In essence,the negotiation of license fees on standard essential patent(SEP)belongs to a kind of market be⁃havior,and the pricing right should be given to the market subjects under the requirements of patent law.In re...In essence,the negotiation of license fees on standard essential patent(SEP)belongs to a kind of market be⁃havior,and the pricing right should be given to the market subjects under the requirements of patent law.In recent years,the frequent disputes on SEP license fees witnessed in the industrial and academic worlds,together with the lack of systematic supporting functions like FRAND,make SEP pricing excessively reliant on judicial judgment in practice.Fortunately,a variety of pricing methods have been proposed by theoretical research and practiced in judicial cases,which provide possible solutions for the license fee pricing of SEP from the operational level.In this paper,by focusing on the characteristics of the existing SEP pricing methods in the academic fields and judicial system,the dispute caused by license fees of SEP is clarified firstly,then by combining and interpreting twelve existing pricing methods of license fee of SEP with academic literature and judicial cases,four categories of methods are composed based on the application stages and calculation logic.Thirdly,the application barriers and dilemmas caused by the inherent limita⁃tions of the four categories of methods are analyzed,and the possible ways to put these methods into practice are ex⁃plored.Lastly,suggestions are presented from the aspects of preconditions for application,pricing stages,dispute reso⁃lution mechanisms,and comprehensive applications.The purpose of this paper is to provide enlightenment for getting back on track with the pricing right and further optimization of the pricing mechanism of license fees of SEP.展开更多
Objective To study the innovative drug pricing methods and medical insurance payment standards in foreign countries and to provide reference for China’s government.Methods The official websites were searched for info...Objective To study the innovative drug pricing methods and medical insurance payment standards in foreign countries and to provide reference for China’s government.Methods The official websites were searched for information and related literature,and literature review was used.Results and Conclusion In foreign countries,the clinical value of innovative drugs and their impact on medical insurance funds were comprehensively evaluated based on factors such as quality-adjusted life years,clinical benefit,and improvement of clinical benefit.Then,the evaluation results were taken as an important basis for whether innovative drugs were admitted to the medical insurance catalog and establishing medical insurance payment standards.By using international experience for reference,innovative drug pricing methods and medical insurance payment standards for China’s national conditions can be improved by establishing a basic database of clinical value and drug economic evaluation of innovative drugs,as well as innovative drug payment models based on decision thresholds.展开更多
This paper analyzed in depth the difference between the pricing of non- performing loan （NPL） securitization and that of ordinary asset securitization. It has explained the pricing thought and method of non-performi...This paper analyzed in depth the difference between the pricing of non- performing loan （NPL） securitization and that of ordinary asset securitization. It has explained the pricing thought and method of non-performing loan backed securities in connection with the particularity and complexity of non-performing loan and finally proposed some key problems which need to be emphasized during the pricing practice of non-performing loan backed securitization.展开更多
In this study, housing prices data for residential quarters from the period 2001-2012 were used and Global Differentiation Index （GDI） was established to measure the overall differentiation trend in housing prices i...In this study, housing prices data for residential quarters from the period 2001-2012 were used and Global Differentiation Index （GDI） was established to measure the overall differentiation trend in housing prices in Yangzhou City, eastern China. Then the influence of the natural landscape and environment on prices of global housing market and housing submarkets was evaluated by the hedonic price model. The results are shown as follows. （1） There have been increasing gaps among housing prices since 2001. In this period, the differentiation trend has shown an upward fluctuation, which has been coupled with the annual growth rate of housing prices. （2） The spatial distribution of residential quarters of homogenous prices has changed from clustered in 2001 into dispersed in 2012. （3） Natural landscape and environmental externalities clearly influence spatial differentiation of housing prices. （4） In different housing submarkets, the influence of natural landscape and environmental eternalities are varied. Natural landscape characteristics have significant impact on housing prices of ordinary commercial houses and indemnificatory houses, while the impact of environmental characteristics have obvious influence on housing prices of cottages and villas.展开更多
In this study, Imperialistic Competitive Algorithm（ICA） is utilized for locating the critical failure surface and computing the factor of safety（FOS） in a slope stability analysis based on the limit equilibrium ap...In this study, Imperialistic Competitive Algorithm（ICA） is utilized for locating the critical failure surface and computing the factor of safety（FOS） in a slope stability analysis based on the limit equilibrium approach. The factor of safety relating to each trial slip surface is calculated using a simplified algorithm of the Morgenstern-Price method, which satisfies both the force and the moment equilibriums. General slip surface is considered non-circular in this study that is constituted by linking random straight lines.To explore the performance of the proposed algorithm, four benchmark test problems are analyzed. The results demonstrate that the present techniques can provide reliable, accurate and efficient solutions for locating the critical failure surface and relating FOS. Moreover, in contrast with previous studies the present algorithm could reach the lower value of FOS and reached more exact solutions.展开更多
