.Traditional food packaging primarily protects products and...With the growing demands for food safety,quality,and environmental protection,active food packaging is playing an increasingly vital role in the food industry.Traditional food packaging primarily protects products and facilitates transportation.Active food packaging,however,not only fulfills these fundamental functions but also actively interacts with the food or its environment to extend shelf life and enhance food safety.From current research advancements and market applications,active food packaging demonstrates the following prominent development trends.展开更多
Proanthocyanidins(PAs),also known as“condensed tannins”,are colorless metabolites produced through the flavonoid pathway that are involved in stress resistance in plants.Because PAs are involved in the anthocyanin b...Proanthocyanidins(PAs),also known as“condensed tannins”,are colorless metabolites produced through the flavonoid pathway that are involved in stress resistance in plants.Because PAs are involved in the anthocyanin biosynthetic pathway,they play a role in the modification of pigmentation conferred by anthocyanins in ornamental organs.In this study,we isolated the gene and functionally characterized an R2R3-MYB transcription factor(TF),AaMYB3,and a basic helix-loop-helix TF,AabHLH1,from Anthurium andraeanum(Hort.),a typical tropical flower.AaMYB3 is primarily expressed in the spathe and negatively correlates with anthocyanin accumulation.A complementation test in an Arabidopsis tt8 mutant showed that AabHLH1 successfully restores the PA-deficient seed coat phenotype.The ectopic overexpression of AaMYB3 alone or its coexpression with AabHLH1 in transgenic tobacco resulted in light pink or even pale-pink corolla limbs by reducing their anthocyanin levels and greatly enhancing their accumulation of PAs.This overexpression of the anthurium TF genes upregulated the late anthocyanin enzymeencoding genes(NtDFR and NtANS)and the key PA genes(NtLAR and NtANR)in transgenic tobacco.The interaction between AaMYB3 and the AabHLH1 protein was confirmed using yeast two-hybrid(Y2H)and bimolecular fluorescence complementation(BiFC)assays.In the developing red spathes of the cultivars“Vitara”and“Tropical”,the expression of AaMYB3 was closely linked to PA accumulation,and AaMYB3 was coexpressed with AaCHS,AaF3H,AaDFR,AaANS,AaLAR,and AaANR.The expression pattern of AabHLH1 was similar to that of AaF3′H.Our results suggest that AaMYB3 and AabHLH1 are involved in the regulation of PA biosynthesis in anthurium and could potentially be used to metabolically engineer PA biosynthesis in plants.展开更多
DEAR EDITOR,Genomic imprinting often results in parent-of-origin specific differential expression of maternally and paternally inherited alleles and plays an essential role in mammalian development and growth.Mammalia...DEAR EDITOR,Genomic imprinting often results in parent-of-origin specific differential expression of maternally and paternally inherited alleles and plays an essential role in mammalian development and growth.Mammalian genomic imprinting has primarily been studied in mice and humans,with only limited information available for pigs.To systematically characterize this phenomenon and evaluate imprinting status between different species,we investigated imprinted genes on a genome-wide scale in pig brain tissues.展开更多
The dental operative microscope has been widely employed in the field of dentistry,particularly in endodontics and operative dentistry,resulting in significant advancements in the effectiveness of root canal therapy,e...The dental operative microscope has been widely employed in the field of dentistry,particularly in endodontics and operative dentistry,resulting in significant advancements in the effectiveness of root canal therapy,endodontic surgery,and dental restoration.However,the improper use of this microscope continues to be common in clinical settings,primarily due to operators’insufficient understanding and proficiency in both the features and established operating procedures of this equipment.In October 2019,Professor Jingping Liang,Vice Chairman of the Society of Cariology and Endodontology,Chinese Stomatological Association,organized a consensus meeting with Chinese experts in endodontics and operative dentistry.The objective of this meeting was to establish a standard operation procedure for the dental operative microscope.Subsequently,a consensus was reached and officially issued.Over the span of about four years,the content of this consensus has been further developed and improved through practical experience.展开更多
