This paper investigates the mechanical behavior of two-dimensional(2D)piezoelectric quasicrystals(PQCs)containing polygonal holes under external forces.Based on the linear elastic theory of quasicrystals(QCs),the anal...This paper investigates the mechanical behavior of two-dimensional(2D)piezoelectric quasicrystals(PQCs)containing polygonal holes under external forces.Based on the linear elastic theory of quasicrystals(QCs),the analytical solutions for the stress and displacement fields are derived with the Stroh formalism,Green's function method,and polygonal mapping functions.Numerical simulations are performed to study the effects of hole geometry and corner sharpness on the stress distribution.The results show that the polygonal hole shapes significantly influence the generalized hoop stress,with sharper corners leading to stronger stress concentration and enhanced piezoelectric coupling effects.The stress concentrations at hole corners reach their maximum values at specific sharpness parameters,depending on the polygon type.The results contribute to a deeper understanding of the defect-induced mechanical behavior in 2D PQCs,and provide theoretical guidance for their structural design and optimization.展开更多
The advent of quantum computing poses a significant challenge to traditional cryptographic protocols,particularly those used in SecureMultiparty Computation(MPC),a fundamental cryptographic primitive for privacypreser...The advent of quantum computing poses a significant challenge to traditional cryptographic protocols,particularly those used in SecureMultiparty Computation(MPC),a fundamental cryptographic primitive for privacypreserving computation.Classical MPC relies on cryptographic techniques such as homomorphic encryption,secret sharing,and oblivious transfer,which may become vulnerable in the post-quantum era due to the computational power of quantum adversaries.This study presents a review of 140 peer-reviewed articles published between 2000 and 2025 that used different databases like MDPI,IEEE Explore,Springer,and Elsevier,examining the applications,types,and security issues with the solution of Quantum computing in different fields.This review explores the impact of quantum computing on MPC security,assesses emerging quantum-resistant MPC protocols,and examines hybrid classicalquantum approaches aimed at mitigating quantum threats.We analyze the role of Quantum Key Distribution(QKD),post-quantum cryptography(PQC),and quantum homomorphic encryption in securing multiparty computations.Additionally,we discuss the challenges of scalability,computational efficiency,and practical deployment of quantumsecure MPC frameworks in real-world applications such as privacy-preserving AI,secure blockchain transactions,and confidential data analysis.This review provides insights into the future research directions and open challenges in ensuring secure,scalable,and quantum-resistant multiparty computation.展开更多
当前美国国家标准与技术研究院(National Institute of Standards and Technology,NIST)对后量子密码(Post-Quantum Cryptography,PQC)标准化方案的评估已进入第四轮,位翻转密钥封装(Bit Flipping Key Encapsulation,BIKE)协议是目前被...当前美国国家标准与技术研究院(National Institute of Standards and Technology,NIST)对后量子密码(Post-Quantum Cryptography,PQC)标准化方案的评估已进入第四轮,位翻转密钥封装(Bit Flipping Key Encapsulation,BIKE)协议是目前被评估的四个候选方案之一.在BIKE的密钥生成算法中,多项式乘法作为众多密码系统中特别耗时的操作之一,耗费了大量的时间和面积资源.针对此问题,本文设计了一种基于Karatsuba算法(Karatsuba Algorithm,KA)的无交叠多项式乘法器,可高效实现万级比特位宽的多项式乘法,具有低时延、高性能和面积小的特点.同时,本文将该优化乘法器应用于BIKE密钥生成算法中,并基于现场可编程门阵列(Field Programmable Gate Array,FPGA)对其进行硬件架构实现,改进了原有的紧凑多项式乘法和多项式求逆算法.本文提出的乘法器通过采用不同的操作数位宽,可适应对面积和延时的不同需求.与BIKE原本的设计相比,改进的设计使密钥生成模块的延时减小了36.54%,面积延迟积(Area Delay Production,ADP)减小了10.4%.展开更多
In this paper,the mechanical response of a one-dimensional(1D)hexagonal piezoelectric quasicrystal(PQC)thin film is analyzed under electric and temperature loads.Based on the Euler-Bernoulli beam theory,a theoretical ...In this paper,the mechanical response of a one-dimensional(1D)hexagonal piezoelectric quasicrystal(PQC)thin film is analyzed under electric and temperature loads.Based on the Euler-Bernoulli beam theory,a theoretical model is proposed,resulting in coupled governing integral equations that account for interfacial normal and shear stresses.To numerically solve these integral equations,an expansion method using orthogonal Chebyshev polynomials is employed.The results provide insights into the interfacial stresses,axial force,as well as axial and vertical deformations of the PQC film.Additionally,fracture criteria,including stress intensity factors,mode angles,and the J-integral,are evaluated.The solution is compared with the membrane theory,neglecting the normal stress and bending deformation.Finally,the effects of stiffness and aspect ratio on the PQC film are thoroughly discussed.This study serves as a valuable guide for controlling the mechanical response and conducting safety assessments of PQC film systems.展开更多
