Many search-based Automatic Program Repair(APR)techniques employ a set of repair patterns to generate candidate patches.Regarding repair pattern selection,existing search-based APR techniques either randomly select a ...Many search-based Automatic Program Repair(APR)techniques employ a set of repair patterns to generate candidate patches.Regarding repair pattern selection,existing search-based APR techniques either randomly select a repair pattern from the repair pattern set to apply or prioritize all repair patterns based on the bug's context information.In this paper,we introduce PatternNet,a multi-view feature f usion model capable of predicting the repair pattern for a reported software bug.To accomplish this task,PatternNet first extracts multiview features from the pair of buggy code and bug report using different models.Specifically,a transformer-based model(i.e.,UniXcoder)is utilized to obtain the bimodal feature representation of the buggy code and bug report.Additionally,an Abstract Syntax Tree(AST)-based neural model(i.e.,ASTNN)is employed to learn the feature representation of the buggy code.Second,a co-attention mechanism is adopted to capture the dependencies between the statement trees in the AST of the buggy code and the textual tokens of the reported bug,resulting in co-attentive features between statement trees and reported bug's textual tokens.Finally,these multi-view features are combined i nto a unified representation using a feature fusion network.We quantitatively demonstrate the effectiveness of PatternNet and the feature fusion network for predicting software bug repair patterns.展开更多
As a pioneer plant in the gully slopes in the Soft Sandstone Area (SSA) for eco-economical consideration, ten years (1999-2008) planting of seabuckthorn has made 1642.83 km2, or 9.84%, of the total area of SSA change ...As a pioneer plant in the gully slopes in the Soft Sandstone Area (SSA) for eco-economical consideration, ten years (1999-2008) planting of seabuckthorn has made 1642.83 km2, or 9.84%, of the total area of SSA change into seabuckthorn coverage. In SSA the landscape has been divided into 9 types, such as seabuckthorn, sand, water, settlement, bush, open vegetation, forest, grassland and unused land. Seabuckthorn type is separated from the bush type for estimating the role of seabuckthron planting. By means of the Markov model, the developing trends of every landscape types can be determined to support the seabuckthorn project which influences the landscape pattern deeply in SSA. The prediction shows that the optimism ratio of seabuckthorn in the future should be 10.21%, the open vegetation 32.25%, and the forest percentage under 10%, which is a very wise tactics to avoid the serious death of various vegetations in SSA to match the local arid eco-environment.展开更多
The mutation pattern in protein is a very important feature and is studied through various approaches including the study on mutation pattern in domains where amino acids are converted into numbers from letters. In th...The mutation pattern in protein is a very important feature and is studied through various approaches including the study on mutation pattern in domains where amino acids are converted into numbers from letters. In this study, we converted the amino acids in human adrenoleukodystrophy protein with its 128 missense mutations into random domain using the amino-acid pair predictability, and then we studied their mutation patterns. The results show 1) the mutations are more likely to target the amino-acid pairs whose actual frequency is larger than their predicted one, 2) the mutations are more likely to form the amino-acid pairs whose actual frequency is smaller than their predicted frequency, 3) mutations are more likely to occur at unpredictable amino-acid pairs, and 4) mutations have the trend to narrow the difference between predicted and actual frequencies of amino-acid pairs.展开更多
Dear Editor,The brain experiences ongoing changes across different ages to support brain development and functional reorganization.During the span of adulthood,although the brain has matured from a neurobiological per...Dear Editor,The brain experiences ongoing changes across different ages to support brain development and functional reorganization.During the span of adulthood,although the brain has matured from a neurobiological perspective,it is still continuously shaped by external factors such as habits,the family setting,socioeconomic status,and the work environment [1].In contrast to chronological age (CA),brain(or biological) age (BA) is conceptualized as an important index for characterizing the aging process and neuropsychological state,as well as individual cognitiveperformance.Growing evidence indicates that BA can be assessed by neuroimaging techniques,including MRI [2].展开更多
