Sodium-ion batteries (SIBs) with organic electrodes are an emerging research direction due to the sustainability of organic materials based on elements like C,H,O,and sodium ions.Currently,organic electrode materials ...Sodium-ion batteries (SIBs) with organic electrodes are an emerging research direction due to the sustainability of organic materials based on elements like C,H,O,and sodium ions.Currently,organic electrode materials for SIBs are mainly used as cathodes because of their relatively high redox potentials(>1 V).Organic electrodes with low redox potential that can be used as anode are rare.Herein,a novel organic anode material (tetrasodium 1,4,5,8-naphthalenetetracarboxylate,Na_(4)TDC) has been developed with low redox potential (<0.7 V) and excellent cyclic stability.Its three-sodium storage mechanism was demonstrated with various in-situ/ex-situ spectroscopy and theoretical calculations,showing a high capacity of 208 mAh/g and an average decay rate of merely 0.022%per cycle.Moreover,the Na_(4)TDC-hard carbon composite can further acquire improved capacity and cycling stability for 1200 cycles even with a high mass loading of up to 20 mg cm^(-2).By pairing with a thick Na_(3)V_(2)(PO_(4))_(3)cathode (20.6 mg cm^(-2)),the as-fabricated full cell exhibited high operating voltage (2.8 V),excellent rate performance and cycling stability with a high capacity retention of 88.7% after 200 cycles,well highlighting the Na_(4)TDC anode material for SIBs.展开更多
Cambrian shales in China and elsewhere contain abundant oil and gas resources.However,due to its deep burial and limited outcrop,there has been relatively little research conducted on it.The Cambrian shale of the Tado...Cambrian shales in China and elsewhere contain abundant oil and gas resources.However,due to its deep burial and limited outcrop,there has been relatively little research conducted on it.The Cambrian shale of the Tadong low uplift in the Tarim Basin of western China,specifically the Xidashan-Xishanbulake Formation(Fm.)and overlying Moheershan Fm.provide a case study through the use of organic petrology,mineralogy,organic and elemental geochemistry,with the aim of analyzing and exploring the hydrocarbon generation potential(PG)and organic matter(OM)enrichment mechanisms within these shale formations.The results indicate that:(1)the Cambrian shale of the Tadong low uplift exhibits relatively dispersed OM that consists of vitrinite-like macerals and solid bitumen.These formations have a higher content of quartz and are primarily composed of silica-based lithology;(2)shale samples from the Xidashan-Xishanbulake and Moheershan formations demonstrate high total organic carbon(TOC)and low pyrolytic hydrocarbon content(S_(2))content.The OM is predominantly typeⅠand typeⅡkerogens,indicating a high level of maturation in the wet gas period.These shales have undergone extensive hydrocarbon generation,showing characteristics of relatively poor PG;(3)the sedimentary environments of the Xidashan-Xishanbulake and Moheershan formations in the Tadong low uplift are similar.They were deposited in warm and humid climatic conditions,in oxygen-deficient environments,with stable terrigenous inputs,high paleoproductivity,high paleosalinity,weak water-holding capacity,and no significant hydrothermal activity;and(4)the relationship between TOC and the paleoproductivity parameter(P/Ti)is most significant in the Lower Cambrian Xidashan-Xishanbulake Fm.,whereas correlation with other indicators is not evident.This suggests a productivity-driven OM enrichment model,where input of landderived material was relatively small during the Middle Cambrian,and the ancient water exhibited lower salinity.A comprehensive pattern was formed under the combined control of paleoproductivity and preservation conditions.This study provides valuable guidance for oil and gas exploration in the Tarim Basin.展开更多
Persulfate is considered a convenient and efficient remediation agent for organic contaminated soil.However,the potential risk of sulfur into the soil remediation by persulfate remains ignored.In this study,glass bott...Persulfate is considered a convenient and efficient remediation agent for organic contaminated soil.However,the potential risk of sulfur into the soil remediation by persulfate remains ignored.In this study,glass bottles with different persulfate dosages and groundwater tables were set up to simulate persulfate remediation of organic pollutants(aniline).The results found sulfate to be the main end-product(83.0%–99.5%)of persulfate remediation after10 days.Moreover,H_(2)S accounted for 93.4%–99.4%of sulfur reduction end-products,suggesting that H_(2)S was the final fate of sulfur.H_(2)S was released rapidly after one to three days at a maximum concentration of 33.0 ppm,which is sufficient to make a person uncomfortable.According to the fitted curve results,H_(2)S concentration decreased to a safe concentration(0.15 ppm)after 20–85 days.Meanwhile,the maximum concentration of methanethiol reached 0.6 ppm.These results indicated that secondary pollution from persulfate remediation could release harmful gases over a long time.Therefore,persulfate should be used more carefully as a remediation agent for soil contamination.展开更多
To evaluate the potential benefits of biomass use for air pollution control, this paper identified and quantified the emissions of major reactive organic compounds anticipated from biomass-fired industrial boilers. Wo...To evaluate the potential benefits of biomass use for air pollution control, this paper identified and quantified the emissions of major reactive organic compounds anticipated from biomass-fired industrial boilers. Wood pellets(WP) and straw pellets(SP) were burned to determine the volatile organic compound emission profiles for each biomass-boiler combination. More than 100 types of volatile organic compounds(VOCs) were measured from the two biomass boilers. The measured VOC species included alkanes, alkenes and acetylenes, aromatics, halocarbons and carbonyls. A single coal-fired boiler(CB) was also studied to provide a basis for comparison. Biomass boiler 1(BB1) emitted relatively high proportions of alkanes(28.9%–38.1% by mass) and alkenes and acetylenes(23.4%–40.8%),while biomass boiler 2(BB2) emitted relatively high proportions of aromatics(27.9%–29.2%)and oxygenated VOCs(33.0%–44.8%). The total VOC(TVOC) emission factors from BB1(128.59–146.16 mg/kg) were higher than those from BB2(41.26–85.29 mg/kg). The total ozone formation potential(OFP) ranged from 6.26 to 81.75 mg/m^3 with an average of 33.66 mg/m^3 for the two biomass boilers. The total secondary organic aerosol potential(SOAP) ranged from 61.56 to 211.67 mg/m^3 with an average of 142.27 mg/m^3 for the two biomass boilers.The emission factors(EFs) of TVOCs from biomass boilers in this study were similar to those for industrial coal-fired boilers with the same thermal power. These data can supplement existing VOC emission factors for biomass combustion and thus enrich the VOC emission inventory.展开更多
Volatile organic compounds(VOCs)are the important precursors of the tropospheric ozone(O3)and secondary organic aerosols(SOA),both of which are known to harm human health and disrupt the earth’s climate system.In thi...Volatile organic compounds(VOCs)are the important precursors of the tropospheric ozone(O3)and secondary organic aerosols(SOA),both of which are known to harm human health and disrupt the earth’s climate system.In this study,VOC emission factors,O3 and SOA formation potentials were estimated for two types of industrial boilers:coal-fired boilers(n=3)and oil-fired boilers(n=3).Results showed that EVOCs concentrations were more than nine times higher for oil-fire d boilers compared to those for coal-fired boilers.Emission factors ofΣVOCs were found to be higher for oil-fired boilers(9.26-32.83 mg-VOC/kg)than for coal-fired boilers(1.57-4.13 mg-VOC/kg).Alkanes and aromatics were obtained as the most abundant groups in coal-fired boilers,while oxygenated organics and aromatics were the most contributing groups in oil-fired boilers.Benzene,n-hexane and o-ethyl toluene were the abundant VOC species in coal-fired boiler emissions,whereas toluene was the most abundant VOC species emitted from oil-fired boilers.O3 and SOA formation potentials were found 12 and 18 times,respectively,higher for oil-fired than for coal-fired boilers.Total OFP ranged from 3.99 to 11.39 mg-O3/kg for coal-fired boilers.For oil-fired boilers,total OFP ranged from 36.16 to 131.93 mg-O3/kg.Moreover,total secondary organic aerosol potential(SOAP)ranged from 65.4 to 122.5 mg-SOA/kg and 779.9 to 2252.5 mg-SOA/kg for the coal-fired and oil-fired boilers,respectively.展开更多