In this paper,we investigate the interfacial behavior of a thin,penny-shaped,one-dimensional(1D)hexagonal functionally graded(FG)piezoelectric quasicrystal(PQC)film bonded on a temperature-dependent elastic substrate ...In this paper,we investigate the interfacial behavior of a thin,penny-shaped,one-dimensional(1D)hexagonal functionally graded(FG)piezoelectric quasicrystal(PQC)film bonded on a temperature-dependent elastic substrate under thermal and electrical loads.The problem is modeled as axisymmetric based on the membrane theory,with the peeling stress and bending moment being disregarded.A potential theory method,combined with the Hankel transform technique,is utilized to derive the displacement field on the substrate surface.With perfect interfacial bonding assumption,an integral equation governing the phonon interfacial shear stress is formulated and numerically solved by the Chebyshev polynomials.Explicit expressions are derived for the interfacial shear stress,the internal stresses within the PQC film and the substrate,the axial strain,and the stress intensity factors(SIFs).Numerical simulations are conducted to investigate the effects of the film's aspect ratio,material inhomogeneity,material mismatch,and temperature-dependent material properties on its mechanical response.The results provide insights for the functional design and reliability assessment of FG PQC film/substrate systems.展开更多
To effectively reduce the field concentration around a hole or crack,an anti-plane shear problem of a nano-elliptical hole or a nano-crack pasting a reinforcement layer in a one-dimensional(1D)hexagonal piezoelectric ...To effectively reduce the field concentration around a hole or crack,an anti-plane shear problem of a nano-elliptical hole or a nano-crack pasting a reinforcement layer in a one-dimensional(1D)hexagonal piezoelectric quasicrystal(PQC)is investigated subject to remotely mechanical and electrical loadings.The surface effect and dielectric characteristics inside the hole are considered for actuality.By utilizing the technique of conformal mapping and the complex variable method,the phonon stresses,phason stresses,and electric displacements in the matrix and reinforcement layer are exactly derived under both electrically permeable and impermeable boundary conditions.Three size-dependent field intensity factors near the nano-crack tip are further obtained when the nano-elliptical hole is reduced to the nano-crack.Numerical examples are illustrated to show the effects of material properties of the surface layer and reinforced layer,the aspect ratio of the hole,and the thickness of the reinforcing layer on the field concentration of the nano-elliptical hole and the field intensity factors near the nano-crack tip.The results indicate that the properties of the surface layer and reinforcement layer and the electrical boundary conditions have great effects on the field concentration of the nano-hole and nano-crack,which are useful for optimizing and designing the microdevices by PQC nanocomposites in engineering practice.展开更多
The response-spectrum mode superposition method is widely used for seismic response analyses of linear systems. In using this method, the complete quadratic combination （CQC） is adopted for classically damped linear...The response-spectrum mode superposition method is widely used for seismic response analyses of linear systems. In using this method, the complete quadratic combination （CQC） is adopted for classically damped linear systems and the complex complete quadratic combination （CCQC） formula is adopted for non-classically damped linear systems. However, in both cases, the calculation of seismic response analyses is very time consuming. In this paper, the variation of the modal correlation coefficients of displacement, velocity and displacement-velocity with frequency and damping ratios of two modes of interest are studied, Moreover, the calculation errors generated by using CQC and square-root-of-the-sum-of-thesquares （SRSS） methods （or CCQC and CSRSS methods） for different damping combinations are compared. In these analyses, some boundary lines for classically and non-classically damped systems are plotted to distinguish the allowed minimum frequency ratio at given geometric mean of the damping ratios of both modes if their relativity is neglected. Furthermore, the simplified method, which is a special mode quadratic combination method considering only relativity of adjacent modes in CQC method and named simplified CQC or partial quadratic combination （PQC） method for classically damped linear system, is proposed to improve computational efficiency, and the criterion for determination of how many correlated modes should be adopted is proposed. Similarly, the simplified CCQC or complex partial quadratic combination （CPQC） method for the non-classically damped linear system and the corresponding criterion are also deduced. Finally, a numerical example is given to illustrate the applicability, computational accuracy and efficiency of the PQC and CPQC methods.展开更多
