BACKGROUND Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography(ERCP)is an essential diagnostic and therapeutic procedure for pancreatobiliary disorders.However,few large-scale studies from South Asia have examined long-ter...BACKGROUND Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography(ERCP)is an essential diagnostic and therapeutic procedure for pancreatobiliary disorders.However,few large-scale studies from South Asia have examined long-term ERCP outcomes,particularly using established quality benchmarks.AIM To evaluate ERCP indications,success rates,complications,and quality performance at a high-volume tertiary care center in Pakistan over a 17-year period.METHODS This retrospective study analyzed 13215 ERCP procedures performed between 2006 and 2023.Data included demographics,indications,cannulation rates,complications,and pediatric cases.Findings were assessed against American Society of Gastroenterology/European Society of Gastrointestinal Endoscopy quality indicators.RESULTS Biliary ERCP accounted for 93.1%of procedures;choledocholithiasis was the most common indication(40%).Cannulation success was 93.9%for biliary and 94.2%for pancreatic ERCP.Pediatric ERCP comprised 4%of cases,mostly for stones and chronic pancreatitis.Bleeding(1.7%)and post-ERCP pancreatitis(2.3%)were the most frequent complications.Performance met or exceeded most American Society of Benchmarks.CONCLUSION This study offers insight into nearly two decades of ERCP practice within a public sector hospital.Our experience echoes the quality and efficiency of ERCP not previously available in Pakistan.As healthcare systems in resourcelimited sectors expand,our findings serve as a reference point.Continued training and quality improvement studies can further enhance ERCP effectiveness in the region and beyond.展开更多
Cancer screening is a strategy focused on highrisk populations rather than universal populationwide screening, based on a comprehensive evaluation of epidemiological principles and practical feasibility. The effective...Cancer screening is a strategy focused on highrisk populations rather than universal populationwide screening, based on a comprehensive evaluation of epidemiological principles and practical feasibility. The effectiveness of screening depends on factors such as disease prevalence, as well as the sensitivity and specificity of the screening technology employed.展开更多
Indian mustard is recognized as a resilient and economically important oilseed crop.However,its potential remains untapped due to the limited availability of short-duration,high-yielding varieties capable of out-compe...Indian mustard is recognized as a resilient and economically important oilseed crop.However,its potential remains untapped due to the limited availability of short-duration,high-yielding varieties capable of out-competing other rabi crops.Considering this notion,we have evaluated twenty-one F_(2) and six BC1F1 populations derived from seven diversified parents of Brassica juncea following a Randomized Complete Block Design at Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University.Based on key agronomic traits,the genetic components,heterosis,inbreeding depression,and gene action were studied to select early maturing and high-yielding populations.The percentage of heterosis was manifested in various cross-combinations,including P4×P6(91.45%for yield per plant)and P5×P6(28.52%for thousand seed weight),emerging as promising candidates for increasing productivity while managing negative inbreeding effects.Conversely,significant inbreeding depression was noted in traits like days to siliquae maturity and yield,particularly in crosses,P1×P2(6.29%)and P3×P5(21.74%),underscoring the need for careful selection in breeding programs to mitigate these effects.Variance analysis indicated that both additive and non-additive genetic interactions play a pivotal role in the inheritance patterns of the traits of interest.Among the six backcrosses,one promising line was(P5×P6)×P5,demonstrating early maturity(107.00 DAS)with improved seed yield(12.47 g).This combination exhibited the potential for enhancing the adaptability and productivity by maintaining the maturity index and accelerating yield.Furthermore,significant phenotypic variation across yield-contributing traits was notable,whereas thousand seed weight and yield per plant showed high broad-sense and narrow-sense of heritability.Besides,positive correlations between seed yield and its attributing traits were noted,suggesting potential avenues for selection breeding.Collectively,the ob-tained findings enhance the understanding of genetic mechanisms underlying heterosis and inbreeding depres-sion in B.juncea,providing insights and effective strategies for developing superior cultivars with optimized agronomic traits.展开更多
Allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation(allo-HCT) remains a cornerstone therapy for severe hematologic malignancies, offering a potential cure when conventional therapies are ineffective. However, not all patien...Allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation(allo-HCT) remains a cornerstone therapy for severe hematologic malignancies, offering a potential cure when conventional therapies are ineffective. However, not all patients are suitable recipients of allo-HCT, particularly the elderly patients and those with high comorbidity burdens.Furthermore, patients who develop relapse or graft failure after initial transplantation encounter additional challenges when evaluated for a second transplant.展开更多
