Prevalent cohort studies involve screening a sample of individuals from a population for disease, recruiting affected individuals, and prospectively following the cohort of individuals to record the occurrence of dise...Prevalent cohort studies involve screening a sample of individuals from a population for disease, recruiting affected individuals, and prospectively following the cohort of individuals to record the occurrence of disease-related complications or death. This design features a response-biased sampling scheme since individuals living a long time with the disease are preferentially sampled, so naive analysis of the time from disease onset to death will over-estimate survival probabilities. Unconditional and conditional analyses of the resulting data can yield consistent estimates of the survival distribution subject to the validity of their respective model assumptions. The time of disease onset is retrospectively reported by sampled individuals, however, this is often associated with measurement error. In this article we present a framework for studying the effect of measurement error in disease onset times in prevalent cohort studies, report on empirical studies of the effect in each framework of analysis, and describe likelihood-based methods to address such a measurement error.展开更多
Aim of Study: Leptospirosis is a bacterial zoonotic disease transmitted through contact with animals that are harbouring leptospira. Knowledge of prevalent leptospira in a particular animal of a particular geographica...Aim of Study: Leptospirosis is a bacterial zoonotic disease transmitted through contact with animals that are harbouring leptospira. Knowledge of prevalent leptospira in a particular animal of a particular geographical area is essential to understand the epizootiology of disease, to understand the linkage between circulating serovars in animals and in humans, and to apply appropriate control measures, etc. Material and Methods: Animal samples from different districts of the south Gujarat region received in the Microbiology department during the year of 2020 for the Microscopic agglutination test (MAT) of leptospirosis were included in the study. Results of MAT which was already performed using 12 different serovars were analysed to prevent serovars in a particular animal. Quantitative data were analysed using frequency and percentage. Result: Out of 1406 animal samples, 151 (11 percent) were positive from animals like cows, buffalos, bullocks and goats. More prevalent serovars in cows were L. ictrohemorrahiae (22%), L. hardjo (19%), L. patoc (17%) and L. pyrogen (16%). In buffalo, L. patoc (58%) and L. hardjo (27%) were found. L. hardjo (50%) in bullock and L. automonalis (50%), L. australis (22%) and L. patoc (14%) in goat were found as prevent serovars. Conclusion: Different prevent serovars has been observed in different animals from the different district south Gujarat region which will be helpful to trace the source of infection in human, to apply control measures, to know the epizootiology of disease, for developing strategies in the future during vaccine development with emphasizing more on the prevalent serovars.展开更多
Background:The human papillomavirus virus(HPV)is very common with over 150 strains and at least 42 acquired by sexual contact.It is a public health concern among women the world over,with an estimated prevalence of 11...Background:The human papillomavirus virus(HPV)is very common with over 150 strains and at least 42 acquired by sexual contact.It is a public health concern among women the world over,with an estimated prevalence of 11.7%globally,and 24%in Sub-Saharan Africa.There are five common HPV types;HPV16,HPV18,HPV52,HPV31,and HPV58.Cervical cancer affects women globally,with estimated 570,000 new cases in 2018.Nearly 90%of the 311,000 deaths worldwide in that year occurred in low-and middle-income countries.Objective:To estimate the prevalence of HPV among sexually active women in Lagos,Nigeria;and to determine the most common HPV type among that category.Methods:A descriptive cross-sectional study design was implemented,with 198 women in total enrolled for the study.Sexually active women from various health facilities in Lagos were screened by obtaining cervical tissue,stirred into PCR cell media,and assayed for HPV genotypes using the Roche COBAS®4800 System.Results:Age of the women ranged from 18 to 65 years(mean 34.6±6.4),with the majority(56.4%)between 25-34 years;65%were married and 63%had a secondary education.Age at first penile-vaginal contact ranged from 9 to 38 years(mean 20.4±3.9).Sixty-five percent of women stated total lifetime sexual partners of between 2 and 4(mean 2.9±2.5).The prevalence of high-risk HPV was 40.4%(95%CI:40.1 to 40.7)and breakdown of types obtained were;HPV16,2.5%(95%CI:2.22 to 2.78);HPV18,3.5%(95%CI:3.22 to 3.78);other high risk(OHR)HPV,28.3%(95%CI:28 to 28.6);HPV16&OHR HPV,1.5%(95%CI:1.22 to 1.78);HPV18&OHR HPV,4.1%(95%CI:3.82 to 4.38);HPV16,18&OHR HPV,0.5%(95%CI:0.221 to 0.779).HPV negative and inconclusive results were 58.1%and 1.5%respectively.Conclusion:Prevalence of OHR HPV is high among Nigerian women.This informs the pattern of HPV existing in the African region,and may aid future efforts at eradicating the virus.The findings are further contributive evidence to the initiative to eliminate cervical cancer as a public health challenge in Nigeria.展开更多
BACKGROUND Helicobacter pylori(H.pylori)infection is a prevalent disease encountered in military internal medicine and recognized as the main cause of dyspepsia,gastritis,and peptic ulcer,which are common diseases in ...BACKGROUND Helicobacter pylori(H.pylori)infection is a prevalent disease encountered in military internal medicine and recognized as the main cause of dyspepsia,gastritis,and peptic ulcer,which are common diseases in military personnel.Current guidelines in China state all patients with evidence of active infection with H.pylori are offered treatment.However,the prevalence of H.pylori infection and its regional distribution in the military population remain unclear,which hinders effective prevention and treatment strategies.Understanding the prevalence of H.pylori infection in the military population will aid in the development of customized strategies to better manage this infectious disease.AIM To investigate the prevalence of H.pylori infection in the Chinese military population in different geographic areas.METHODS This multicenter,retrospective study included 22421 individuals from five tertiary hospitals located in north,east,southwest,and northwest cities of China.H.pylori infection was identified using the urea breath test,which had been performed between January 2020 and December 2021.RESULTS Of the 22421 military service members,7416(33.1%)were urea breath test-positive.The highest prevalence of H.pylori was in the 30-39 years age group for military personnel,with an infection rate of 34.9%.The majority of infected subjects were younger than 40-years-old,accounting for 70.4%of the infected population.The individuals serviced in Lanzhou and Chengdu showed a higher infection prevalence than those in Beijing,Nanjing,and Guangzhou,with prevalence rates of 44.3%,37.9%,29.0%,31.1%,and 32.3%,respectively.CONCLUSION H.pylori infection remains a common infectious disease among military personnel in China and has a relatively high prevalence rate in northwest China.展开更多
A co-location pattern is a set of spatial features whose instances frequently appear in a spatial neighborhood. This paper efficiently mines the top-k probabilistic prevalent co-locations over spatially uncertain data...A co-location pattern is a set of spatial features whose instances frequently appear in a spatial neighborhood. This paper efficiently mines the top-k probabilistic prevalent co-locations over spatially uncertain data sets and makes the following contributions： 1） the concept of the top-k prob- abilistic prevalent co-locations based on a possible world model is defined; 2） a framework for discovering the top- k probabilistic prevalent co-locations is set up; 3） a matrix method is proposed to improve the computation of the preva- lence probability of a top-k candidate, and two pruning rules of the matrix block are given to accelerate the search for ex- act solutions; 4） a polynomial matrix is developed to further speed up the top-k candidate refinement process; 5） an ap- proximate algorithm with compensation factor is introduced so that relatively large quantity of data can be processed quickly. The efficiency of our proposed algorithms as well as the accuracy of the approximation algorithms is evaluated with an extensive set of experiments using both synthetic and real uncertain data sets.展开更多
Background:The prevalence,age of onset,and symptomatology of traumatic brain injury,stroke,and neurodegenerative diseases(such as Alzheimer’s disease(AD),Parkinson’s disease,amyotrophic lateral sclerosis,and Hunting...Background:The prevalence,age of onset,and symptomatology of traumatic brain injury,stroke,and neurodegenerative diseases(such as Alzheimer’s disease(AD),Parkinson’s disease,amyotrophic lateral sclerosis,and Huntington’s disease)differ substantially between males and females.The higher prevalence of these brain disorders has been attributed to females having a greater longevity compared with males.Since one of the greatest risk factors of acquired brain injury(such as stroke,traumatic brain injury caused by fall)and neurodegenerative disease is age.展开更多