A three-phase confocal elliptical cylinder model is proposed to analyze micromechanics of one-dimensional hexagonal piezoelectric quasicrystal （PQC） compos- ites. Exact solutions of the phonon, phason, and electric ...A three-phase confocal elliptical cylinder model is proposed to analyze micromechanics of one-dimensional hexagonal piezoelectric quasicrystal （PQC） compos- ites. Exact solutions of the phonon, phason, and electric fields are obtained by using the conformal mapping combined with the Laurent expansion technique when the model is subject to far-field anti-plane mechanical and in-plane electric loadings. The effective elec- troelastic constants of several different composites made up of PQC, quasicrystal （QC）, and piezoelectric （PE） materials are predicted by the generalized self-consistent method. Numerical examples are conducted to show the effects of the volume fraction and the cross-sectional shape of inclusion （or fiber） on the effective electroelastic constants of these composites. Compared with other micromechanical methods, the generalized self- consistent and Mori-Tanaka methods can predict the effective electroelastic constants of the composites consistently.展开更多
In this paper,we obtain Green’s functions of two-dimensional(2D)piezoelectric quasicrystal(PQC)in half-space and bimaterials.Based on the elastic theory of QCs,the Stroh formalism is used to derive the general soluti...In this paper,we obtain Green’s functions of two-dimensional(2D)piezoelectric quasicrystal(PQC)in half-space and bimaterials.Based on the elastic theory of QCs,the Stroh formalism is used to derive the general solutions of displacements and stresses.Then,we obtain the analytical solutions of half-space and bimaterial Green’s functions.Besides,the interfacial Green’s function for bimaterials is also obtained in the analytical form.Before numerical studies,a comparative study is carried out to validate the present solutions.Typical numerical examples are performed to investigate the effects of multi-physics loadings such as the line force,the line dislocation,the line charge,and the phason line force.As a result,the coupling effect among the phonon field,the phason field,and the electric field is prominent,and the butterfly-shaped contours are characteristic in 2D PQCs.In addition,the changes of material parameters cause variations in physical quantities to a certain degree.展开更多
With the rapid development of quantum computers capable of realizing Shor’s algorithm,existing public key-based algorithms face a significant security risk.Crystals-Kyber has been selected as the only key encapsulati...With the rapid development of quantum computers capable of realizing Shor’s algorithm,existing public key-based algorithms face a significant security risk.Crystals-Kyber has been selected as the only key encapsulation mechanism(KEM)algorithm in the National Institute of Standards and Technology(NIST)Post-Quantum Cryptography(PQC)competition.In this study,we present a portable and efficient implementation of a Crystals-Kyber post-quantum KEM based on WebAssembly(Wasm),a recently released portable execution framework for high-performance web applications.Until now,most Kyber implementations have been developed with native programming languages such as C and Assembly.Although there are a few previous Kyber implementations based on JavaScript for portability,their performance is significantly lower than that of implementations based on native programming languages.Therefore,it is necessary to develop a portable and efficient Kyber implementation to secure web applications in the quantum computing era.Our Kyber software is based on JavaScript and Wasm to provide portability and efficiency while ensuring quantum security.Namely,the overall software is written in JavaScript,and the performance core parts(secure hash algorithm-3-based operations and polynomial multiplication)are written in Wasm.Furthermore,we parallelize the number theoretic transform(NTT)-based polynomial multiplication using single instruction multiple data(SIMD)functionality,which is available in Wasm.The three steps in the NTT-based polynomial multiplication have been parallelized with Wasm SIMD intrinsic functions.Our software outperforms the latest reference implementation of Kyber developed in JavaScript by×4.02(resp.×4.32 and×4.1),×3.42(resp.×3.52 and×3.44),and×3.41(resp.×3.44 and×3.38)in terms of key generation,encapsulation,and decapsulation on Google Chrome(resp.Firefox,and Microsoft Edge).As far as we know,this is the first software implementation of Kyber with Wasm technology in the web environment.展开更多
