Comparative analyses in ecology and evolution often face the challenge of controlling for the effects of shared ancestry(phylogeny)from those of ecological or trait-based predictors on species traits.Phylogenetic Gene...Comparative analyses in ecology and evolution often face the challenge of controlling for the effects of shared ancestry(phylogeny)from those of ecological or trait-based predictors on species traits.Phylogenetic Generalized Linear Models(PGLMs)address this issue by integrating phylogenetic relationships into statistical models.However,accurately partitioning explained variance among correlated predictors remains challenging.The phylolm.hp R package tackles this problem by extending the concept of“average shared variance”to PGLMs,enabling nuanced quantificationof the relative importance of phylogeny and other predictors.The package calculates individual likelihood-based R^(2) contributions of phylogeny and each predictor,accounting for both unique and shared explained variance.This approach overcomes limitations of traditional partial R^(2) methods,which often fail to sum the total R^(2) due to multicollinearity.We demonstrate the functionality of phylolm.hp through two case studies:one involving continuous trait data(maximum tree height in Californian species)and another focusing on binary trait data(species invasiveness in North American forests).The phylolm.hp package offers researchers a powerful tool to disentangle the contributions of phylogenetic and ecological predictors in comparative analyses.展开更多
There is considerable concern about the potential impact of climate change on agriculture, such as the accumulation of chilling hours needed to break the dormancy of many perennial plants, like fruit trees. Therefore,...There is considerable concern about the potential impact of climate change on agriculture, such as the accumulation of chilling hours needed to break the dormancy of many perennial plants, like fruit trees. Therefore, this study aimed to determine if there had been a significant change in air temperatures and chill hours, chill units, and chill portion accumulation in South Carolina over the last two decades. Two decades of daily maximum (T<sub>max</sub>) and minimum (T<sub>min</sub>) air temperature records were obtained from weather stations in thirty-one counties in South Carolina. Hourly temperature data, reconstructed from the daily data, were used to calculate the daily and annual chill hours, chill units, and chill portions accumulation using four different chill models for each location and year. The chill models included the T(t) °C model, the 0°C °C model, the Utah model, and the Dynamic model. For each county, regression analyses were conducted to evaluate the historical trends. Despite year-to-year variability, the tendency was a statistically significant (α = 0.05) increase in air temperature, averaging 0.089°C per year for 20 out of 31 counties in South Carolina. The other 11 counties had no significant change in temperature. The average temperature increase in the 31 counties was 0.072°C per year. The temperature increase resulted in a decrease in annual chill accumulation during the fall to spring, averaging 17.7 chill hours, 8.6 chill hours, 17.0 chill units, and 0.40 chill portions per year calculated with the T(t) °C, 0°C °C, Utah, and Dynamic models, respectively. However, whether this decrease in chill values was statistically significant or not depended on the chill model used. This study did not investigate the cause of the observed historical trends in temperature and chill accumulation. Still, if the trends continue, they could significantly impact the future of the temperate fruit tree industry in the state.展开更多
In the experiment, by taking Quercus engleriana Seem., Betula albo- sinensis Burk., Abies faxoniana Rehd. and Fargesia rufa Yi, in the vegetation restoration pattern area of Beichuan Nature Reserve as the research obj...In the experiment, by taking Quercus engleriana Seem., Betula albo- sinensis Burk., Abies faxoniana Rehd. and Fargesia rufa Yi, in the vegetation restoration pattern area of Beichuan Nature Reserve as the research objects, the study on the biomass models, the biomass distribution law of single plant and the growth rule of every organ of the four tree species was made. The results indicated that in the compositions of all of the species, the proportion of trunk biomass was the highest, while that of trunk biomass was the lowest, the proportions of branch and root biomasses varied depending on species; in the comparison of correlativity between the proportions of biomasses of all nutrition organs and biomass of single plant, the relations were generally significant, the tree trunks were positively related while the roots were negatively related; the proportion of trunk biomass of all species was significantly and negatively related to the proportions of leaf and branch biomasses, while the biomass of leaves was significantly and positively related to the biomass of branches.展开更多