The implementation of the ecological protection red line serves as a crucial protective barrier for the conservation of wild plants with extremely small populations by delineating specific geographical areas designate...The implementation of the ecological protection red line serves as a crucial protective barrier for the conservation of wild plants with extremely small populations by delineating specific geographical areas designated for their conservation.The implementation of a comprehensive set of conservation measures aimed at establishing a biodiversity conservation network for wild plants with extremely small populations has laid the foundation for the health and stability of ecosystems,as well as the harmonious coexistence of humans and the natural environment.Research on the conservation of wild plants with extremely small populations serves as a critical foundation for informing and enhancing the effective conservation of such populations.This paper provides a systematic examination of the theoretical and practical conservation status of certain wild plants with extremely small populations and discusses the conservation trends of these populations within the framework of ecological protection red line delineation.In the future,strategies for the conservation of wild plants with extremely small populations should be integrated with an analysis of the causes of endangerment.This approach will provide a robust foundation for applied research focused on the conservation of these vulnerable plant populations.展开更多
Assessing the threat status of species in response to global change is critical for biodiversity monitoring and conservation efforts.However,current frameworks,even the IUCN Red List,often neglect critical factors suc...Assessing the threat status of species in response to global change is critical for biodiversity monitoring and conservation efforts.However,current frameworks,even the IUCN Red List,often neglect critical factors such as genetic diversity and the impacts of climate and land-use changes,hindering effective conservation planning.To address these limitations,we developed an enhanced extinction risk assessment framework using Diploderma lizards as a model.This framework incorporates long-term field surveys,environmental data,and land-use information to predict distributional changes for 10 recently described Diploderma species on the Qinghai-Xizang Plateau,which hold ecological significance but remain underassessed in conservation assessment.By integrating the distribution data and genetically inferred effective population sizes(Ne),we conducted scenario analyses and used a rank-sum approach to calculate Risk ranking scores(RRS)for each species.This approach revealed significant discrepancies with the IUCN Red List assessments.Notably,D.yangi and D.qilin were identified as facing the highest extinction risk.Furthermore,D.vela,D.batangense,D.flaviceps,D.dymondi,D.yulongense,and D.laeviventre,currently classified as“Least Concern”,were found to warrant reclassification as“Vulnerable”due to considerable threat from projected range contractions.Exploring the relationship between morphology and RRS revealed that traits such as snout-vent length and relative tail length could serve as potential predictors of extinction risk,offering preliminary metrics for assessing species vulnerability when comprehensive data are unavailable.This study enhances the precision of extinction risk assessment frameworks and demonstrates their capacity to refine and update risk assessments,especially for lesser-known taxa.展开更多
Genetic diversity and population genetic structure in 188 individuals from five natural populations of Castampsis fargesii Franch. were studied by RAPD markers. Three hundred and eighty-five loci were identified with ...Genetic diversity and population genetic structure in 188 individuals from five natural populations of Castampsis fargesii Franch. were studied by RAPD markers. Three hundred and eighty-five loci were identified with 41 oligonucleotide primers, out of which 157 loci were polymorphic and accounted for 40.78% of total genetic diversity at species level. Shannon's indices of diversity (I) and Nei's gene diversity ( h) were 0.459 7 and 0.296 at the species level, respectively. The result showed that genetic variation of C. fargesii populations mainly existed within populations. Genetic differentiation (Hsp-hpop)/Hsp estimated with Shannon's index of diversity and coefficient of gene differentiation (Gst) were 0.047 6 and 0.042 9 respectively, which were confirmed by the analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA). Therefore, it is apparent that within-population variation accounted for 94.97% and among-populations variation accounted for only 5.03% of the total genetic diversity. AMOVA also indicated that there was significant differentiation among populations as well as among individuals within a population.展开更多