Fog has recently become a frequent high-impact weather phenomenon along the coastal regions of North China. Accurate fog forecasting remains challenging due to limited understanding of the predictability and mechanism...Fog has recently become a frequent high-impact weather phenomenon along the coastal regions of North China. Accurate fog forecasting remains challenging due to limited understanding of the predictability and mechanism of fog formation associated with synoptic-scale circulation. One frequent synoptic pattern of fog formation in this area is associated with cold front passage(cold-front synoptic pattern, CFSP). This paper explored the predictability of a typical CFSP fog event from the perspective of analyzing key characteristics of synoptic-scale circulation determining fog forecasting performance and the possible mechanism. The event was ensemble forecasted with the Weather Research and Forecasting model. Two groups of ensemble members with good and bad forecasting performance were selected and composited. Results showed that the predictability of this case was largely determined by the simulated strengths of the cold-front circulation(i.e., trough and ridge and the associated surface high). The bad-performing members tended to have a weaker ridge behind a stronger trough, and associated higher pressure over land and a weaker surface high over the sea, leading to an adverse impact on strength and direction of steering flows that inhibit warm moist advection and enhance cold dry advection transported to the focus region. Associated with this cold dry advection, adverse synoptic conditions of stratification and moisture for fog formation were produced, consequently causing failure of fog forecasting in the focus region. This study highlights the importance of accurate synoptic-scale information for improved CFSP fog forecasting, and enhances understanding of fog predictability from perspective of synoptic-scale circulation.展开更多
为探究生态脆弱区景观生态风险对土地利用格局变化的响应机制,并预测景观生态风险变化趋势,本文以武陵山片区为研究对象,基于2010年、2015年及2020年3期土地利用数据,通过基于景观格局指数的景观生态风险评价模型,揭示武陵山片区景观生...为探究生态脆弱区景观生态风险对土地利用格局变化的响应机制,并预测景观生态风险变化趋势,本文以武陵山片区为研究对象,基于2010年、2015年及2020年3期土地利用数据,通过基于景观格局指数的景观生态风险评价模型,揭示武陵山片区景观生态风险时空演变特征;采用斑块生成土地利用(Patch Generating Land Use Simulation,PLUS)模型,并结合多元数据动态模拟2030年不同情境下景观生态风险空间分布特征和变化趋势。结果显示:(1)2010—2020年,武陵山片区景观生态风险处于中等水平,低风险区面积持续增加,整体生态风险呈下降趋势;(2)景观生态风险的空间集聚效应逐年增强,高-高聚类集中分布在西北部,坡度较大的耕地区域主要为高风险和较高风险等级,并随着时间推移范围愈大且集聚性越强;(3)2030年自然发展、生态保护及耕地保护3种状态下的景观生态风险集聚性减弱,说明高风险区与低风险区之间的界限模糊化,风险分布趋于分散,但景观生态风险绝对值增加。建议未来加强低风险区的景观连通性并警惕高风险区的局部生态危机。展开更多
The Cenozoic volcanostratigraphy in the Changbaishan area had complex building processes.Twenty-two eruption periods have been determined from the Wangtian＇e, Touxi, and Changbaishan volcanoes. The complex volcanostr...The Cenozoic volcanostratigraphy in the Changbaishan area had complex building processes.Twenty-two eruption periods have been determined from the Wangtian＇e, Touxi, and Changbaishan volcanoes. The complex volcanostratigraphy of the Changbaishan area can be divided into four types of filling patterns from bottom to top. They are lava flows filling in valleys（LFFV）, lava flows filling in platform（LFFP）, lava flows formed the cone（LFFC）, and pyroclastic Flow filling in crater or valleys（PFFC/V）. LFFV has been divided into four layers and terminates as a lateral overlap. The topography of LFFV, which is controlled by the landform, is lens shaped with a wide flat top and narrow bottom.LFFP has been divided into three layers and terminates as a lateral downlap. The topography of LFFP is sheet and tabular shaped with a narrow top and wide bottom. It has large width to thickness ratio. It was built by multiple eruptive centers distributed along the fissure. The topography of LFFC, which is located above the LFFP, has a hummocky shape with a narrow sloping top and a wide flat bottom. It terminates as a later downlap or backstepping. It has large width to thickness ratio. It was built by a single eruptive center. The topography of PFFC/V, which located above the LFFC, LFFP, or valley, has the shape of fan and terminates as a lateral downlap or overlap. It has a small width to thickness ratio and was built by a single eruptive center. The filling pattern is controlled by temperature, SiO_2 content,volatile content, magma volume, and the paleolandform. In the short term, the eruptive production of the Changbaishan area is comenditic ash or pumice of a Plinian type eruption. The eruptive volume in future should be smaller than that of the Baguamiao period, and the filling pattern should be PFFC/V,which may cause huge damage to adjacent areas.展开更多