The behaviors of Cu, Pb, and Zn during the endothermic burning of heterogeneous wastes were investigated using a variety of operational parameters, i.e., the mixed waste ratio, burning temperature, and burning time, t...The behaviors of Cu, Pb, and Zn during the endothermic burning of heterogeneous wastes were investigated using a variety of operational parameters, i.e., the mixed waste ratio, burning temperature, and burning time, to obtain fundamental knowledge to generate an optimal burning operation and recycling strategy for bottom ash. Changing these parameters had no impact on the Cu content of the ash, whereas the Pb content depended on the burning temperature and the mixed ratio, and the Zn content was affected by all three parameters. It was found in this study that the optimal burning conditions were a temperature of 1100?C, a time of 15 minutes, and either the current waste conditions or waste conditions with double the waste plastic and wood content.展开更多
Benign duodenal tumors are rare and less commonthan malignant tumors.Furthermore,vascular lesionsof the duodenum,including hemangiomas,are rarecauses of gastrointestinal bleeding.This report describes a case with blee...Benign duodenal tumors are rare and less commonthan malignant tumors.Furthermore,vascular lesionsof the duodenum,including hemangiomas,are rarecauses of gastrointestinal bleeding.This report describes a case with bleeding hemangiomas in the thirdportion of the duodenum and jejunum and their successful treatment using a laparoscopic approach.Thereis no report of totally laparoscopic resection for tumorin the third portion of duodenum.After performinga laparoscopic Kocher maneuver,the location of theduodenal hemangioma was confirmed by endoscopicand laparoscopic observation.The lesion was excisedusing ultrasonic coagulating shears and the defect inthe duodenal wall was sutured laparoscopically.Thehemangioma of the jejunum was treated extracorporeally through a 3.0 cm umbilical incision.The operatingtime was 241 min and blood loss was negligible.Thepostoperative course was uneventful.For benign duodenal tumors in the third portion,if endoscopic resection is not adapted,this less invasive technique may be a standard treatment.展开更多
Right umbilical portion(RUP) is a rare congenital anomaly associated with anomalous ramifications of the hepatic vessels and biliary system. As such, major hepatectomy requires a careful approach. We describe the usef...Right umbilical portion(RUP) is a rare congenital anomaly associated with anomalous ramifications of the hepatic vessels and biliary system. As such, major hepatectomy requires a careful approach. We describe the usefulness of the Glissonean approach in two patients with vessel anomalies, such as RUP. The first patient underwent a right anterior sectionectomy for intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma. We encircled several Glissonean pedicles that entered the right anterior section along the right side of the RUP. We temporarily clamped each pedicle, confirmed the demarcation area, and finally cut them. The operation was performed safely and was successful. The second patient underwent a left trisectionectomy for perihilar cholangiocarcinoma. We secured the right posterior Glissonean pedicle. The vessels in the pedicle were preserved, and the other vessels and contents were resected. Identifying the vessels for preservation facilitated the safe lymphadenectomy and dissection of the vessels to be resected. We successfully performed the operation.展开更多
We focus on the diagnostic and therapeutic problems of duodenal adenocarcinoma, reporting a case and reviewing the literature. A 65-year old man with adenocarcinoma in the third duodenal portion was successfully treat...We focus on the diagnostic and therapeutic problems of duodenal adenocarcinoma, reporting a case and reviewing the literature. A 65-year old man with adenocarcinoma in the third duodenal portion was successfully treated with a segmental resection of the third part of the duodenum, avoiding a duodeno-cephalo-pancreatectomy. This tumor is very rare and frequently affects the III and IV duodenal portion. A precocious diagnosis and the exact localization of this neoplasia are crucial factors in order to decide the surgical strategy. Given a non-specificity of symptoms, endoscopy with biopsy is the diagnostic gold standard. Duodeno-cephalo-pancreatectomy (DCP) and segmental resection of the duodenum (SRD) are the two surgical options, with overlapping morbidity (27% vs 18%) and post operative mortality (3% vs 1%). The average incidence of postoperative long-term survival is 100%, 73.3% and 31.6% of cases after 1, 3 and 5 years from surgery, respectively. Long-term survival is made worse by two factors: the presence of metastatic lymph nodes and tumor localization in the proximal duodenum. The two surgical options are radical: DCP should be used only for proximal localizations while SRD should be chosen for distal localizations.展开更多
In the present study, human IL-2 gene wastransferred into human erythroleukemic cell line K562 bythe retroviral vector LYCN. The effects on theproliferative activity of the IL-2-gene-modified K562 cells（K562/IL2） we...In the present study, human IL-2 gene wastransferred into human erythroleukemic cell line K562 bythe retroviral vector LYCN. The effects on theproliferative activity of the IL-2-gene-modified K562 cells（K562/IL2） were studied. 18 Days after transduction,flow cytometry analysis indicated that （K562/IL2）accumulated at phase G<sub>2</sub>. By day 30, the portion ofK562/IL2 was low at G<sub>0</sub>/G<sub>1</sub>, but still high at G<sub>2</sub>.展开更多