The prevalence of Class Ⅲ malocclusion varies among different countries and regions. The populations from Southeast Asian countries (Chinese and Malaysian) showed the highest prevalence rate of 15.8%, which can serio...The prevalence of Class Ⅲ malocclusion varies among different countries and regions. The populations from Southeast Asian countries (Chinese and Malaysian) showed the highest prevalence rate of 15.8%, which can seriously affect oral function, facial appearance, and mental health. As anterior crossbite tends to worsen with growth, early orthodontic treatment can harness growth potential to normalize maxillofacial development or reduce skeletal malformation severity, thereby reducing the difficulty and shortening the treatment cycle of later-stage treatment. This is beneficial for the physical and mental growth of children. Therefore,early orthodontic treatment for Class Ⅲ malocclusion is particularly important. Determining the optimal timing for early orthodontic treatment requires a comprehensive assessment of clinical manifestations, dental age, and skeletal age, and can lead to better results with less effort. Currently, standardized treatment guidelines for early orthodontic treatment of Class Ⅲ malocclusion are lacking. This review provides a comprehensive summary of the etiology, clinical manifestations, classification, and early orthodontic techniques for Class Ⅲ malocclusion, along with systematic discussions on selecting early treatment plans. The purpose of this expert consensus is to standardize clinical practices and improve the treatment outcomes of Class Ⅲ malocclusion through early orthodontic treatment.展开更多
Introduction: Adolescent childbirth is a public health and social problem worldwide. It is associated with both maternal and perinatal morbidity and mortality. The general objective of our study is to determine the pr...Introduction: Adolescent childbirth is a public health and social problem worldwide. It is associated with both maternal and perinatal morbidity and mortality. The general objective of our study is to determine the prevalence and profile of pregnant women, and to assess the maternal and perinatal prognosis of adolescent childbirth in Kisangani. Methods: This was a prospective, multicenter, case-control observational study conducted over a seven-month period, from February 1 to August 31, 2024, in primiparous adolescent gestational carriers (cases) and primiparous gestational carriers aged 20 to 34 years (controls) who delivered in five health facilities in the city of Kisangani, Democratic Republic of Congo. Results: The prevalence of teenage childbirth was 13.8%. Adolescents were more likely than controls to be in secondary education and to be unemployed. Compared with controls, pregnant adolescents were more likely to have poor ANC attendance. There was a statistical difference between the two groups in relation to pelvic anomaly, rupture of membranes on admission, hypertensive disorders, vicious presentation, caesarean section, episiotomy, postpartum anaemia and puerperal psychosis. In fact, these morbidities were more common in adolescent girls than in controls. Compared with controls, neonatal depression, prematurity, low birth weight and perinatal death were more prevalent in the newborns of teenage mothers. Conclusion: The prevalence of teenage childbirth is high in Kisangani;there is an association between unmarried status, lack of employment, low socio-economic status, poor ANC follow-up and teenage childbirth in Kisangani. The latter is also associated with high maternal and perinatal morbidity and mortality.展开更多
Bile reflux gastritis (BRG) is a gastro-intestinal condition especially characterized by the reflux of bile into the stomach, further leading to mucosal inflammation along with various other clinical manifestations. D...Bile reflux gastritis (BRG) is a gastro-intestinal condition especially characterized by the reflux of bile into the stomach, further leading to mucosal inflammation along with various other clinical manifestations. Despite its increasing recognition, BRG remains understudied, with limited understanding of its epidemiology, pathophysiology, and optimal therapeutic strategies. Present narrative review aimed to comprehensively examine the available literature on BRG, focusing on its prevalence, risk factors, pathophysiology, clinical presentation, diagnostic modalities, and available therapeutic strategies. A comprehensive literature search was conducted using PubMed, Embase, Google Scholar and Cochrane databases. Relevant studies were included based on predefined inclusion and exclusion criteria. A narrative synthesis was conducted to summarize and interpret the findings. The prevalence of BRG remains uncertain due to diagnostic challenges. Risk factors include impaired gastrointestinal motility, sphincteric dysfunction (pyloric sphincter and the lower oesophageal sphincter), biliary tract disease, and certain medications. The pathophysiology involves bile acid-induced mucosal injury, inflammation, and impaired gastric defence mechanisms. Clinical manifestations are often nonspecific. Diagnostic modalities primarily include endoscopy and bile acid reflux testing. Management strategies encompass lifestyle modifications, medical therapy, and in severe cases, surgery. BRG is a complex condition with significant clinical implications. Further research is needed to refine diagnostic criteria, elucidate pathophysiological mechanisms, and develop effective therapeutic interventions. Addressing knowledge gaps in epidemiology, risk factors, and long-term outcomes is crucial for improving patient care.展开更多
BACKGROUND Fear of childbirth(FoC)is a widespread issue that impacts the health and well-being of mothers and newborns.However,there is inconsistency regarding the prevalence of FoC in the and there is limited researc...BACKGROUND Fear of childbirth(FoC)is a widespread issue that impacts the health and well-being of mothers and newborns.However,there is inconsistency regarding the prevalence of FoC in the and there is limited research on the prevalence of FoC among Australian pregnant women.AIM To investigate the prevalence of FoC,its risk factors and birth outcomes in Aust-ralian multiparous women.METHODS In this prospective cohort quantitative study,212 multiparous women were re-cruited from antenatal clinics at Westmead Hospital in western Sydney from 2019 to 2022.Pregnant women who attended antenatal visits and met the inclusion criteria signed the consent forms and completed several online questionnaires at baseline.After they gave birth,their birth outcomes were collected from the hospital’s medical record database.The data were analyzed using SPSS software and descriptive statistics,χ^(2)test,independent samples t-test,and multivariable logistic regression analysis.RESULTS Out of 212 participants,24%experienced a high level of FoC and 7%experienced severe FoC.Theχ^(2)test results revealed that a family income of≤$100000,no alcohol intake during pregnancy,pre-existing health problems,previous caesarean section(emergency or planned),and previous neutral/traumatic childbirth experiences were significantly associated with higher levels of FoC(P<0.05).Other risk factors included being moderately to very worried and fearful about the upcoming birth,having severe to extremely severe anxiety throughout pregnancy,and expressing low relationship satisfaction.According to multivariable logistic regression,the odds of a high level of FoC were higher in women with anxiety,a history of traumatic childbirth experience,a history of sexual assault during childhood,pre-existing health problems,and lower relationship satisfaction(P<0.05).CONCLUSION High-severe levels of FoC are experienced by pregnant multiparous women and are affected by several demo-graphic factors.However,due to the small sample size in the present study,further studies with larger sample sizes are required to draw a firm conclusion on the prevalence of severe FoC among multiparous women and its associated risk factors and birth outcomes.展开更多
AIM:To describe the demographics,clinical characteristics and treatment outcomes of childhood amblyopia in a tertiary eye center in western India.METHODS:This was a retrospective longitudinal hospital-based study of 1...AIM:To describe the demographics,clinical characteristics and treatment outcomes of childhood amblyopia in a tertiary eye center in western India.METHODS:This was a retrospective longitudinal hospital-based study of 1382 children aged≤12y included in the National Institute of OphthalMology AmBlyopia StUdy in Indian Paediatric EyeS(NIMBUS)Study.Data on patient demographics,treatment approach,and best-corrected visual acuity(BCVA)changes were reviewed.RESULTS:The mean age of the study cohort was 4.54±2.46y,with males constituting the majority(55.4%).The cause of amblyopia was refractive error in 73.2%,strabismus in 7.3%,and anisometropia in 6.8%of eyes.The majority of therapies comprised glasses(74.4%),followed by occlusion+glasses(10.3%),occlusion alone(7.3%),and surgery+patching+glasses(5.1%).The mean occlusion time was 2.46±1.14h.After a median follow-up of 10.00(6-85)mo,the mean BCVA significantly improved from 0.85±0.41 to 0.55±0.42 logMAR.Subgroup analysis revealed BCVA gain for all etiologies,including refractive errors(P<0.001),strabismus(P<0.001),cataract(P<0.001),and ptosis(P<0.001).Additionally,eyes with refractive errors showed significantly better BCVA than eyes with cataracts(P<0.001),strabismus(P<0.001)and marginally better BCVA than eyes with ptosis(P<0.05),both at the baseline and final visit.CONCLUSION:Refractive errors are the commonest cause of amblyopia,followed by strabismus and anisometropia.Timely detection,optimal therapy,and periodic follow-up are crucial in bettering visual acuity regardless of the cause.展开更多