DNA studies of endangered or extinct species often rely on ancient or degraded remains.The majority of ancient DNA(aDNA)extraction protocols focus on skeletal elements,with skin and hair samples rarely explored.Simila...DNA studies of endangered or extinct species often rely on ancient or degraded remains.The majority of ancient DNA(aDNA)extraction protocols focus on skeletal elements,with skin and hair samples rarely explored.Similar to that found in bones and teeth,DNA extracted from historical or ancient skin and fur samples is also extremely fragmented with low endogenous content due to natural degradation processes.Thus,the development of effective DNA extraction methods is required for these materials.Here,we compared the performance of two DNA extraction protocols(commercial and custom laboratory aDNA methods)on hair and skin samples from decades-old museum specimens to Iron Age archaeological material.We found that apart from the impact sample-specific taphonomic and handling history has on the quantity and quality of DNA preservation,skin yielded more endogenous DNA than hair of the samples and protocols tested.While both methods recovered DNA from ancient soft tissue,the laboratory method performed better overall in terms of DNA yield and quality,which was primarily due to the poorer performance of the commercial binding buffer in recovering aDNA.展开更多
1.Challenges and opportunities for carbon neutrality Global carbon emissions,primarily from the use of fossil fuels,have dramatically risen since the industrial revolution,leading to an increase in global temperature ...1.Challenges and opportunities for carbon neutrality Global carbon emissions,primarily from the use of fossil fuels,have dramatically risen since the industrial revolution,leading to an increase in global temperature and negatively impacting Earth’s ecosystems.While the coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19)pandemic’s economic downturn may have temporarily reduced emissions.展开更多
The effect of barnacles on corrosion of low alloy (16Mn) steel was studied by immersing steel panels in seawater at Zhonggang.Qingdao, for 41 months. It was found that the secondary attachment on this kind of steel by...The effect of barnacles on corrosion of low alloy (16Mn) steel was studied by immersing steel panels in seawater at Zhonggang.Qingdao, for 41 months. It was found that the secondary attachment on this kind of steel by barnacles had less effect on its corrosion while the primary attachment had a greater effect; that different seasons have different effects on the form and extent of local corrosion in this steel, and that primarily attached barnacles cause more serious local corrosion in high breeding seasons when there are more attachments.展开更多
Based on the measured data, suspended sediment concentration, surface sediment grain size, current and waves, the sediment transport mechanisms and pathways in the Phoenix Island area were analyzed using methods of fl...Based on the measured data, suspended sediment concentration, surface sediment grain size, current and waves, the sediment transport mechanisms and pathways in the Phoenix Island area were analyzed using methods of flux decomposition and Grain Size Trend Analysis(GSTA). The results show that net suspended sediment is mainly transported by average current, Stokes drift, and gravitational circulation. The transport direction of suspended sediment is varying and basically following the direction of residual tidal currents. Surface sediment transport pathways are primarily parallel to the coastline along with two convergent centers. Waves and longshore currents have a significant influence on sediment transport, but the influence is limited due to a steep and deep underwater bank. Tidal current is the main controlling factor for sediment transport, especially in the deep water area. Neither suspended nor surface sediment is transported towards the southwest. The South Shandong Coastal Current(SSCC) has little effect on sediment transport processes in the nearshore area of Phoenix Island.展开更多
Colony stimulating factor 1 receptor(CSF1R) is a tyrosine kinase receptor primarily expressed on microglia and a small subpopulation of neurons in the central nervous system (CNS),which directly controls the homeostas...Colony stimulating factor 1 receptor(CSF1R) is a tyrosine kinase receptor primarily expressed on microglia and a small subpopulation of neurons in the central nervous system (CNS),which directly controls the homeostasis,activation,and proliferation of microglia.Its ligands include CSF1 and interleukin-34 (IL-34).展开更多