Carboniferous source rocks identified by drilling in Santanghu （三塘湖） Basin were evaluated for their source potential, employing organic geochemistry and RockEval pyrolysis. The organic matter origin and depositio...Carboniferous source rocks identified by drilling in Santanghu （三塘湖） Basin were evaluated for their source potential, employing organic geochemistry and RockEval pyrolysis. The organic matter origin and depositional environment of these samples were also determined through biomarker analysis. Most of the Carboniferous source rocks in Santanghu Basin are characterised by high values of total organic carbon （TOC） content and high extractable organic matter content and hydrocarbon yields, indicating that they are organicrich source rocks with high oil generative potential. The organic matter is predominantly Type I and Type II kerogen with a minor contribution of Type III kerogen, as demonstrated by its pyrolysis parameters and carbon isotope values. According to Ro （%） and T max values, most of the studied samples are at earlyto middle-thermal mature stage; only a few of the samples are at a highly mature stage （past peak oil generation）. The biomarker analysis reveals a dominance of algal/bacterial organic matter input, with a minor contribution of land plant material. Pr/Ph ratio supports a suboxic depositional condition, consistent with a neritic or marine-continental alternating environment proposed by predecessor.展开更多
Organic matter is known to be the precursor of numerous chlorination by-products. Organic matter in the secondary effluent from the Wenchang Wastewater Treatment Plant （Harbin, China） was physically separated into t...Organic matter is known to be the precursor of numerous chlorination by-products. Organic matter in the secondary effluent from the Wenchang Wastewater Treatment Plant （Harbin, China） was physically separated into the following fractions： particulate organic carbon （1.2-0.45 μm）, colloidal organic carbon （0.45-0.1 μm）, fine colloidal organic carbon （0.1-0.025 μm）, and dissolved organic carbon （DOC） （〈 0.025 μm）. Moreover, 〈 0.45 μm fraction was chemically separated into hydrophobic acid （HPO-A）, hydrophobic neutral （HPO-N）, transphilic acid （TPI-A）, transphilic neutral （TPI-N）, and hydrophllic fraction （HPI）. The chlorine reactivity of these organic fractions obtained from both size and XAD fractionations were evaluated. The structural and chemical compositions of the HPO-A, HPO-N, TPI-A, and TPI-N isolates were characterized using elemental analysis （C, H, O, and N）, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy （FT-IR）, and proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy （1H-NMR）. Results showed that DOC was dominant in terms of total concentration and trihalomethane formation potential （THMFP）, and there was no statistical difference in both specific THMFP （STHMFP） and specific ultraviolet light absorbance among the 0.45, 0.1, and 0.025 ixm filtrates. HPO-A had the highest STHMFP compared to other chemical fractions. HPO-A, HPO-N, TPI-A, and TPI-N contained 3.02%-3.52% of nitrogen. The molar ratio of H/C increased in the order of HPO-A 〈 HPO-N 〈 TPI-A 〈 TPI-N. The O/C ratio was relatively high for TPI-N as compared to those for the other fractions. ^1H-NMR analysis of the four fractions indicated that the relative content of aromatic protons in HPO-A was significantly higher than those in the others. The ratio of aliphatic to aromatic protons increased in the order of HPO-A 〈 HPO-N 〈 TPI-A 〈 TPI-N. FT-IR analysis of the four fractions showed that HPO-A had greater aromatic C=C content whereas HPO-N, TPI-A, and TPI-N had greater aliphatic C-H content. TPI-N contained more oxygen-containing functional groups than the other fractions.展开更多
Increasing soil organic carbon （SOC） sequestration is not only an efficient method to address climate change problems but also a useful way to improve land productivity. It has been reported by many studies that lan...Increasing soil organic carbon （SOC） sequestration is not only an efficient method to address climate change problems but also a useful way to improve land productivity. It has been reported by many studies that land-use changes can significantly influence the se- questration of SOC. However, the SOC sequestration potential （SOCP, the difference between the saturation and the existing content of SOC） caused by land-use change, and the effects of land-use optimization on the SOCP are still not well understood. In this research, we modeled the effects of land-use optimization on SOCP in Beijing. We simulated three land-use optimization scenarios （uncontrolled scenario, scale control scenario, and spatial restriction scenario） and assessed their effects on SOCP. The total SOCP （0-20 cm） in Beijing in 2010 was estimated as 23.82 Tg C or 18.27 t C/ha. In the uncontrolled scenario, the built-up land area of Beijing would increase by 951 km2 from 2010 to 2030, and the SOCP would decrease by 1.73 Tg C. In the scale control scenario, the built-up land area would de- crease by 25 km2 and the SOCP would increase by 0.07 Tg C from 2010 to 2030. Compared to the uncontrolled scenario, the SOCP in 2030 of Beijing would increase by 0.77 Tg C or 0.64 t C/ha in the spatial restriction scenario. This research provides evidence to guide planning authorities in conducting land-use optimization strategies and estimating their effects on the carbon sequestration function of land-use systems.展开更多
An electron transporting material of TFTTP （4-（5-hexylthiophene-2-yl）-2,6-bis（5-trifluoromethyl）thiophen-2-yl）pyridine） was investigated as a cathode buffer layer to enhance the power efficiency of organic sola...An electron transporting material of TFTTP （4-（5-hexylthiophene-2-yl）-2,6-bis（5-trifluoromethyl）thiophen-2-yl）pyridine） was investigated as a cathode buffer layer to enhance the power efficiency of organic solar cells （OSCs） based on subphthalocyanine and C60. The overall power conversion efficiency was increased by a factor of 1.31 by inserting the TFTTP interfacial layer between the active layer and metallic cathode. The inner mechanism responsible for the performance enhancement of OSCs was systematically studied with the simulation of dark diode behavior and optical field distribution inside the devices as well as the characterization of device photocurrent. The results showed that the TFTTP layer could significantly increase the built-in potential in the devices, leading to the enhanced dissociation of charge transfer excitons. In addition, by using TFTTP as the buffer layer, a better Ohmic contact at C60/metal interface was formed, facilitating more efficient free charge carrier collection.展开更多
Microbial fuel cells have already been used as biosensors to monitor assimilable organic carbon(AOC).However,their signal production from AOC is known to be completely suppressed by dissoved oxygen(DO).In this study,t...Microbial fuel cells have already been used as biosensors to monitor assimilable organic carbon(AOC).However,their signal production from AOC is known to be completely suppressed by dissoved oxygen(DO).In this study,two identical microbial electrolysis cell(MEC)based biosensors were inoculated with marine sediment and operated at two different anodic potentials,namely-300 mV and+250 mV relative to Ag/AgCl.The MEC biosensor operated under positive anodic potential conditions had electrochemically active microbial communities on the anode,including members of the Shewanellaceae,Pseudoalteromonadaceae,and Clostridiaceae families.However,the strictly anaerobic members of the Desulfuromonadaceae,Desulfobulbaceae and Desulfobacteraceae families were found only in the negative anodic potential MEC biosensor.The positive anodic potential MEC biosensor showed several other advantages as well,such as faster start-up,significantly higher maximum current production,fivefold improvement in the AOC detection limit,and tolerance of low dissolved oxygen,compared to those obtained from the negative anodic potential MEC biosensor.The developed positive anodic potential MEC biosensor can thus be used as a real-time and inexpensive detector of AOC concentrations in high saline and low DO seawater.展开更多
Based on one-year observation,the concentration,sources,and potential source areas of volatile organic compounds(VOCs)were comprehensively analyzed to investigate the pollution characteristics of ambient VOCs in Haiko...Based on one-year observation,the concentration,sources,and potential source areas of volatile organic compounds(VOCs)were comprehensively analyzed to investigate the pollution characteristics of ambient VOCs in Haikou,China.The results showed that the annual average concentration of total VOCs(TVOCs)was 11.4 ppb V,and the composition was dominated by alkanes(8.2 ppb V,71.4%)and alkenes(1.3 ppb V,20.5%).The diurnal variation in the concentration of dominant VOC species showed a distinct bimodal distribution with peaks in the morning and evening.The greatest contribution to ozone formation potential(OFP)was made by alkenes(51.6%),followed by alkanes(27.2%).The concentrations of VOCs and nitrogen dioxide(NO_(2))in spring and summer were low,and it was difficult to generate high ozone(O_(3))concentrations through photochemical reactions.The significant increase in O_(3)concentrations in autumn and winter was mainly related to the transmission of pollutants from the northeast.Traffic sources(40.1%),industrial sources(19.4%),combustion sources(18.6%),solvent usage sources(15.5%)and plant sources(6.4%)were identified as major sources of VOCs through the positive matrix factorization(PMF)model.The southeastern coastal areas of China were identified as major potential source areas of VOCs through the potential source contribution function(PSCF)and concentration-weighted trajectory(CWT)models.Overall,the concentration of ambient VOCs in Haikou was strongly influenced by traffic sources and long-distance transport,and the control of VOCs emitted from vehicles should be strengthened to reduce the active species of ambient VOCs in Haikou,thereby reducing the generation of O_(3).展开更多