Background and Objective Hypertension(HT)and atrial fibrillation(AF)are highly prevalent cardiovascular conditions that frequently coexist.Coronary artery disease(CAD)is a major global cause of mortality.The co-occurr...Background and Objective Hypertension(HT)and atrial fibrillation(AF)are highly prevalent cardiovascular conditions that frequently coexist.Coronary artery disease(CAD)is a major global cause of mortality.The co-occurrence of HT,AF,and CAD presents significant management challenges.This study aims to explore the clinical characteristics and risk factors associated with CAD in patients with HT and persistentAF(HT-AF).Methods In this retrospective cross-sectional study,data were collected from 384 hospitalized HT-AF patients at the People's Liberation Army General Hospital between January 2010 and December 2019.CAD diagnosis was confirmed by coronary angiography or computed tomography angiography.Clinical characteristics and comorbidities were compared between patients with and without CAD.Multivariate logistic regression analyses were performed to identify independent risk factors associated with CAD development.Results The prevalence of CAD among HT-AF patients was 66.41%(255/384).Cardiovascular complications,particularly heart failure(44.7%vs 25.6%,P<0.05),were significantly more prevalent in the CAD group than in the non-CAD group.Only age was identified as an independent risk factor for CAD(adjusted OR:1.047;95%CI:1.022–1.073;P=0.000).Of all HT-AF patients,54.7%had a CHA2DS2-VASc score of≥4,indicating high stroke risk.There was a slightly higher anticoagulant usage rate in the CAD group than those without CAD(8.6%vs 4.7%,P=0.157),and the overall anticoagulant usage remained low.Conclusion There is a high prevalence of CAD among hospitalized HT-AF patients,among whom age is the sole independent risk factor for CAD.Despite a high stroke risk,the utilization of oral anticoagulants is alarmingly low.展开更多
Objective:Children below 14 years of age are highly vulnerable to dengue infection and are at a greater risk of developing severe dengue illness.This study aimed to investigate the trends in the burden of dengue fever...Objective:Children below 14 years of age are highly vulnerable to dengue infection and are at a greater risk of developing severe dengue illness.This study aimed to investigate the trends in the burden of dengue fever among children below 14 years of age in China from 1990 to 2021 and to project the disease burden from 2022 to 2035.Methods:Based on the datasets derived from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021,the following data were collected from dengue-affected children aged ≤14 years in China from 1990 to 2021:number and rate of incident dengue cases,number of prevalent dengue cases,number of deaths due to dengue,and disability-adjusted life years(DALYs) lost due to dengue.The trends in disease burden were examined based on average annual percent change(AAPC) and annual percent change,and the burdens were proj ected from 2022 to 2035 by using a Bayesian age-period-cohort model.Results:The incidence and prevalence of dengue fever were increased in children aged ≤ 14 years in China from1990 to 2021(AAPC=5.42 % and 5.44 %,respectively,P <0.001),while the mortality and DALYs rates were reduced(AAPC=-8.21 % and-7.55 %,respectively,P <0.001).The burden was comparable between genders,with numerically lower incidence and prevalence in boys than in girls.The lowest incidence and prevalence and the highest mortality and DALYs rates were observed in children aged <5 years.The incidence and prevalence rates were projected to increase from 2022 to 2035;in contrast,the mortality and DALYs rates were projected to decrease during this period.Conclusions:Although the mortality and DALYs rates of dengue fever decreased significantly in children aged0-14 years in China from 1990 to 2021,the incidence and prevalence increased remarkably.Enhanced surveillance and ample health education programs and preventive interventions are recommended for targeting this high-risk population.展开更多
Objectives:Depression is one of the most common mental health disorders in adolescence.The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of depressive symptoms(DS)in adolescents aged 15-18 years in the Autonomous ...Objectives:Depression is one of the most common mental health disorders in adolescence.The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of depressive symptoms(DS)in adolescents aged 15-18 years in the Autonomous Province of Vojvodina(APV)and to analyze the association of sociodemographic and family factors with DS.Methods:Thesample consisted of 986 students(47.4%females and 52.6%males)fromten government high schools in all seven districts of the APV.The Kutcher Adolescents Depression Scale(KADS)was used as a screening test for DS.Sociodemographic datawere assessed using a self-reported questionnaire.Athree-level binary logistic regressionmodel was conducted to explore the association between sociodemographic and family factors and DS.Results:Symptoms of depression were presented in 27.9%of females(95%CI=23.9%-32.2%)and 14.7%of males(95%CI=11.7%-18.0%)(χ^(2)=25.129,p<0.001).In terms of parents’employment,DS were more prevalent among students whose fathers were unemployed or retired(31.4%,95%CI=20.9%-43.6%)(χ^(2)=4.376,p=0.036).In the multilevel logistic regression model,males had 56%lower odds of having DS compared to females(odds ratio[OR]=0.44,95%CI=0.30-0.65).Students with fathers who completed high school had 46%lower odds of depression compared to those whose fathers had the lowest education level(OR=0.54,95%CI=0.30-0.98),and having an employed mother was associated with 40%lower odds of DS in students compared to thosewhosemotherswere unemployed(OR=0.60,95%CI=0.38-0.95).Conclusions:The study revealed a high prevalence of DS among adolescents.Girls have significantly higher values of prevalence of DS than boys,and adolescents whose fathers are without employment or retired.Gender,the father’s education,and the mother’s employment status are significant predictors of DS.Screening programs and the adoption of targeted prevention programs intended for vulnerable populations are extremely important.展开更多
Objective:This study aimed to investigate the prevalence and determinants of metabolic syndrome(MetS)among the population in Gannan(Southern Jiangxi),and to develop a nomogram for MetS prediction.Methods:In 2022,a mul...Objective:This study aimed to investigate the prevalence and determinants of metabolic syndrome(MetS)among the population in Gannan(Southern Jiangxi),and to develop a nomogram for MetS prediction.Methods:In 2022,a multi-stage stratified random sampling method was used to select permanent residents aged 35 years and above in southern Jiangxi as study participants.MetS was defined according to the International Diabetes Federation(IDF)criteria.Participants'demographics,medical history,blood biochemistry data,and anthropometric variables were collected to screen for significant variables for the prediction model of MetS.Multivariable logistic regression was employed to explore the factors associated with MetS.Subsequently,the data were divided into a training set and a validation set,and a nomogram was developed to create the predictive model for MetS.The training set was utilized for nomogram model construction and preliminary validation,while the validation set was used for internal validation.The performance of the nomogram was assessed based on receiver operating characteristic curve(ROC),calibration curves,and decision curve analysis(DCA).Results:A total of 1581 participants were enrolled in the study,revealing a prevalence of MetS of 27.39%(95%CI:25.19%-29.59%).The age-standardized prevalence was calculated to be 27.81%.Nine variables were identified as influencing factors for MetS:age,residence,occupation,history of hyperlipidemia,history of hyperuricemia,hip circumference,glycated hemoglobin A1c(HbA1c),resting heart rate(RHR),and body mass index(BMI).The participants were randomly divided into a training set(n=1107,70%)and a validation set(n=474,30%).The nomogram was validated through preliminary validation area under curve(AUC:0.844)and internal validation(AUC:0.825).Calibration plots demonstrated good agreement in the training sets.Conclusion:The prevalence of MetS is notably high in Ganzhou,Jiangxi.The nomogram,which is based on age,residence,occupation,history of hyperlipidemia,history of hyperuricemia,hip circumference,HbA1c,RHR and BMI variables,exhibits strong predictive efficacy and can be utilized to assess the risk of MetS in middle-aged and elderly populations.展开更多
