[Objective] Application of P and K was not reasonable in southwest rice producing area, with no effective method for guiding application of P and K. This study aimed to conduct experiments with the same N application ...[Objective] Application of P and K was not reasonable in southwest rice producing area, with no effective method for guiding application of P and K. This study aimed to conduct experiments with the same N application and different P and K application in different ecological points, to explore a scientific and efficient management method of P and K nutrients and provide guidance for application of P and K in rice production. [Method] Hybrid rice Chuanxiang9838 was used as experimental material to study the relationship among application amount of P and K, utilization rates of P and K, rice yield and rice quality in seven ecological points of four provinces （municipalities） including Sichuan, Chongqing, Yunnan and Guizhou. The application amount per hectare of P was 37.5, 75, 112.5 and 150 kg, respectively; the application amount per hectare of K was 45, 135 and 180 kg, respectively. A total of 10 treatments were set for split-plot design with three replications. [Result] Yield of Chuanxiang9838 significantly varied in different experimental locations and under different levels of P and K, interaction of ecological point and different P and K treatments varied significantly. Yield had reached the maximum in ecological point of Yunnan Binchuan and in treatment with application of N 150 kg P 75 kg K 90 kg. Efficient utilization rates of P and K varied in each ecological point, efficient application amount of P and K in Sichuan Dongpo, Sichuan Luxian, Guizhou Xiaohe and Chongqing Yongchuan was the same, while that in Sichuan Guanghan, Sichuan Zhongjiang and Yunnan Binchuan was different. The main objective of high-yield rice production was to increase the number of effective panicles per hectare and seed setting rate. Rice quality was clustered into 2 categories by locations and 6 categories by treatments. [Conclusion] Prediction models of efficient application of P and K in rice production were established, which provided guidance for high-yield rice production and rational and efficient utilization of P and K in southwest rice area.展开更多
The brown planthopper(BPH),Nilaparvata lugens(St?l),appeared as a devastating pest of rice in Asia. Experiments were conducted to study the effects of three nutrients,nitrogen(N),phosphorus(P) and potassium(K),on BPH ...The brown planthopper(BPH),Nilaparvata lugens(St?l),appeared as a devastating pest of rice in Asia. Experiments were conducted to study the effects of three nutrients,nitrogen(N),phosphorus(P) and potassium(K),on BPH and its host rice plants. Biochemical constituents of BPH and rice plants with varying nutrient levels at different growth stages,and changes in relative water content(RWC) of rice plants were determined in the laboratory. Feeding of BPH and the tolerance of rice plants to BPH with different nutrient levels were determined in the nethouse. Concentrations of N and P were found much higher in the BPH body than in its host rice plants,and this elemental mismatch is an inherent constraint on meeting nutritional requirements of BPH. Nitrogen was found as a more limiting element for BPH than other nutrients in rice plants. Application of N fertilizers to the rice plants increased the N concentrations both in rice plants and BPH while application of P and K fertilizers increased their concentrations in plant tissues only but not in BPH. Nitrogen application also increased the level of soluble proteins and decreased silicon content in rice plants,which resulted in increased feeding of BPH with sharp reduction of RWC in rice plants ultimately caused susceptible to the pest. P fertilization increased the concentration of P in rice plant tissues but not changed N,K,Si,free sugar and soluble protein contents,which indicated little importance of P to the feeding of BPH and tolerance of plant against BPH. K fertilization increased K content but reduced N,Si,free sugar and soluble protein contents in the plant tissues which resulted in the minimum reduction of RWC in rice plants after BPH feeding,thereby contributed to higher tolerance of rice plants to brown planthopper.展开更多