Dear Editor,Monkeypox virus(MPXV),an enveloped double-stranded DNA virus with 190 open-reading frames and a genome length of about 200 kb,belongs to the genus Orthomyxovirus(OPXV;subfamily Chordopoxvirinae,family Poxv...Dear Editor,Monkeypox virus(MPXV),an enveloped double-stranded DNA virus with 190 open-reading frames and a genome length of about 200 kb,belongs to the genus Orthomyxovirus(OPXV;subfamily Chordopoxvirinae,family Poxviridae),which causes a disease with symptoms similar to,but less severe than,smallpox.MPXV is subdivided into two clades:clade I for the former Congo Basin clade and clade II for the former West African,and the clade I is more pathogenic.The clade II consists two subclades,clade IIa and clade IIb,with the latter referring primarily to the group of variants largely circulating in the 2022 global outbreak(ICTV,2022;Bunge et al.,2022;Mauldin et al.,2022).展开更多
DEAR EDITOR,The COVID-19 pandemic caused by SARS-CoV-2 continues to pose a tremendous threat to human society. SARS-CoV-2is airborne and transmits primarily through social contact;however, whether cold chain-related t...DEAR EDITOR,The COVID-19 pandemic caused by SARS-CoV-2 continues to pose a tremendous threat to human society. SARS-CoV-2is airborne and transmits primarily through social contact;however, whether cold chain-related transmission has occurred remains highly debated(Han & Liu, 2022;Lewis,2021;Ma et al., 2021;Mallapaty et al., 2021;Pang et al.,2020;Wu et al., 2021). Here, we present a novel method and identify two transmission routes based on lineage-specific reductions in the SARS-CoV-2 evolutionary rate.展开更多
Poor bone quality is a major factor in skeletal fragility in elderly individuals.The molecular mechanisms that establish and maintain bone quality,independent of bone mass,are unknown but are thought to be primarily d...Poor bone quality is a major factor in skeletal fragility in elderly individuals.The molecular mechanisms that establish and maintain bone quality,independent of bone mass,are unknown but are thought to be primarily determined by osteocytes.We hypothesize that the age-related decline in bone quality results from the suppression of osteocyte perilacunar/canalicular remodeling(PLR),which maintains bone material properties.We examined bones from young and aged mice with osteocyte-intrinsic repression of TGFβsignaling(TβRII^(ocy−/−))that suppresses PLR.The control aged bone displayed decreased TGFβsignaling and PLR,but aging did not worsen the existing PLR suppression in male TβRII^(ocy−/−)bone.This relationship impacted the behavior of collagen material at the nanoscale and tissue scale in macromechanical tests.The effects of age on bone mass,density,and mineral material behavior were independent of osteocytic TGFβ.We determined that the decline in bone quality with age arises from the loss of osteocyte function and the loss of TGFβ-dependent maintenance of collagen integrity.展开更多
Hepatocellular carcinoma(HCC)is one of the most common cancers and is the second leading cause of cancer-related deaths worldwide[1,2].The main therapies for HCC include surgical re-section,local ablation,or liver tra...Hepatocellular carcinoma(HCC)is one of the most common cancers and is the second leading cause of cancer-related deaths worldwide[1,2].The main therapies for HCC include surgical re-section,local ablation,or liver transplantation,which are only applied to early-stage HCC.However,most patients at the time of initial HCC diagnosis have already progressed to an advanced stage,and survival can only be prolonged finitely via palliative therapies,such as transarterial chemoembolization,systemic ther-apy with tyrosine kinase inhibitors,and selective internal radiation therapy[3,4].Moreover,as HCC has a high recurrence rate,the treatment efficacy is not satisfactory[5].Currently,the diagnosis and monitoring of HCC primarily depend on serum biomarker de-tection,pathological examination,and imaging analysis.Common serum markers display poor diagnostic performance,and imaging and pathological examinations have limitations in diagnostic accu-racy and sensitivity[6,7].Therefore,we urgently require better ap-proaches for the diagnosis and monitoring of HCC.展开更多