From the outcrops in the Yaomoshan and Hongyanchi sections, oil shales, deep dark mudstones or black mudstones with better organic richness were found. Through the analysis of the samples in the organic petrology meth...From the outcrops in the Yaomoshan and Hongyanchi sections, oil shales, deep dark mudstones or black mudstones with better organic richness were found. Through the analysis of the samples in the organic petrology method, the microscope features of the sedimentary organic matter were studied. The results indicate that three types of kerogens present in the measured samples. Kerogen type I consists of the laminate algainite, abundant sporinite and only little content of cutinite, which can mainly generate oil. The generation hydrocarbon components of the type II kerogen are dominated by the sporinite, cutinite and little the exinite debris. The type III kerogen is comprised of the sporinite and debris of the exinite with some components of gas generation. Through the analysis of the experiments, the organic kerogen of the Lucaogou formation is mostly comprised of the type I, partially type II, and particularly type III. In Hongyanchi formation, the organic type is mixed by the types II and III. The plot of the （$1＋$2） or TOC value and the content of exinite show two trends. From the evolution of burial and the Permian source rocks in Changji Depression, the Permian formation source rock has ended the generation of hydrocarbon. A significant difference in constituents of the organic macerals among three kerogens in these samples leads to the distinction of the potential hydrocarbon generation. The Lucaogou formation for kerogen type I has better potential hydrocarbon generation. It can reach the oil peak with Ro ratio Of 0.9%. For the kerogen II, the oil peak of the source rocks comes late with the Ro ratio of 1.0% with less quantity of the generation hydrocarbon than the kerogen I. For type III, it can mainly generate gas and reach the gas peak with the Ro ratio of 1.3%. In a word, the Lucaogou formation and Hongyanchi formation source rocks with high organic richness in Permian source rocks have well exploration prospects.展开更多
Soil organic carbon density(SOCD)and soil organic carbon sequestration potential(SOCP)play an important role in carbon cycle and mitigation of greenhouse gas emissions.However,the majority of studies focused on a two-...Soil organic carbon density(SOCD)and soil organic carbon sequestration potential(SOCP)play an important role in carbon cycle and mitigation of greenhouse gas emissions.However,the majority of studies focused on a two-dimensional scale,especially lacking of field measured data.We employed the interpolation method with gradient plane nodal function(GPNF)and Shepard(SPD)across a range of parameters to simulate SOCD with a 40 cm soil layer depth in a dryland farming region(DFR)of China.The SOCP was estimated using a carbon saturation model.Results demonstrated the GPNF method was proved to be more effective in simulating the spatial distribution of SOCD at the vertical magnification multiple and search point values of 3.0×106 and 25,respectively.The soil organic carbon storage(SOCS)of 40 cm and 20 cm soil layers were estimated as 22.28×10^(11)kg and 13.12×10^(11)kg simulated by GPNF method in DFR.The SOCP was estimated as 0.95×10^(11)kg considered as a carbon sink at the 20–40 cm soil layer.Furthermore,the SOCP was estimated as–2.49×10^(11)kg considered as a carbon source at the 0–20 cm soil layer.This research has important values for the scientific use of soil resources and the mitigation of greenhouse gas emissions.展开更多
VOCs(Volatile organic compounds)exert a vital role in ozone and secondary organic aerosol production,necessitating investigations into their concentration,chemical characteristics,and source apportionment for the effe...VOCs(Volatile organic compounds)exert a vital role in ozone and secondary organic aerosol production,necessitating investigations into their concentration,chemical characteristics,and source apportionment for the effective implementation of measures aimed at preventing and controlling atmospheric pollution.FromJuly to October 2020,onlinemonitoringwas conducted in the main urban area of Shijiazhuang to collect data on VOCs and analyze their concentrations and reactivity.Additionally,the PMF(positive matrix factorization)method was utilized to identify the VOCs sources.Results indicated that the TVOCs(total VOCs)concentration was(96.7±63.4μg/m^3),with alkanes exhibiting the highest concentration of(36.1±26.4μg/m^3),followed by OVOCs(16.4±14.4μg/m^3).The key active components were alkenes and aromatics,among which xylene,propylene,toluene,propionaldehyde,acetaldehyde,ethylene,and styrene played crucial roles as reactive species.The sources derived from PMF analysis encompassed vehicle emissions,solvent and coating sources,combustion sources,industrial emissions sources,as well as plant sources,the contribution of which were 37.80%,27.93%,16.57%,15.24%,and 2.46%,respectively.Hence,reducing vehicular exhaust emissions and encouraging neighboring industries to adopt low-volatile organic solvents and coatings should be prioritized to mitigate VOCs levels.展开更多
The paper presented an assessment of the resource potentials of composting organic waste materials arising from the municipal solid waste stream from cities in Nigeria. Through a review of quantitative data, the compo...The paper presented an assessment of the resource potentials of composting organic waste materials arising from the municipal solid waste stream from cities in Nigeria. Through a review of quantitative data, the composition of municipal solid waste arising within cities in Nigeria was examined in order to identify the potentials for composting organic materials from the waste stream composition. The data showed that the average majority of the waste stream was organic materials which implied high potentials for composting organic waste materials from Nigerian cities. The review also identified further potentials for composting was associated with the large population and the majority of them engaged in agriculture, as a high potential market for compost manure in Nigeria. There were more potentials derivable from the current policies of importing and supplying chemical fertilizer with huge subsidies for domestic agriculture in the country. The need to substitute these policies of chemical fertilizer with the use of compost manure implied high potentials for composting in the country. The paper also identified numerous benefits of composting in general and with particular reference to the Nigerian situation which includes, among others a reduction of the vast quantity of solid waste for final disposal, reducing air pollution and ground water leachate and also employment generation and increased income. Therefore, the paper recommended a deliberate government policy to promote composting of organic solid wastes material and marketing of compost manure to substitute the current policies of importing chemical fertilizer with subsidy for domestic agriculture as a strategy to achieve sustainable waste management in Nigeria.展开更多
Membrane potentials across hybrid charged mosaic membrane in organic solutions were measured. Equilibrium swelling degree （SD） and fixed charge density in both organic solutions and water were also determined. Ethyl...Membrane potentials across hybrid charged mosaic membrane in organic solutions were measured. Equilibrium swelling degree （SD） and fixed charge density in both organic solutions and water were also determined. Ethylene glycol, ethanol, n-propanol and glycerol were used as organic solutes; meanwhile 0.001mol-dm^-3 aqueous KCl solution was utilized as a strong electrolyte to measure the electrical difference. Equilibrium swelling degree indicated that it could be affected by the density of organic solutes; while it enhanced with the increasing density of these solutes. The measurement of fixed charge density showed that the membrane had the maximal absolute value in water among these solvents whether for cationic or anionic groups; the difference of dielectric constant between the water and the organic solutes might be responsible for these change trends. It was confirmed that membrane potentials increased with both the increasing concentration of the organic solutions and the elevated pH values. These results demonstrated that the characteristics of the hybrid charged mosaic membrane could be highly impacted by the properties of the organic solutes. A theoretical modal for charged membranes in ternary ion systems of weak electrolyte can be used to explain the above-mentioned phenomena.展开更多