基金Hierarchical Identification and Cross-Layer Correlation of Key Core Technologies from the Perspective of Industrial Chain Structure (National Social Science Fund of China, 24BTQ067)Chongqing Education Commission (CEC) Funding:Research on the Co-governance Mechanism of Patent Quality Based on the Dual-Filter Perspective(24SKGH213)Chongqing Graduate Education and Teaching Funding:Research on the Interdisciplinary Law of Intellectual Property and Optimization of Graduate Talent Training Mode(yjg213122)。
文摘In essence,the negotiation of license fees on standard essential patent(SEP)belongs to a kind of market be⁃havior,and the pricing right should be given to the market subjects under the requirements of patent law.In recent years,the frequent disputes on SEP license fees witnessed in the industrial and academic worlds,together with the lack of systematic supporting functions like FRAND,make SEP pricing excessively reliant on judicial judgment in practice.Fortunately,a variety of pricing methods have been proposed by theoretical research and practiced in judicial cases,which provide possible solutions for the license fee pricing of SEP from the operational level.In this paper,by focusing on the characteristics of the existing SEP pricing methods in the academic fields and judicial system,the dispute caused by license fees of SEP is clarified firstly,then by combining and interpreting twelve existing pricing methods of license fee of SEP with academic literature and judicial cases,four categories of methods are composed based on the application stages and calculation logic.Thirdly,the application barriers and dilemmas caused by the inherent limita⁃tions of the four categories of methods are analyzed,and the possible ways to put these methods into practice are ex⁃plored.Lastly,suggestions are presented from the aspects of preconditions for application,pricing stages,dispute reso⁃lution mechanisms,and comprehensive applications.The purpose of this paper is to provide enlightenment for getting back on track with the pricing right and further optimization of the pricing mechanism of license fees of SEP.
文摘Objective To study the innovative drug pricing methods and medical insurance payment standards in foreign countries and to provide reference for China’s government.Methods The official websites were searched for information and related literature,and literature review was used.Results and Conclusion In foreign countries,the clinical value of innovative drugs and their impact on medical insurance funds were comprehensively evaluated based on factors such as quality-adjusted life years,clinical benefit,and improvement of clinical benefit.Then,the evaluation results were taken as an important basis for whether innovative drugs were admitted to the medical insurance catalog and establishing medical insurance payment standards.By using international experience for reference,innovative drug pricing methods and medical insurance payment standards for China’s national conditions can be improved by establishing a basic database of clinical value and drug economic evaluation of innovative drugs,as well as innovative drug payment models based on decision thresholds.
文摘This paper analyzed in depth the difference between the pricing of non- performing loan （NPL） securitization and that of ordinary asset securitization. It has explained the pricing thought and method of non-performing loan backed securities in connection with the particularity and complexity of non-performing loan and finally proposed some key problems which need to be emphasized during the pricing practice of non-performing loan backed securitization.
基金National Natural Science Foundation of China, No.41401164, No.41201128
文摘In this study, housing prices data for residential quarters from the period 2001-2012 were used and Global Differentiation Index （GDI） was established to measure the overall differentiation trend in housing prices in Yangzhou City, eastern China. Then the influence of the natural landscape and environment on prices of global housing market and housing submarkets was evaluated by the hedonic price model. The results are shown as follows. （1） There have been increasing gaps among housing prices since 2001. In this period, the differentiation trend has shown an upward fluctuation, which has been coupled with the annual growth rate of housing prices. （2） The spatial distribution of residential quarters of homogenous prices has changed from clustered in 2001 into dispersed in 2012. （3） Natural landscape and environmental externalities clearly influence spatial differentiation of housing prices. （4） In different housing submarkets, the influence of natural landscape and environmental eternalities are varied. Natural landscape characteristics have significant impact on housing prices of ordinary commercial houses and indemnificatory houses, while the impact of environmental characteristics have obvious influence on housing prices of cottages and villas.
文摘In this study, Imperialistic Competitive Algorithm（ICA） is utilized for locating the critical failure surface and computing the factor of safety（FOS） in a slope stability analysis based on the limit equilibrium approach. The factor of safety relating to each trial slip surface is calculated using a simplified algorithm of the Morgenstern-Price method, which satisfies both the force and the moment equilibriums. General slip surface is considered non-circular in this study that is constituted by linking random straight lines.To explore the performance of the proposed algorithm, four benchmark test problems are analyzed. The results demonstrate that the present techniques can provide reliable, accurate and efficient solutions for locating the critical failure surface and relating FOS. Moreover, in contrast with previous studies the present algorithm could reach the lower value of FOS and reached more exact solutions.
