The Pingyang ancient woodblock painting“Presenting the Beauty of the Country with the Elegance of the Dynasty”is an important work that cannot be surpassed in the study of the history of Chinese printmaking.This art...The Pingyang ancient woodblock painting“Presenting the Beauty of the Country with the Elegance of the Dynasty”is an important work that cannot be surpassed in the study of the history of Chinese printmaking.This article focuses on the characteristics of the image style of this work,and first combines the process of excavation and discovery of this work to describe its historical background;Secondly,analyze the image information such as the structure and content presented in the work;Finally,the uniqueness of the flat water version production,the distinctive content presented in the work,and the artistic composition of the work were explained,and the importance of studying the work was pointed out.展开更多
The intestinal immune system maintains a delicate balance between immunogenicity against invading pathogens and tolerance of the commensal microbiota. Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) involves a breakdown in tolerance...The intestinal immune system maintains a delicate balance between immunogenicity against invading pathogens and tolerance of the commensal microbiota. Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) involves a breakdown in tolerance towards the microbiota. Dendritic cells (DC), macrophages (MΦ) and B-cells are known as professional antigen-presenting cells (APC) due to their specialization in presenting processed antigen to T-cells, and in turn shaping types of T-cell responses generated. Intestinal DC are migratory cells, unique in their ability to generate primary T-cell responses in mesenteric lymph nodes or Peyer’s patches, whilst MΦ and B-cells contribute to polarization and differentiation of secondary T-cell responses in the gut lamina propria. The antigen-sampling function of gut DC and MΦ enables them to sample bacterial antigens from the gut lumen to determine types of T-cell responses generated. The primary function of intestinal B-cells involves their secretion of large amounts of immunoglobulin A, which in turn contributes to epithelial barrier function and limits immune responses towards to microbiota. Here, we review the role of all three types of APC in intestinal immunity, both in the steady state and in inflammation, and how these cells interact with one another, as well as with the intestinal microenvironment, to shape mucosal immune responses. We describe mechanisms of maintaining intestinal immune tolerance in the steady state but also inappropriate responses of APC to components of the gut microbiota that contribute to pathology in IBD.展开更多
AIM:To investigate the anti-inflammatory effects of cinnamon extract and elucidate its mechanisms for targeting the function of antigen presenting cells.METHODS:Cinnamon extract was used to treat murine macrophage cel...AIM:To investigate the anti-inflammatory effects of cinnamon extract and elucidate its mechanisms for targeting the function of antigen presenting cells.METHODS:Cinnamon extract was used to treat murine macrophage cell line(Raw 264.7),mouse primary antigen-presenting cells(APCs,MHCII+) and CD11c+dendritic cells to analyze the effects of cinnamon extract on APC function.The mechanisms of action of cinnamon extract on APCs were investigated by analyzing cytokine production,and expression of MHC antigens and co-stimulatory molecules by quantitative real-time PCR and flow cytometry.In addition,the effect of cinnamon extract on antigen presentation capacity and APC-dependent T-cell differentiation were analyzed by [H3]-thymidine incorporation and cytokine analysis,respectively.To confirm the anti-inflammatory effects of cinnamon extract in vivo,cinnamon or PBS was orally administered to mice for 20 d followed by induction of experimental colitis with 2,4,6 trinitrobenzenesulfonic acid.The protective effects of cinnamon extract against experimental colitis were measured by checking clinical symptoms,histological analysis and cytokine expression prof iles in inflamed tissue.RESULTS:Treatment with cinnamon extract inhibited maturation of MHCII+ APCs or CD11c+ dendritic cells(DCs) by suppressing expression of co-stimulatory molecules(B7.1,B7.2,ICOS-L),MHCII and cyclooxygenase(COX)-2.Cinnamon extract induced regulatory DCs(rDCs) that produce low levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines [interleukin(IL)-1β,IL-6,IL-12,interferon(IFN)-γ and tumor necrosis factor(TNF)-α] while expressing high levels of immunoregulatory cytokines(IL-10 and transforming growth factor-β).In addition,rDCs generated by cinnamon extract inhibited APC-dependent T-cell proliferation,and converted CD4+ T cells into IL-10high CD4+ T cells.Furthermore,oral administration of cinnamon extract inhibited development and progression of intestinal colitis by inhibiting expression of COX-2 and pro-inflammatory cytokines(IL-1β,IFN-γ and TNF-α),while enhancing IL-10 levels.CONCLUSION:Our study suggests the potential of cinnamon extract as an anti-inflammatory agent by targeting the generation of regulatory APCs and IL-10+ regulatory T cells.展开更多