Located between terrestrial and marine ecosystems,mangrove forests are sensitive to changes in climate.The responses of mangrove ecosystems to climate change in the future can be understood by reconstructing past mang...Located between terrestrial and marine ecosystems,mangrove forests are sensitive to changes in climate.The responses of mangrove ecosystems to climate change in the future can be understood by reconstructing past mangrove dynamics using proxies preserved in the intertidal sediments.Considering the complexity of the proxies commonly used,it is necessary to develop a relatively simple,inexpensive proxy.In this study,available chemical tracers(δ13Corg and C:N)of the four cores(YLW02,YLW03,O18,and Q37)from the intertidal zone of the northern Beibu Gulf(NBG)and a three-end-member(mangrove,sea grass,and suspended particulate matter)model was utilized to determine the contribution of mangrove-derived organic matter(CMOM)in carbonate-free sediments.Compared with the summed concentration of mangrove pollen(SCMP),a significant positive correlation between CMOM and SCMP is displayed.The calculated CMOM for an additional 210Pb-dated sediment core from the Yingluo Bay,NBG(YLW01)clearly indicates a mangrove development going through degradation,flourishing,relative degradation,and relative flourishing,which are separately in correspondence with the lowest,highest,lower,and higher air temperature and rainfall in the time intervals of 1890–1918 AD,1919–1956 AD,1957–1990 AD,and 1991–2010 AD.This suggests that CMOM preserved in intertidal sediments has a potential to reconstruct historical mangrove development in high resolution,at the very least,along the coasts of the NBG.展开更多
This paper intends to clarify the needs serendipity in creating new business. The authors will show that serendipity is capability method of finding potential needs and/or new markets. In economic society, potential n...This paper intends to clarify the needs serendipity in creating new business. The authors will show that serendipity is capability method of finding potential needs and/or new markets. In economic society, potential needs and/or new markets are only partially exposed, such as an iceberg. Serendipity is a capability that can expose the potential hidden part through accidental opportunity. Something more concrete can be formed from the exposed parts. The authors describe cases that demonstrate the usefulness of serendipity. In one case, a high-tech start-up had intended to use medical electronic equipment and/or industrial electronic equipment as the first application of their core technology. In these markets, they were competing with established major companies, so this start-up had difficulty entering these markets. However, a specific distributor found potential needs that were met by the start-up＇s products, and has created a new market by combining their core technology with social needs. The authors define serendipity capability by analyzing this case example and argue that serendipity can contribute to finding opportunities and solving social issues.展开更多
The Red Soil Hilly Region in South China, where there is a high capacity of carbon(C), and the land use and vegetation cover change greatly, is an important ecological area in the world, and has an important impact on...The Red Soil Hilly Region in South China, where there is a high capacity of carbon(C), and the land use and vegetation cover change greatly, is an important ecological area in the world, and has an important impact on the global carbon cycle and the seasonal fluctuation of atmospheric CO_2. To better evaluate the effects of reclamation systems in orchards converted from grasslands on soil carbon sequestration, we investigated soil organic carbon(SOC) content and stable C isotope(δ^(13)C)composition in three nectarine orchards at Yuchi Experimental Station in South China. Compared with the sloping clean tillage orchard and terraced clean tillage orchard, SOC content in the terraced orchard with grass cover was increased by 14.90% to 38.49%, and 7.40% to 15.33%, respectively. During the 14 years after orchard establishment, the soil organic matter sources influenced both δ^(13)C distribution with depth and carbon replacement. SOC turnover of the upper soil layer in the terraced orchard with grass cover(a mean 63.05% of replacement in the 20 cm after 14 years) was 1.59 and 1.41 times larger than that of the sloping clean tillage orchard and terraced clean tillage orchard under subtropical conditions, respectively. The equilibrium value of soil organic carbon in the three treatments ranged from 16.067 to 25.608 g/kg under the experimental conditions. The equilibrium value of soil organic carbon in the surface layer under grass cover was 54.801 t/hm^2, and the carbon sequestration potential was 24.695 1 t/hm^2.展开更多
Soil potentially hazardous metal(PHM)is continually attracting public attention worldwide,due to its highly toxic properties and potentially huge damage to human being through food chain.Phytoremediation is an effecti...Soil potentially hazardous metal(PHM)is continually attracting public attention worldwide,due to its highly toxic properties and potentially huge damage to human being through food chain.Phytoremediation is an effective and eco-friendly way in remediation technology.A pot experiment was carried out to investigate the effect of different organic materials(biogas residue(BR),mushroom residue(MR),and bamboo-shoot shell(BS))application on phytoremediation of two PHM-contaminated soils(Fuyang soil as‘heavily-polluted soil’and Wenzhou soil as‘moderately-polluted soil’,respectively)by Sedum alfrecdii Hance.The results indicated:1)for moderately-polluted soil,the 5%BR treatment had the strongest activation to Cu and Zn,for heavily-polluted soil,1%BS treatment had the highest activation effect for Cu,Zn,Pb and Cd.2)the above-ground biomass of Sedum alfredii Hance increased with the addition rate of organic materials.3)for Cd uptake of Sedum alfredii Hance in moderately-polluted soil,only 1%BS treatment had a better accumulation effect,compared to the control,for Zn element,MR treatments were weaker than the control,while other treatments were better than the control,of which 5%BR,1%BS and 5%BS accumulated more Zn element by 39.6%,32.6%and 23.8%,respectively;in heavily-polluted soil,the treatments of 5%BS,1%BR and 5%BR accumulated more Cd than the control by 12.9%,12.8%and 6.2%,respectively,the treatments with organic materials addition promoted Zn accumulation in shoots of Sedum alfredii Hance,and the best treatment was 5%BS.Therefore,an appropriate application rate of BS and BR could improve the remediation efficiency for Zn/Cd contaminated soils by Sedum alfredii Hance.展开更多
基金National Key Research and Development Program of China (2022YFB2402200)National Natural Science Foundation of China (22225201,22379028)+2 种基金Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities (20720220010)Shanghai Pilot Program for Basic Research–Fudan University 21TQ1400100 (21TQ009)Key Basic Research Program of Science and Technology Commission of Shanghai Municipality (23520750400)。
文摘Sodium-ion batteries (SIBs) with organic electrodes are an emerging research direction due to the sustainability of organic materials based on elements like C,H,O,and sodium ions.Currently,organic electrode materials for SIBs are mainly used as cathodes because of their relatively high redox potentials(>1 V).Organic electrodes with low redox potential that can be used as anode are rare.Herein,a novel organic anode material (tetrasodium 1,4,5,8-naphthalenetetracarboxylate,Na_(4)TDC) has been developed with low redox potential (<0.7 V) and excellent cyclic stability.Its three-sodium storage mechanism was demonstrated with various in-situ/ex-situ spectroscopy and theoretical calculations,showing a high capacity of 208 mAh/g and an average decay rate of merely 0.022%per cycle.Moreover,the Na_(4)TDC-hard carbon composite can further acquire improved capacity and cycling stability for 1200 cycles even with a high mass loading of up to 20 mg cm^(-2).By pairing with a thick Na_(3)V_(2)(PO_(4))_(3)cathode (20.6 mg cm^(-2)),the as-fabricated full cell exhibited high operating voltage (2.8 V),excellent rate performance and cycling stability with a high capacity retention of 88.7% after 200 cycles,well highlighting the Na_(4)TDC anode material for SIBs.