To the Editor:Nowadays,because of the infiltration of cholangiocarcinoma to the parenchyma and/or bile ducts of the caudate lobe,the inclusion of caudate lobe combined with a major hepatectomy remains the gold standar...To the Editor:Nowadays,because of the infiltration of cholangiocarcinoma to the parenchyma and/or bile ducts of the caudate lobe,the inclusion of caudate lobe combined with a major hepatectomy remains the gold standard approach for a resectable hilar cholangiocarcinoma.Since the last years of the 20th century,some authors have begun to report isolated caudate lobe resection for hepatocellular.展开更多
This paper begins with the overthrow of the concept of combining ability in crossbreeding by the concept of heritability.The reason is that general combining ability changes with the number and kind of pure strains in...This paper begins with the overthrow of the concept of combining ability in crossbreeding by the concept of heritability.The reason is that general combining ability changes with the number and kind of pure strains in the foundation stock and hence special combining ability changes also,so that work with different kinds of pure strains in the foundation stock cannot be compared.Hence combining ability is useless as a parameter to predict the amount of heterosis expected in the next generation.On the other hand,since each cross has a separate heritability,it can be applied to a cross population just as successfully as in purebreeding.Since the same concept holds in both cases,resort to any other concept would be superfluous.That's why combining ability must be rejected.Another reason(not given in the full text)is,an infinite number of pure strains would be required in the foundation stock for its results to be comparable with those of the heritability theory,which disposes of its utility altogether.The main content of the thesis is then the centennial enigma of heterosis can be resolved by Descarte's theoretic method of deduction.Accordingly we start from the definition of heterosis.H=F¡-MP,where H is heterosis,F,is the first generation offspring,MP is the mean of the parents or midparent,and from the use of a binomial random variable and its extention to the multinomial case derive the basic relations of heterosis with its components.Starting with second degree statistics,we obtain Vn=Vr,-2cov(F,,MP)+Vup,where V and cov stand for variance and covariance.The equations of heterosis are v„=(1/2)Na²+(1/4)Nd’+Vr(F,)=additive dominance F,epistasis Vup=(1/2)Na’+(1/2)V1,additive parental epistasis V„=(1/4)Nd’+V(F)+(1/2)V1,dominance F,epistasis parental epistasis.where N is number of genes controlling a trait,a=(P1-P,)12,d is deviation from midparent,while the variance components are all indicated by their names under the repective terms.It turns out that all these can be easily computed from the data so that the problem becomes a simple one which any college student may solve.In other words,the right answers are found when the right questions are asked.Who had ever shown that the heritability principle is inapplicable in crossbreeding,e.g.,in a crossing of two pure strains?From this cue arose the realization that the F,of a cross of two pure strains must also be a Mendelian population,with p and q both equal to 1/2 which simplifies the algebra outright.This Heritability Theory of Heterosis,or HTH in capital letters,re-sts on 2 initial anguments:1)Since 0.5+0.5=1,crossing two pure strains gives a population which is only a special case of pure-breeding,thereforea heritability coefficient must exist for the F1;2)Our problem reduces to that of finding that coefficient;the an-swer is given by the additive component divided by Ve.,i.e.,(1/2)No'1 Vp..which is readily found from the solution of the het-erosis equations.Thus the elemnal enigma of heterosis is resolved!This happened at the end of the 20th century.We now come to the second point of the discovery,the new genetic parameter crossheritability which will rise in size with the increase of the number of times it's used and form the link between breeding and evolution.The advent of the Age of Evolution Engineering in the 21st century marks a totally new era,showing that artificial will ultimately supercede natural selection,with the long span of time element eliminated.For agriculture at least,it means there is no limit to the increase of food supply by the new method,with the concentra-tion of desirable genes by hybridization in place of the old theory of their fixation.Genetic gain is achieved through artificial selec-tion,with an 80%saving of time,labor and cost by adoption of the new method.Applied to a further increase in all kinds of agri-cultural products including hybrd rice,it means that a huge eacalation,in fact a New Green Revolution,on a much langer scale than that of any such before,is in view,provided it is adopted in our research and educational institutions as early as possible,ere its spread elsewhere.The possibilities from the evolution point of view can only be pictured by science fiction.展开更多
The kidney is the water and fire zang-organ which contains kidney-yin and kidney-yang. The waist is a house of the kidney where channels and collaterals are vertically and horizontally distributed. The Bladder Channel...The kidney is the water and fire zang-organ which contains kidney-yin and kidney-yang. The waist is a house of the kidney where channels and collaterals are vertically and horizontally distributed. The Bladder Channel of Foot-Taiyang is distributed on the back in 4 lines; the Belt Channel surrounds the waist region controlling the various channels; and the straight portion of the Kidney Channel展开更多