AIM:To obtain the baseline data on presenting visual acuity(PVA)and evaluate the prevalence and associated factors for visual impairment based on PVA in 9070 Chinese college students.METHODS:The freshmen at a universi...AIM:To obtain the baseline data on presenting visual acuity(PVA)and evaluate the prevalence and associated factors for visual impairment based on PVA in 9070 Chinese college students.METHODS:The freshmen at a university in southern China,including 6527 undergraduate students and 2543 graduate students,were investigated for some sociodemographic characteristics and underwent routine medical examination,including measuring PVA,height,and weight.Visual impairment was defined according to the new World Health Organization criteria for blindness and visual impairment.RESULTS:In 9070 college students,the mean PVA in the better eye was 0.094±0.163 log MAR.The prevalence of visual impairment based on PVA was 2.7%.Only 38.3%college students had normal visual acuity[PVA equal to 0 log MAR(20/20)in both eyes].There were 69.8%of students wearing spectacles.Logistic regression showed that home region(non-Guangdong provinces,P<0.0001,OR=1.70)was risk factor for visual impairment while BMI(P=0.001,OR=0.92)was protective factor from visual impairment.Ethnicity(Han Chinese,P<0.0001,OR=3.17)was risk factor for wearing spectacles while age(P=0.01,OR=0.90)was protective factor from wearing spectacles.CONCLUSION:This study provides the baseline data on PVA and the prevalence of visual impairment in Chinese college students.Our analyses reveal that BMI and home region are associated factors for visual impairment based on PVA,while age and ethnicity are associated factors for wearing spectacles.展开更多
Systemic lupus erythematosus （SLE） is a typical autoimmune disease involving multiple systems and organs. Ample evidence suggests that autoreactive T cells play a pivotal role in the development of this autoimmune d...Systemic lupus erythematosus （SLE） is a typical autoimmune disease involving multiple systems and organs. Ample evidence suggests that autoreactive T cells play a pivotal role in the development of this autoimmune disorder. This study was undertaken to investigate the mechanisms of interaction between antigen presenting cells （APCs） and an autoreactive T cell （ATLI） clone obtained from lupus-prone BXSB mice. ATLI cells, either before or after 7-ray irradiation, were able to activate naive B cells, as determined by B cell proliferation assays. Macrophages from BXSB mice were able to stimulate the proliferation of resting ATL 1 cells at a responder/stimulator （R/S） ratio of 1/2.5. Dendritic cells （DCs） were much more powerful stimulators for ATLI cells on a per cell basis. The T cell stimulating ability ofmacrophages and B cells, but not DCs, was sensitive to T-ray irradiation. Monoclonal antibodies against mouse MHC-Ⅱ and CD4 were able to block DC-mediated stimulation of ATL 1 proliferation, indicating cognate recognition between ATL 1 and APCs. Our data suggest that positive feedback loops involving macrophages, B cells and autoreactive T cells may play a pivotal role in keeping the momentum of autoimmune responses leading to autoimmune diseases.展开更多
Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome(PRRS) is one of the most important diseases of swine industry. The causal agent, PRRS-virus(PRRSV), is able to evade the host immune response and survive in the organism c...Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome(PRRS) is one of the most important diseases of swine industry. The causal agent, PRRS-virus(PRRSV), is able to evade the host immune response and survive in the organism causing transient infections. Despite all scientific efforts, there are still some gaps in the knowledge of the pathogenesis of this disease. Antigen presenting cells(APCs), as initiators of the immune response, are located in the first line of defense against microorganisms, and are responsible for antigen recognition, processing and presentation. Dendritic cells(DCs) are the main type of APC involved in antigen presentation and they are susceptible to PRRSV infection. Thus, PRRSV replication in DCs may trigger off different mechanisms to impair the onset of a host effective immune response against the virus. On the one side, PRRSV may impair the basic functions of DCs by regulating the expression of major histocompatibility complex class Ⅱ and CD80/86. Other strategy followed by the virus is the induction of cell death of APCs by apoptosis, necrosis or both of them. The impairment and/or cell death ofAPCs could lead to a failure in the onset of an efficient immune response, as long as cells could not properly activate T cells. Future aspects to take into account are also discussed in this review.展开更多