iezoelectric fiber-optic spectroelectrochemistry(PFOSEC), a new techniqueof spectroelectrochemistry (SEC)in combination with piezoelectric quartz crystal(PQC)detection is proposed. In this technique, one arm of a bifu...iezoelectric fiber-optic spectroelectrochemistry(PFOSEC), a new techniqueof spectroelectrochemistry (SEC)in combination with piezoelectric quartz crystal(PQC)detection is proposed. In this technique, one arm of a bifurcated fiber-opticprobe is used to conduct the incident light beam to the investigated solution andthen to the reflective electrode surface on the piezoelectric quartz crystal, and thereflection light beam is guided to the optical detector by the other arm of the opticfiber. A typical experiinental system, Cu(Ⅱ)in glycine and KNO_3 supporting elec-trolyte, was used here to test this new technique. Results show that this techniquecan provide substantial in situ information from SEC, PQC and conventional elec-trochemistry in the investigation of the electrochemical process. This novel techiqueis recommended to find wider application in the electrochemical study not only onsolution species but also on surface phenomena.展开更多
基金Project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.12272402 and12102458)the Chinese Universities Scientific Fund(No.2025TC014)the China Agricultural University Education Foundation(No.1101-240001)。
文摘This paper investigates the mechanical behavior of two-dimensional(2D)piezoelectric quasicrystals(PQCs)containing polygonal holes under external forces.Based on the linear elastic theory of quasicrystals(QCs),the analytical solutions for the stress and displacement fields are derived with the Stroh formalism,Green's function method,and polygonal mapping functions.Numerical simulations are performed to study the effects of hole geometry and corner sharpness on the stress distribution.The results show that the polygonal hole shapes significantly influence the generalized hoop stress,with sharper corners leading to stronger stress concentration and enhanced piezoelectric coupling effects.The stress concentrations at hole corners reach their maximum values at specific sharpness parameters,depending on the polygon type.The results contribute to a deeper understanding of the defect-induced mechanical behavior in 2D PQCs,and provide theoretical guidance for their structural design and optimization.
文摘The advent of quantum computing poses a significant challenge to traditional cryptographic protocols,particularly those used in SecureMultiparty Computation(MPC),a fundamental cryptographic primitive for privacypreserving computation.Classical MPC relies on cryptographic techniques such as homomorphic encryption,secret sharing,and oblivious transfer,which may become vulnerable in the post-quantum era due to the computational power of quantum adversaries.This study presents a review of 140 peer-reviewed articles published between 2000 and 2025 that used different databases like MDPI,IEEE Explore,Springer,and Elsevier,examining the applications,types,and security issues with the solution of Quantum computing in different fields.This review explores the impact of quantum computing on MPC security,assesses emerging quantum-resistant MPC protocols,and examines hybrid classicalquantum approaches aimed at mitigating quantum threats.We analyze the role of Quantum Key Distribution(QKD),post-quantum cryptography(PQC),and quantum homomorphic encryption in securing multiparty computations.Additionally,we discuss the challenges of scalability,computational efficiency,and practical deployment of quantumsecure MPC frameworks in real-world applications such as privacy-preserving AI,secure blockchain transactions,and confidential data analysis.This review provides insights into the future research directions and open challenges in ensuring secure,scalable,and quantum-resistant multiparty computation.
基金Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Nos. 11902293 and 12272353)。
文摘In this paper,the mechanical response of a one-dimensional(1D)hexagonal piezoelectric quasicrystal(PQC)thin film is analyzed under electric and temperature loads.Based on the Euler-Bernoulli beam theory,a theoretical model is proposed,resulting in coupled governing integral equations that account for interfacial normal and shear stresses.To numerically solve these integral equations,an expansion method using orthogonal Chebyshev polynomials is employed.The results provide insights into the interfacial stresses,axial force,as well as axial and vertical deformations of the PQC film.Additionally,fracture criteria,including stress intensity factors,mode angles,and the J-integral,are evaluated.The solution is compared with the membrane theory,neglecting the normal stress and bending deformation.Finally,the effects of stiffness and aspect ratio on the PQC film are thoroughly discussed.This study serves as a valuable guide for controlling the mechanical response and conducting safety assessments of PQC film systems.