To reveal the genetic structures and relationships of the four ethnic populations from the maternal inheritance and explore the origins and migrations of nationalities, the genetic polymorphism of mtDNA in Dong, Gelao...To reveal the genetic structures and relationships of the four ethnic populations from the maternal inheritance and explore the origins and migrations of nationalities, the genetic polymorphism of mtDNA in Dong, Gelao, Tujia, and Yi populations from Guizhou was studied by direct sequencing of hypervariable segment Ⅰ （HVS Ⅰ ） and PCR-RFLP of coding region. Thirty-seven （sub-） haplogroups were identified in the classification tree of mtDNA haplogroups. Haplogroup distributions and principal component （PC） analysis showed that the Dong has high frequencies of south-prevalent haplogroups, which indicates that it is a typically southern population. The Yi harbors high frequencies of the south-prevalent and northern-prevalent haplogroups, which demonstrates that it inherits the maternal characteristics from both southern and northern populations. The Yi and Gelao cluster together, the reason for which might be that their ancestries frequently underwent gene exchanges and mixtures.展开更多
Metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease is the most prevalent chronic liver condition,affecting over one-third of the global population,with cirrhosis present in up to 3.3%of cases.Early detection of ...Metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease is the most prevalent chronic liver condition,affecting over one-third of the global population,with cirrhosis present in up to 3.3%of cases.Early detection of advanced liver disease in at-risk populations can enable timely intervention,prevent progression,and reduce complications.This review focuses on the current recommendations for early detection of advanced liver disease,evaluates the evidence for the performance of non-invasive tests in the target population for screening,and examines the multifaceted burden of screening,including economic implications and psychological impacts.Additionally,we discuss future directions,such as integrating liver health into a multidisciplinary care framework.Current guidelines recommend case-finding,targeting individuals with type 2 diabetes,metabolically complicated obesity,or persistent elevated liver enzymes.The Fibrosis-4 index is widely endorsed as a first-line non-invasive test,yet the diagnostic performance in primary care settings seems suboptimal,particularly for pre-cirrhotic disease.Sequential strategies incorporating novel non-invasive tests may improve accuracy and cost-effectiveness.Confirmation typically involves vibration-controlled transient elastography.Key challenges include a large eligible population,uncertainties in optimal screening intervals,patient adherence to follow-up,and limited real-world cost-effectiveness data.Integrating liver health assessment into cardiometabolic care pathways,reflex testing,telehealth,and patient education may enhance uptake.While challenges remain,early detection of advanced liver disease is already likely cost-effective.Ongoing advances in screening pathways and treatment options are expected to further strengthen the case for widespread implementation.展开更多
BACKGROUND Depressive symptoms differ from clinical depression.However,the relationship between depressive symptom trajectories and stroke risk across diverse geographic regions remains unclear.AIM To address the gap ...BACKGROUND Depressive symptoms differ from clinical depression.However,the relationship between depressive symptom trajectories and stroke risk across diverse geographic regions remains unclear.AIM To address the gap in the existing understanding of the relationship between depressive symptom trajectories and stroke risk,the current study utilized three representative cohorts.METHODS In this study,we used three representative cohorts from Asia,Europe,and the Americas:China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study(CHARLS),English Longitudinal Study of Ageing(ELSA),and Health and Retirement Study(HRS).Depressive symptoms were assessed using the 8-item Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression scale and categorized into somatic and cognitive-affective subtypes.The trajectories of depressive symptoms were monitored over four surveys starting from baseline and classified into five distinct states:persistently low,decreasing,fluctuating,increasing,and consistently high.Selfreported physician diagnoses were used to evaluate the subsequent stroke events.Hazard ratios(HRs)and 95%confidence intervals(95%CIs)were computed using Cox proportional-risk models adjusted for potential confounding factors.RESULTS A total of 7990 participants from CHARLS(females:52.3%,mean age:63.4 years),5642 participants from ELSA(females:56.2%,mean age:63.7 years),and 12260 participants from HRS(females:61.4%,mean age:64.7 years)participated in this study.The median follow-up periods were 5 years for CHARLS,8 years for ELSA,and 10 years for HRS.In comparison with the persistently low trajectory,consistently high and fluctuating trajectories of total depressive symptoms increased the risk of stroke in all three cohorts(CHARLS:HR=1.80,95% CI:1.36-2.38;ELSA:HR=1.50,95% CI:1.02-2.21;HRS:HR=1.45,95% CI:1.29-1.62 for consistently high;CHARLS:HR=1.47,95% CI:1.14-1.90;ELSA:HR=1.44,95% CI:1.17-1.77;HRS:HR=1.26,95% CI:1.13-1.41 