AIM: To construct and highly express an epitope of hepatitis C virus (HCV) in a foreign epitope presenting vector based on an insect virus, and to study the antigenicity of the epitope. METHODS: The HCV epitope sequen...AIM: To construct and highly express an epitope of hepatitis C virus (HCV) in a foreign epitope presenting vector based on an insect virus, and to study the antigenicity of the epitope. METHODS: The HCV epitope sequence (amino acid residues 315 to 328: EGHRMAWDMMMNWS) of the El region was constructed at different positions of a foreign epitope presenting vector based on an insect virus, flock house virus (FHV) capsid protein encoding gene as a vector, and expressed in E. coli cells. Western blotting and ELISA were used to detect the immunoreactivity of these recombinant proteins. RESULTS: The gene encoding of the concerned B-cell epitope of HCV El envelope protein was expressed on FHV capsid carrier protein at positions I1 (aa 106), 12 (aa 153) and 13 (aa 305), respectively, on the surface of FHV capsid protein. The recombinant proteins in this system could be highly expressed in more than 40% of total cell protein of E. coli BL21. All the expressed recombinant proteins were in inclusion body form, and showed obvious immunoreactivity by Western blotting. Further purified recombinant proteins were detected by indirect ELISA as coating antigen respectively. All recombinant proteins could still show immunoreactivity. CONCLUSION: The epitope of HCV El envelope protein can be highly expressed in FHV carrier system as a chimeric protein with high immunoreactivity. This system has multiple entry sites conferring many possible conformations closer to the native one for a given sequence.展开更多
INTRODUCTIONEctopic pregnancy occurs at a rate of 1%-2% of all pregnancies, and tends to occur at a higher rate （up to 4%） in patients receiving fertility treatments. Women with ectopic pregnancies are often asympto...INTRODUCTIONEctopic pregnancy occurs at a rate of 1%-2% of all pregnancies, and tends to occur at a higher rate （up to 4%） in patients receiving fertility treatments. Women with ectopic pregnancies are often asymptomatic or may complain of amenorrhea, vaginal spotting, and lower abdominal cramping pain.展开更多
I am Dr. Heeyoung Choi, from the Department of Ophthalmology of Pusan National University Hospital,Busan, Korea. I write to present a case report of abnormal medial rectus insertion presenting exotropia.
Dear Editor,My name is Ahmad Al Omari and I am currently working as an otorhinolaryngology assistant professor at Jordan University of Science and Technology. I am writing this letter to present a case of a primary si...Dear Editor,My name is Ahmad Al Omari and I am currently working as an otorhinolaryngology assistant professor at Jordan University of Science and Technology. I am writing this letter to present a case of a primary sino-orbital peripheral T-cell展开更多
The white jade worship, born in the Shang and Zhou Dynasties, brought about a ＂Protestant Revolution＂ in the development history of Chinese jade mythology, which had deep influence on the nation＇s ideology and mate...The white jade worship, born in the Shang and Zhou Dynasties, brought about a ＂Protestant Revolution＂ in the development history of Chinese jade mythology, which had deep influence on the nation＇s ideology and material production in the following 3,000 years. The myths of the Yellow Emperor＇s eating the white jade cream and the Queen Mother of the West living in Kunlun Jade Mountain, as recorded in Classic of Mountains and Seas, are mythological imaginations of the historical reality that the jades were spread from the West to the East and recreated by people living in the early state of the Central Plains. All such motifs, no matter the white jade cream that produced black jades, the Yellow Emperor＇s planting the jade flowers, the Kunlun Jade Mountains （the Mountain of Jades） where the Queen Mother of the West lives or the Jade Lake, clearly show Chinese indigenous worship for the white jades. Scholars like Su Xuelin and Ling Chunsheng think that Queen Mother of the West is the goddess of the moon that originated from the old West Asian civilization. However, such idea is full of contradictions and flaws after the discovery of Chinese unique worship for white jades and the holy mountain of Kunlun. The book Classic of Mountains and Seas, with records of 140 mountains that produce jades and 16 mountains that produce white jades, can be the white jade worshippers＇ bible to explore the holy material resources.展开更多
Objective To investigate the clinical features and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) findings of patients with Hirayama disease simply presenting proximal upper extremity muscular atrophy. Methods Three patients with H...Objective To investigate the clinical features and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) findings of patients with Hirayama disease simply presenting proximal upper extremity muscular atrophy. Methods Three patients with Hirayama disease simply展开更多
With the further integration of global economy, business competition becomes increasingly fierce; interactions among na-tions are more often than before. Business manners become quite necessary because manners convey ...With the further integration of global economy, business competition becomes increasingly fierce; interactions among na-tions are more often than before. Business manners become quite necessary because manners convey a man of his or her qualities,self-confidence and spirits. A man's behaviors in formal occasions are not only for himself but represent his unit, sometimes a na-tion's reputation. Thus in orders to have a successful business negotiation, business behaviors and manners must be watched.Thisessay is aim at speech and gifting manners in foreign business: One is that we need attention on wordage, appellations and topics intalking. The other is that we shall mind pick, gifting and acceptance of presents.展开更多