The basic recipe is made up of RhizomaDrynaria,raw Rhizoma Rhei each 1portion,Commiphora Myrrha,RhizomaCorydalis,Herba Lycopodii,Radix Dipsacieach 5 portions.For cases with markedtrauma,Resina Draconis,Radix
For a long time, the evolutionary series of a idoraptids-dimorphograptids-monograptids has been generally recognized by graptolite researchers. In the past years, the akidograptids were found to appear in the Lower Si...For a long time, the evolutionary series of a idoraptids-dimorphograptids-monograptids has been generally recognized by graptolite researchers. In the past years, the akidograptids were found to appear in the Lower Silurian Parakidograptus acuminatus Zone, while the dimorphograptids in the P. acuminatus and Orthograpius vesiculosus Zones, but the monograptids appeared as late as in the O. vesiculosus zone; this evolutionary series can be easily accepted by other people. Chen Xu and Lin Yao-kun (1978) pu...展开更多
The impact of the gustatory stimuli on the rostral portion of the nucleus of the solitary tract (rNST) was investigated in developing rats, by using c-fos immunohistochemical staining. Wistar male rats of 5, 15, and 2...The impact of the gustatory stimuli on the rostral portion of the nucleus of the solitary tract (rNST) was investigated in developing rats, by using c-fos immunohistochemical staining. Wistar male rats of 5, 15, and 25 days of age were isolated from the mother for 12 h, then stimulated via the intraoral route with quinine, sucrose, or NaCl, and sacrificed 90 min later. The water-stimulated group showed minimal c-fos-like immunoreactivity (FLI) compared with taste-stimulated groups that exhibited different FLI in the rNST at the different ages. At all ages the quinine-stimulated group induced FLI in the medial subfield, while sucrose induced FLI in the lateral subfield of the rNST. The intensity of FLI was highest at P15, and it declined at P25. These findings provide detailed insight into the anatomical basis of rNST activation that is involved in early food intake and the learning capacity of the newborn.展开更多
The purpose of this study is to identify the adolescents’ knowledge of the energy content of the standard portion size of foods and to investigate the association between their knowledge and energy intake and also bo...The purpose of this study is to identify the adolescents’ knowledge of the energy content of the standard portion size of foods and to investigate the association between their knowledge and energy intake and also body mass index (BMI). A total of 251 middle school adolescents participated in this study. Participants’ knowledge was assessed based on their estimation of the energy content of the standard portion size of foods. To estimate the energy intake of the subjects, 24-hr recall was used. The percentage of participants who accurately estimated (that is within 20% of the true value) the energy content of the standard portion size was calculated for each of the 32 typical foods. The food for which the most participants revealed the accurate estimation was cooked rice (39.5%). The proportion of students who overestimated the energy contents was highest for vegetables (98%), and oils and sugar (90%). The female students were more likely than males to provide the accurate estimation of energy contents for standard portion size of foods. After adjusting for age and sex, the estimation level ([estimation value/true value] × 100) of the energy content of some foods had a significant positive relationship with BMI, but had no significant relationship with reported energy intake. From these results, we concluded that the knowledge of energy content of food was poor among middle-school adolescents, with some gender difference, and that their estimation of the calorie contents of foods increased along with their BMI.展开更多
In this paper, the method of relaxed boundary conditions is applied to rectangular plates with edges which are a sort of the mixture of simply supported portions and clamped portions, so that the lower limit of fundam...In this paper, the method of relaxed boundary conditions is applied to rectangular plates with edges which are a sort of the mixture of simply supported portions and clamped portions, so that the lower limit of fundamental frequency of such plates is evaluated. A kind of polynomial satisfying the displacement boundary conditions is designed, os that it is enabled to evaluate the upper limit of fundamental frequency by Ritz' method. The practical calculation examples solved by these methods have given satisfactory results. At the end of this paper, it is pointed out that the socalled exact solution of such plates usually evaluated by the force superposition method is essentially a kind of lower limit of solution, if the truncated error of series which occurs in actual calculation is considered.展开更多
We are describing a rare occurrence of a perforated diverticulum of the fourth portion of duodenum and surgical repair. Patient expired despite prompt surgical intervention secondary to septic shock, multi-organ-syste...We are describing a rare occurrence of a perforated diverticulum of the fourth portion of duodenum and surgical repair. Patient expired despite prompt surgical intervention secondary to septic shock, multi-organ-system failure (MOSF) and delayed presentation of the disease.展开更多