for fluctuating).Increasing trajectories enhanced the risk in the European cohort(ELSA:HR=1.71,95% CI:1.06-2.74),while decreasing trajectories did not increase stroke risk in any cohort.For somatic depressive symptoms,consistently high and fluctuating trajectories increased the risk of stroke across all cohorts(CHARLS:HR=2.16,95% CI:1.67-2.79;ELSA:HR=1.94,95% CI:1.34-2.81;HRS:HR=1.79,95% CI:1.49-2.15 for consistently high;CHARLS:HR=1.35,95% CI:1.20-1.62;ELSA:HR=1.56,95% CI:1.27-1.92;HRS:HR=1.33,95% CI:1.20-1.46 for fluctuating).Increasing trajectories only increased the risk in the European cohort(ELSA:HR=1.95,95% CI:1.11-3.43),while decreasing trajectories did not increase stroke risk in the European and American cohorts.For cognitive-affective depressive symptoms,consistently high and fluctuating trajectories increased the risk in the Asian and European cohorts(CHARLS:HR=2.06,95% CI:1.52-2.81;ELSA:HR=1.25,95% CI:1.02-1.54 for consistently high;CHARLS:HR=1.63,95% CI:1.23-2.16;ELSA:HR=1.58,95% CI:1.11-2.24 for fluctuating).Increasing trajectories increased the risk only in the American cohort(HRS:HR=14.67,95% CI:1.87-114.91).CONCLUSION Consistently high and fluctuating trajectories of total and somatic depressive symptoms were associated with an increased risk for stroke across all populations.Consistently high,fluctuating,and increasing trajectories of cognitive-affective symptoms pose a risk for certain populations.These findings highlight the importance of targeted interventions for managing depressive symptoms as potential strategies for stroke prevention,particularly in regions where specific symptom trajectories are prevalent.展开更多
The correct understanding of fish population structure plays a positive role in their fishery management.The dotted gizzard shad,Konosirus punctatus,is widely distributed in the coastal waters of the northwestern Paci...The correct understanding of fish population structure plays a positive role in their fishery management.The dotted gizzard shad,Konosirus punctatus,is widely distributed in the coastal waters of the northwestern Pacific.With the over-exploitation of economically important fishes,its importance is increasingly prominent.To further examine the population genetic structure of K.punctatus across the northwestern Pacific,the amplified fragment length polymorphism(AFLP)and the inter-simple sequence repeats(ISSRs)were employed to perform genetic variation analysis.The results showed that the combination of polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and silver staining can effectively detect genetic variation for K.punctatus populations.The average proportions of polymorphic loci were 46.26%and 87.13%for AFLP and ISSR markers,respectively,and the genetic diversity parameters showed no obvious differences among populations.Both analysis molecular variance(AMOVA)and pairwise F_(st)suggested that there was significant genetic differentiation between Chinese and Japanese populations.All samples also clustered into two clades based on the unweighted pair-group method analysis(UPGMA)tree by two markers,which indicated significant genetic differentiation among populations.Consistent with the previous studies,there are two highly differentiated groups at the nuclear gene level and they were suggested to be treated as two separate genetic management units.The results of the present study could provide the genetic management strategy for this important economic species.展开更多
Understanding how species diverge and adapt is fundamental to unraveling biodiversity.While environmental impacts on species evolution are well-documented,the roles of intrinsic life-history traits remain underexplore...Understanding how species diverge and adapt is fundamental to unraveling biodiversity.While environmental impacts on species evolution are well-documented,the roles of intrinsic life-history traits remain underexplored.The Qinghai-Xizang Plateau,with its harsh conditions and unique biodiversity,offers a natural laboratory for such investigations.Here,we examine two sympatric small mammals—the solitary,low-dispersal plateau zokor(Eospalax baileyi)and the social,high-dispersal plateau pika(Ochotona curzoniae)—to elucidate how life-history traits shape population structures and adaptive strategies.Through whole-genome sequencing and cardiac-blood phenotype analyses,we reveal striking differences in their evolutionary trajectories.Despite enduring similar environmental pressures,plateau zokor populations exhibit pronounced genetic subdivisions,high inbreeding,and distinct local adaptations.In contrast,plateau pika populations display genetic panmixia,widespread diversity,and adaptive uniformity.Demographic inference highlights that plateau zokors experienced severe population bottlenecks and restricted gene flow during glacial periods,underscoring the impact of dispersal capacity on evolutionary outcomes.Our findings demonstrate that intrinsic biological traits,particularly dispersal ability,fundamentally influence genetic architecture,population connectivity,and local adaptation.This study not only provides empirical evidence of how life-history traits shape evolutionary dynamics but also offers a framework for integrating intrinsic and extrinsic factors in understanding biodiversity formation.展开更多