We report the case of a young male who presented with features of aseptic meningitis and elevated serum liver enzymes,hut no symptoms or signs suggestive of an acute hepatitis. Subsequently,he was diagnosed with dual ...We report the case of a young male who presented with features of aseptic meningitis and elevated serum liver enzymes,hut no symptoms or signs suggestive of an acute hepatitis. Subsequently,he was diagnosed with dual infection with hepatitis A and E viruses,and recovered completely with symptomatic therapy.Isolated aseptic meningitis,unaccompanied by hepatitic features is an unusual presentation of a hepatotrophic viral infection,and is yet to be reported with hepatitis A and E virus co-infection.展开更多
By now there are a few reports describing a case of pulmonary inflammatory pseudotumor,presenting multiple nodules in bilateral lungs and a pseudotumor caused by fungus infection is also a very rare disease.Here we re...By now there are a few reports describing a case of pulmonary inflammatory pseudotumor,presenting multiple nodules in bilateral lungs and a pseudotumor caused by fungus infection is also a very rare disease.Here we report a rare case of pulmonary inflammatory pseudotumor with confirmed cause by Cryptococcus infection presenting multiple nodules in bilateral lungs.展开更多
Dictionaries should present business encyclopedic knowledge as well as business linguistic knowledge. This paper, taking Incoterms for international trade as an example （with ＂CIF＂ as the case for analysis）, intro...Dictionaries should present business encyclopedic knowledge as well as business linguistic knowledge. This paper, taking Incoterms for international trade as an example （with ＂CIF＂ as the case for analysis）, introduces 7 types of dictionary structures （overall structure, frame stzucture/megastrncture, macrostructure, microstzucture, distribution structure, cross-reference stzucture/mediostrncture and access structure）, summarizes the knowledge system of international trade terms （consisting of ＂international trade＂, ＂sets of rules of international trade terms＂, ＂Incoterms 2010＂, and ＂CIF＂）, and illustrates the methods of systematically presenting the knowledge system of international trade terms through dictionary structures in an English-English-Chinese bilingualized business English learners＇ dictionary with Oxford Business English Dictionary for Learners of English （New Edition） as a reference. Such presentation is intended for enhancing business English learners as dictionary users to grasp the knowledge of international trade terms as a whole.展开更多
Meningiomas are classified into three types according to the World Health Organization classification system which is based on morphologic criteria. Type 1 is the benign variant, in which meningothelial is the most co...Meningiomas are classified into three types according to the World Health Organization classification system which is based on morphologic criteria. Type 1 is the benign variant, in which meningothelial is the most common subtype. Angiomatous also belongs to the same subtype but comprises only 2.1% of all meningiomas. Although most meningiomas are asymptomatic, some may present with varying symptoms ranging from seizures to focal deficits. Often, large meningiomas can also manifest as neuropsychiatric symptoms ranging from depression to overt psychosis. Here, in this case, we have further elaborated the importance of the organic cause of psychiatric symptoms as our patient initially presented with symptoms of depression. Regarding the diagnosis of meningiomas, nowadays excellent neuro-imaging methods are available, however, histological examination and immunohistochemistry remain the gold standard tools for a definite diagnosis. In our patient, the histological examination showed well-formed sinusoids and vascular channels which were consistent with the diagnosis of an angiomatous variant. Gross total resection of the lesion remains the treatment of choice with radiation therapy being used for residual tumors postoperatively. Being a type 1 variant, these meningiomas have a very small risk of recurrence. Here, we have presented a rare variant of meningioma initially presenting with prominent psychiatric symptoms of depression advancing to focal deficits.展开更多
School psychologists are mediators and users of in-school and out-of-school psychology.When working with teachers and pupils,existing skills need to be expanded in order to be able to act independently and responsibly...School psychologists are mediators and users of in-school and out-of-school psychology.When working with teachers and pupils,existing skills need to be expanded in order to be able to act independently and responsibly in terms of proper education and upbringing.School psychologists are part of every school system.They are trained and have good knowledge in mental health,child development,learning theories,motivation,educational psychology,etc.Psychologists should also have a good knowledge of learning theories and innovative developments.With their dedication,they could help teachers to keep pace with new developments,applying new forms,methods and modalities in the learning process.School psychologists are professionals who in Kosovo are part of the pedagogical service.Despite the fact that in the Kosovo legislation,in schools where the number of pupil’s is over 1,000,it is foreseen to have a psychologist,however,a small number of psychologists are employed in schools.The purpose of research on this topic is to ascertain what is the support of the school psychologist for the introduction of positive innovations in learning.Survey results showed that about 61.4%of participants agree that school psychologist has a role in introducing positive developmental innovations in learning,25.5%of them to some extent agree,while 13.1%of participants disagree that the school psychologist has a role in introducing positive developmental innovations in learning.Empirical results showed that there are statistically significant differences between teachers of different ages regarding the role of the psychologist in introducing innovations in teaching,where F=3.755 and p=0.006<0.05.展开更多