Two primarily eastern US native shrubs,Spiraea alba Du Roi and Spiraea tomentosa L.,are typically found growing in wet areas,often with standing water.Both species have potential for use in the landscape,but little is...Two primarily eastern US native shrubs,Spiraea alba Du Roi and Spiraea tomentosa L.,are typically found growing in wet areas,often with standing water.Both species have potential for use in the landscape,but little is known of their environmental requirements,including their adaptation to water stress.Two geographic accessions of each species were evaluated for their response to water stress under greenhouse conditions.Above-ground biomass,water relations and gas exchange were measured in well-watered and water stress treatments.In both species,water stress resulted in reduced growth,transpiration and pre-dawn water potential.However,both species also exhibited the ability to osmotically adjust to lower soil water content,resulting in maintained midday leaf turgor potential in all accessions.Net CO_(2) assimilation was reduced only in one accession of S.alba,primarily due to large reductions in stomatal conductance.S.tomentosa lost a larger proportion of leaves than S.alba in response to water stress.The primary water stress tolerance strategies of S.alba and S.tomentosa appear to be the maintenance of water uptake and reduced water loss.展开更多
BACKGROUND Villous adenoma is a rare tumor in the urinary system that usually occurs in the bladder.It is extremely uncommon in the renal pelvis.Most of the previously reported cases have been diagnosed with severe hy...BACKGROUND Villous adenoma is a rare tumor in the urinary system that usually occurs in the bladder.It is extremely uncommon in the renal pelvis.Most of the previously reported cases have been diagnosed with severe hydronephrosis associated with renal parenchyma atrophy prior to surgery.Because of its rarity,available information on the pathogenesis,diagnosis,treatment and prognosis of the disease is limited.We reported a case of kidney stones with hydronephrosis.During percutaneous nephroscopic lithotripsy,a renal pelvis tumor was found.Biopsy confirmed that the tumor was a villous adenoma of the renal pelvis.CASE SUMMARY A 68-year-old female was admitted to the hospital due to right kidney stones with right hydronephrosis.After admission,a urinary system plain computed tomography scan was performed,which revealed right kidney stones with right hydronephrosis and right upper ureteral dilatation.Multiple new cauliflower-like papillary masses were then discovered in the renal pelvis and calyces during right percutaneous nephroscopic lithotripsy.Biopsy results indicated villous adenoma with high-grade glandular intraepithelial neoplasia.The patient underwent laparoscopic radical resection of the right kidney and ureter.Based on histopathological and immunohistochemical examination,the patient was diagnosed with villous adenoma without adenocarcinoma.CONCLUSION Villous adenoma is rare in the urinary system.We reported a case of renal pelvis villous adenoma,which may provide useful information for the early diagnosis and treatment of this tumor.展开更多
A new energetic dipotassium 3,3-dinitro-5,5-bis-1,2,4-triazole-1,1-diolate [K2（DNOBT）] was synthesized, and structurally characterized by elemental analysis, IR spectra, 13 C NMR and single-crystal X-ray diffraction...A new energetic dipotassium 3,3-dinitro-5,5-bis-1,2,4-triazole-1,1-diolate [K2（DNOBT）] was synthesized, and structurally characterized by elemental analysis, IR spectra, 13 C NMR and single-crystal X-ray diffraction. K2（DNOBT）·2H2O crystallizes in monoclinic system, space group P21/n with a=6.0446（10）, b=15.999（3）, c=6.4169（11） , β=99.421（2）°, V=612.21（18） 3, Z=4, Dc=2.009 g·cm（-3）, F（000）=372, μ=0.838 mm（-1）, S=1.012, the final R=0.0248 and w R（I 〉 2σ（I））=0.0604. Thermal decomposition of the title compound was studied by using DSC and TG-DTG, and there is primarily one exothermic decomposition process at 371.5 ℃.展开更多
Dear Editor,Akabane virus(AKAV),an orthobunyavirus,is transmitted primarily by biting midges and is widely distributed throughout the world except the Europe.AKAV was first isolated from mosquitoes in Japan(Oya et al....Dear Editor,Akabane virus(AKAV),an orthobunyavirus,is transmitted primarily by biting midges and is widely distributed throughout the world except the Europe.AKAV was first isolated from mosquitoes in Japan(Oya et al.,1961).Although pregnant cows,ewes,and goats infected with AKAV exhibit no clinical signs of disease,in utero infections result in abortion,premature birth,stillbirth。展开更多
基金supported by JSPS KAKENHI Grant Number JP22K11823 to AH and JP22J01508 to KW。
文摘Melatonin(N-acetyl-5-methoxytryptamine)is known as the hormone of darkness because it is synthesized at night and involved in regulating the circadian clock.The hormone is primarily synthesized by the vertebrate pineal gland,but is ubiquitous among invertebrates,unicellular organisms,plants,and even cyanobacteria(Hattori and Suzuki,2024).Melatonin is well-conserved evolutionarily and possesses several physiological functions,such as immune response,bone and glucose metabolism,and memory formation besides regulating the circadian rhythm.