In this paper, the analysis of faults with different scales and orientations reveals that the distribution of fractures always develops toward a higher degree of similarity with faults, and a method for calculating th...In this paper, the analysis of faults with different scales and orientations reveals that the distribution of fractures always develops toward a higher degree of similarity with faults, and a method for calculating the multiscale areal fracture density is proposed using fault-fracture self-similarity theory. Based on the fracture parameters observed in cores and thin sections, the initial apertures of multiscale fractures are determined using the constraint method with a skewed distribution. Through calculations and statistical analyses of in situ stresses in combination with physical experiments on rocks, a numerical geomechanical model of the in situ stress field is established. The fracture opening ability under the in situ stress field is subsequently analyzed. Combining the fracture aperture data and areal fracture density at different scales, a calculation model is proposed for the prediction of multiscale and multiperiod fracture parameters, including the fracture porosity, the magnitude and direction of maximum permeability and the flow conductivity. Finally, based on the relationships among fracture aperture,density, and the relative values of fracture porosity and permeability, a fracture development pattern is determined.展开更多
Early detection and rapid resolution network congestion can considerably improve network capacity. Consequently, much research has been carried out on predicting traff ic patterns in 3G networks. This paper introduces...Early detection and rapid resolution network congestion can considerably improve network capacity. Consequently, much research has been carried out on predicting traff ic patterns in 3G networks. This paper introduces an access point centric approach that is implemented by two prediction models, the traffic abstraction model and the order-k Markov model. Traffi c predictions are carried out to support the congestion control in the semi-smart antenna systems. The simulation result shows that the cumulative error rate is below 25% even carrying out multi-step-ahead predictions.展开更多
基金Partially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(61802350)。
文摘Many search-based Automatic Program Repair(APR)techniques employ a set of repair patterns to generate candidate patches.Regarding repair pattern selection,existing search-based APR techniques either randomly select a repair pattern from the repair pattern set to apply or prioritize all repair patterns based on the bug's context information.In this paper,we introduce PatternNet,a multi-view feature f usion model capable of predicting the repair pattern for a reported software bug.To accomplish this task,PatternNet first extracts multiview features from the pair of buggy code and bug report using different models.Specifically,a transformer-based model(i.e.,UniXcoder)is utilized to obtain the bimodal feature representation of the buggy code and bug report.Additionally,an Abstract Syntax Tree(AST)-based neural model(i.e.,ASTNN)is employed to learn the feature representation of the buggy code.Second,a co-attention mechanism is adopted to capture the dependencies between the statement trees in the AST of the buggy code and the textual tokens of the reported bug,resulting in co-attentive features between statement trees and reported bug's textual tokens.Finally,these multi-view features are combined i nto a unified representation using a feature fusion network.We quantitatively demonstrate the effectiveness of PatternNet and the feature fusion network for predicting software bug repair patterns.
文摘As a pioneer plant in the gully slopes in the Soft Sandstone Area (SSA) for eco-economical consideration, ten years (1999-2008) planting of seabuckthorn has made 1642.83 km2, or 9.84%, of the total area of SSA change into seabuckthorn coverage. In SSA the landscape has been divided into 9 types, such as seabuckthorn, sand, water, settlement, bush, open vegetation, forest, grassland and unused land. Seabuckthorn type is separated from the bush type for estimating the role of seabuckthron planting. By means of the Markov model, the developing trends of every landscape types can be determined to support the seabuckthorn project which influences the landscape pattern deeply in SSA. The prediction shows that the optimism ratio of seabuckthorn in the future should be 10.21%, the open vegetation 32.25%, and the forest percentage under 10%, which is a very wise tactics to avoid the serious death of various vegetations in SSA to match the local arid eco-environment.