基金supported by the National Major Science and Technology Project of China(Grant Nos.2016ZX05066001-0022017ZX05064-003-001+3 种基金2017ZX05035-02 and 2016ZX05034-001-05)the Innovative Research Group Project of the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.4187213542072151 and 42372144)the Project of Education Department of Liaoning Province(Grant No.LJKMZ20220744)。
文摘Cambrian shales in China and elsewhere contain abundant oil and gas resources.However,due to its deep burial and limited outcrop,there has been relatively little research conducted on it.The Cambrian shale of the Tadong low uplift in the Tarim Basin of western China,specifically the Xidashan-Xishanbulake Formation(Fm.)and overlying Moheershan Fm.provide a case study through the use of organic petrology,mineralogy,organic and elemental geochemistry,with the aim of analyzing and exploring the hydrocarbon generation potential(PG)and organic matter(OM)enrichment mechanisms within these shale formations.The results indicate that:(1)the Cambrian shale of the Tadong low uplift exhibits relatively dispersed OM that consists of vitrinite-like macerals and solid bitumen.These formations have a higher content of quartz and are primarily composed of silica-based lithology;(2)shale samples from the Xidashan-Xishanbulake and Moheershan formations demonstrate high total organic carbon(TOC)and low pyrolytic hydrocarbon content(S_(2))content.The OM is predominantly typeⅠand typeⅡkerogens,indicating a high level of maturation in the wet gas period.These shales have undergone extensive hydrocarbon generation,showing characteristics of relatively poor PG;(3)the sedimentary environments of the Xidashan-Xishanbulake and Moheershan formations in the Tadong low uplift are similar.They were deposited in warm and humid climatic conditions,in oxygen-deficient environments,with stable terrigenous inputs,high paleoproductivity,high paleosalinity,weak water-holding capacity,and no significant hydrothermal activity;and(4)the relationship between TOC and the paleoproductivity parameter(P/Ti)is most significant in the Lower Cambrian Xidashan-Xishanbulake Fm.,whereas correlation with other indicators is not evident.This suggests a productivity-driven OM enrichment model,where input of landderived material was relatively small during the Middle Cambrian,and the ancient water exhibited lower salinity.A comprehensive pattern was formed under the combined control of paleoproductivity and preservation conditions.This study provides valuable guidance for oil and gas exploration in the Tarim Basin.
基金supported by the National Key R&D Program of China (No.2018YFC1800506)the Key R&D Program of Zhejiang Province (No.2020C03083)。
文摘Persulfate is considered a convenient and efficient remediation agent for organic contaminated soil.However,the potential risk of sulfur into the soil remediation by persulfate remains ignored.In this study,glass bottles with different persulfate dosages and groundwater tables were set up to simulate persulfate remediation of organic pollutants(aniline).The results found sulfate to be the main end-product(83.0%–99.5%)of persulfate remediation after10 days.Moreover,H_(2)S accounted for 93.4%–99.4%of sulfur reduction end-products,suggesting that H_(2)S was the final fate of sulfur.H_(2)S was released rapidly after one to three days at a maximum concentration of 33.0 ppm,which is sufficient to make a person uncomfortable.According to the fitted curve results,H_(2)S concentration decreased to a safe concentration(0.15 ppm)after 20–85 days.Meanwhile,the maximum concentration of methanethiol reached 0.6 ppm.These results indicated that secondary pollution from persulfate remediation could release harmful gases over a long time.Therefore,persulfate should be used more carefully as a remediation agent for soil contamination.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.41275135)the Chinese National Key Research and Development Plan(No.2017YFC0212503)
文摘To evaluate the potential benefits of biomass use for air pollution control, this paper identified and quantified the emissions of major reactive organic compounds anticipated from biomass-fired industrial boilers. Wood pellets(WP) and straw pellets(SP) were burned to determine the volatile organic compound emission profiles for each biomass-boiler combination. More than 100 types of volatile organic compounds(VOCs) were measured from the two biomass boilers. The measured VOC species included alkanes, alkenes and acetylenes, aromatics, halocarbons and carbonyls. A single coal-fired boiler(CB) was also studied to provide a basis for comparison. Biomass boiler 1(BB1) emitted relatively high proportions of alkanes(28.9%–38.1% by mass) and alkenes and acetylenes(23.4%–40.8%),while biomass boiler 2(BB2) emitted relatively high proportions of aromatics(27.9%–29.2%)and oxygenated VOCs(33.0%–44.8%). The total VOC(TVOC) emission factors from BB1(128.59–146.16 mg/kg) were higher than those from BB2(41.26–85.29 mg/kg). The total ozone formation potential(OFP) ranged from 6.26 to 81.75 mg/m^3 with an average of 33.66 mg/m^3 for the two biomass boilers. The total secondary organic aerosol potential(SOAP) ranged from 61.56 to 211.67 mg/m^3 with an average of 142.27 mg/m^3 for the two biomass boilers.The emission factors(EFs) of TVOCs from biomass boilers in this study were similar to those for industrial coal-fired boilers with the same thermal power. These data can supplement existing VOC emission factors for biomass combustion and thus enrich the VOC emission inventory.