基金supported by the National Institutes of Health grants EY034116 (to WKJ, KYK, and SHC) and AG081037 (to YIM and WKJ)。
文摘Glaucoma is a multifactorial eye disorder that can cause vision loss and irreversible blindness,affecting individ uals aged 40 to 80 yea rs worldwide.Due to the aging population,it is expected that the number of people affected by glaucoma will surpass 111 million by 2040 as the disease becomes more prevalent.Glaucoma primarily contributes to optic nerve axon loss and the progressive degeneration of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs),subsequently leading to vision impairment.
文摘Dopamine,often termed the"feel-good"neurotransmitter,plays a crucial role in myriad physiological and psychological brain processes.While dopamine is primarily associated with pleasure,reward,and motivation,its effects can be quite complex;and this complexity is further compounded when examining how dopamine functions in typical versus disease-affected neural circuits.In pa rticula r,epilepsy,characte rized by heightened brain excitability,is linked to cognitive dysfunction,and dopamine is implicated in elements of both its pathology and treatment.Neuroscience has been successful in describing the synaptic abnormalities believed to contribute to memory issues in epilepsy,aiding in the search for effective therapies for what persists as a major medical issue.
文摘With the growing demands for food safety,quality,and environmental protection,active food packaging is playing an increasingly vital role in the food industry.Traditional food packaging primarily protects products and facilitates transportation.Active food packaging,however,not only fulfills these fundamental functions but also actively interacts with the food or its environment to extend shelf life and enhance food safety.From current research advancements and market applications,active food packaging demonstrates the following prominent development trends.
基金supported financially by the Hainan Provincial Natural Science Foundation of China(No.2018CXTD344)the Central Public-Interest Scientific Institution Basal Research Fund for the Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences(Nos.1630032017074 and 1630032017024).
文摘Proanthocyanidins(PAs),also known as“condensed tannins”,are colorless metabolites produced through the flavonoid pathway that are involved in stress resistance in plants.Because PAs are involved in the anthocyanin biosynthetic pathway,they play a role in the modification of pigmentation conferred by anthocyanins in ornamental organs.In this study,we isolated the gene and functionally characterized an R2R3-MYB transcription factor(TF),AaMYB3,and a basic helix-loop-helix TF,AabHLH1,from Anthurium andraeanum(Hort.),a typical tropical flower.AaMYB3 is primarily expressed in the spathe and negatively correlates with anthocyanin accumulation.A complementation test in an Arabidopsis tt8 mutant showed that AabHLH1 successfully restores the PA-deficient seed coat phenotype.The ectopic overexpression of AaMYB3 alone or its coexpression with AabHLH1 in transgenic tobacco resulted in light pink or even pale-pink corolla limbs by reducing their anthocyanin levels and greatly enhancing their accumulation of PAs.This overexpression of the anthurium TF genes upregulated the late anthocyanin enzymeencoding genes(NtDFR and NtANS)and the key PA genes(NtLAR and NtANR)in transgenic tobacco.The interaction between AaMYB3 and the AabHLH1 protein was confirmed using yeast two-hybrid(Y2H)and bimolecular fluorescence complementation(BiFC)assays.In the developing red spathes of the cultivars“Vitara”and“Tropical”,the expression of AaMYB3 was closely linked to PA accumulation,and AaMYB3 was coexpressed with AaCHS,AaF3H,AaDFR,AaANS,AaLAR,and AaANR.The expression pattern of AabHLH1 was similar to that of AaF3′H.Our results suggest that AaMYB3 and AabHLH1 are involved in the regulation of PA biosynthesis in anthurium and could potentially be used to metabolically engineer PA biosynthesis in plants.