Prevailing concerns on mountainous biodiversity are concentrated on the impacts of climate change at higher elevations. However, the lower elevations are facing additional human disturbance and are expected to suffer ...Prevailing concerns on mountainous biodiversity are concentrated on the impacts of climate change at higher elevations. However, the lower elevations are facing additional human disturbance and are expected to suffer from higher extinction risk but have attracted less conservation attention. Here, we employed population genomics to compare extinction risk two common songbirds—the Vinous-throated Parrotbill (Sinosuthora webbiana) and the Rufous-capped Babbler (Cyanoderma ruficeps)—at lower and higher elevations on the Taiwan island. As the result, we observed decreased genetic diversity and increased genetic load and thus elevated extinction risk in the low-elevation populations of both birds in the eastern slope of the Central Mountains on the Taiwan island. In contrast, genetic-load patterns of both birds in the western slope might be confused by substantial gene flow across lower and higher elevations. These results, on the one hand, call for conservation efforts to lower elevations in mountains and, on the other hand, highlight the importance of population connection in maintaining population viability under impending global change.展开更多
[Objective]This study aimed to determine the number of microorganisms of cotton rhizosphere in a soil at various amounts of applied nitrogen fertilizer in a red date-cotton intercropping system. [Method] In the field ...[Objective]This study aimed to determine the number of microorganisms of cotton rhizosphere in a soil at various amounts of applied nitrogen fertilizer in a red date-cotton intercropping system. [Method] In the field experiment, nitrogen fer-tilizer was applied at 0, 150, 300, 450, 600, and 750 kg/hm2, respectively. The dy-namic changes of the populations of bacteria, fungi and actinomycetes at the rhizo-sphere of cotton intercropped with red date were investigated. [Result] Microbial populations significantly increased at nitrogen fertilizer of 300 and 450 kg/hm2 during bud, flowering and bol opening periods. The numbers of bacteria and actinomycetes were higher during flowering and bol opening stages than at bud stage. The num-ber of fungi slightly changed during the entire growth period. Appropriate amount of nitrogen fertilizer （300 to 600 kg/hm2） was favorable to the survival of the microor-ganisms in the soil under the intercropping system. [Conclusion] The study provides a guideline for screening and determining the optimum amount of applied nitrogen fertilizer.展开更多
[Objective] Study on the genetic diversity in wild populations of Poacynum hendersonii.[Method] Random amplified polymorphic DNA(RAPD)technique was employed to analyze the genetic diversity in five wild populations of...[Objective] Study on the genetic diversity in wild populations of Poacynum hendersonii.[Method] Random amplified polymorphic DNA(RAPD)technique was employed to analyze the genetic diversity in five wild populations of P.hendersonii sampled from Xinjiang,Gansu and Qinghai provinces.[Result] Totally 165 clear and repeatable bands were generated in RAPD reaction by using 20 primers screened from 80 primers,of which 110 were polymorphic,accounting for 66.67%.At species level,Nei's gene diversity index(H),Shannon's information index(I)and genetic differentiation coefficient(Gst)were 0.220 5,0.304 7 and 0.908 2,respectively.P.hendersonii germplasm resources share a high level of genetic diversity,and genetic differentiation mainly exists among the populations.Results from genetic distances and cluster analysis showed that relationships among P.hendersonii populations were to some extent related with their geographical and climatic characters.[Conclusion] This study suggests that the conservation of P.hendersonii should focus on the protection of many populations,particularly the Qinghai population.展开更多
To assess the genetic diversity between randomly and selectively bred populations,we sequenced 438 bp of the mitochondrial DNA control region from 102 pigs.These samples represented four native pig breeds,one nucleus ...To assess the genetic diversity between randomly and selectively bred populations,we sequenced 438 bp of the mitochondrial DNA control region from 102 pigs.These samples represented four native pig breeds,one nucleus and one conservation herd from Yunnan,China.Twenty haplotypes with sixteen polymorphic sites were identified.The number of haplotypes in the nucleus herd of Saba pig and the conservation herd of Banna miniature pig were restricted to three and one,respectively,while the randomly bred pig populations exhibited over six haplotypes.Notably,haplotype diversity in randomly bred populations was significantly greater than the selectively bred populations（h=0.732 vs.0.425 and 0,exact test,P≤0.0036）.These findings demonstrate that selective breeding generated low genetic diversity compared to randomly bred pig breeds.A timely intervention and well programmed breeding approach would stop further genetic diversity reduction in the nucleus and conservation herds of native pig breeds.Otherwise,selective breeding would dramatically reduce genetic diversity in only several years,indicating that sharp contradictions exist between breeding,conservation and genetic diversity.Genetic relationships are discussed based on net genetic distances among pig populations.展开更多