基金Project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.11902293 and 12272353)。
文摘In this paper,we investigate the interfacial behavior of a thin,penny-shaped,one-dimensional(1D)hexagonal functionally graded(FG)piezoelectric quasicrystal(PQC)film bonded on a temperature-dependent elastic substrate under thermal and electrical loads.The problem is modeled as axisymmetric based on the membrane theory,with the peeling stress and bending moment being disregarded.A potential theory method,combined with the Hankel transform technique,is utilized to derive the displacement field on the substrate surface.With perfect interfacial bonding assumption,an integral equation governing the phonon interfacial shear stress is formulated and numerically solved by the Chebyshev polynomials.Explicit expressions are derived for the interfacial shear stress,the internal stresses within the PQC film and the substrate,the axial strain,and the stress intensity factors(SIFs).Numerical simulations are conducted to investigate the effects of the film's aspect ratio,material inhomogeneity,material mismatch,and temperature-dependent material properties on its mechanical response.The results provide insights for the functional design and reliability assessment of FG PQC film/substrate systems.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.12072166,11862021)the Program for Young Talents of Science and Technology in Universities of Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region(No.NJYT-19-A06)the Natural Science Foundation of Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region of China(No.2020MS01006)。
文摘To effectively reduce the field concentration around a hole or crack,an anti-plane shear problem of a nano-elliptical hole or a nano-crack pasting a reinforcement layer in a one-dimensional(1D)hexagonal piezoelectric quasicrystal(PQC)is investigated subject to remotely mechanical and electrical loadings.The surface effect and dielectric characteristics inside the hole are considered for actuality.By utilizing the technique of conformal mapping and the complex variable method,the phonon stresses,phason stresses,and electric displacements in the matrix and reinforcement layer are exactly derived under both electrically permeable and impermeable boundary conditions.Three size-dependent field intensity factors near the nano-crack tip are further obtained when the nano-elliptical hole is reduced to the nano-crack.Numerical examples are illustrated to show the effects of material properties of the surface layer and reinforced layer,the aspect ratio of the hole,and the thickness of the reinforcing layer on the field concentration of the nano-elliptical hole and the field intensity factors near the nano-crack tip.The results indicate that the properties of the surface layer and reinforcement layer and the electrical boundary conditions have great effects on the field concentration of the nano-hole and nano-crack,which are useful for optimizing and designing the microdevices by PQC nanocomposites in engineering practice.
基金National Natural science Foundation of China Under Grant No. 50178007 and No.50408005
文摘The response-spectrum mode superposition method is widely used for seismic response analyses of linear systems. In using this method, the complete quadratic combination （CQC） is adopted for classically damped linear systems and the complex complete quadratic combination （CCQC） formula is adopted for non-classically damped linear systems. However, in both cases, the calculation of seismic response analyses is very time consuming. In this paper, the variation of the modal correlation coefficients of displacement, velocity and displacement-velocity with frequency and damping ratios of two modes of interest are studied, Moreover, the calculation errors generated by using CQC and square-root-of-the-sum-of-thesquares （SRSS） methods （or CCQC and CSRSS methods） for different damping combinations are compared. In these analyses, some boundary lines for classically and non-classically damped systems are plotted to distinguish the allowed minimum frequency ratio at given geometric mean of the damping ratios of both modes if their relativity is neglected. Furthermore, the simplified method, which is a special mode quadratic combination method considering only relativity of adjacent modes in CQC method and named simplified CQC or partial quadratic combination （PQC） method for classically damped linear system, is proposed to improve computational efficiency, and the criterion for determination of how many correlated modes should be adopted is proposed. Similarly, the simplified CCQC or complex partial quadratic combination （CPQC） method for the non-classically damped linear system and the corresponding criterion are also deduced. Finally, a numerical example is given to illustrate the applicability, computational accuracy and efficiency of the PQC and CPQC methods.
基金Projected supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.11502123 and11262012)the Natural Science Foundation of Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region of China(No.2015JQ01)
文摘A three-phase confocal elliptical cylinder model is proposed to analyze micromechanics of one-dimensional hexagonal piezoelectric quasicrystal （PQC） compos- ites. Exact solutions of the phonon, phason, and electric fields are obtained by using the conformal mapping combined with the Laurent expansion technique when the model is subject to far-field anti-plane mechanical and in-plane electric loadings. The effective elec- troelastic constants of several different composites made up of PQC, quasicrystal （QC）, and piezoelectric （PE） materials are predicted by the generalized self-consistent method. Numerical examples are conducted to show the effects of the volume fraction and the cross-sectional shape of inclusion （or fiber） on the effective electroelastic constants of these composites. Compared with other micromechanical methods, the generalized self- consistent and Mori-Tanaka methods can predict the effective electroelastic constants of the composites consistently.
