The past two decades have seen formative assessment claim legitimacy in policy discourse and engender immense tensions within the testing-dominated assessment regimes of multiple educational settings.These tensions,al...The past two decades have seen formative assessment claim legitimacy in policy discourse and engender immense tensions within the testing-dominated assessment regimes of multiple educational settings.These tensions,along with the top-down approach of the policy process,have made the inroads of formative assessment in local contexts very complex.This study seeks to unveil the localized appropriation and actualization of a formative assessment initiative in the College English area at a Chinese local university.The focus is on how the key actors at the institutional and classroom levels appropriate and negotiate the policy meaning within their local community of practice.Analysis of an individual interview with the dean and a focus-group interview with six 1 teachers has revealed a“two-hand”approach to the national policy and a nested mediation from local constraints,“cultural tools for thinking”and,more importantly,power in the policymaking process at the institutional level.The classroom level,on the other hand,witnesses capable teachers exercising their agency within a limited space.As a result,we would caution that power and agency could be solid mediators in the policy process and need to be exercised with care to ensure a more coherent implementation of assessment innovations.展开更多
针对无线体域网(Wireless Body Area Network,WBAN)面临的能源供应限制和数据时效性不足问题,文中设计了一种基于无线供能体域网(Wireless-powered Body Area Network,WP-BAN)的传输优化策略。对WP-BAN进行系统建模,考虑了基于马尔可夫...针对无线体域网(Wireless Body Area Network,WBAN)面临的能源供应限制和数据时效性不足问题,文中设计了一种基于无线供能体域网(Wireless-powered Body Area Network,WP-BAN)的传输优化策略。对WP-BAN进行系统建模,考虑了基于马尔可夫的数据采集传输过程、能量供应与消耗过程以及信息年龄(Age-of-Information,AoI)增长过程,并在队列稳定性约束和链路容量约束下构建一个关于数据采样速率与数据丢弃率系统效用最大化的离散时间随机优化问题。运用Lyapunov优化理论将原问题转化为单时隙多序列的确定性优化问题,设计了效用最大化的传输调度和能量收集策略(Utility-maximization Transmission Scheduling and Energy Harvesting Strategy,UMTEHS)。在Lyapunov求解框架下使用BARON(Branch and Reduce Optimization Navigator)求解器求解转化后的优化问题,根据当前时刻的队列状态优化下一个时刻的数据传输调度和能量收集率。仿真实验验证了所提策略的有效性,其在保持系统能量中性运行的同时能够获得更大的系统效用和更小的AoI。展开更多
基金based on research projects sponsored by the National Social Science Fund of China(NSSFC)(No.17BYY100)the China Association of Higher Education—Foreign Language Teaching and Research Association[21WYJYYB24]。
文摘The past two decades have seen formative assessment claim legitimacy in policy discourse and engender immense tensions within the testing-dominated assessment regimes of multiple educational settings.These tensions,along with the top-down approach of the policy process,have made the inroads of formative assessment in local contexts very complex.This study seeks to unveil the localized appropriation and actualization of a formative assessment initiative in the College English area at a Chinese local university.The focus is on how the key actors at the institutional and classroom levels appropriate and negotiate the policy meaning within their local community of practice.Analysis of an individual interview with the dean and a focus-group interview with six 1 teachers has revealed a“two-hand”approach to the national policy and a nested mediation from local constraints,“cultural tools for thinking”and,more importantly,power in the policymaking process at the institutional level.The classroom level,on the other hand,witnesses capable teachers exercising their agency within a limited space.As a result,we would caution that power and agency could be solid mediators in the policy process and need to be exercised with care to ensure a more coherent implementation of assessment innovations.
文摘针对无线体域网(Wireless Body Area Network,WBAN)面临的能源供应限制和数据时效性不足问题,文中设计了一种基于无线供能体域网(Wireless-powered Body Area Network,WP-BAN)的传输优化策略。对WP-BAN进行系统建模,考虑了基于马尔可夫的数据采集传输过程、能量供应与消耗过程以及信息年龄(Age-of-Information,AoI)增长过程,并在队列稳定性约束和链路容量约束下构建一个关于数据采样速率与数据丢弃率系统效用最大化的离散时间随机优化问题。运用Lyapunov优化理论将原问题转化为单时隙多序列的确定性优化问题,设计了效用最大化的传输调度和能量收集策略(Utility-maximization Transmission Scheduling and Energy Harvesting Strategy,UMTEHS)。在Lyapunov求解框架下使用BARON(Branch and Reduce Optimization Navigator)求解器求解转化后的优化问题,根据当前时刻的队列状态优化下一个时刻的数据传输调度和能量收集率。仿真实验验证了所提策略的有效性,其在保持系统能量中性运行的同时能够获得更大的系统效用和更小的AoI。