Aim: Nontuberculous Mycobacterial Lymphadenitis (NML), which occurs in 1.2 per 100,000 children, is very rare. And those which emerge at the anterior cervical portion and infiltrate deep into the neck are even more ra...Aim: Nontuberculous Mycobacterial Lymphadenitis (NML), which occurs in 1.2 per 100,000 children, is very rare. And those which emerge at the anterior cervical portion and infiltrate deep into the neck are even more rare. Generally, this disorder is uncommon existed near the thyroid gland. We report here a case of NML mimicking a thyroid tumor and infiltrating into the deep part of the anterior neck. Case: A mass at the anterior portion of her neck was found at 5 years old. It was not mobile and palpated as an irregularly surfaced hard mass whose size was 3 cm at the anterior lower portion of her neck. Ultrasonography showed an oval mass which existed near the slightly inferior part of the right lobe of the thyroid gland. Enhanced computed tomography showed a mass near the slightly inferior part of the right lobe of the thyroid gland. The mass was resected with the platysma and the right sternohyoid muscle. In the HE staining, epithelioid cell and Langhans type giant cells surrounding coagulative necrosis lesions which seemed to be caseation necrosis existed, similarly to cervical NML. Discussion: No consensus exists for the treatment of NML, but many documents advise complete excision. When the lesion cannot be completely removed, excision as far as possible and additional antibiotics are recommended. The characteristics of imaging of NML around the thyroid gland and infiltrating deep into the anterior neck and mediastinum are discussed.展开更多
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(32271551,32571954)National Key Research and Development Program of China(2023YFF0805800)the Metasequoia funding of Nanjing Forestry University.
文摘Comparative analyses in ecology and evolution often face the challenge of controlling for the effects of shared ancestry(phylogeny)from those of ecological or trait-based predictors on species traits.Phylogenetic Generalized Linear Models(PGLMs)address this issue by integrating phylogenetic relationships into statistical models.However,accurately partitioning explained variance among correlated predictors remains challenging.The phylolm.hp R package tackles this problem by extending the concept of“average shared variance”to PGLMs,enabling nuanced quantificationof the relative importance of phylogeny and other predictors.The package calculates individual likelihood-based R^(2) contributions of phylogeny and each predictor,accounting for both unique and shared explained variance.This approach overcomes limitations of traditional partial R^(2) methods,which often fail to sum the total R^(2) due to multicollinearity.We demonstrate the functionality of phylolm.hp through two case studies:one involving continuous trait data(maximum tree height in Californian species)and another focusing on binary trait data(species invasiveness in North American forests).The phylolm.hp package offers researchers a powerful tool to disentangle the contributions of phylogenetic and ecological predictors in comparative analyses.
文摘There is considerable concern about the potential impact of climate change on agriculture, such as the accumulation of chilling hours needed to break the dormancy of many perennial plants, like fruit trees. Therefore, this study aimed to determine if there had been a significant change in air temperatures and chill hours, chill units, and chill portion accumulation in South Carolina over the last two decades. Two decades of daily maximum (T<sub>max</sub>) and minimum (T<sub>min</sub>) air temperature records were obtained from weather stations in thirty-one counties in South Carolina. Hourly temperature data, reconstructed from the daily data, were used to calculate the daily and annual chill hours, chill units, and chill portions accumulation using four different chill models for each location and year. The chill models included the T(t) °C model, the 0°C °C model, the Utah model, and the Dynamic model. For each county, regression analyses were conducted to evaluate the historical trends. Despite year-to-year variability, the tendency was a statistically significant (α = 0.05) increase in air temperature, averaging 0.089°C per year for 20 out of 31 counties in South Carolina. The other 11 counties had no significant change in temperature. The average temperature increase in the 31 counties was 0.072°C per year. The temperature increase resulted in a decrease in annual chill accumulation during the fall to spring, averaging 17.7 chill hours, 8.6 chill hours, 17.0 chill units, and 0.40 chill portions per year calculated with the T(t) °C, 0°C °C, Utah, and Dynamic models, respectively. However, whether this decrease in chill values was statistically significant or not depended on the chill model used. This study did not investigate the cause of the observed historical trends in temperature and chill accumulation. Still, if the trends continue, they could significantly impact the future of the temperate fruit tree industry in the state.