基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.11972365 and 12102458)。
文摘In this paper,we obtain Green’s functions of two-dimensional(2D)piezoelectric quasicrystal(PQC)in half-space and bimaterials.Based on the elastic theory of QCs,the Stroh formalism is used to derive the general solutions of displacements and stresses.Then,we obtain the analytical solutions of half-space and bimaterial Green’s functions.Besides,the interfacial Green’s function for bimaterials is also obtained in the analytical form.Before numerical studies,a comparative study is carried out to validate the present solutions.Typical numerical examples are performed to investigate the effects of multi-physics loadings such as the line force,the line dislocation,the line charge,and the phason line force.As a result,the coupling effect among the phonon field,the phason field,and the electric field is prominent,and the butterfly-shaped contours are characteristic in 2D PQCs.In addition,the changes of material parameters cause variations in physical quantities to a certain degree.
基金This work was supported by Institute of Information&communications Technology Planning&Evaluation(IITP)grant funded by the Korea government(MSIT)(No.2022-0-01019,Development of eSIM security platform technology for edge devices to expand the eSIM ecosystem)This was partly supported by the MSIT(Ministry of Science and ICT)Korea,under the ITRC(Information Technology Research Center)support program(IITP-2022-RS-2022-00164800)supervised by the IITP(Institute for Information&Communications Technology Planning&Evaluation).
文摘With the rapid development of quantum computers capable of realizing Shor’s algorithm,existing public key-based algorithms face a significant security risk.Crystals-Kyber has been selected as the only key encapsulation mechanism(KEM)algorithm in the National Institute of Standards and Technology(NIST)Post-Quantum Cryptography(PQC)competition.In this study,we present a portable and efficient implementation of a Crystals-Kyber post-quantum KEM based on WebAssembly(Wasm),a recently released portable execution framework for high-performance web applications.Until now,most Kyber implementations have been developed with native programming languages such as C and Assembly.Although there are a few previous Kyber implementations based on JavaScript for portability,their performance is significantly lower than that of implementations based on native programming languages.Therefore,it is necessary to develop a portable and efficient Kyber implementation to secure web applications in the quantum computing era.Our Kyber software is based on JavaScript and Wasm to provide portability and efficiency while ensuring quantum security.Namely,the overall software is written in JavaScript,and the performance core parts(secure hash algorithm-3-based operations and polynomial multiplication)are written in Wasm.Furthermore,we parallelize the number theoretic transform(NTT)-based polynomial multiplication using single instruction multiple data(SIMD)functionality,which is available in Wasm.The three steps in the NTT-based polynomial multiplication have been parallelized with Wasm SIMD intrinsic functions.Our software outperforms the latest reference implementation of Kyber developed in JavaScript by×4.02(resp.×4.32 and×4.1),×3.42(resp.×3.52 and×3.44),and×3.41(resp.×3.44 and×3.38)in terms of key generation,encapsulation,and decapsulation on Google Chrome(resp.Firefox,and Microsoft Edge).As far as we know,this is the first software implementation of Kyber with Wasm technology in the web environment.
文摘iezoelectric fiber-optic spectroelectrochemistry(PFOSEC), a new techniqueof spectroelectrochemistry (SEC)in combination with piezoelectric quartz crystal(PQC)detection is proposed. In this technique, one arm of a bifurcated fiber-opticprobe is used to conduct the incident light beam to the investigated solution andthen to the reflective electrode surface on the piezoelectric quartz crystal, and thereflection light beam is guided to the optical detector by the other arm of the opticfiber. A typical experiinental system, Cu(Ⅱ)in glycine and KNO_3 supporting elec-trolyte, was used here to test this new technique. Results show that this techniquecan provide substantial in situ information from SEC, PQC and conventional elec-trochemistry in the investigation of the electrochemical process. This novel techiqueis recommended to find wider application in the electrochemical study not only onsolution species but also on surface phenomena.