文摘The Pingyang ancient woodblock painting“Presenting the Beauty of the Country with the Elegance of the Dynasty”is an important work that cannot be surpassed in the study of the history of Chinese printmaking.This article focuses on the characteristics of the image style of this work,and first combines the process of excavation and discovery of this work to describe its historical background;Secondly,analyze the image information such as the structure and content presented in the work;Finally,the uniqueness of the flat water version production,the distinctive content presented in the work,and the artistic composition of the work were explained,and the importance of studying the work was pointed out.
文摘The intestinal immune system maintains a delicate balance between immunogenicity against invading pathogens and tolerance of the commensal microbiota. Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) involves a breakdown in tolerance towards the microbiota. Dendritic cells (DC), macrophages (MΦ) and B-cells are known as professional antigen-presenting cells (APC) due to their specialization in presenting processed antigen to T-cells, and in turn shaping types of T-cell responses generated. Intestinal DC are migratory cells, unique in their ability to generate primary T-cell responses in mesenteric lymph nodes or Peyer’s patches, whilst MΦ and B-cells contribute to polarization and differentiation of secondary T-cell responses in the gut lamina propria. The antigen-sampling function of gut DC and MΦ enables them to sample bacterial antigens from the gut lumen to determine types of T-cell responses generated. The primary function of intestinal B-cells involves their secretion of large amounts of immunoglobulin A, which in turn contributes to epithelial barrier function and limits immune responses towards to microbiota. Here, we review the role of all three types of APC in intestinal immunity, both in the steady state and in inflammation, and how these cells interact with one another, as well as with the intestinal microenvironment, to shape mucosal immune responses. We describe mechanisms of maintaining intestinal immune tolerance in the steady state but also inappropriate responses of APC to components of the gut microbiota that contribute to pathology in IBD.
基金Supported by Grants from the BioGreen 21 Program, Rural Development Administration (PJ007054)Regional Technology Innovation Program of the MOCIE (RTI05-01-01)Korea Healthcare Technology R&D Project, Ministry of Health and Welfare (A080588-20)
文摘AIM:To investigate the anti-inflammatory effects of cinnamon extract and elucidate its mechanisms for targeting the function of antigen presenting cells.METHODS:Cinnamon extract was used to treat murine macrophage cell line(Raw 264.7),mouse primary antigen-presenting cells(APCs,MHCII+) and CD11c+dendritic cells to analyze the effects of cinnamon extract on APC function.The mechanisms of action of cinnamon extract on APCs were investigated by analyzing cytokine production,and expression of MHC antigens and co-stimulatory molecules by quantitative real-time PCR and flow cytometry.In addition,the effect of cinnamon extract on antigen presentation capacity and APC-dependent T-cell differentiation were analyzed by [H3]-thymidine incorporation and cytokine analysis,respectively.To confirm the anti-inflammatory effects of cinnamon extract in vivo,cinnamon or PBS was orally administered to mice for 20 d followed by induction of experimental colitis with 2,4,6 trinitrobenzenesulfonic acid.The protective effects of cinnamon extract against experimental colitis were measured by checking clinical symptoms,histological analysis and cytokine expression prof iles in inflamed tissue.RESULTS:Treatment with cinnamon extract inhibited maturation of MHCII+ APCs or CD11c+ dendritic cells(DCs) by suppressing expression of co-stimulatory molecules(B7.1,B7.2,ICOS-L),MHCII and cyclooxygenase(COX)-2.Cinnamon extract induced regulatory DCs(rDCs) that produce low levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines [interleukin(IL)-1β,IL-6,IL-12,interferon(IFN)-γ and tumor necrosis factor(TNF)-α] while expressing high levels of immunoregulatory cytokines(IL-10 and transforming growth factor-β).In addition,rDCs generated by cinnamon extract inhibited APC-dependent T-cell proliferation,and converted CD4+ T cells into IL-10high CD4+ T cells.Furthermore,oral administration of cinnamon extract inhibited development and progression of intestinal colitis by inhibiting expression of COX-2 and pro-inflammatory cytokines(IL-1β,IFN-γ and TNF-α),while enhancing IL-10 levels.CONCLUSION:Our study suggests the potential of cinnamon extract as an anti-inflammatory agent by targeting the generation of regulatory APCs and IL-10+ regulatory T cells.