文摘Volatile organic compounds(VOCs)are the important precursors of the tropospheric ozone(O3)and secondary organic aerosols(SOA),both of which are known to harm human health and disrupt the earth’s climate system.In this study,VOC emission factors,O3 and SOA formation potentials were estimated for two types of industrial boilers:coal-fired boilers(n=3)and oil-fired boilers(n=3).Results showed that EVOCs concentrations were more than nine times higher for oil-fire d boilers compared to those for coal-fired boilers.Emission factors ofΣVOCs were found to be higher for oil-fired boilers(9.26-32.83 mg-VOC/kg)than for coal-fired boilers(1.57-4.13 mg-VOC/kg).Alkanes and aromatics were obtained as the most abundant groups in coal-fired boilers,while oxygenated organics and aromatics were the most contributing groups in oil-fired boilers.Benzene,n-hexane and o-ethyl toluene were the abundant VOC species in coal-fired boiler emissions,whereas toluene was the most abundant VOC species emitted from oil-fired boilers.O3 and SOA formation potentials were found 12 and 18 times,respectively,higher for oil-fired than for coal-fired boilers.Total OFP ranged from 3.99 to 11.39 mg-O3/kg for coal-fired boilers.For oil-fired boilers,total OFP ranged from 36.16 to 131.93 mg-O3/kg.Moreover,total secondary organic aerosol potential(SOAP)ranged from 65.4 to 122.5 mg-SOA/kg and 779.9 to 2252.5 mg-SOA/kg for the coal-fired and oil-fired boilers,respectively.
基金supported by the China Postdoctoral Science Foundation
文摘Carboniferous source rocks identified by drilling in Santanghu （三塘湖） Basin were evaluated for their source potential, employing organic geochemistry and RockEval pyrolysis. The organic matter origin and depositional environment of these samples were also determined through biomarker analysis. Most of the Carboniferous source rocks in Santanghu Basin are characterised by high values of total organic carbon （TOC） content and high extractable organic matter content and hydrocarbon yields, indicating that they are organicrich source rocks with high oil generative potential. The organic matter is predominantly Type I and Type II kerogen with a minor contribution of Type III kerogen, as demonstrated by its pyrolysis parameters and carbon isotope values. According to Ro （%） and T max values, most of the studied samples are at earlyto middle-thermal mature stage; only a few of the samples are at a highly mature stage （past peak oil generation）. The biomarker analysis reveals a dominance of algal/bacterial organic matter input, with a minor contribution of land plant material. Pr/Ph ratio supports a suboxic depositional condition, consistent with a neritic or marine-continental alternating environment proposed by predecessor.
文摘Organic matter is known to be the precursor of numerous chlorination by-products. Organic matter in the secondary effluent from the Wenchang Wastewater Treatment Plant （Harbin, China） was physically separated into the following fractions： particulate organic carbon （1.2-0.45 μm）, colloidal organic carbon （0.45-0.1 μm）, fine colloidal organic carbon （0.1-0.025 μm）, and dissolved organic carbon （DOC） （〈 0.025 μm）. Moreover, 〈 0.45 μm fraction was chemically separated into hydrophobic acid （HPO-A）, hydrophobic neutral （HPO-N）, transphilic acid （TPI-A）, transphilic neutral （TPI-N）, and hydrophllic fraction （HPI）. The chlorine reactivity of these organic fractions obtained from both size and XAD fractionations were evaluated. The structural and chemical compositions of the HPO-A, HPO-N, TPI-A, and TPI-N isolates were characterized using elemental analysis （C, H, O, and N）, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy （FT-IR）, and proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy （1H-NMR）. Results showed that DOC was dominant in terms of total concentration and trihalomethane formation potential （THMFP）, and there was no statistical difference in both specific THMFP （STHMFP） and specific ultraviolet light absorbance among the 0.45, 0.1, and 0.025 ixm filtrates. HPO-A had the highest STHMFP compared to other chemical fractions. HPO-A, HPO-N, TPI-A, and TPI-N contained 3.02%-3.52% of nitrogen. The molar ratio of H/C increased in the order of HPO-A 〈 HPO-N 〈 TPI-A 〈 TPI-N. The O/C ratio was relatively high for TPI-N as compared to those for the other fractions. ^1H-NMR analysis of the four fractions indicated that the relative content of aromatic protons in HPO-A was significantly higher than those in the others. The ratio of aliphatic to aromatic protons increased in the order of HPO-A 〈 HPO-N 〈 TPI-A 〈 TPI-N. FT-IR analysis of the four fractions showed that HPO-A had greater aromatic C=C content whereas HPO-N, TPI-A, and TPI-N had greater aliphatic C-H content. TPI-N contained more oxygen-containing functional groups than the other fractions.
基金Key Research Program of Beijing Natural Science Foundation,No.8151001
文摘Increasing soil organic carbon （SOC） sequestration is not only an efficient method to address climate change problems but also a useful way to improve land productivity. It has been reported by many studies that land-use changes can significantly influence the se- questration of SOC. However, the SOC sequestration potential （SOCP, the difference between the saturation and the existing content of SOC） caused by land-use change, and the effects of land-use optimization on the SOCP are still not well understood. In this research, we modeled the effects of land-use optimization on SOCP in Beijing. We simulated three land-use optimization scenarios （uncontrolled scenario, scale control scenario, and spatial restriction scenario） and assessed their effects on SOCP. The total SOCP （0-20 cm） in Beijing in 2010 was estimated as 23.82 Tg C or 18.27 t C/ha. In the uncontrolled scenario, the built-up land area of Beijing would increase by 951 km2 from 2010 to 2030, and the SOCP would decrease by 1.73 Tg C. In the scale control scenario, the built-up land area would de- crease by 25 km2 and the SOCP would increase by 0.07 Tg C from 2010 to 2030. Compared to the uncontrolled scenario, the SOCP in 2030 of Beijing would increase by 0.77 Tg C or 0.64 t C/ha in the spatial restriction scenario. This research provides evidence to guide planning authorities in conducting land-use optimization strategies and estimating their effects on the carbon sequestration function of land-use systems.
文摘An electron transporting material of TFTTP （4-（5-hexylthiophene-2-yl）-2,6-bis（5-trifluoromethyl）thiophen-2-yl）pyridine） was investigated as a cathode buffer layer to enhance the power efficiency of organic solar cells （OSCs） based on subphthalocyanine and C60. The overall power conversion efficiency was increased by a factor of 1.31 by inserting the TFTTP interfacial layer between the active layer and metallic cathode. The inner mechanism responsible for the performance enhancement of OSCs was systematically studied with the simulation of dark diode behavior and optical field distribution inside the devices as well as the characterization of device photocurrent. The results showed that the TFTTP layer could significantly increase the built-in potential in the devices, leading to the enhanced dissociation of charge transfer excitons. In addition, by using TFTTP as the buffer layer, a better Ohmic contact at C60/metal interface was formed, facilitating more efficient free charge carrier collection.
基金Zhenjiang City Key R&D Plan Modern Agriculture Project(No.SH2021017)Zhenjiang“Jinshan Talents”Project 2021Jiangsu Province“Six Talent Peak”Program(No.XCL-111)。
文摘Microbial fuel cells have already been used as biosensors to monitor assimilable organic carbon(AOC).However,their signal production from AOC is known to be completely suppressed by dissoved oxygen(DO).In this study,two identical microbial electrolysis cell(MEC)based biosensors were inoculated with marine sediment and operated at two different anodic potentials,namely-300 mV and+250 mV relative to Ag/AgCl.The MEC biosensor operated under positive anodic potential conditions had electrochemically active microbial communities on the anode,including members of the Shewanellaceae,Pseudoalteromonadaceae,and Clostridiaceae families.However,the strictly anaerobic members of the Desulfuromonadaceae,Desulfobulbaceae and Desulfobacteraceae families were found only in the negative anodic potential MEC biosensor.The positive anodic potential MEC biosensor showed several other advantages as well,such as faster start-up,significantly higher maximum current production,fivefold improvement in the AOC detection limit,and tolerance of low dissolved oxygen,compared to those obtained from the negative anodic potential MEC biosensor.The developed positive anodic potential MEC biosensor can thus be used as a real-time and inexpensive detector of AOC concentrations in high saline and low DO seawater.