文摘The mutation pattern in protein is a very important feature and is studied through various approaches including the study on mutation pattern in domains where amino acids are converted into numbers from letters. In this study, we converted the amino acids in human adrenoleukodystrophy protein with its 128 missense mutations into random domain using the amino-acid pair predictability, and then we studied their mutation patterns. The results show 1) the mutations are more likely to target the amino-acid pairs whose actual frequency is larger than their predicted one, 2) the mutations are more likely to form the amino-acid pairs whose actual frequency is smaller than their predicted frequency, 3) mutations are more likely to occur at unpredictable amino-acid pairs, and 4) mutations have the trend to narrow the difference between predicted and actual frequencies of amino-acid pairs.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(61971420)the Beijing Brain Initiative of the Beijing Municipal Science and Technology Commission(Z181100001518003)+1 种基金Special Projects of Brain Science of the Beijing Municipal Science and Technology Commission(Z161100000216139 and Z171100000117002)the International Cooperation and Exchange of the National Natural Science Foundation of China(31620103905)。
文摘Dear Editor,The brain experiences ongoing changes across different ages to support brain development and functional reorganization.During the span of adulthood,although the brain has matured from a neurobiological perspective,it is still continuously shaped by external factors such as habits,the family setting,socioeconomic status,and the work environment [1].In contrast to chronological age (CA),brain(or biological) age (BA) is conceptualized as an important index for characterizing the aging process and neuropsychological state,as well as individual cognitiveperformance.Growing evidence indicates that BA can be assessed by neuroimaging techniques,including MRI [2].
基金supported by the National Key R&D Program of China (Nos. 2017YFC1404100 and 2017YFC1404104)the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Nos. 41705081 and 41575067)the Global Change Research Program of China (No. 2015CB953904)
文摘Fog has recently become a frequent high-impact weather phenomenon along the coastal regions of North China. Accurate fog forecasting remains challenging due to limited understanding of the predictability and mechanism of fog formation associated with synoptic-scale circulation. One frequent synoptic pattern of fog formation in this area is associated with cold front passage(cold-front synoptic pattern, CFSP). This paper explored the predictability of a typical CFSP fog event from the perspective of analyzing key characteristics of synoptic-scale circulation determining fog forecasting performance and the possible mechanism. The event was ensemble forecasted with the Weather Research and Forecasting model. Two groups of ensemble members with good and bad forecasting performance were selected and composited. Results showed that the predictability of this case was largely determined by the simulated strengths of the cold-front circulation(i.e., trough and ridge and the associated surface high). The bad-performing members tended to have a weaker ridge behind a stronger trough, and associated higher pressure over land and a weaker surface high over the sea, leading to an adverse impact on strength and direction of steering flows that inhibit warm moist advection and enhance cold dry advection transported to the focus region. Associated with this cold dry advection, adverse synoptic conditions of stratification and moisture for fog formation were produced, consequently causing failure of fog forecasting in the focus region. This study highlights the importance of accurate synoptic-scale information for improved CFSP fog forecasting, and enhances understanding of fog predictability from perspective of synoptic-scale circulation.