A novel method to prepare soil nutrient amendment by calcining a mixture of white mud and potassium feldspar and its environmental assessment were investigated.Under the optimal conditions of a blending mass ratio of ...A novel method to prepare soil nutrient amendment by calcining a mixture of white mud and potassium feldspar and its environmental assessment were investigated.Under the optimal conditions of a blending mass ratio of 70-30 for white mud to potassium feldspar,a calcination temperature of 1 000℃,a calcination time of 1.5 h and spherulitic diameter of 2.0 cm,the calcined product,as a soil nutrient amendment,could be prepared with the following nutrient composition(mass fraction):K2O 4.16%,CaO 23.43%,MgO 5.04%,SiO2 22.92%,SO4 2-3.71%,and Cl -3.87%in 0.1 mol/L citric acid solution.The concentrations of heavy metals in the calcined product and the emission concentrations of harmful gases from a mixture of white mud and potassium feldspar during calcination process could qualify the National Standards without causing secondary environmental pollution.展开更多
Improved estimates of nutrient requirements for rice （Oryza sativa L.） in China are essential to optimize fertilization regulation for increasing grain yields and reducing the potential of environmental negative inf...Improved estimates of nutrient requirements for rice （Oryza sativa L.） in China are essential to optimize fertilization regulation for increasing grain yields and reducing the potential of environmental negative influences, especially under high-yielding intensive systems. A database involving rice grain yields, nutrient concentrations and accumulations collected from on-field station experiments in the literatures published from 2000 to 2013 in China was developed to understand the relationships between grain yields and plant nutrient uptakes, and to quantify nutrient requirements for different yield levels. Considering all data sets, rice grain yield ranged from 1.4 to 15.2 t ha^-1 with the mean value of 7.84 t ha^-1, and ca. 10.4% of yield observa- tions were higher than the yield barrier level of 10 t ha^-1. N requirement to produce one ton grain was 21.10 kg for the yield range 〈4.0 t ha^-1 with a high variation of 45.8%. Except of the yield range 〈4.0 t ha^-1, the values of N requirement, firstly increased from 18.78 kg for yield range 4.0-5.5 t ha^-1 to 20.62 kg for yield range 7.0-8.5 t ha^-1, then decreased slightly to 19.67 and 19.17 kg for the yield range 8.5-10 and 〉10 t ha^-1, respectively. Phosphorus （P） and potassium （K） requirements showed increasing trends, from 3.51 and 19.87 kg per t grain for 〈4.0 t ha^-1 yield range to 4.10 and 21.70 kg for 〉10.0 t ha^-1 range. In conclusion, nutrient requirement varied with increasement of grain yield, and N, P and K presented various response trends, increasing, declining or stagnating, which would be of great benefit for improving fertilizer strategies.展开更多
Field trials were conducted to determine the economically optimum fertilizer rates for soybean production and for optimizing net profits in Dedza, Lilongwe and Salima Districts of Malawi. The effects of PK fertilizer ...Field trials were conducted to determine the economically optimum fertilizer rates for soybean production and for optimizing net profits in Dedza, Lilongwe and Salima Districts of Malawi. The effects of PK fertilizer rates on rain use efficiency (RUE), harvest index, agronomic use efficiency of phosphorous (AEP) and potassium (AEK), and value cost ratio (VCR) were evaluated. The applied diagnostic PK fertilizer rates significantly improved soybean grain yields, harvest index, rainwater use efficiency, AEP, AEK and returns to fertilizer use expressed as value cost ratio (VCR). However, the results differed significantly展开更多