Starch gel electrophoresis was used to analyze genetic structure of three populations of Oxya chinensis from Shanxi Province,China.Four allozyme polymorphic loci (MDH-1,MDH-2,LDH,ME) were found.The data suggest that t...Starch gel electrophoresis was used to analyze genetic structure of three populations of Oxya chinensis from Shanxi Province,China.Four allozyme polymorphic loci (MDH-1,MDH-2,LDH,ME) were found.The data suggest that two populations of O.chinensis about 41 kilometers apart are genetically similar,but differentiated from the third population with a geographic distance of 357 kilometers.However,the heterozygosity levels of those two genetically similar populations were much different.The Nei's genetic distance between two geographically close populations is 0.068,which is much smaller than those of geographically distant populations (0.23 in average).The observed overlap of geographical distance and genetic distance implies that for O.chinensis population divergence may correlate with geographic isolation.展开更多
Using microsatellite markers, we analysed genetic polymorphism in four populations of Eriocheir sinensis, sampled from Jiangsu, Anhui, Liaoning and Tianjin. Twenty-four pairs of primers were used to amplify the target...Using microsatellite markers, we analysed genetic polymorphism in four populations of Eriocheir sinensis, sampled from Jiangsu, Anhui, Liaoning and Tianjin. Twenty-four pairs of primers were used to amplify the target fragments ranging from 80 bp to 445 bp, which included 16 pairs designed in our laboratory and eight pairs published internationally. Two to 10 alleles per locus in four populations were amplified, and there were 155 alleles in all populations. The average number of alleles per locus was 6.458. The average number of effective alleles per locus （Ne） was 4.349l to 4.7234; the average observed heterozygosity （Ho） was 0.5690 to 0.6722; and the average expected heterozygosity （He） was 0.7238 to 0.7546. Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium analysis （Z2 test, P 〈 0.05） revealed that seven loci in the four populations were in equilibrium. The genetic distances between the four populations were calculated and revealed that the Anhui, Jiangsu and Tianjin crabs belong to a Yangtse River population, while the Liaohe crabs form another branch.展开更多
DNA sequences from the mitochondrial gene cytochrome oxidase subunit I （mtDNA CO I） were used to estimate the genetic variability in two wild populations and two cultured populations of the hard shelled mussel, Myti...DNA sequences from the mitochondrial gene cytochrome oxidase subunit I （mtDNA CO I） were used to estimate the genetic variability in two wild populations and two cultured populations of the hard shelled mussel, Mytilus coruscus. Thirty haplotypes were identified in the four populations. The cultured populations exhibited a lower number of haplotypes and genetic diversity than those of the wild populations, suggesting that a small number of effective founding breeders contributed to the genetic variation of the cultured populations. No significant differentiation was observed between the cultured population and local wild population, implying that persistent gene flow occurred in these populations. This genetic survey is intended as a baseline for future genetic monitoring of M. coruseus aquaculture stocks.展开更多
QTL Ici Mapping is freely available public software capable of building high-density linkage maps and mapping quantitative trait loci(QTL) in biparental populations. Eight functionalities are integrated in this softwa...QTL Ici Mapping is freely available public software capable of building high-density linkage maps and mapping quantitative trait loci(QTL) in biparental populations. Eight functionalities are integrated in this software package:(1) BIN: binning of redundant markers;(2) MAP: construction of linkage maps in biparental populations;(3) CMP: consensus map construction from multiple linkage maps sharing common markers;(4) SDL: mapping of segregation distortion loci;(5) BIP: mapping of additive, dominant, and digenic epistasis genes;(6) MET: QTL-by-environment interaction analysis;(7) CSL: mapping of additive and digenic epistasis genes with chromosome segment substitution lines; and(8) NAM: QTL mapping in NAM populations. Input files can be arranged in plain text, MS Excel 2003, or MS Excel 2007 formats. Output files have the same prefix name as the input but with different extensions. As examples, there are two output files in BIN, one for summarizing the identified bin groups and deleted markers in each bin, and the other for using the MAP functionality. Eight output files are generated by MAP, including summary of the completed linkage maps, Mendelian ratio test of individual markers, estimates of recombination frequencies, LOD scores, and genetic distances, and the input files for using the BIP, SDL,and MET functionalities. More than 30 output files are generated by BIP, including results at all scanning positions, identified QTL, permutation tests, and detection powers for up to six mapping methods. Three supplementary tools have also been developed to display completed genetic linkage maps, to estimate recombination frequency between two loci,and to perform analysis of variance for multi-environmental trials.展开更多