基金supported by the Ministry of Agriculture of China(2016ZX08009003-006)National Key R&D Program of China(2019YFA0110700)+1 种基金Science&Technology Department of Yunnan Province(2019HA003)Animal Branch of the Germplasm Bank of Wild Species,Chinese Academy of Sciences(Large Research Infrastructure Funding)。
文摘DEAR EDITOR,Genomic imprinting often results in parent-of-origin specific differential expression of maternally and paternally inherited alleles and plays an essential role in mammalian development and growth.Mammalian genomic imprinting has primarily been studied in mice and humans,with only limited information available for pigs.To systematically characterize this phenomenon and evaluate imprinting status between different species,we investigated imprinted genes on a genome-wide scale in pig brain tissues.
文摘The dental operative microscope has been widely employed in the field of dentistry,particularly in endodontics and operative dentistry,resulting in significant advancements in the effectiveness of root canal therapy,endodontic surgery,and dental restoration.However,the improper use of this microscope continues to be common in clinical settings,primarily due to operators’insufficient understanding and proficiency in both the features and established operating procedures of this equipment.In October 2019,Professor Jingping Liang,Vice Chairman of the Society of Cariology and Endodontology,Chinese Stomatological Association,organized a consensus meeting with Chinese experts in endodontics and operative dentistry.The objective of this meeting was to establish a standard operation procedure for the dental operative microscope.Subsequently,a consensus was reached and officially issued.Over the span of about four years,the content of this consensus has been further developed and improved through practical experience.
基金This work was supported by the Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS,XDB26000000)National Natural Science Foundation of China(41925009,41630102,41672021)+1 种基金CAS(XDA1905010,QYZDB-SSW-DQC003),“Research on the Roots of Chinese Civilization”of Zhengzhou University(XKZDJC202006)Tencent Foundation through the XPLORER PRIZE,and Howard Hughes Medical Institute(55008731)。
文摘DNA studies of endangered or extinct species often rely on ancient or degraded remains.The majority of ancient DNA(aDNA)extraction protocols focus on skeletal elements,with skin and hair samples rarely explored.Similar to that found in bones and teeth,DNA extracted from historical or ancient skin and fur samples is also extremely fragmented with low endogenous content due to natural degradation processes.Thus,the development of effective DNA extraction methods is required for these materials.Here,we compared the performance of two DNA extraction protocols(commercial and custom laboratory aDNA methods)on hair and skin samples from decades-old museum specimens to Iron Age archaeological material.We found that apart from the impact sample-specific taphonomic and handling history has on the quantity and quality of DNA preservation,skin yielded more endogenous DNA than hair of the samples and protocols tested.While both methods recovered DNA from ancient soft tissue,the laboratory method performed better overall in terms of DNA yield and quality,which was primarily due to the poorer performance of the commercial binding buffer in recovering aDNA.
文摘1.Challenges and opportunities for carbon neutrality Global carbon emissions,primarily from the use of fossil fuels,have dramatically risen since the industrial revolution,leading to an increase in global temperature and negatively impacting Earth’s ecosystems.While the coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19)pandemic’s economic downturn may have temporarily reduced emissions.
文摘The effect of barnacles on corrosion of low alloy (16Mn) steel was studied by immersing steel panels in seawater at Zhonggang.Qingdao, for 41 months. It was found that the secondary attachment on this kind of steel by barnacles had less effect on its corrosion while the primary attachment had a greater effect; that different seasons have different effects on the form and extent of local corrosion in this steel, and that primarily attached barnacles cause more serious local corrosion in high breeding seasons when there are more attachments.