The success of the Green Revolution largely relies on fertilizers, and a new Green Revolution is very much needed to use fertilizers more economically and efficiently, as well as with more environmental responsibility...The success of the Green Revolution largely relies on fertilizers, and a new Green Revolution is very much needed to use fertilizers more economically and efficiently, as well as with more environmental responsibility. The use efficiency of nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium is controlled by complex gene networks that co-ordinate uptake, re-distribution, assimilation, and storage of these nutrients. Great progress has been made in breeding nutrient-efficient crops by molecularly engineering root traits desirable for efficient acquisition of nutrients from soil, transporters for uptake, redistribution and homeostasis of nutrients, and enzymes for efficient assimilation. Regulatory and transcription factors modulating these processes are also valuable in breeding crops with improved nutrient use efficiency and yield performance.展开更多
Because potassium(K)is a rock-derived essential element that can be depleted in highly-weathered tropical soils,K availability may limit some portion of soil microbial activity in tropical forest ecosystems.In this pa...Because potassium(K)is a rock-derived essential element that can be depleted in highly-weathered tropical soils,K availability may limit some portion of soil microbial activity in tropical forest ecosystems.In this paper we tested if K limits microbial activity in the condition of sufficient labile C supply.An incubation experiment was performed using surface soil samples(0–10 cm depth)obtained from four permanent ecological research plots in a natural sub-tropical forest in southern China.Soil samples were taken in September 2016.Heterotrophic soil respiration rates and microbial biomass were measured after the addition of glucose(both D and L)with and without K(potassium chloride).We did not observe any effects of K addition on soil microbial respiration,suggesting that K does not limit the microbial activity in the condition of sufficient labile C supply.The lack of microbial response to added K can be attributed to the high mobility of K in forest ecosystems,which may have provided sufficient K to microbes in our soil samples(already provided at the beginning of the incubation).However,at the present stage,we cannot conclude that K is not a limiting factor of soil microbial activity in other tropical forest ecosystems because of the heterogeneity of tropical forest ecosystems and few observations.The hypothesis needs to be tested in larger numbers of tropical forests.展开更多
Five age groups of trees were carried out in order to study relationships between the deterioration of Ponkan mandarin fruit quality and changes in tissues nutrient concentrations with tree age.Fruit quality and nutri...Five age groups of trees were carried out in order to study relationships between the deterioration of Ponkan mandarin fruit quality and changes in tissues nutrient concentrations with tree age.Fruit quality and nutrient concentrations in fruits and leaves were measured.Comprehensive fruit quality decreased in the order:5-year-old > 13-year-old > 38-year-old > 8-year-old >18-year-old.In 18-year-old trees,calcium(Ca) concentrations of fruit and leaf were lower,while potassium(K) and boron(B) concentrations of fruit and magnesium(Mg) and manganese(Mn) concentrations of leaf were higher.Negative relationships were observed between fruit total soluble solids and leaf B,while positive relationships were observed between fruit total soluble solids and leaf and fruit Ca concentrations,and between titratable acidity and leaf Mn.Fruit quality decreasing with tree age most likely resulted from an imbalance of high K,Mg and B but lower Ca concentrations in leaves and fruits.展开更多
Field and glasshouse experiments were conducted to study the effect of B. japonicum inoculation and phosphorus supplementation on macronutrient uptake by soybean. The treatments consisted of B. japonicum inoculation (...Field and glasshouse experiments were conducted to study the effect of B. japonicum inoculation and phosphorus supplementation on macronutrient uptake by soybean. The treatments consisted of B. japonicum inoculation (with & without), phosphorus supplementation at the levels of 0, 20, 40 and 80 kg P·ha-1. Both treatments were replicated four times in a split plot design. The macronutrients considered were N, P, K, Ca and Mg. Results showed that inoculation with B. japonicum significantly contribute to the uptake of N, P, K, Ca and Mg in roots, shoots, pods and the whole soybean plant. Likewise, phosphorus supplementation significantly enhanced the uptake of N, P, K, Ca and Mg in roots, shoots, pods and the whole plant. The use of effective strains of rhizobia and P supplementation was an effective way of enhancing the growth of soybean, eventually the uptake of macronutrients in plant organs.展开更多