The exact worldwide prevalence of gastroesophageal reflux disease(GERD)re-mains uncertain,despite its recognition as a common condition.This conundrum arises primarily from the lack of a standardized definition for GE...The exact worldwide prevalence of gastroesophageal reflux disease(GERD)re-mains uncertain,despite its recognition as a common condition.This conundrum arises primarily from the lack of a standardized definition for GERD.The gold standard diagnostic tests for GERD,such as pH impedance testing and endo-scopy,are cumbersome and impractical for assessing community prevalence.Consequently,most epidemiological studies rely on symptom-based screening tools.GERD symptoms can be both esophageal and extraesophageal,varying widely among individuals.This variability has led to multiple symptom-based definitions of GERD,with no consensus,resulting in prevalence estimates ranging from 5%to 25%worldwide.Most systematic reviews define GERD as experi-encing heartburn and/or regurgitation at least once weekly,yielding a calculated prevalence of 13.98%.In 2017,the global age-standardized prevalence of GERD was estimated at 8819 per 100000 people(95%confidence interval:7781-9863),a figure that has remained stable from 1990 to 2017.Prevalence increases with age,leading to more years lived with disability.GERD significantly impairs quality of life and can lead to multiple complications.Additionally,it imposes a severe economic burden,with the United States alone estimated to spend around 10 billion dollars annually on diagnosis and treatment.In summary,GERD preva-lence varies greatly by region and even within different areas of the same province.Determining the exact prevalence is challenging due to inconsistent diagnostic criteria.However,it is well-documented that GERD poses a significant global burden,affecting the quality of life of individuals and creating a substantial healthcare cost.展开更多
Early onset of hypertension (HTN) raises the risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD), the leading cause of death in the U.S. For university students who do not follow healthy diets or lifestyles, high blood pressure (BP)...Early onset of hypertension (HTN) raises the risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD), the leading cause of death in the U.S. For university students who do not follow healthy diets or lifestyles, high blood pressure (BP) may be markedly prevalent. Researchers utilized a cross-sectional design to assess HTN prevalence and its risk factors among college students (N = 123). Self-administered surveys comprising four validated questionnaires: the Perceived Stress Scale (PSS), Rapid Eating Assessment for Participants-Shortened (REAPS), Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension Quality (DASH-Q), and the U.S. Adult Food Security Survey (FSS) were employed. Additionally, physical measurements were conducted, including height, weight, waist circumference (WC), and BP. Results indicated that 71.6% of students had elevated BP, with 24.4% classified as Stage 1 HTN and 23.6% as Stage 2 HTN. Notably, 60% of students reported low adherence to the DASH diet and a mean REAPS score of 26.3 out of 39. Students experiencing marginal food security had higher systolic blood pressure (SBP) 131.7 ± 16.8 mm Hg compared to those with high food security 123.03 ± 11.7 mm Hg (p = 0.028). Furthermore, REAPS scores showed a negative correlation with diastolic blood pressure (DBP) (β = −0.201, p = 0.03). Significant predictors for SBP included WC (β = 0.40, p β = −0.33, p β = 0.16, p = 0.046). The findings highlight the need for BP screenings and nutrition education programs to improve dietary habits among college students, which may help reduce HTN and its associated long-term risks for CVD.展开更多
AIM:To evaluate the prevalence of myopia and identify its associated risk factors among children and adolescents in Xi’an,China.METHODS:In a school-based cross-sectional design,students ranging from kindergarten to h...AIM:To evaluate the prevalence of myopia and identify its associated risk factors among children and adolescents in Xi’an,China.METHODS:In a school-based cross-sectional design,students ranging from kindergarten to high school across Xi’an were enrolled.Ophthalmic examinations were performed to assess refractive status via non-cycloplegic refraction.Myopia was defined as SE≤-0.5 D,with stratification into mild(SE:≤-0.5 to>-3.0 D),moderate(SE:≤-3.0 to>-6.0 D),and high myopia(SE≤-6.0 D).Data on potential risk factors such as age,gender,and educational level were obtained through structured questionnaires.RESULTS:The study included 156416 participants,with 81389 boys(52.0%)and 75027 girls(48.0%).The prevalence rates of myopia were 65.67%for boys and 68.83%for girls.Data collection occurred over two consecutive years,2021 and 2022,with 78849 and 77567 participants,respectively.The prevalence of myopia was 67.65%in 2021 and decreased slightly to 66.71%in 2022.The high myopia rates were 3.85%and 3.43%for these years,respectively.Analysis revealed significant risk factors including gender,age,and educational level,with a distinct positive correlation between increased educational level and higher myopia prevalence.Notably,both genders exhibited a significant decrease in moderate myopia over the study period,with reductions of 1.7%and 1.2%.CONCLUSION:This comprehensive study underscores the substantial prevalence of myopia among school-aged children and adolescents in Xi’an,marking it as a significant public health concern.The correlation with higher educational levels suggests the need for targeted interventions aimed at myopia prevention and management.These findings contribute critically to the body of knowledge necessary for formulating effective public health strategies in Xi’an and potentially other similar regions.展开更多
Mastitis is an inflammatory infection of the mammary glands that is frequently observed in animals. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of this infection, identify the pathogens responsible and highl...Mastitis is an inflammatory infection of the mammary glands that is frequently observed in animals. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of this infection, identify the pathogens responsible and highlight the risk factors in the region of Labé (Republic of Guinea). The survey involved 96 farmers in three prefectures (Koubia, Labé, Lélouma) and covered 3,199 animals, including 611 lactating females. The clinical survey revealed 49 suspected cases of mastitis, mainly in goats. The analysis showed a prevalence of clinical mastitis of 2.95% and a mortality rate of 18.35%. The identified risk factors were the hygiene of the premises, the age of the females, husbandry practices and the lack of regular veterinary care.展开更多
Background: Erectile dysfunction (ED) is a common, bothersome and relatively under diagnosed complication of diabetes mellitus. This study was aimed to determine the prevalence of erectile dysfunction and its determin...Background: Erectile dysfunction (ED) is a common, bothersome and relatively under diagnosed complication of diabetes mellitus. This study was aimed to determine the prevalence of erectile dysfunction and its determinants. Methods: A cross-sectional hospital-based study was carried out in the Diabetology Units of the Buea and Limbe Regional Hospitals involving 332 male patients with diabetes and aged over 21 years. Data was analyzed using Stata and R version 3.5.3. Results: The mean age of the participants was 55years. Most participants (64.46%) were married. About half (50.60%) of the participants actively consumed alcohol, 11.45% were smokers and 57.83% were sedentary. 18 participants (5.42%) recorded high risk sexual behaviour. 54.32% of participants had a comorbidity and 43.90% were overweight. The prevalence of diabetic ED was 78.92%. Age, Fasting Blood Sugar and Glycated hemoglobin were found to be positive determinants of diabetic ED (odds ratio (OR) = 0.77, 95% CI −0.1 - 0.07). Conclusion: The prevalence of diabetic ED in this hospital population study is high, and both physician and patient—initiated measures are needed to reduce this prevalence and improve awareness, recognition and care of this condition.展开更多
文摘Prevalent cohort studies involve screening a sample of individuals from a population for disease, recruiting affected individuals, and prospectively following the cohort of individuals to record the occurrence of disease-related complications or death. This design features a response-biased sampling scheme since individuals living a long time with the disease are preferentially sampled, so naive analysis of the time from disease onset to death will over-estimate survival probabilities. Unconditional and conditional analyses of the resulting data can yield consistent estimates of the survival distribution subject to the validity of their respective model assumptions. The time of disease onset is retrospectively reported by sampled individuals, however, this is often associated with measurement error. In this article we present a framework for studying the effect of measurement error in disease onset times in prevalent cohort studies, report on empirical studies of the effect in each framework of analysis, and describe likelihood-based methods to address such a measurement error.