基金Supported by the Restoring&Reconstruction Project of Giant Panda Habitat after the Wenchuan Earthquake in Beichuan Qiang Minority Autonomous County~~
文摘In the experiment, by taking Quercus engleriana Seem., Betula albo- sinensis Burk., Abies faxoniana Rehd. and Fargesia rufa Yi, in the vegetation restoration pattern area of Beichuan Nature Reserve as the research objects, the study on the biomass models, the biomass distribution law of single plant and the growth rule of every organ of the four tree species was made. The results indicated that in the compositions of all of the species, the proportion of trunk biomass was the highest, while that of trunk biomass was the lowest, the proportions of branch and root biomasses varied depending on species; in the comparison of correlativity between the proportions of biomasses of all nutrition organs and biomass of single plant, the relations were generally significant, the tree trunks were positively related while the roots were negatively related; the proportion of trunk biomass of all species was significantly and negatively related to the proportions of leaf and branch biomasses, while the biomass of leaves was significantly and positively related to the biomass of branches.
文摘The behaviors of Cu, Pb, and Zn during the endothermic burning of heterogeneous wastes were investigated using a variety of operational parameters, i.e., the mixed waste ratio, burning temperature, and burning time, to obtain fundamental knowledge to generate an optimal burning operation and recycling strategy for bottom ash. Changing these parameters had no impact on the Cu content of the ash, whereas the Pb content depended on the burning temperature and the mixed ratio, and the Zn content was affected by all three parameters. It was found in this study that the optimal burning conditions were a temperature of 1100?C, a time of 15 minutes, and either the current waste conditions or waste conditions with double the waste plastic and wood content.
文摘Benign duodenal tumors are rare and less commonthan malignant tumors.Furthermore,vascular lesionsof the duodenum,including hemangiomas,are rarecauses of gastrointestinal bleeding.This report describes a case with bleeding hemangiomas in the thirdportion of the duodenum and jejunum and their successful treatment using a laparoscopic approach.Thereis no report of totally laparoscopic resection for tumorin the third portion of duodenum.After performinga laparoscopic Kocher maneuver,the location of theduodenal hemangioma was confirmed by endoscopicand laparoscopic observation.The lesion was excisedusing ultrasonic coagulating shears and the defect inthe duodenal wall was sutured laparoscopically.Thehemangioma of the jejunum was treated extracorporeally through a 3.0 cm umbilical incision.The operatingtime was 241 min and blood loss was negligible.Thepostoperative course was uneventful.For benign duodenal tumors in the third portion,if endoscopic resection is not adapted,this less invasive technique may be a standard treatment.
文摘Right umbilical portion(RUP) is a rare congenital anomaly associated with anomalous ramifications of the hepatic vessels and biliary system. As such, major hepatectomy requires a careful approach. We describe the usefulness of the Glissonean approach in two patients with vessel anomalies, such as RUP. The first patient underwent a right anterior sectionectomy for intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma. We encircled several Glissonean pedicles that entered the right anterior section along the right side of the RUP. We temporarily clamped each pedicle, confirmed the demarcation area, and finally cut them. The operation was performed safely and was successful. The second patient underwent a left trisectionectomy for perihilar cholangiocarcinoma. We secured the right posterior Glissonean pedicle. The vessels in the pedicle were preserved, and the other vessels and contents were resected. Identifying the vessels for preservation facilitated the safe lymphadenectomy and dissection of the vessels to be resected. We successfully performed the operation.
文摘We focus on the diagnostic and therapeutic problems of duodenal adenocarcinoma, reporting a case and reviewing the literature. A 65-year old man with adenocarcinoma in the third duodenal portion was successfully treated with a segmental resection of the third part of the duodenum, avoiding a duodeno-cephalo-pancreatectomy. This tumor is very rare and frequently affects the III and IV duodenal portion. A precocious diagnosis and the exact localization of this neoplasia are crucial factors in order to decide the surgical strategy. Given a non-specificity of symptoms, endoscopy with biopsy is the diagnostic gold standard. Duodeno-cephalo-pancreatectomy (DCP) and segmental resection of the duodenum (SRD) are the two surgical options, with overlapping morbidity (27% vs 18%) and post operative mortality (3% vs 1%). The average incidence of postoperative long-term survival is 100%, 73.3% and 31.6% of cases after 1, 3 and 5 years from surgery, respectively. Long-term survival is made worse by two factors: the presence of metastatic lymph nodes and tumor localization in the proximal duodenum. The two surgical options are radical: DCP should be used only for proximal localizations while SRD should be chosen for distal localizations.
文摘In the present study, human IL-2 gene wastransferred into human erythroleukemic cell line K562 bythe retroviral vector LYCN. The effects on theproliferative activity of the IL-2-gene-modified K562 cells（K562/IL2） were studied. 18 Days after transduction,flow cytometry analysis indicated that （K562/IL2）accumulated at phase G<sub>2</sub>. By day 30, the portion ofK562/IL2 was low at G<sub>0</sub>/G<sub>1</sub>, but still high at G<sub>2</sub>.