【目的】系统评估不同种类养分投入对连续轮作作物周年产量及养分吸收利用的影响,为稻油轮作养分管理提供参考。【方法】于2016—2024年开展连续8年的稻油轮作田间定位试验,设置氮磷钾均施(NPK)以及在此基础上不施氮(-N)、不施磷(-P)、...【目的】系统评估不同种类养分投入对连续轮作作物周年产量及养分吸收利用的影响,为稻油轮作养分管理提供参考。【方法】于2016—2024年开展连续8年的稻油轮作田间定位试验,设置氮磷钾均施(NPK)以及在此基础上不施氮(-N)、不施磷(-P)、不施钾(-K)共4个处理,分析轮作周年作物产量及产量构成因子、氮磷钾养分利用及表观平衡。【结果】不平衡施肥显著降低作物产量,与NPK处理相比,-N、-P和-K处理的水稻分别减产26.7%、36.7%和2.8%,油菜分别减产57.4%、86.4%和12.3%,水稻有效穗数和油菜角果数降低是导致作物减产的主要原因。随着轮作年限增加,-N、-P和-K处理的作物累积产量较NPK处理的减产程度逐渐增大;与NPK处理相比,-P处理的水稻和油菜产量稳定性和可持续性显著降低。从轮作周年养分分配来看,水稻的氮素、磷素和钾素累积量均高于油菜。不平衡施肥条件下,水稻、油菜和轮作周年的养分累积量变化趋势与产量一致。肥料利用率分析表明,水稻的氮、磷、钾肥贡献率均低于油菜,而氮肥和磷肥的农学利用率、磷肥和钾肥的回收利用率均高于油菜。从轮作周年养分表观平衡来看,水稻季土壤的养分盈余均少于油菜季土壤,NPK处理的轮作周年土壤氮素盈余135.1 kg N·hm^(-2),磷素盈余49.6 kg P_(2)O_(5)·hm^(-2),钾素亏缺225.1 kg K_(2)O·hm^(-2),单一养分的缺失加剧了其他养分的盈余。【结论】稻油轮作系统中缺乏任何单一养分均会显著降低作物产量及养分吸收利用效率,降幅与基础土壤肥力水平相关。在本试验条件下,-P处理降幅最大,其次为-N处理,-K处理降幅最小,油菜减产的幅度明显高于水稻。因此,需重视氮肥和磷肥的投入以实现作物高产稳产,适当补充钾肥以缓解土壤钾库耗竭,以此实现长期稻油轮作系统的高产高效和可持续发展。展开更多
冬油菜越冬期与蕾薹期遭遇低温冻害是影响油菜产量的主要不利因素,增施钾肥是提高冬油菜抗逆性、减少油菜遭遇低温冻害所带来产量损失的有效措施。为明确不同钾肥用量对冻害后油菜产量损失程度的影响,本研究利用2022/2023和2023/2024年...冬油菜越冬期与蕾薹期遭遇低温冻害是影响油菜产量的主要不利因素,增施钾肥是提高冬油菜抗逆性、减少油菜遭遇低温冻害所带来产量损失的有效措施。为明确不同钾肥用量对冻害后油菜产量损失程度的影响,本研究利用2022/2023和2023/2024年在湖北省两地开展钾肥定位田间试验,对比了2023/2024年极端低温天气下钾肥用量(0、60、120、180、240 kg hm^(-2))对冻害后油菜产量及产量构成因子、地上部钾养分含量及分配、钾养分利用效率的影响,明确了低温冻害下油菜适宜的钾肥用量。结果表明,与2022/2023年度相比,2023/2024年的极端低温天气造成武汉和武穴试验点相同处理下的油菜分别减产13.4%~24.1%和35.7%~51.7%,地上部总生物量的降幅分别为32.3%~42.5%和23.9%~38.9%,产量降低分别主要表现在单株角果数(35.5%~56.0%)和千粒重(28.1%~31.6%)的降低。施钾缓解了冻害后油菜产量的降低程度,且在钾肥用量为180 kg hm^(-2)时油菜的减产程度最低。冻害后油菜籽粒钾含量及分配比例增加,地上部钾积累量显著降低,但钾素吸收利用率和钾肥偏生产力降低,施钾提高了油菜籽钾含量的增加幅度,减缓了地上部钾吸收量的降低,促进了非籽粒部分钾养分向籽粒的转移。线性加平台模型的拟合表明,冻害后武汉和武穴试验点的适宜钾肥用量分别为163.1 kg hm^(-2)和147.9 kg hm^(-2),相比2022/2023年适宜施钾量平均增加35.2 kg hm^(-2)。综上所述,在遇到低温冻害天气时,适当追施钾肥有助于改善油菜生长,缓解由于低温冻害对油菜造成的产量损失。展开更多
基金Supported by Project of Rice Industry Technology System ConstructionGrain Production Technology Engineering Project200903002 Project~~
文摘[Objective] Application of P and K was not reasonable in southwest rice producing area, with no effective method for guiding application of P and K. This study aimed to conduct experiments with the same N application and different P and K application in different ecological points, to explore a scientific and efficient management method of P and K nutrients and provide guidance for application of P and K in rice production. [Method] Hybrid rice Chuanxiang9838 was used as experimental material to study the relationship among application amount of P and K, utilization rates of P and K, rice yield and rice quality in seven ecological points of four provinces （municipalities） including Sichuan, Chongqing, Yunnan and Guizhou. The application amount per hectare of P was 37.5, 75, 112.5 and 150 kg, respectively; the application amount per hectare of K was 45, 135 and 180 kg, respectively. A total of 10 treatments were set for split-plot design with three replications. [Result] Yield of Chuanxiang9838 significantly varied in different experimental locations and under different levels of P and K, interaction of ecological point and different P and K treatments varied significantly. Yield had reached the maximum in ecological point of Yunnan Binchuan and in treatment with application of N 150 kg P 75 kg K 90 kg. Efficient utilization rates of P and K varied in each ecological point, efficient application amount of P and K in Sichuan Dongpo, Sichuan Luxian, Guizhou Xiaohe and Chongqing Yongchuan was the same, while that in Sichuan Guanghan, Sichuan Zhongjiang and Yunnan Binchuan was different. The main objective of high-yield rice production was to increase the number of effective panicles per hectare and seed setting rate. Rice quality was clustered into 2 categories by locations and 6 categories by treatments. [Conclusion] Prediction models of efficient application of P and K in rice production were established, which provided guidance for high-yield rice production and rational and efficient utilization of P and K in southwest rice area.