基金Supported by Science,Technology and Innovation Commission of Shenzhen Municipality(No.GJHZ20180420180937076,No.JCYJ20180228164400218)Sanming Project of Medicine in Shenzhen Grant(No.SZSM201812090)。
文摘AIM:To obtain the baseline data on presenting visual acuity(PVA)and evaluate the prevalence and associated factors for visual impairment based on PVA in 9070 Chinese college students.METHODS:The freshmen at a university in southern China,including 6527 undergraduate students and 2543 graduate students,were investigated for some sociodemographic characteristics and underwent routine medical examination,including measuring PVA,height,and weight.Visual impairment was defined according to the new World Health Organization criteria for blindness and visual impairment.RESULTS:In 9070 college students,the mean PVA in the better eye was 0.094±0.163 log MAR.The prevalence of visual impairment based on PVA was 2.7%.Only 38.3%college students had normal visual acuity[PVA equal to 0 log MAR(20/20)in both eyes].There were 69.8%of students wearing spectacles.Logistic regression showed that home region(non-Guangdong provinces,P<0.0001,OR=1.70)was risk factor for visual impairment while BMI(P=0.001,OR=0.92)was protective factor from visual impairment.Ethnicity(Han Chinese,P<0.0001,OR=3.17)was risk factor for wearing spectacles while age(P=0.01,OR=0.90)was protective factor from wearing spectacles.CONCLUSION:This study provides the baseline data on PVA and the prevalence of visual impairment in Chinese college students.Our analyses reveal that BMI and home region are associated factors for visual impairment based on PVA,while age and ethnicity are associated factors for wearing spectacles.
基金supported by grants from the National Key Basic Research Programs(2001CB510007)National Natural Science Foundation of China(30371303).
文摘Systemic lupus erythematosus （SLE） is a typical autoimmune disease involving multiple systems and organs. Ample evidence suggests that autoreactive T cells play a pivotal role in the development of this autoimmune disorder. This study was undertaken to investigate the mechanisms of interaction between antigen presenting cells （APCs） and an autoreactive T cell （ATLI） clone obtained from lupus-prone BXSB mice. ATLI cells, either before or after 7-ray irradiation, were able to activate naive B cells, as determined by B cell proliferation assays. Macrophages from BXSB mice were able to stimulate the proliferation of resting ATL 1 cells at a responder/stimulator （R/S） ratio of 1/2.5. Dendritic cells （DCs） were much more powerful stimulators for ATLI cells on a per cell basis. The T cell stimulating ability ofmacrophages and B cells, but not DCs, was sensitive to T-ray irradiation. Monoclonal antibodies against mouse MHC-Ⅱ and CD4 were able to block DC-mediated stimulation of ATL 1 proliferation, indicating cognate recognition between ATL 1 and APCs. Our data suggest that positive feedback loops involving macrophages, B cells and autoreactive T cells may play a pivotal role in keeping the momentum of autoimmune responses leading to autoimmune diseases.