文摘BACKGROUND Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography(ERCP)is an essential diagnostic and therapeutic procedure for pancreatobiliary disorders.However,few large-scale studies from South Asia have examined long-term ERCP outcomes,particularly using established quality benchmarks.AIM To evaluate ERCP indications,success rates,complications,and quality performance at a high-volume tertiary care center in Pakistan over a 17-year period.METHODS This retrospective study analyzed 13215 ERCP procedures performed between 2006 and 2023.Data included demographics,indications,cannulation rates,complications,and pediatric cases.Findings were assessed against American Society of Gastroenterology/European Society of Gastrointestinal Endoscopy quality indicators.RESULTS Biliary ERCP accounted for 93.1%of procedures;choledocholithiasis was the most common indication(40%).Cannulation success was 93.9%for biliary and 94.2%for pancreatic ERCP.Pediatric ERCP comprised 4%of cases,mostly for stones and chronic pancreatitis.Bleeding(1.7%)and post-ERCP pancreatitis(2.3%)were the most frequent complications.Performance met or exceeded most American Society of Benchmarks.CONCLUSION This study offers insight into nearly two decades of ERCP practice within a public sector hospital.Our experience echoes the quality and efficiency of ERCP not previously available in Pakistan.As healthcare systems in resourcelimited sectors expand,our findings serve as a reference point.Continued training and quality improvement studies can further enhance ERCP effectiveness in the region and beyond.
文摘Cancer screening is a strategy focused on highrisk populations rather than universal populationwide screening, based on a comprehensive evaluation of epidemiological principles and practical feasibility. The effectiveness of screening depends on factors such as disease prevalence, as well as the sensitivity and specificity of the screening technology employed.
基金funded by Bangladesh Academy of Sciences(BAS),and Fund ID:BAS-USDA SAU CR02.
文摘Indian mustard is recognized as a resilient and economically important oilseed crop.However,its potential remains untapped due to the limited availability of short-duration,high-yielding varieties capable of out-competing other rabi crops.Considering this notion,we have evaluated twenty-one F_(2) and six BC1F1 populations derived from seven diversified parents of Brassica juncea following a Randomized Complete Block Design at Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University.Based on key agronomic traits,the genetic components,heterosis,inbreeding depression,and gene action were studied to select early maturing and high-yielding populations.The percentage of heterosis was manifested in various cross-combinations,including P4×P6(91.45%for yield per plant)and P5×P6(28.52%for thousand seed weight),emerging as promising candidates for increasing productivity while managing negative inbreeding effects.Conversely,significant inbreeding depression was noted in traits like days to siliquae maturity and yield,particularly in crosses,P1×P2(6.29%)and P3×P5(21.74%),underscoring the need for careful selection in breeding programs to mitigate these effects.Variance analysis indicated that both additive and non-additive genetic interactions play a pivotal role in the inheritance patterns of the traits of interest.Among the six backcrosses,one promising line was(P5×P6)×P5,demonstrating early maturity(107.00 DAS)with improved seed yield(12.47 g).This combination exhibited the potential for enhancing the adaptability and productivity by maintaining the maturity index and accelerating yield.Furthermore,significant phenotypic variation across yield-contributing traits was notable,whereas thousand seed weight and yield per plant showed high broad-sense and narrow-sense of heritability.Besides,positive correlations between seed yield and its attributing traits were noted,suggesting potential avenues for selection breeding.Collectively,the ob-tained findings enhance the understanding of genetic mechanisms underlying heterosis and inbreeding depres-sion in B.juncea,providing insights and effective strategies for developing superior cultivars with optimized agronomic traits.
基金supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 82370215).
文摘Allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation(allo-HCT) remains a cornerstone therapy for severe hematologic malignancies, offering a potential cure when conventional therapies are ineffective. However, not all patients are suitable recipients of allo-HCT, particularly the elderly patients and those with high comorbidity burdens.Furthermore, patients who develop relapse or graft failure after initial transplantation encounter additional challenges when evaluated for a second transplant.
基金Supported by 2024 Central Financial Comprehensive Protection Project for Abies chensiensis(610000242000000026647)2024 Provincial Forestry and Grassland Reform and Development Fund for the National Key Wild Plant Protection Project(610000242000000028574)2024 Biodiversity Conservation Project(610000242000000024911).