文摘Based on the measured data, suspended sediment concentration, surface sediment grain size, current and waves, the sediment transport mechanisms and pathways in the Phoenix Island area were analyzed using methods of flux decomposition and Grain Size Trend Analysis(GSTA). The results show that net suspended sediment is mainly transported by average current, Stokes drift, and gravitational circulation. The transport direction of suspended sediment is varying and basically following the direction of residual tidal currents. Surface sediment transport pathways are primarily parallel to the coastline along with two convergent centers. Waves and longshore currents have a significant influence on sediment transport, but the influence is limited due to a steep and deep underwater bank. Tidal current is the main controlling factor for sediment transport, especially in the deep water area. Neither suspended nor surface sediment is transported towards the southwest. The South Shandong Coastal Current(SSCC) has little effect on sediment transport processes in the nearshore area of Phoenix Island.
文摘Colony stimulating factor 1 receptor(CSF1R) is a tyrosine kinase receptor primarily expressed on microglia and a small subpopulation of neurons in the central nervous system (CNS),which directly controls the homeostasis,activation,and proliferation of microglia.Its ligands include CSF1 and interleukin-34 (IL-34).
基金funded by the National Key Research and Development Plan of China(2021YFC2300200-02)the State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity(Academy of Military Medical Science,SKLPBS2111).
文摘Dear Editor,Monkeypox virus(MPXV),an enveloped double-stranded DNA virus with 190 open-reading frames and a genome length of about 200 kb,belongs to the genus Orthomyxovirus(OPXV;subfamily Chordopoxvirinae,family Poxviridae),which causes a disease with symptoms similar to,but less severe than,smallpox.MPXV is subdivided into two clades:clade I for the former Congo Basin clade and clade II for the former West African,and the clade I is more pathogenic.The clade II consists two subclades,clade IIa and clade IIb,with the latter referring primarily to the group of variants largely circulating in the 2022 global outbreak(ICTV,2022;Bunge et al.,2022;Mauldin et al.,2022).
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Project (2020YFC0847000,2021YFC0863300, 2020YFC0845900)the Strategic Priority Research Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (XDPB17)+1 种基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China (31100273, 91731304,31172073)Shandong Academician Workstation Program#170401 (to G.P.Z.)。
文摘DEAR EDITOR,The COVID-19 pandemic caused by SARS-CoV-2 continues to pose a tremendous threat to human society. SARS-CoV-2is airborne and transmits primarily through social contact;however, whether cold chain-related transmission has occurred remains highly debated(Han & Liu, 2022;Lewis,2021;Ma et al., 2021;Mallapaty et al., 2021;Pang et al.,2020;Wu et al., 2021). Here, we present a novel method and identify two transmission routes based on lineage-specific reductions in the SARS-CoV-2 evolutionary rate.
文摘Poor bone quality is a major factor in skeletal fragility in elderly individuals.The molecular mechanisms that establish and maintain bone quality,independent of bone mass,are unknown but are thought to be primarily determined by osteocytes.We hypothesize that the age-related decline in bone quality results from the suppression of osteocyte perilacunar/canalicular remodeling(PLR),which maintains bone material properties.We examined bones from young and aged mice with osteocyte-intrinsic repression of TGFβsignaling(TβRII^(ocy−/−))that suppresses PLR.The control aged bone displayed decreased TGFβsignaling and PLR,but aging did not worsen the existing PLR suppression in male TβRII^(ocy−/−)bone.This relationship impacted the behavior of collagen material at the nanoscale and tissue scale in macromechanical tests.The effects of age on bone mass,density,and mineral material behavior were independent of osteocytic TGFβ.We determined that the decline in bone quality with age arises from the loss of osteocyte function and the loss of TGFβ-dependent maintenance of collagen integrity.
文摘Hepatocellular carcinoma(HCC)is one of the most common cancers and is the second leading cause of cancer-related deaths worldwide[1,2].The main therapies for HCC include surgical re-section,local ablation,or liver transplantation,which are only applied to early-stage HCC.However,most patients at the time of initial HCC diagnosis have already progressed to an advanced stage,and survival can only be prolonged finitely via palliative therapies,such as transarterial chemoembolization,systemic ther-apy with tyrosine kinase inhibitors,and selective internal radiation therapy[3,4].Moreover,as HCC has a high recurrence rate,the treatment efficacy is not satisfactory[5].Currently,the diagnosis and monitoring of HCC primarily depend on serum biomarker de-tection,pathological examination,and imaging analysis.Common serum markers display poor diagnostic performance,and imaging and pathological examinations have limitations in diagnostic accu-racy and sensitivity[6,7].Therefore,we urgently require better ap-proaches for the diagnosis and monitoring of HCC.