基金supported by the Major Program of Science and Technology of Hainan Province,China(No.ZDKJ202007)the Special Foundation of Government Financial of Hainan Province,China(No.ZC2018-196)the Youth Innovation Foundation of Hainan Research Academy of Environmental Sciences,China(No.QNCX2021002)。
文摘Based on one-year observation,the concentration,sources,and potential source areas of volatile organic compounds(VOCs)were comprehensively analyzed to investigate the pollution characteristics of ambient VOCs in Haikou,China.The results showed that the annual average concentration of total VOCs(TVOCs)was 11.4 ppb V,and the composition was dominated by alkanes(8.2 ppb V,71.4%)and alkenes(1.3 ppb V,20.5%).The diurnal variation in the concentration of dominant VOC species showed a distinct bimodal distribution with peaks in the morning and evening.The greatest contribution to ozone formation potential(OFP)was made by alkenes(51.6%),followed by alkanes(27.2%).The concentrations of VOCs and nitrogen dioxide(NO_(2))in spring and summer were low,and it was difficult to generate high ozone(O_(3))concentrations through photochemical reactions.The significant increase in O_(3)concentrations in autumn and winter was mainly related to the transmission of pollutants from the northeast.Traffic sources(40.1%),industrial sources(19.4%),combustion sources(18.6%),solvent usage sources(15.5%)and plant sources(6.4%)were identified as major sources of VOCs through the positive matrix factorization(PMF)model.The southeastern coastal areas of China were identified as major potential source areas of VOCs through the potential source contribution function(PSCF)and concentration-weighted trajectory(CWT)models.Overall,the concentration of ambient VOCs in Haikou was strongly influenced by traffic sources and long-distance transport,and the control of VOCs emitted from vehicles should be strengthened to reduce the active species of ambient VOCs in Haikou,thereby reducing the generation of O_(3).
基金Project(2011ZX05002-006)supported by the National Science and Technology Project,China
文摘From the outcrops in the Yaomoshan and Hongyanchi sections, oil shales, deep dark mudstones or black mudstones with better organic richness were found. Through the analysis of the samples in the organic petrology method, the microscope features of the sedimentary organic matter were studied. The results indicate that three types of kerogens present in the measured samples. Kerogen type I consists of the laminate algainite, abundant sporinite and only little content of cutinite, which can mainly generate oil. The generation hydrocarbon components of the type II kerogen are dominated by the sporinite, cutinite and little the exinite debris. The type III kerogen is comprised of the sporinite and debris of the exinite with some components of gas generation. Through the analysis of the experiments, the organic kerogen of the Lucaogou formation is mostly comprised of the type I, partially type II, and particularly type III. In Hongyanchi formation, the organic type is mixed by the types II and III. The plot of the （$1＋$2） or TOC value and the content of exinite show two trends. From the evolution of burial and the Permian source rocks in Changji Depression, the Permian formation source rock has ended the generation of hydrocarbon. A significant difference in constituents of the organic macerals among three kerogens in these samples leads to the distinction of the potential hydrocarbon generation. The Lucaogou formation for kerogen type I has better potential hydrocarbon generation. It can reach the oil peak with Ro ratio Of 0.9%. For the kerogen II, the oil peak of the source rocks comes late with the Ro ratio of 1.0% with less quantity of the generation hydrocarbon than the kerogen I. For type III, it can mainly generate gas and reach the gas peak with the Ro ratio of 1.3%. In a word, the Lucaogou formation and Hongyanchi formation source rocks with high organic richness in Permian source rocks have well exploration prospects.
基金Youth Innovation Promotion Association CAS,No.2021119Future Star Talent Program of Aerospace Information Research Institute,Chinese Academy of Sciences,No.2020KTYWLZX08National Special Support Program for High-level Personnel Recruitment。
文摘Soil organic carbon density(SOCD)and soil organic carbon sequestration potential(SOCP)play an important role in carbon cycle and mitigation of greenhouse gas emissions.However,the majority of studies focused on a two-dimensional scale,especially lacking of field measured data.We employed the interpolation method with gradient plane nodal function(GPNF)and Shepard(SPD)across a range of parameters to simulate SOCD with a 40 cm soil layer depth in a dryland farming region(DFR)of China.The SOCP was estimated using a carbon saturation model.Results demonstrated the GPNF method was proved to be more effective in simulating the spatial distribution of SOCD at the vertical magnification multiple and search point values of 3.0×106 and 25,respectively.The soil organic carbon storage(SOCS)of 40 cm and 20 cm soil layers were estimated as 22.28×10^(11)kg and 13.12×10^(11)kg simulated by GPNF method in DFR.The SOCP was estimated as 0.95×10^(11)kg considered as a carbon sink at the 20–40 cm soil layer.Furthermore,the SOCP was estimated as–2.49×10^(11)kg considered as a carbon source at the 0–20 cm soil layer.This research has important values for the scientific use of soil resources and the mitigation of greenhouse gas emissions.
基金supported by the Natural Science Foundation of Hebei Province(Nos.D2019106042,D2020304038,and D2021106002)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.22276099)+1 种基金the State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Formation and Prevention of Urban Air Pollution Complex(No.2021080544)the Environmental Monitoring Research Foundation of Jiangsu Province(No.2211).
文摘VOCs(Volatile organic compounds)exert a vital role in ozone and secondary organic aerosol production,necessitating investigations into their concentration,chemical characteristics,and source apportionment for the effective implementation of measures aimed at preventing and controlling atmospheric pollution.FromJuly to October 2020,onlinemonitoringwas conducted in the main urban area of Shijiazhuang to collect data on VOCs and analyze their concentrations and reactivity.Additionally,the PMF(positive matrix factorization)method was utilized to identify the VOCs sources.Results indicated that the TVOCs(total VOCs)concentration was(96.7±63.4μg/m^3),with alkanes exhibiting the highest concentration of(36.1±26.4μg/m^3),followed by OVOCs(16.4±14.4μg/m^3).The key active components were alkenes and aromatics,among which xylene,propylene,toluene,propionaldehyde,acetaldehyde,ethylene,and styrene played crucial roles as reactive species.The sources derived from PMF analysis encompassed vehicle emissions,solvent and coating sources,combustion sources,industrial emissions sources,as well as plant sources,the contribution of which were 37.80%,27.93%,16.57%,15.24%,and 2.46%,respectively.Hence,reducing vehicular exhaust emissions and encouraging neighboring industries to adopt low-volatile organic solvents and coatings should be prioritized to mitigate VOCs levels.