文摘The brown planthopper(BPH),Nilaparvata lugens(St?l),appeared as a devastating pest of rice in Asia. Experiments were conducted to study the effects of three nutrients,nitrogen(N),phosphorus(P) and potassium(K),on BPH and its host rice plants. Biochemical constituents of BPH and rice plants with varying nutrient levels at different growth stages,and changes in relative water content(RWC) of rice plants were determined in the laboratory. Feeding of BPH and the tolerance of rice plants to BPH with different nutrient levels were determined in the nethouse. Concentrations of N and P were found much higher in the BPH body than in its host rice plants,and this elemental mismatch is an inherent constraint on meeting nutritional requirements of BPH. Nitrogen was found as a more limiting element for BPH than other nutrients in rice plants. Application of N fertilizers to the rice plants increased the N concentrations both in rice plants and BPH while application of P and K fertilizers increased their concentrations in plant tissues only but not in BPH. Nitrogen application also increased the level of soluble proteins and decreased silicon content in rice plants,which resulted in increased feeding of BPH with sharp reduction of RWC in rice plants ultimately caused susceptible to the pest. P fertilization increased the concentration of P in rice plant tissues but not changed N,K,Si,free sugar and soluble protein contents,which indicated little importance of P to the feeding of BPH and tolerance of plant against BPH. K fertilization increased K content but reduced N,Si,free sugar and soluble protein contents in the plant tissues which resulted in the minimum reduction of RWC in rice plants after BPH feeding,thereby contributed to higher tolerance of rice plants to brown planthopper.
基金Project(20877026)supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China
文摘A novel method to prepare soil nutrient amendment by calcining a mixture of white mud and potassium feldspar and its environmental assessment were investigated.Under the optimal conditions of a blending mass ratio of 70-30 for white mud to potassium feldspar,a calcination temperature of 1 000℃,a calcination time of 1.5 h and spherulitic diameter of 2.0 cm,the calcined product,as a soil nutrient amendment,could be prepared with the following nutrient composition(mass fraction):K2O 4.16%,CaO 23.43%,MgO 5.04%,SiO2 22.92%,SO4 2-3.71%,and Cl -3.87%in 0.1 mol/L citric acid solution.The concentrations of heavy metals in the calcined product and the emission concentrations of harmful gases from a mixture of white mud and potassium feldspar during calcination process could qualify the National Standards without causing secondary environmental pollution.
基金supported by the Key Technologies R&D Program of China during the 12th Five-Year Plan period(2011BAD11B05)
文摘Improved estimates of nutrient requirements for rice （Oryza sativa L.） in China are essential to optimize fertilization regulation for increasing grain yields and reducing the potential of environmental negative influences, especially under high-yielding intensive systems. A database involving rice grain yields, nutrient concentrations and accumulations collected from on-field station experiments in the literatures published from 2000 to 2013 in China was developed to understand the relationships between grain yields and plant nutrient uptakes, and to quantify nutrient requirements for different yield levels. Considering all data sets, rice grain yield ranged from 1.4 to 15.2 t ha^-1 with the mean value of 7.84 t ha^-1, and ca. 10.4% of yield observa- tions were higher than the yield barrier level of 10 t ha^-1. N requirement to produce one ton grain was 21.10 kg for the yield range 〈4.0 t ha^-1 with a high variation of 45.8%. Except of the yield range 〈4.0 t ha^-1, the values of N requirement, firstly increased from 18.78 kg for yield range 4.0-5.5 t ha^-1 to 20.62 kg for yield range 7.0-8.5 t ha^-1, then decreased slightly to 19.67 and 19.17 kg for the yield range 8.5-10 and 〉10 t ha^-1, respectively. Phosphorus （P） and potassium （K） requirements showed increasing trends, from 3.51 and 19.87 kg per t grain for 〈4.0 t ha^-1 yield range to 4.10 and 21.70 kg for 〉10.0 t ha^-1 range. In conclusion, nutrient requirement varied with increasement of grain yield, and N, P and K presented various response trends, increasing, declining or stagnating, which would be of great benefit for improving fertilizer strategies.