文摘Aim of Study: Leptospirosis is a bacterial zoonotic disease transmitted through contact with animals that are harbouring leptospira. Knowledge of prevalent leptospira in a particular animal of a particular geographical area is essential to understand the epizootiology of disease, to understand the linkage between circulating serovars in animals and in humans, and to apply appropriate control measures, etc. Material and Methods: Animal samples from different districts of the south Gujarat region received in the Microbiology department during the year of 2020 for the Microscopic agglutination test (MAT) of leptospirosis were included in the study. Results of MAT which was already performed using 12 different serovars were analysed to prevent serovars in a particular animal. Quantitative data were analysed using frequency and percentage. Result: Out of 1406 animal samples, 151 (11 percent) were positive from animals like cows, buffalos, bullocks and goats. More prevalent serovars in cows were L. ictrohemorrahiae (22%), L. hardjo (19%), L. patoc (17%) and L. pyrogen (16%). In buffalo, L. patoc (58%) and L. hardjo (27%) were found. L. hardjo (50%) in bullock and L. automonalis (50%), L. australis (22%) and L. patoc (14%) in goat were found as prevent serovars. Conclusion: Different prevent serovars has been observed in different animals from the different district south Gujarat region which will be helpful to trace the source of infection in human, to apply control measures, to know the epizootiology of disease, for developing strategies in the future during vaccine development with emphasizing more on the prevalent serovars.
文摘Background:The human papillomavirus virus(HPV)is very common with over 150 strains and at least 42 acquired by sexual contact.It is a public health concern among women the world over,with an estimated prevalence of 11.7%globally,and 24%in Sub-Saharan Africa.There are five common HPV types;HPV16,HPV18,HPV52,HPV31,and HPV58.Cervical cancer affects women globally,with estimated 570,000 new cases in 2018.Nearly 90%of the 311,000 deaths worldwide in that year occurred in low-and middle-income countries.Objective:To estimate the prevalence of HPV among sexually active women in Lagos,Nigeria;and to determine the most common HPV type among that category.Methods:A descriptive cross-sectional study design was implemented,with 198 women in total enrolled for the study.Sexually active women from various health facilities in Lagos were screened by obtaining cervical tissue,stirred into PCR cell media,and assayed for HPV genotypes using the Roche COBAS®4800 System.Results:Age of the women ranged from 18 to 65 years(mean 34.6±6.4),with the majority(56.4%)between 25-34 years;65%were married and 63%had a secondary education.Age at first penile-vaginal contact ranged from 9 to 38 years(mean 20.4±3.9).Sixty-five percent of women stated total lifetime sexual partners of between 2 and 4(mean 2.9±2.5).The prevalence of high-risk HPV was 40.4%(95%CI:40.1 to 40.7)and breakdown of types obtained were;HPV16,2.5%(95%CI:2.22 to 2.78);HPV18,3.5%(95%CI:3.22 to 3.78);other high risk(OHR)HPV,28.3%(95%CI:28 to 28.6);HPV16&OHR HPV,1.5%(95%CI:1.22 to 1.78);HPV18&OHR HPV,4.1%(95%CI:3.82 to 4.38);HPV16,18&OHR HPV,0.5%(95%CI:0.221 to 0.779).HPV negative and inconclusive results were 58.1%and 1.5%respectively.Conclusion:Prevalence of OHR HPV is high among Nigerian women.This informs the pattern of HPV existing in the African region,and may aid future efforts at eradicating the virus.The findings are further contributive evidence to the initiative to eliminate cervical cancer as a public health challenge in Nigeria.
文摘BACKGROUND Helicobacter pylori(H.pylori)infection is a prevalent disease encountered in military internal medicine and recognized as the main cause of dyspepsia,gastritis,and peptic ulcer,which are common diseases in military personnel.Current guidelines in China state all patients with evidence of active infection with H.pylori are offered treatment.However,the prevalence of H.pylori infection and its regional distribution in the military population remain unclear,which hinders effective prevention and treatment strategies.Understanding the prevalence of H.pylori infection in the military population will aid in the development of customized strategies to better manage this infectious disease.AIM To investigate the prevalence of H.pylori infection in the Chinese military population in different geographic areas.METHODS This multicenter,retrospective study included 22421 individuals from five tertiary hospitals located in north,east,southwest,and northwest cities of China.H.pylori infection was identified using the urea breath test,which had been performed between January 2020 and December 2021.RESULTS Of the 22421 military service members,7416(33.1%)were urea breath test-positive.The highest prevalence of H.pylori was in the 30-39 years age group for military personnel,with an infection rate of 34.9%.The majority of infected subjects were younger than 40-years-old,accounting for 70.4%of the infected population.The individuals serviced in Lanzhou and Chengdu showed a higher infection prevalence than those in Beijing,Nanjing,and Guangzhou,with prevalence rates of 44.3%,37.9%,29.0%,31.1%,and 32.3%,respectively.CONCLUSION H.pylori infection remains a common infectious disease among military personnel in China and has a relatively high prevalence rate in northwest China.
