The past two decades have seen formative assessment claim legitimacy in policy discourse and engender immense tensions within the testing-dominated assessment regimes of multiple educational settings.These tensions,al...The past two decades have seen formative assessment claim legitimacy in policy discourse and engender immense tensions within the testing-dominated assessment regimes of multiple educational settings.These tensions,along with the top-down approach of the policy process,have made the inroads of formative assessment in local contexts very complex.This study seeks to unveil the localized appropriation and actualization of a formative assessment initiative in the College English area at a Chinese local university.The focus is on how the key actors at the institutional and classroom levels appropriate and negotiate the policy meaning within their local community of practice.Analysis of an individual interview with the dean and a focus-group interview with six 1 teachers has revealed a“two-hand”approach to the national policy and a nested mediation from local constraints,“cultural tools for thinking”and,more importantly,power in the policymaking process at the institutional level.The classroom level,on the other hand,witnesses capable teachers exercising their agency within a limited space.As a result,we would caution that power and agency could be solid mediators in the policy process and need to be exercised with care to ensure a more coherent implementation of assessment innovations.展开更多
针对车路协同系统(cooperative vehicle infrastructure system,CVIS)中排队时延和功率间的平衡问题,提出一种联合队列年龄和信道感知的概率调度(joint age of queue and channel aware probabilistic scheduling,JAQCA-PS)策略,在给定...针对车路协同系统(cooperative vehicle infrastructure system,CVIS)中排队时延和功率间的平衡问题,提出一种联合队列年龄和信道感知的概率调度(joint age of queue and channel aware probabilistic scheduling,JAQCA-PS)策略,在给定功率约束下实现平均排队时延最小化。提出的策略设计了队列年龄(age of queue,AoQ)信息作为调度参数之一,并联合包到达信息、块衰落信道的状态信息建立跨层调度模型,将最小化平均排队时延问题表述为约束马尔可夫决策过程(constrained Markov decision process,CMDP);通过将非线性问题转化为等效的线性规划(linear programming,LP)问题求解,得到了JAQCA-PS策略下最优传输参数和最优排队时延-功率平衡的数值结果;经蒙特卡洛模拟验证了结果的准确性。展开更多
基金based on research projects sponsored by the National Social Science Fund of China(NSSFC)(No.17BYY100)the China Association of Higher Education—Foreign Language Teaching and Research Association[21WYJYYB24]。
文摘The past two decades have seen formative assessment claim legitimacy in policy discourse and engender immense tensions within the testing-dominated assessment regimes of multiple educational settings.These tensions,along with the top-down approach of the policy process,have made the inroads of formative assessment in local contexts very complex.This study seeks to unveil the localized appropriation and actualization of a formative assessment initiative in the College English area at a Chinese local university.The focus is on how the key actors at the institutional and classroom levels appropriate and negotiate the policy meaning within their local community of practice.Analysis of an individual interview with the dean and a focus-group interview with six 1 teachers has revealed a“two-hand”approach to the national policy and a nested mediation from local constraints,“cultural tools for thinking”and,more importantly,power in the policymaking process at the institutional level.The classroom level,on the other hand,witnesses capable teachers exercising their agency within a limited space.As a result,we would caution that power and agency could be solid mediators in the policy process and need to be exercised with care to ensure a more coherent implementation of assessment innovations.
文摘针对车路协同系统(cooperative vehicle infrastructure system,CVIS)中排队时延和功率间的平衡问题,提出一种联合队列年龄和信道感知的概率调度(joint age of queue and channel aware probabilistic scheduling,JAQCA-PS)策略,在给定功率约束下实现平均排队时延最小化。提出的策略设计了队列年龄(age of queue,AoQ)信息作为调度参数之一,并联合包到达信息、块衰落信道的状态信息建立跨层调度模型,将最小化平均排队时延问题表述为约束马尔可夫决策过程(constrained Markov decision process,CMDP);通过将非线性问题转化为等效的线性规划(linear programming,LP)问题求解,得到了JAQCA-PS策略下最优传输参数和最优排队时延-功率平衡的数值结果;经蒙特卡洛模拟验证了结果的准确性。