文摘Field trials were conducted to determine the economically optimum fertilizer rates for soybean production and for optimizing net profits in Dedza, Lilongwe and Salima Districts of Malawi. The effects of PK fertilizer rates on rain use efficiency (RUE), harvest index, agronomic use efficiency of phosphorous (AEP) and potassium (AEK), and value cost ratio (VCR) were evaluated. The applied diagnostic PK fertilizer rates significantly improved soybean grain yields, harvest index, rainwater use efficiency, AEP, AEK and returns to fertilizer use expressed as value cost ratio (VCR). However, the results differed significantly
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China (2016YFD0100706)the National Transgenic Key Project from the Ministry of Agriculture of China (2016ZX08002-005)
文摘The success of the Green Revolution largely relies on fertilizers, and a new Green Revolution is very much needed to use fertilizers more economically and efficiently, as well as with more environmental responsibility. The use efficiency of nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium is controlled by complex gene networks that co-ordinate uptake, re-distribution, assimilation, and storage of these nutrients. Great progress has been made in breeding nutrient-efficient crops by molecularly engineering root traits desirable for efficient acquisition of nutrients from soil, transporters for uptake, redistribution and homeostasis of nutrients, and enzymes for efficient assimilation. Regulatory and transcription factors modulating these processes are also valuable in breeding crops with improved nutrient use efficiency and yield performance.
基金financially supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China(NO.41731176,41650110484,)Grant-in-Aid for JSPS Postdoctoral Fellowships for Research Abroad(28 601)the Youth Innovation Promotion Association,CAS(No.2015287)
文摘Because potassium(K)is a rock-derived essential element that can be depleted in highly-weathered tropical soils,K availability may limit some portion of soil microbial activity in tropical forest ecosystems.In this paper we tested if K limits microbial activity in the condition of sufficient labile C supply.An incubation experiment was performed using surface soil samples(0–10 cm depth)obtained from four permanent ecological research plots in a natural sub-tropical forest in southern China.Soil samples were taken in September 2016.Heterotrophic soil respiration rates and microbial biomass were measured after the addition of glucose(both D and L)with and without K(potassium chloride).We did not observe any effects of K addition on soil microbial respiration,suggesting that K does not limit the microbial activity in the condition of sufficient labile C supply.The lack of microbial response to added K can be attributed to the high mobility of K in forest ecosystems,which may have provided sufficient K to microbes in our soil samples(already provided at the beginning of the incubation).However,at the present stage,we cannot conclude that K is not a limiting factor of soil microbial activity in other tropical forest ecosystems because of the heterogeneity of tropical forest ecosystems and few observations.The hypothesis needs to be tested in larger numbers of tropical forests.
基金Supported by the Earmarked Fund for the Modern Agro-industry Technology Research System(CARS-27)
文摘Five age groups of trees were carried out in order to study relationships between the deterioration of Ponkan mandarin fruit quality and changes in tissues nutrient concentrations with tree age.Fruit quality and nutrient concentrations in fruits and leaves were measured.Comprehensive fruit quality decreased in the order:5-year-old > 13-year-old > 38-year-old > 8-year-old >18-year-old.In 18-year-old trees,calcium(Ca) concentrations of fruit and leaf were lower,while potassium(K) and boron(B) concentrations of fruit and magnesium(Mg) and manganese(Mn) concentrations of leaf were higher.Negative relationships were observed between fruit total soluble solids and leaf B,while positive relationships were observed between fruit total soluble solids and leaf and fruit Ca concentrations,and between titratable acidity and leaf Mn.Fruit quality decreasing with tree age most likely resulted from an imbalance of high K,Mg and B but lower Ca concentrations in leaves and fruits.
文摘Field and glasshouse experiments were conducted to study the effect of B. japonicum inoculation and phosphorus supplementation on macronutrient uptake by soybean. The treatments consisted of B. japonicum inoculation (with & without), phosphorus supplementation at the levels of 0, 20, 40 and 80 kg P·ha-1. Both treatments were replicated four times in a split plot design. The macronutrients considered were N, P, K, Ca and Mg. Results showed that inoculation with B. japonicum significantly contribute to the uptake of N, P, K, Ca and Mg in roots, shoots, pods and the whole soybean plant. Likewise, phosphorus supplementation significantly enhanced the uptake of N, P, K, Ca and Mg in roots, shoots, pods and the whole plant. The use of effective strains of rhizobia and P supplementation was an effective way of enhancing the growth of soybean, eventually the uptake of macronutrients in plant organs.