文摘A co-location pattern is a set of spatial features whose instances frequently appear in a spatial neighborhood. This paper efficiently mines the top-k probabilistic prevalent co-locations over spatially uncertain data sets and makes the following contributions： 1） the concept of the top-k prob- abilistic prevalent co-locations based on a possible world model is defined; 2） a framework for discovering the top- k probabilistic prevalent co-locations is set up; 3） a matrix method is proposed to improve the computation of the preva- lence probability of a top-k candidate, and two pruning rules of the matrix block are given to accelerate the search for ex- act solutions; 4） a polynomial matrix is developed to further speed up the top-k candidate refinement process; 5） an ap- proximate algorithm with compensation factor is introduced so that relatively large quantity of data can be processed quickly. The efficiency of our proposed algorithms as well as the accuracy of the approximation algorithms is evaluated with an extensive set of experiments using both synthetic and real uncertain data sets.
基金supported by NIH/NICHD RO1HD109157supported by his American Heart AssociationAward Career Development Award (932980)National Science Foundation CAREER award (NSF2401215)
文摘Background:The prevalence,age of onset,and symptomatology of traumatic brain injury,stroke,and neurodegenerative diseases(such as Alzheimer’s disease(AD),Parkinson’s disease,amyotrophic lateral sclerosis,and Huntington’s disease)differ substantially between males and females.The higher prevalence of these brain disorders has been attributed to females having a greater longevity compared with males.Since one of the greatest risk factors of acquired brain injury(such as stroke,traumatic brain injury caused by fall)and neurodegenerative disease is age.
文摘The prevalence of Class Ⅲ malocclusion varies among different countries and regions. The populations from Southeast Asian countries (Chinese and Malaysian) showed the highest prevalence rate of 15.8%, which can seriously affect oral function, facial appearance, and mental health. As anterior crossbite tends to worsen with growth, early orthodontic treatment can harness growth potential to normalize maxillofacial development or reduce skeletal malformation severity, thereby reducing the difficulty and shortening the treatment cycle of later-stage treatment. This is beneficial for the physical and mental growth of children. Therefore,early orthodontic treatment for Class Ⅲ malocclusion is particularly important. Determining the optimal timing for early orthodontic treatment requires a comprehensive assessment of clinical manifestations, dental age, and skeletal age, and can lead to better results with less effort. Currently, standardized treatment guidelines for early orthodontic treatment of Class Ⅲ malocclusion are lacking. This review provides a comprehensive summary of the etiology, clinical manifestations, classification, and early orthodontic techniques for Class Ⅲ malocclusion, along with systematic discussions on selecting early treatment plans. The purpose of this expert consensus is to standardize clinical practices and improve the treatment outcomes of Class Ⅲ malocclusion through early orthodontic treatment.
文摘Introduction: Adolescent childbirth is a public health and social problem worldwide. It is associated with both maternal and perinatal morbidity and mortality. The general objective of our study is to determine the prevalence and profile of pregnant women, and to assess the maternal and perinatal prognosis of adolescent childbirth in Kisangani. Methods: This was a prospective, multicenter, case-control observational study conducted over a seven-month period, from February 1 to August 31, 2024, in primiparous adolescent gestational carriers (cases) and primiparous gestational carriers aged 20 to 34 years (controls) who delivered in five health facilities in the city of Kisangani, Democratic Republic of Congo. Results: The prevalence of teenage childbirth was 13.8%. Adolescents were more likely than controls to be in secondary education and to be unemployed. Compared with controls, pregnant adolescents were more likely to have poor ANC attendance. There was a statistical difference between the two groups in relation to pelvic anomaly, rupture of membranes on admission, hypertensive disorders, vicious presentation, caesarean section, episiotomy, postpartum anaemia and puerperal psychosis. In fact, these morbidities were more common in adolescent girls than in controls. Compared with controls, neonatal depression, prematurity, low birth weight and perinatal death were more prevalent in the newborns of teenage mothers. Conclusion: The prevalence of teenage childbirth is high in Kisangani;there is an association between unmarried status, lack of employment, low socio-economic status, poor ANC follow-up and teenage childbirth in Kisangani. The latter is also associated with high maternal and perinatal morbidity and mortality.
文摘Bile reflux gastritis (BRG) is a gastro-intestinal condition especially characterized by the reflux of bile into the stomach, further leading to mucosal inflammation along with various other clinical manifestations. Despite its increasing recognition, BRG remains understudied, with limited understanding of its epidemiology, pathophysiology, and optimal therapeutic strategies. Present narrative review aimed to comprehensively examine the available literature on BRG, focusing on its prevalence, risk factors, pathophysiology, clinical presentation, diagnostic modalities, and available therapeutic strategies. A comprehensive literature search was conducted using PubMed, Embase, Google Scholar and Cochrane databases. Relevant studies were included based on predefined inclusion and exclusion criteria. A narrative synthesis was conducted to summarize and interpret the findings. The prevalence of BRG remains uncertain due to diagnostic challenges. Risk factors include impaired gastrointestinal motility, sphincteric dysfunction (pyloric sphincter and the lower oesophageal sphincter), biliary tract disease, and certain medications. The pathophysiology involves bile acid-induced mucosal injury, inflammation, and impaired gastric defence mechanisms. Clinical manifestations are often nonspecific. Diagnostic modalities primarily include endoscopy and bile acid reflux testing. Management strategies encompass lifestyle modifications, medical therapy, and in severe cases, surgery. BRG is a complex condition with significant clinical implications. Further research is needed to refine diagnostic criteria, elucidate pathophysiological mechanisms, and develop effective therapeutic interventions. Addressing knowledge gaps in epidemiology, risk factors, and long-term outcomes is crucial for improving patient care.
文摘BACKGROUND Fear of childbirth(FoC)is a widespread issue that impacts the health and well-being of mothers and newborns.However,there is inconsistency regarding the prevalence of FoC in the and there is limited research on the prevalence of FoC among Australian pregnant women.AIM To investigate the prevalence of FoC,its risk factors and birth outcomes in Aust-ralian multiparous women.METHODS In this prospective cohort quantitative study,212 multiparous women were re-cruited from antenatal clinics at Westmead Hospital in western Sydney from 2019 to 2022.Pregnant women who attended antenatal visits and met the inclusion criteria signed the consent forms and completed several online questionnaires at baseline.After they gave birth,their birth outcomes were collected from the hospital’s medical record database.The data were analyzed using SPSS software and descriptive statistics,χ^(2)test,independent samples t-test,and multivariable logistic regression analysis.RESULTS Out of 212 participants,24%experienced a high level of FoC and 7%experienced severe FoC.Theχ^(2)test results revealed that a family income of≤$100000,no alcohol intake during pregnancy,pre-existing health problems,previous caesarean section(emergency or planned),and previous neutral/traumatic childbirth experiences were significantly associated with higher levels of FoC(P<0.05).Other risk factors included being moderately to very worried and fearful about the upcoming birth,having severe to extremely severe anxiety throughout pregnancy,and expressing low relationship satisfaction.According to multivariable logistic regression,the odds of a high level of FoC were higher in women with anxiety,a history of traumatic childbirth experience,a history of sexual assault during childhood,pre-existing health problems,and lower relationship satisfaction(P<0.05).CONCLUSION High-severe levels of FoC are experienced by pregnant multiparous women and are affected by several demo-graphic factors.However,due to the small sample size in the present study,further studies with larger sample sizes are required to draw a firm conclusion on the prevalence of severe FoC among multiparous women and its associated risk factors and birth outcomes.