基金Supported by The Spanish Ministry of Education and Science,No.AGL2009-12438/GAN
文摘Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome(PRRS) is one of the most important diseases of swine industry. The causal agent, PRRS-virus(PRRSV), is able to evade the host immune response and survive in the organism causing transient infections. Despite all scientific efforts, there are still some gaps in the knowledge of the pathogenesis of this disease. Antigen presenting cells(APCs), as initiators of the immune response, are located in the first line of defense against microorganisms, and are responsible for antigen recognition, processing and presentation. Dendritic cells(DCs) are the main type of APC involved in antigen presentation and they are susceptible to PRRSV infection. Thus, PRRSV replication in DCs may trigger off different mechanisms to impair the onset of a host effective immune response against the virus. On the one side, PRRSV may impair the basic functions of DCs by regulating the expression of major histocompatibility complex class Ⅱ and CD80/86. Other strategy followed by the virus is the induction of cell death of APCs by apoptosis, necrosis or both of them. The impairment and/or cell death ofAPCs could lead to a failure in the onset of an efficient immune response, as long as cells could not properly activate T cells. Future aspects to take into account are also discussed in this review.
基金Supported by the Natural Science Fund of Yunnan Province, No. 2003C0076M
文摘AIM: To construct and highly express an epitope of hepatitis C virus (HCV) in a foreign epitope presenting vector based on an insect virus, and to study the antigenicity of the epitope. METHODS: The HCV epitope sequence (amino acid residues 315 to 328: EGHRMAWDMMMNWS) of the El region was constructed at different positions of a foreign epitope presenting vector based on an insect virus, flock house virus (FHV) capsid protein encoding gene as a vector, and expressed in E. coli cells. Western blotting and ELISA were used to detect the immunoreactivity of these recombinant proteins. RESULTS: The gene encoding of the concerned B-cell epitope of HCV El envelope protein was expressed on FHV capsid carrier protein at positions I1 (aa 106), 12 (aa 153) and 13 (aa 305), respectively, on the surface of FHV capsid protein. The recombinant proteins in this system could be highly expressed in more than 40% of total cell protein of E. coli BL21. All the expressed recombinant proteins were in inclusion body form, and showed obvious immunoreactivity by Western blotting. Further purified recombinant proteins were detected by indirect ELISA as coating antigen respectively. All recombinant proteins could still show immunoreactivity. CONCLUSION: The epitope of HCV El envelope protein can be highly expressed in FHV carrier system as a chimeric protein with high immunoreactivity. This system has multiple entry sites conferring many possible conformations closer to the native one for a given sequence.
文摘INTRODUCTIONEctopic pregnancy occurs at a rate of 1%-2% of all pregnancies, and tends to occur at a higher rate （up to 4%） in patients receiving fertility treatments. Women with ectopic pregnancies are often asymptomatic or may complain of amenorrhea, vaginal spotting, and lower abdominal cramping pain.
文摘I am Dr. Heeyoung Choi, from the Department of Ophthalmology of Pusan National University Hospital,Busan, Korea. I write to present a case report of abnormal medial rectus insertion presenting exotropia.
文摘Dear Editor,My name is Ahmad Al Omari and I am currently working as an otorhinolaryngology assistant professor at Jordan University of Science and Technology. I am writing this letter to present a case of a primary sino-orbital peripheral T-cell
文摘The white jade worship, born in the Shang and Zhou Dynasties, brought about a ＂Protestant Revolution＂ in the development history of Chinese jade mythology, which had deep influence on the nation＇s ideology and material production in the following 3,000 years. The myths of the Yellow Emperor＇s eating the white jade cream and the Queen Mother of the West living in Kunlun Jade Mountain, as recorded in Classic of Mountains and Seas, are mythological imaginations of the historical reality that the jades were spread from the West to the East and recreated by people living in the early state of the Central Plains. All such motifs, no matter the white jade cream that produced black jades, the Yellow Emperor＇s planting the jade flowers, the Kunlun Jade Mountains （the Mountain of Jades） where the Queen Mother of the West lives or the Jade Lake, clearly show Chinese indigenous worship for the white jades. Scholars like Su Xuelin and Ling Chunsheng think that Queen Mother of the West is the goddess of the moon that originated from the old West Asian civilization. However, such idea is full of contradictions and flaws after the discovery of Chinese unique worship for white jades and the holy mountain of Kunlun. The book Classic of Mountains and Seas, with records of 140 mountains that produce jades and 16 mountains that produce white jades, can be the white jade worshippers＇ bible to explore the holy material resources.
文摘Objective To investigate the clinical features and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) findings of patients with Hirayama disease simply presenting proximal upper extremity muscular atrophy. Methods Three patients with Hirayama disease simply
文摘With the further integration of global economy, business competition becomes increasingly fierce; interactions among na-tions are more often than before. Business manners become quite necessary because manners convey a man of his or her qualities,self-confidence and spirits. A man's behaviors in formal occasions are not only for himself but represent his unit, sometimes a na-tion's reputation. Thus in orders to have a successful business negotiation, business behaviors and manners must be watched.Thisessay is aim at speech and gifting manners in foreign business: One is that we need attention on wordage, appellations and topics intalking. The other is that we shall mind pick, gifting and acceptance of presents.