文摘Two primarily eastern US native shrubs,Spiraea alba Du Roi and Spiraea tomentosa L.,are typically found growing in wet areas,often with standing water.Both species have potential for use in the landscape,but little is known of their environmental requirements,including their adaptation to water stress.Two geographic accessions of each species were evaluated for their response to water stress under greenhouse conditions.Above-ground biomass,water relations and gas exchange were measured in well-watered and water stress treatments.In both species,water stress resulted in reduced growth,transpiration and pre-dawn water potential.However,both species also exhibited the ability to osmotically adjust to lower soil water content,resulting in maintained midday leaf turgor potential in all accessions.Net CO_(2) assimilation was reduced only in one accession of S.alba,primarily due to large reductions in stomatal conductance.S.tomentosa lost a larger proportion of leaves than S.alba in response to water stress.The primary water stress tolerance strategies of S.alba and S.tomentosa appear to be the maintenance of water uptake and reduced water loss.
基金Anhui Province Key Clinical Specialty(Urology 2022).
文摘BACKGROUND Villous adenoma is a rare tumor in the urinary system that usually occurs in the bladder.It is extremely uncommon in the renal pelvis.Most of the previously reported cases have been diagnosed with severe hydronephrosis associated with renal parenchyma atrophy prior to surgery.Because of its rarity,available information on the pathogenesis,diagnosis,treatment and prognosis of the disease is limited.We reported a case of kidney stones with hydronephrosis.During percutaneous nephroscopic lithotripsy,a renal pelvis tumor was found.Biopsy confirmed that the tumor was a villous adenoma of the renal pelvis.CASE SUMMARY A 68-year-old female was admitted to the hospital due to right kidney stones with right hydronephrosis.After admission,a urinary system plain computed tomography scan was performed,which revealed right kidney stones with right hydronephrosis and right upper ureteral dilatation.Multiple new cauliflower-like papillary masses were then discovered in the renal pelvis and calyces during right percutaneous nephroscopic lithotripsy.Biopsy results indicated villous adenoma with high-grade glandular intraepithelial neoplasia.The patient underwent laparoscopic radical resection of the right kidney and ureter.Based on histopathological and immunohistochemical examination,the patient was diagnosed with villous adenoma without adenocarcinoma.CONCLUSION Villous adenoma is rare in the urinary system.We reported a case of renal pelvis villous adenoma,which may provide useful information for the early diagnosis and treatment of this tumor.
基金Financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.21373157)
文摘A new energetic dipotassium 3,3-dinitro-5,5-bis-1,2,4-triazole-1,1-diolate [K2（DNOBT）] was synthesized, and structurally characterized by elemental analysis, IR spectra, 13 C NMR and single-crystal X-ray diffraction. K2（DNOBT）·2H2O crystallizes in monoclinic system, space group P21/n with a=6.0446（10）, b=15.999（3）, c=6.4169（11） , β=99.421（2）°, V=612.21（18） 3, Z=4, Dc=2.009 g·cm（-3）, F（000）=372, μ=0.838 mm（-1）, S=1.012, the final R=0.0248 and w R（I 〉 2σ（I））=0.0604. Thermal decomposition of the title compound was studied by using DSC and TG-DTG, and there is primarily one exothermic decomposition process at 371.5 ℃.
基金supported in part by a Research and Development Project for Application in Promoting New Policies in Agriculture,Forestry and Fisheries grant from the Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheriesa Grant-in-Aid from the Ministry of Education,Culture,Sports,Science and Technology of Japan
文摘Dear Editor,Akabane virus(AKAV),an orthobunyavirus,is transmitted primarily by biting midges and is widely distributed throughout the world except the Europe.AKAV was first isolated from mosquitoes in Japan(Oya et al.,1961).Although pregnant cows,ewes,and goats infected with AKAV exhibit no clinical signs of disease,in utero infections result in abortion,premature birth,stillbirth。