文摘AIM:To describe the demographics,clinical characteristics and treatment outcomes of childhood amblyopia in a tertiary eye center in western India.METHODS:This was a retrospective longitudinal hospital-based study of 1382 children aged≤12y included in the National Institute of OphthalMology AmBlyopia StUdy in Indian Paediatric EyeS(NIMBUS)Study.Data on patient demographics,treatment approach,and best-corrected visual acuity(BCVA)changes were reviewed.RESULTS:The mean age of the study cohort was 4.54±2.46y,with males constituting the majority(55.4%).The cause of amblyopia was refractive error in 73.2%,strabismus in 7.3%,and anisometropia in 6.8%of eyes.The majority of therapies comprised glasses(74.4%),followed by occlusion+glasses(10.3%),occlusion alone(7.3%),and surgery+patching+glasses(5.1%).The mean occlusion time was 2.46±1.14h.After a median follow-up of 10.00(6-85)mo,the mean BCVA significantly improved from 0.85±0.41 to 0.55±0.42 logMAR.Subgroup analysis revealed BCVA gain for all etiologies,including refractive errors(P<0.001),strabismus(P<0.001),cataract(P<0.001),and ptosis(P<0.001).Additionally,eyes with refractive errors showed significantly better BCVA than eyes with cataracts(P<0.001),strabismus(P<0.001)and marginally better BCVA than eyes with ptosis(P<0.05),both at the baseline and final visit.CONCLUSION:Refractive errors are the commonest cause of amblyopia,followed by strabismus and anisometropia.Timely detection,optimal therapy,and periodic follow-up are crucial in bettering visual acuity regardless of the cause.
文摘Background and Objective Hypertension(HT)and atrial fibrillation(AF)are highly prevalent cardiovascular conditions that frequently coexist.Coronary artery disease(CAD)is a major global cause of mortality.The co-occurrence of HT,AF,and CAD presents significant management challenges.This study aims to explore the clinical characteristics and risk factors associated with CAD in patients with HT and persistentAF(HT-AF).Methods In this retrospective cross-sectional study,data were collected from 384 hospitalized HT-AF patients at the People's Liberation Army General Hospital between January 2010 and December 2019.CAD diagnosis was confirmed by coronary angiography or computed tomography angiography.Clinical characteristics and comorbidities were compared between patients with and without CAD.Multivariate logistic regression analyses were performed to identify independent risk factors associated with CAD development.Results The prevalence of CAD among HT-AF patients was 66.41%(255/384).Cardiovascular complications,particularly heart failure(44.7%vs 25.6%,P<0.05),were significantly more prevalent in the CAD group than in the non-CAD group.Only age was identified as an independent risk factor for CAD(adjusted OR:1.047;95%CI:1.022–1.073;P=0.000).Of all HT-AF patients,54.7%had a CHA2DS2-VASc score of≥4,indicating high stroke risk.There was a slightly higher anticoagulant usage rate in the CAD group than those without CAD(8.6%vs 4.7%,P=0.157),and the overall anticoagulant usage remained low.Conclusion There is a high prevalence of CAD among hospitalized HT-AF patients,among whom age is the sole independent risk factor for CAD.Despite a high stroke risk,the utilization of oral anticoagulants is alarmingly low.
基金the Military Program for Clinical Cultivation Specialty and Chinese Preventive Medicine Association.
文摘Objective:Children below 14 years of age are highly vulnerable to dengue infection and are at a greater risk of developing severe dengue illness.This study aimed to investigate the trends in the burden of dengue fever among children below 14 years of age in China from 1990 to 2021 and to project the disease burden from 2022 to 2035.Methods:Based on the datasets derived from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021,the following data were collected from dengue-affected children aged ≤14 years in China from 1990 to 2021:number and rate of incident dengue cases,number of prevalent dengue cases,number of deaths due to dengue,and disability-adjusted life years(DALYs) lost due to dengue.The trends in disease burden were examined based on average annual percent change(AAPC) and annual percent change,and the burdens were proj ected from 2022 to 2035 by using a Bayesian age-period-cohort model.Results:The incidence and prevalence of dengue fever were increased in children aged ≤ 14 years in China from1990 to 2021(AAPC=5.42 % and 5.44 %,respectively,P <0.001),while the mortality and DALYs rates were reduced(AAPC=-8.21 % and-7.55 %,respectively,P <0.001).The burden was comparable between genders,with numerically lower incidence and prevalence in boys than in girls.The lowest incidence and prevalence and the highest mortality and DALYs rates were observed in children aged <5 years.The incidence and prevalence rates were projected to increase from 2022 to 2035;in contrast,the mortality and DALYs rates were projected to decrease during this period.Conclusions:Although the mortality and DALYs rates of dengue fever decreased significantly in children aged0-14 years in China from 1990 to 2021,the incidence and prevalence increased remarkably.Enhanced surveillance and ample health education programs and preventive interventions are recommended for targeting this high-risk population.
文摘Objectives:Depression is one of the most common mental health disorders in adolescence.The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of depressive symptoms(DS)in adolescents aged 15-18 years in the Autonomous Province of Vojvodina(APV)and to analyze the association of sociodemographic and family factors with DS.Methods:Thesample consisted of 986 students(47.4%females and 52.6%males)fromten government high schools in all seven districts of the APV.The Kutcher Adolescents Depression Scale(KADS)was used as a screening test for DS.Sociodemographic datawere assessed using a self-reported questionnaire.Athree-level binary logistic regressionmodel was conducted to explore the association between sociodemographic and family factors and DS.Results:Symptoms of depression were presented in 27.9%of females(95%CI=23.9%-32.2%)and 14.7%of males(95%CI=11.7%-18.0%)(χ^(2)=25.129,p<0.001).In terms of parents’employment,DS were more prevalent among students whose fathers were unemployed or retired(31.4%,95%CI=20.9%-43.6%)(χ^(2)=4.376,p=0.036).In the multilevel logistic regression model,males had 56%lower odds of having DS compared to females(odds ratio[OR]=0.44,95%CI=0.30-0.65).Students with fathers who completed high school had 46%lower odds of depression compared to those whose fathers had the lowest education level(OR=0.54,95%CI=0.30-0.98),and having an employed mother was associated with 40%lower odds of DS in students compared to thosewhosemotherswere unemployed(OR=0.60,95%CI=0.38-0.95).Conclusions:The study revealed a high prevalence of DS among adolescents.Girls have significantly higher values of prevalence of DS than boys,and adolescents whose fathers are without employment or retired.Gender,the father’s education,and the mother’s employment status are significant predictors of DS.Screening programs and the adoption of targeted prevention programs intended for vulnerable populations are extremely important.
文摘Objective:This study aimed to investigate the prevalence and determinants of metabolic syndrome(MetS)among the population in Gannan(Southern Jiangxi),and to develop a nomogram for MetS prediction.Methods:In 2022,a multi-stage stratified random sampling method was used to select permanent residents aged 35 years and above in southern Jiangxi as study participants.MetS was defined according to the International Diabetes Federation(IDF)criteria.Participants'demographics,medical history,blood biochemistry data,and anthropometric variables were collected to screen for significant variables for the prediction model of MetS.Multivariable logistic regression was employed to explore the factors associated with MetS.Subsequently,the data were divided into a training set and a validation set,and a nomogram was developed to create the predictive model for MetS.The training set was utilized for nomogram model construction and preliminary validation,while the validation set was used for internal validation.The performance of the nomogram was assessed based on receiver operating characteristic curve(ROC),calibration curves,and decision curve analysis(DCA).Results:A total of 1581 participants were enrolled in the study,revealing a prevalence of MetS of 27.39%(95%CI:25.19%-29.59%).The age-standardized prevalence was calculated to be 27.81%.Nine variables were identified as influencing factors for MetS:age,residence,occupation,history of hyperlipidemia,history of hyperuricemia,hip circumference,glycated hemoglobin A1c(HbA1c),resting heart rate(RHR),and body mass index(BMI).The participants were randomly divided into a training set(n=1107,70%)and a validation set(n=474,30%).The nomogram was validated through preliminary validation area under curve(AUC:0.844)and internal validation(AUC:0.825).Calibration plots demonstrated good agreement in the training sets.Conclusion:The prevalence of MetS is notably high in Ganzhou,Jiangxi.The nomogram,which is based on age,residence,occupation,history of hyperlipidemia,history of hyperuricemia,hip circumference,HbA1c,RHR and BMI variables,exhibits strong predictive efficacy and can be utilized to assess the risk of MetS in middle-aged and elderly populations.