文摘为探究生态脆弱区景观生态风险对土地利用格局变化的响应机制,并预测景观生态风险变化趋势,本文以武陵山片区为研究对象,基于2010年、2015年及2020年3期土地利用数据,通过基于景观格局指数的景观生态风险评价模型,揭示武陵山片区景观生态风险时空演变特征;采用斑块生成土地利用(Patch Generating Land Use Simulation,PLUS)模型,并结合多元数据动态模拟2030年不同情境下景观生态风险空间分布特征和变化趋势。结果显示:(1)2010—2020年,武陵山片区景观生态风险处于中等水平,低风险区面积持续增加,整体生态风险呈下降趋势;(2)景观生态风险的空间集聚效应逐年增强,高-高聚类集中分布在西北部,坡度较大的耕地区域主要为高风险和较高风险等级,并随着时间推移范围愈大且集聚性越强;(3)2030年自然发展、生态保护及耕地保护3种状态下的景观生态风险集聚性减弱,说明高风险区与低风险区之间的界限模糊化,风险分布趋于分散,但景观生态风险绝对值增加。建议未来加强低风险区的景观连通性并警惕高风险区的局部生态危机。
基金supported by the Natural Science Foundation of Jilin Province(20170101001JC)Natural Science Foundation of China(41472304)National Major Fundamental Research and Development Projects(2012CB822002)
文摘The Cenozoic volcanostratigraphy in the Changbaishan area had complex building processes.Twenty-two eruption periods have been determined from the Wangtian＇e, Touxi, and Changbaishan volcanoes. The complex volcanostratigraphy of the Changbaishan area can be divided into four types of filling patterns from bottom to top. They are lava flows filling in valleys（LFFV）, lava flows filling in platform（LFFP）, lava flows formed the cone（LFFC）, and pyroclastic Flow filling in crater or valleys（PFFC/V）. LFFV has been divided into four layers and terminates as a lateral overlap. The topography of LFFV, which is controlled by the landform, is lens shaped with a wide flat top and narrow bottom.LFFP has been divided into three layers and terminates as a lateral downlap. The topography of LFFP is sheet and tabular shaped with a narrow top and wide bottom. It has large width to thickness ratio. It was built by multiple eruptive centers distributed along the fissure. The topography of LFFC, which is located above the LFFP, has a hummocky shape with a narrow sloping top and a wide flat bottom. It terminates as a later downlap or backstepping. It has large width to thickness ratio. It was built by a single eruptive center. The topography of PFFC/V, which located above the LFFC, LFFP, or valley, has the shape of fan and terminates as a lateral downlap or overlap. It has a small width to thickness ratio and was built by a single eruptive center. The filling pattern is controlled by temperature, SiO_2 content,volatile content, magma volume, and the paleolandform. In the short term, the eruptive production of the Changbaishan area is comenditic ash or pumice of a Plinian type eruption. The eruptive volume in future should be smaller than that of the Baguamiao period, and the filling pattern should be PFFC/V,which may cause huge damage to adjacent areas.
基金supported by the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities (2652017308)the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 41372139 and 41072098)the National Science and Technology Major Project of China (2016ZX05046-003-001 and 2016ZX05034-004003)
文摘In this paper, the analysis of faults with different scales and orientations reveals that the distribution of fractures always develops toward a higher degree of similarity with faults, and a method for calculating the multiscale areal fracture density is proposed using fault-fracture self-similarity theory. Based on the fracture parameters observed in cores and thin sections, the initial apertures of multiscale fractures are determined using the constraint method with a skewed distribution. Through calculations and statistical analyses of in situ stresses in combination with physical experiments on rocks, a numerical geomechanical model of the in situ stress field is established. The fracture opening ability under the in situ stress field is subsequently analyzed. Combining the fracture aperture data and areal fracture density at different scales, a calculation model is proposed for the prediction of multiscale and multiperiod fracture parameters, including the fracture porosity, the magnitude and direction of maximum permeability and the flow conductivity. Finally, based on the relationships among fracture aperture,density, and the relative values of fracture porosity and permeability, a fracture development pattern is determined.
文摘Early detection and rapid resolution network congestion can considerably improve network capacity. Consequently, much research has been carried out on predicting traff ic patterns in 3G networks. This paper introduces an access point centric approach that is implemented by two prediction models, the traffic abstraction model and the order-k Markov model. Traffi c predictions are carried out to support the congestion control in the semi-smart antenna systems. The simulation result shows that the cumulative error rate is below 25% even carrying out multi-step-ahead predictions.