文摘To the Editor:Nowadays,because of the infiltration of cholangiocarcinoma to the parenchyma and/or bile ducts of the caudate lobe,the inclusion of caudate lobe combined with a major hepatectomy remains the gold standard approach for a resectable hilar cholangiocarcinoma.Since the last years of the 20th century,some authors have begun to report isolated caudate lobe resection for hepatocellular.
文摘This paper begins with the overthrow of the concept of combining ability in crossbreeding by the concept of heritability.The reason is that general combining ability changes with the number and kind of pure strains in the foundation stock and hence special combining ability changes also,so that work with different kinds of pure strains in the foundation stock cannot be compared.Hence combining ability is useless as a parameter to predict the amount of heterosis expected in the next generation.On the other hand,since each cross has a separate heritability,it can be applied to a cross population just as successfully as in purebreeding.Since the same concept holds in both cases,resort to any other concept would be superfluous.That's why combining ability must be rejected.Another reason(not given in the full text)is,an infinite number of pure strains would be required in the foundation stock for its results to be comparable with those of the heritability theory,which disposes of its utility altogether.The main content of the thesis is then the centennial enigma of heterosis can be resolved by Descarte's theoretic method of deduction.Accordingly we start from the definition of heterosis.H=F¡-MP,where H is heterosis,F,is the first generation offspring,MP is the mean of the parents or midparent,and from the use of a binomial random variable and its extention to the multinomial case derive the basic relations of heterosis with its components.Starting with second degree statistics,we obtain Vn=Vr,-2cov(F,,MP)+Vup,where V and cov stand for variance and covariance.The equations of heterosis are v„=(1/2)Na²+(1/4)Nd’+Vr(F,)=additive dominance F,epistasis Vup=(1/2)Na’+(1/2)V1,additive parental epistasis V„=(1/4)Nd’+V(F)+(1/2)V1,dominance F,epistasis parental epistasis.where N is number of genes controlling a trait,a=(P1-P,)12,d is deviation from midparent,while the variance components are all indicated by their names under the repective terms.It turns out that all these can be easily computed from the data so that the problem becomes a simple one which any college student may solve.In other words,the right answers are found when the right questions are asked.Who had ever shown that the heritability principle is inapplicable in crossbreeding,e.g.,in a crossing of two pure strains?From this cue arose the realization that the F,of a cross of two pure strains must also be a Mendelian population,with p and q both equal to 1/2 which simplifies the algebra outright.This Heritability Theory of Heterosis,or HTH in capital letters,re-sts on 2 initial anguments:1)Since 0.5+0.5=1,crossing two pure strains gives a population which is only a special case of pure-breeding,thereforea heritability coefficient must exist for the F1;2)Our problem reduces to that of finding that coefficient;the an-swer is given by the additive component divided by Ve.,i.e.,(1/2)No'1 Vp..which is readily found from the solution of the het-erosis equations.Thus the elemnal enigma of heterosis is resolved!This happened at the end of the 20th century.We now come to the second point of the discovery,the new genetic parameter crossheritability which will rise in size with the increase of the number of times it's used and form the link between breeding and evolution.The advent of the Age of Evolution Engineering in the 21st century marks a totally new era,showing that artificial will ultimately supercede natural selection,with the long span of time element eliminated.For agriculture at least,it means there is no limit to the increase of food supply by the new method,with the concentra-tion of desirable genes by hybridization in place of the old theory of their fixation.Genetic gain is achieved through artificial selec-tion,with an 80%saving of time,labor and cost by adoption of the new method.Applied to a further increase in all kinds of agri-cultural products including hybrd rice,it means that a huge eacalation,in fact a New Green Revolution,on a much langer scale than that of any such before,is in view,provided it is adopted in our research and educational institutions as early as possible,ere its spread elsewhere.The possibilities from the evolution point of view can only be pictured by science fiction.
文摘The kidney is the water and fire zang-organ which contains kidney-yin and kidney-yang. The waist is a house of the kidney where channels and collaterals are vertically and horizontally distributed. The Bladder Channel of Foot-Taiyang is distributed on the back in 4 lines; the Belt Channel surrounds the waist region controlling the various channels; and the straight portion of the Kidney Channel
文摘The basic recipe is made up of RhizomaDrynaria,raw Rhizoma Rhei each 1portion,Commiphora Myrrha,RhizomaCorydalis,Herba Lycopodii,Radix Dipsacieach 5 portions.For cases with markedtrauma,Resina Draconis,Radix
文摘For a long time, the evolutionary series of a idoraptids-dimorphograptids-monograptids has been generally recognized by graptolite researchers. In the past years, the akidograptids were found to appear in the Lower Silurian Parakidograptus acuminatus Zone, while the dimorphograptids in the P. acuminatus and Orthograpius vesiculosus Zones, but the monograptids appeared as late as in the O. vesiculosus zone; this evolutionary series can be easily accepted by other people. Chen Xu and Lin Yao-kun (1978) pu...