文摘The paper presented an assessment of the resource potentials of composting organic waste materials arising from the municipal solid waste stream from cities in Nigeria. Through a review of quantitative data, the composition of municipal solid waste arising within cities in Nigeria was examined in order to identify the potentials for composting organic materials from the waste stream composition. The data showed that the average majority of the waste stream was organic materials which implied high potentials for composting organic waste materials from Nigerian cities. The review also identified further potentials for composting was associated with the large population and the majority of them engaged in agriculture, as a high potential market for compost manure in Nigeria. There were more potentials derivable from the current policies of importing and supplying chemical fertilizer with huge subsidies for domestic agriculture in the country. The need to substitute these policies of chemical fertilizer with the use of compost manure implied high potentials for composting in the country. The paper also identified numerous benefits of composting in general and with particular reference to the Nigerian situation which includes, among others a reduction of the vast quantity of solid waste for final disposal, reducing air pollution and ground water leachate and also employment generation and increased income. Therefore, the paper recommended a deliberate government policy to promote composting of organic solid wastes material and marketing of compost manure to substitute the current policies of importing chemical fertilizer with subsidy for domestic agriculture as a strategy to achieve sustainable waste management in Nigeria.
基金Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China （No.20576130） and the National Basic Research Program of China （973 program, No.2003CB615700）, and the Innovation Fund for the Graduate Students of USTC （No. KD2005022）.
文摘Membrane potentials across hybrid charged mosaic membrane in organic solutions were measured. Equilibrium swelling degree （SD） and fixed charge density in both organic solutions and water were also determined. Ethylene glycol, ethanol, n-propanol and glycerol were used as organic solutes; meanwhile 0.001mol-dm^-3 aqueous KCl solution was utilized as a strong electrolyte to measure the electrical difference. Equilibrium swelling degree indicated that it could be affected by the density of organic solutes; while it enhanced with the increasing density of these solutes. The measurement of fixed charge density showed that the membrane had the maximal absolute value in water among these solvents whether for cationic or anionic groups; the difference of dielectric constant between the water and the organic solutes might be responsible for these change trends. It was confirmed that membrane potentials increased with both the increasing concentration of the organic solutions and the elevated pH values. These results demonstrated that the characteristics of the hybrid charged mosaic membrane could be highly impacted by the properties of the organic solutes. A theoretical modal for charged membranes in ternary ion systems of weak electrolyte can be used to explain the above-mentioned phenomena.
基金The National Natural Science Foundation of China under contract No.41576061the Basic Scientific Fund for National Public Research Institutes of China under contract No.2017Q03
文摘Located between terrestrial and marine ecosystems,mangrove forests are sensitive to changes in climate.The responses of mangrove ecosystems to climate change in the future can be understood by reconstructing past mangrove dynamics using proxies preserved in the intertidal sediments.Considering the complexity of the proxies commonly used,it is necessary to develop a relatively simple,inexpensive proxy.In this study,available chemical tracers(δ13Corg and C:N)of the four cores(YLW02,YLW03,O18,and Q37)from the intertidal zone of the northern Beibu Gulf(NBG)and a three-end-member(mangrove,sea grass,and suspended particulate matter)model was utilized to determine the contribution of mangrove-derived organic matter(CMOM)in carbonate-free sediments.Compared with the summed concentration of mangrove pollen(SCMP),a significant positive correlation between CMOM and SCMP is displayed.The calculated CMOM for an additional 210Pb-dated sediment core from the Yingluo Bay,NBG(YLW01)clearly indicates a mangrove development going through degradation,flourishing,relative degradation,and relative flourishing,which are separately in correspondence with the lowest,highest,lower,and higher air temperature and rainfall in the time intervals of 1890–1918 AD,1919–1956 AD,1957–1990 AD,and 1991–2010 AD.This suggests that CMOM preserved in intertidal sediments has a potential to reconstruct historical mangrove development in high resolution,at the very least,along the coasts of the NBG.
文摘This paper intends to clarify the needs serendipity in creating new business. The authors will show that serendipity is capability method of finding potential needs and/or new markets. In economic society, potential needs and/or new markets are only partially exposed, such as an iceberg. Serendipity is a capability that can expose the potential hidden part through accidental opportunity. Something more concrete can be formed from the exposed parts. The authors describe cases that demonstrate the usefulness of serendipity. In one case, a high-tech start-up had intended to use medical electronic equipment and/or industrial electronic equipment as the first application of their core technology. In these markets, they were competing with established major companies, so this start-up had difficulty entering these markets. However, a specific distributor found potential needs that were met by the start-up＇s products, and has created a new market by combining their core technology with social needs. The authors define serendipity capability by analyzing this case example and argue that serendipity can contribute to finding opportunities and solving social issues.
基金Supported by Science and Technology Program of Fujian Province(2017R1016-4)Natural Science Foundation of Fujian Province(2017J01072)
文摘The Red Soil Hilly Region in South China, where there is a high capacity of carbon(C), and the land use and vegetation cover change greatly, is an important ecological area in the world, and has an important impact on the global carbon cycle and the seasonal fluctuation of atmospheric CO_2. To better evaluate the effects of reclamation systems in orchards converted from grasslands on soil carbon sequestration, we investigated soil organic carbon(SOC) content and stable C isotope(δ^(13)C)composition in three nectarine orchards at Yuchi Experimental Station in South China. Compared with the sloping clean tillage orchard and terraced clean tillage orchard, SOC content in the terraced orchard with grass cover was increased by 14.90% to 38.49%, and 7.40% to 15.33%, respectively. During the 14 years after orchard establishment, the soil organic matter sources influenced both δ^(13)C distribution with depth and carbon replacement. SOC turnover of the upper soil layer in the terraced orchard with grass cover(a mean 63.05% of replacement in the 20 cm after 14 years) was 1.59 and 1.41 times larger than that of the sloping clean tillage orchard and terraced clean tillage orchard under subtropical conditions, respectively. The equilibrium value of soil organic carbon in the three treatments ranged from 16.067 to 25.608 g/kg under the experimental conditions. The equilibrium value of soil organic carbon in the surface layer under grass cover was 54.801 t/hm^2, and the carbon sequestration potential was 24.695 1 t/hm^2.
基金the National College Students’Innovation and Entrepreneurship Training Program(202110341014).
文摘Soil potentially hazardous metal(PHM)is continually attracting public attention worldwide,due to its highly toxic properties and potentially huge damage to human being through food chain.Phytoremediation is an effective and eco-friendly way in remediation technology.A pot experiment was carried out to investigate the effect of different organic materials(biogas residue(BR),mushroom residue(MR),and bamboo-shoot shell(BS))application on phytoremediation of two PHM-contaminated soils(Fuyang soil as‘heavily-polluted soil’and Wenzhou soil as‘moderately-polluted soil’,respectively)by Sedum alfrecdii Hance.The results indicated:1)for moderately-polluted soil,the 5%BR treatment had the strongest activation to Cu and Zn,for heavily-polluted soil,1%BS treatment had the highest activation effect for Cu,Zn,Pb and Cd.2)the above-ground biomass of Sedum alfredii Hance increased with the addition rate of organic materials.3)for Cd uptake of Sedum alfredii Hance in moderately-polluted soil,only 1%BS treatment had a better accumulation effect,compared to the control,for Zn element,MR treatments were weaker than the control,while other treatments were better than the control,of which 5%BR,1%BS and 5%BS accumulated more Zn element by 39.6%,32.6%and 23.8%,respectively;in heavily-polluted soil,the treatments of 5%BS,1%BR and 5%BR accumulated more Cd than the control by 12.9%,12.8%and 6.2%,respectively,the treatments with organic materials addition promoted Zn accumulation in shoots of Sedum alfredii Hance,and the best treatment was 5%BS.Therefore,an appropriate application rate of BS and BR could improve the remediation efficiency for Zn/Cd contaminated soils by Sedum alfredii Hance.