文摘The exact worldwide prevalence of gastroesophageal reflux disease(GERD)re-mains uncertain,despite its recognition as a common condition.This conundrum arises primarily from the lack of a standardized definition for GERD.The gold standard diagnostic tests for GERD,such as pH impedance testing and endo-scopy,are cumbersome and impractical for assessing community prevalence.Consequently,most epidemiological studies rely on symptom-based screening tools.GERD symptoms can be both esophageal and extraesophageal,varying widely among individuals.This variability has led to multiple symptom-based definitions of GERD,with no consensus,resulting in prevalence estimates ranging from 5%to 25%worldwide.Most systematic reviews define GERD as experi-encing heartburn and/or regurgitation at least once weekly,yielding a calculated prevalence of 13.98%.In 2017,the global age-standardized prevalence of GERD was estimated at 8819 per 100000 people(95%confidence interval:7781-9863),a figure that has remained stable from 1990 to 2017.Prevalence increases with age,leading to more years lived with disability.GERD significantly impairs quality of life and can lead to multiple complications.Additionally,it imposes a severe economic burden,with the United States alone estimated to spend around 10 billion dollars annually on diagnosis and treatment.In summary,GERD preva-lence varies greatly by region and even within different areas of the same province.Determining the exact prevalence is challenging due to inconsistent diagnostic criteria.However,it is well-documented that GERD poses a significant global burden,affecting the quality of life of individuals and creating a substantial healthcare cost.
文摘Early onset of hypertension (HTN) raises the risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD), the leading cause of death in the U.S. For university students who do not follow healthy diets or lifestyles, high blood pressure (BP) may be markedly prevalent. Researchers utilized a cross-sectional design to assess HTN prevalence and its risk factors among college students (N = 123). Self-administered surveys comprising four validated questionnaires: the Perceived Stress Scale (PSS), Rapid Eating Assessment for Participants-Shortened (REAPS), Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension Quality (DASH-Q), and the U.S. Adult Food Security Survey (FSS) were employed. Additionally, physical measurements were conducted, including height, weight, waist circumference (WC), and BP. Results indicated that 71.6% of students had elevated BP, with 24.4% classified as Stage 1 HTN and 23.6% as Stage 2 HTN. Notably, 60% of students reported low adherence to the DASH diet and a mean REAPS score of 26.3 out of 39. Students experiencing marginal food security had higher systolic blood pressure (SBP) 131.7 ± 16.8 mm Hg compared to those with high food security 123.03 ± 11.7 mm Hg (p = 0.028). Furthermore, REAPS scores showed a negative correlation with diastolic blood pressure (DBP) (β = −0.201, p = 0.03). Significant predictors for SBP included WC (β = 0.40, p β = −0.33, p β = 0.16, p = 0.046). The findings highlight the need for BP screenings and nutrition education programs to improve dietary habits among college students, which may help reduce HTN and its associated long-term risks for CVD.
基金Supported by Key R&D Plan of Shaanxi Province:Key Industrial Innovation Chain(Cluster)-Social Development Field(No.2022ZDLSF03-10)the 2025 Youth Training Project of the Xi’an Municipal Health Commission(No.2025qn05)+1 种基金Xi’an Medical Research-Discipline Capacity Building Project(No.23YXYJ0002)Research Incubation Fund of Xi’an People’s Hospital(Xi’an Fourth Hospital)(No.LH-13).
文摘AIM:To evaluate the prevalence of myopia and identify its associated risk factors among children and adolescents in Xi’an,China.METHODS:In a school-based cross-sectional design,students ranging from kindergarten to high school across Xi’an were enrolled.Ophthalmic examinations were performed to assess refractive status via non-cycloplegic refraction.Myopia was defined as SE≤-0.5 D,with stratification into mild(SE:≤-0.5 to>-3.0 D),moderate(SE:≤-3.0 to>-6.0 D),and high myopia(SE≤-6.0 D).Data on potential risk factors such as age,gender,and educational level were obtained through structured questionnaires.RESULTS:The study included 156416 participants,with 81389 boys(52.0%)and 75027 girls(48.0%).The prevalence rates of myopia were 65.67%for boys and 68.83%for girls.Data collection occurred over two consecutive years,2021 and 2022,with 78849 and 77567 participants,respectively.The prevalence of myopia was 67.65%in 2021 and decreased slightly to 66.71%in 2022.The high myopia rates were 3.85%and 3.43%for these years,respectively.Analysis revealed significant risk factors including gender,age,and educational level,with a distinct positive correlation between increased educational level and higher myopia prevalence.Notably,both genders exhibited a significant decrease in moderate myopia over the study period,with reductions of 1.7%and 1.2%.CONCLUSION:This comprehensive study underscores the substantial prevalence of myopia among school-aged children and adolescents in Xi’an,marking it as a significant public health concern.The correlation with higher educational levels suggests the need for targeted interventions aimed at myopia prevention and management.These findings contribute critically to the body of knowledge necessary for formulating effective public health strategies in Xi’an and potentially other similar regions.
文摘Mastitis is an inflammatory infection of the mammary glands that is frequently observed in animals. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of this infection, identify the pathogens responsible and highlight the risk factors in the region of Labé (Republic of Guinea). The survey involved 96 farmers in three prefectures (Koubia, Labé, Lélouma) and covered 3,199 animals, including 611 lactating females. The clinical survey revealed 49 suspected cases of mastitis, mainly in goats. The analysis showed a prevalence of clinical mastitis of 2.95% and a mortality rate of 18.35%. The identified risk factors were the hygiene of the premises, the age of the females, husbandry practices and the lack of regular veterinary care.
文摘Background: Erectile dysfunction (ED) is a common, bothersome and relatively under diagnosed complication of diabetes mellitus. This study was aimed to determine the prevalence of erectile dysfunction and its determinants. Methods: A cross-sectional hospital-based study was carried out in the Diabetology Units of the Buea and Limbe Regional Hospitals involving 332 male patients with diabetes and aged over 21 years. Data was analyzed using Stata and R version 3.5.3. Results: The mean age of the participants was 55years. Most participants (64.46%) were married. About half (50.60%) of the participants actively consumed alcohol, 11.45% were smokers and 57.83% were sedentary. 18 participants (5.42%) recorded high risk sexual behaviour. 54.32% of participants had a comorbidity and 43.90% were overweight. The prevalence of diabetic ED was 78.92%. Age, Fasting Blood Sugar and Glycated hemoglobin were found to be positive determinants of diabetic ED (odds ratio (OR) = 0.77, 95% CI −0.1 - 0.07). Conclusion: The prevalence of diabetic ED in this hospital population study is high, and both physician and patient—initiated measures are needed to reduce this prevalence and improve awareness, recognition and care of this condition.