文摘We report the case of a young male who presented with features of aseptic meningitis and elevated serum liver enzymes,hut no symptoms or signs suggestive of an acute hepatitis. Subsequently,he was diagnosed with dual infection with hepatitis A and E viruses,and recovered completely with symptomatic therapy.Isolated aseptic meningitis,unaccompanied by hepatitic features is an unusual presentation of a hepatotrophic viral infection,and is yet to be reported with hepatitis A and E virus co-infection.
文摘By now there are a few reports describing a case of pulmonary inflammatory pseudotumor,presenting multiple nodules in bilateral lungs and a pseudotumor caused by fungus infection is also a very rare disease.Here we report a rare case of pulmonary inflammatory pseudotumor with confirmed cause by Cryptococcus infection presenting multiple nodules in bilateral lungs.
文摘Dictionaries should present business encyclopedic knowledge as well as business linguistic knowledge. This paper, taking Incoterms for international trade as an example （with ＂CIF＂ as the case for analysis）, introduces 7 types of dictionary structures （overall structure, frame stzucture/megastrncture, macrostructure, microstzucture, distribution structure, cross-reference stzucture/mediostrncture and access structure）, summarizes the knowledge system of international trade terms （consisting of ＂international trade＂, ＂sets of rules of international trade terms＂, ＂Incoterms 2010＂, and ＂CIF＂）, and illustrates the methods of systematically presenting the knowledge system of international trade terms through dictionary structures in an English-English-Chinese bilingualized business English learners＇ dictionary with Oxford Business English Dictionary for Learners of English （New Edition） as a reference. Such presentation is intended for enhancing business English learners as dictionary users to grasp the knowledge of international trade terms as a whole.
文摘Meningiomas are classified into three types according to the World Health Organization classification system which is based on morphologic criteria. Type 1 is the benign variant, in which meningothelial is the most common subtype. Angiomatous also belongs to the same subtype but comprises only 2.1% of all meningiomas. Although most meningiomas are asymptomatic, some may present with varying symptoms ranging from seizures to focal deficits. Often, large meningiomas can also manifest as neuropsychiatric symptoms ranging from depression to overt psychosis. Here, in this case, we have further elaborated the importance of the organic cause of psychiatric symptoms as our patient initially presented with symptoms of depression. Regarding the diagnosis of meningiomas, nowadays excellent neuro-imaging methods are available, however, histological examination and immunohistochemistry remain the gold standard tools for a definite diagnosis. In our patient, the histological examination showed well-formed sinusoids and vascular channels which were consistent with the diagnosis of an angiomatous variant. Gross total resection of the lesion remains the treatment of choice with radiation therapy being used for residual tumors postoperatively. Being a type 1 variant, these meningiomas have a very small risk of recurrence. Here, we have presented a rare variant of meningioma initially presenting with prominent psychiatric symptoms of depression advancing to focal deficits.
文摘School psychologists are mediators and users of in-school and out-of-school psychology.When working with teachers and pupils,existing skills need to be expanded in order to be able to act independently and responsibly in terms of proper education and upbringing.School psychologists are part of every school system.They are trained and have good knowledge in mental health,child development,learning theories,motivation,educational psychology,etc.Psychologists should also have a good knowledge of learning theories and innovative developments.With their dedication,they could help teachers to keep pace with new developments,applying new forms,methods and modalities in the learning process.School psychologists are professionals who in Kosovo are part of the pedagogical service.Despite the fact that in the Kosovo legislation,in schools where the number of pupil’s is over 1,000,it is foreseen to have a psychologist,however,a small number of psychologists are employed in schools.The purpose of research on this topic is to ascertain what is the support of the school psychologist for the introduction of positive innovations in learning.Survey results showed that about 61.4%of participants agree that school psychologist has a role in introducing positive developmental innovations in learning,25.5%of them to some extent agree,while 13.1%of participants disagree that the school psychologist has a role in introducing positive developmental innovations in learning.Empirical results showed that there are statistically significant differences between teachers of different ages regarding the role of the psychologist in introducing innovations in teaching,where F=3.755 and p=0.006<0.05.