文摘The impact of the gustatory stimuli on the rostral portion of the nucleus of the solitary tract (rNST) was investigated in developing rats, by using c-fos immunohistochemical staining. Wistar male rats of 5, 15, and 25 days of age were isolated from the mother for 12 h, then stimulated via the intraoral route with quinine, sucrose, or NaCl, and sacrificed 90 min later. The water-stimulated group showed minimal c-fos-like immunoreactivity (FLI) compared with taste-stimulated groups that exhibited different FLI in the rNST at the different ages. At all ages the quinine-stimulated group induced FLI in the medial subfield, while sucrose induced FLI in the lateral subfield of the rNST. The intensity of FLI was highest at P15, and it declined at P25. These findings provide detailed insight into the anatomical basis of rNST activation that is involved in early food intake and the learning capacity of the newborn.
文摘The purpose of this study is to identify the adolescents’ knowledge of the energy content of the standard portion size of foods and to investigate the association between their knowledge and energy intake and also body mass index (BMI). A total of 251 middle school adolescents participated in this study. Participants’ knowledge was assessed based on their estimation of the energy content of the standard portion size of foods. To estimate the energy intake of the subjects, 24-hr recall was used. The percentage of participants who accurately estimated (that is within 20% of the true value) the energy content of the standard portion size was calculated for each of the 32 typical foods. The food for which the most participants revealed the accurate estimation was cooked rice (39.5%). The proportion of students who overestimated the energy contents was highest for vegetables (98%), and oils and sugar (90%). The female students were more likely than males to provide the accurate estimation of energy contents for standard portion size of foods. After adjusting for age and sex, the estimation level ([estimation value/true value] × 100) of the energy content of some foods had a significant positive relationship with BMI, but had no significant relationship with reported energy intake. From these results, we concluded that the knowledge of energy content of food was poor among middle-school adolescents, with some gender difference, and that their estimation of the calorie contents of foods increased along with their BMI.
文摘In this paper, the method of relaxed boundary conditions is applied to rectangular plates with edges which are a sort of the mixture of simply supported portions and clamped portions, so that the lower limit of fundamental frequency of such plates is evaluated. A kind of polynomial satisfying the displacement boundary conditions is designed, os that it is enabled to evaluate the upper limit of fundamental frequency by Ritz' method. The practical calculation examples solved by these methods have given satisfactory results. At the end of this paper, it is pointed out that the socalled exact solution of such plates usually evaluated by the force superposition method is essentially a kind of lower limit of solution, if the truncated error of series which occurs in actual calculation is considered.
文摘We are describing a rare occurrence of a perforated diverticulum of the fourth portion of duodenum and surgical repair. Patient expired despite prompt surgical intervention secondary to septic shock, multi-organ-system failure (MOSF) and delayed presentation of the disease.
文摘Aim: Nontuberculous Mycobacterial Lymphadenitis (NML), which occurs in 1.2 per 100,000 children, is very rare. And those which emerge at the anterior cervical portion and infiltrate deep into the neck are even more rare. Generally, this disorder is uncommon existed near the thyroid gland. We report here a case of NML mimicking a thyroid tumor and infiltrating into the deep part of the anterior neck. Case: A mass at the anterior portion of her neck was found at 5 years old. It was not mobile and palpated as an irregularly surfaced hard mass whose size was 3 cm at the anterior lower portion of her neck. Ultrasonography showed an oval mass which existed near the slightly inferior part of the right lobe of the thyroid gland. Enhanced computed tomography showed a mass near the slightly inferior part of the right lobe of the thyroid gland. The mass was resected with the platysma and the right sternohyoid muscle. In the HE staining, epithelioid cell and Langhans type giant cells surrounding coagulative necrosis lesions which seemed to be caseation necrosis existed, similarly to cervical NML. Discussion: No consensus exists for the treatment of NML, but many documents advise complete excision. When the lesion cannot be completely removed, excision as far as possible and additional antibiotics are recommended. The characteristics of imaging of NML around the thyroid gland and infiltrating deep into the anterior neck and mediastinum are discussed.