文摘【目的】系统评估不同种类养分投入对连续轮作作物周年产量及养分吸收利用的影响,为稻油轮作养分管理提供参考。【方法】于2016—2024年开展连续8年的稻油轮作田间定位试验,设置氮磷钾均施(NPK)以及在此基础上不施氮(-N)、不施磷(-P)、不施钾(-K)共4个处理,分析轮作周年作物产量及产量构成因子、氮磷钾养分利用及表观平衡。【结果】不平衡施肥显著降低作物产量,与NPK处理相比,-N、-P和-K处理的水稻分别减产26.7%、36.7%和2.8%,油菜分别减产57.4%、86.4%和12.3%,水稻有效穗数和油菜角果数降低是导致作物减产的主要原因。随着轮作年限增加,-N、-P和-K处理的作物累积产量较NPK处理的减产程度逐渐增大;与NPK处理相比,-P处理的水稻和油菜产量稳定性和可持续性显著降低。从轮作周年养分分配来看,水稻的氮素、磷素和钾素累积量均高于油菜。不平衡施肥条件下,水稻、油菜和轮作周年的养分累积量变化趋势与产量一致。肥料利用率分析表明,水稻的氮、磷、钾肥贡献率均低于油菜,而氮肥和磷肥的农学利用率、磷肥和钾肥的回收利用率均高于油菜。从轮作周年养分表观平衡来看,水稻季土壤的养分盈余均少于油菜季土壤,NPK处理的轮作周年土壤氮素盈余135.1 kg N·hm^(-2),磷素盈余49.6 kg P_(2)O_(5)·hm^(-2),钾素亏缺225.1 kg K_(2)O·hm^(-2),单一养分的缺失加剧了其他养分的盈余。【结论】稻油轮作系统中缺乏任何单一养分均会显著降低作物产量及养分吸收利用效率,降幅与基础土壤肥力水平相关。在本试验条件下,-P处理降幅最大,其次为-N处理,-K处理降幅最小,油菜减产的幅度明显高于水稻。因此,需重视氮肥和磷肥的投入以实现作物高产稳产,适当补充钾肥以缓解土壤钾库耗竭,以此实现长期稻油轮作系统的高产高效和可持续发展。
文摘冬油菜越冬期与蕾薹期遭遇低温冻害是影响油菜产量的主要不利因素,增施钾肥是提高冬油菜抗逆性、减少油菜遭遇低温冻害所带来产量损失的有效措施。为明确不同钾肥用量对冻害后油菜产量损失程度的影响,本研究利用2022/2023和2023/2024年在湖北省两地开展钾肥定位田间试验,对比了2023/2024年极端低温天气下钾肥用量(0、60、120、180、240 kg hm^(-2))对冻害后油菜产量及产量构成因子、地上部钾养分含量及分配、钾养分利用效率的影响,明确了低温冻害下油菜适宜的钾肥用量。结果表明,与2022/2023年度相比,2023/2024年的极端低温天气造成武汉和武穴试验点相同处理下的油菜分别减产13.4%~24.1%和35.7%~51.7%,地上部总生物量的降幅分别为32.3%~42.5%和23.9%~38.9%,产量降低分别主要表现在单株角果数(35.5%~56.0%)和千粒重(28.1%~31.6%)的降低。施钾缓解了冻害后油菜产量的降低程度,且在钾肥用量为180 kg hm^(-2)时油菜的减产程度最低。冻害后油菜籽粒钾含量及分配比例增加,地上部钾积累量显著降低,但钾素吸收利用率和钾肥偏生产力降低,施钾提高了油菜籽钾含量的增加幅度,减缓了地上部钾吸收量的降低,促进了非籽粒部分钾养分向籽粒的转移。线性加平台模型的拟合表明,冻害后武汉和武穴试验点的适宜钾肥用量分别为163.1 kg hm^(-2)和147.9 kg hm^(-2),相比2022/2023年适宜施钾量平均增加35.2 kg hm^(-2)。综上所述,在遇到低温冻害天气时,适当追施钾肥有助于改善油菜生长,缓解由于低温冻害对油菜造成的产量损失。