文摘The implementation of the ecological protection red line serves as a crucial protective barrier for the conservation of wild plants with extremely small populations by delineating specific geographical areas designated for their conservation.The implementation of a comprehensive set of conservation measures aimed at establishing a biodiversity conservation network for wild plants with extremely small populations has laid the foundation for the health and stability of ecosystems,as well as the harmonious coexistence of humans and the natural environment.Research on the conservation of wild plants with extremely small populations serves as a critical foundation for informing and enhancing the effective conservation of such populations.This paper provides a systematic examination of the theoretical and practical conservation status of certain wild plants with extremely small populations and discusses the conservation trends of these populations within the framework of ecological protection red line delineation.In the future,strategies for the conservation of wild plants with extremely small populations should be integrated with an analysis of the causes of endangerment.This approach will provide a robust foundation for applied research focused on the conservation of these vulnerable plant populations.
基金supported by the Second Tibetan Plateau Scientific Expedition and Research Program (STEP,2019QZKK0402)Science and Technology Plan Project of Xizang Autonomous Region to Y.Q. (XZ202201ZY0030G)National Natural Science Foundation of China (32201424 to Z.Y.L.and 31872233 to Y.Q.)。
文摘Assessing the threat status of species in response to global change is critical for biodiversity monitoring and conservation efforts.However,current frameworks,even the IUCN Red List,often neglect critical factors such as genetic diversity and the impacts of climate and land-use changes,hindering effective conservation planning.To address these limitations,we developed an enhanced extinction risk assessment framework using Diploderma lizards as a model.This framework incorporates long-term field surveys,environmental data,and land-use information to predict distributional changes for 10 recently described Diploderma species on the Qinghai-Xizang Plateau,which hold ecological significance but remain underassessed in conservation assessment.By integrating the distribution data and genetically inferred effective population sizes(Ne),we conducted scenario analyses and used a rank-sum approach to calculate Risk ranking scores(RRS)for each species.This approach revealed significant discrepancies with the IUCN Red List assessments.Notably,D.yangi and D.qilin were identified as facing the highest extinction risk.Furthermore,D.vela,D.batangense,D.flaviceps,D.dymondi,D.yulongense,and D.laeviventre,currently classified as“Least Concern”,were found to warrant reclassification as“Vulnerable”due to considerable threat from projected range contractions.Exploring the relationship between morphology and RRS revealed that traits such as snout-vent length and relative tail length could serve as potential predictors of extinction risk,offering preliminary metrics for assessing species vulnerability when comprehensive data are unavailable.This study enhances the precision of extinction risk assessment frameworks and demonstrates their capacity to refine and update risk assessments,especially for lesser-known taxa.
文摘Genetic diversity and population genetic structure in 188 individuals from five natural populations of Castampsis fargesii Franch. were studied by RAPD markers. Three hundred and eighty-five loci were identified with 41 oligonucleotide primers, out of which 157 loci were polymorphic and accounted for 40.78% of total genetic diversity at species level. Shannon's indices of diversity (I) and Nei's gene diversity ( h) were 0.459 7 and 0.296 at the species level, respectively. The result showed that genetic variation of C. fargesii populations mainly existed within populations. Genetic differentiation (Hsp-hpop)/Hsp estimated with Shannon's index of diversity and coefficient of gene differentiation (Gst) were 0.047 6 and 0.042 9 respectively, which were confirmed by the analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA). Therefore, it is apparent that within-population variation accounted for 94.97% and among-populations variation accounted for only 5.03% of the total genetic diversity. AMOVA also indicated that there was significant differentiation among populations as well as among individuals within a population.
基金This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 39560035).
文摘To reveal the genetic structures and relationships of the four ethnic populations from the maternal inheritance and explore the origins and migrations of nationalities, the genetic polymorphism of mtDNA in Dong, Gelao, Tujia, and Yi populations from Guizhou was studied by direct sequencing of hypervariable segment Ⅰ （HVS Ⅰ ） and PCR-RFLP of coding region. Thirty-seven （sub-） haplogroups were identified in the classification tree of mtDNA haplogroups. Haplogroup distributions and principal component （PC） analysis showed that the Dong has high frequencies of south-prevalent haplogroups, which indicates that it is a typically southern population. The Yi harbors high frequencies of the south-prevalent and northern-prevalent haplogroups, which demonstrates that it inherits the maternal characteristics from both southern and northern populations. The Yi and Gelao cluster together, the reason for which might be that their ancestries frequently underwent gene exchanges and mixtures.
文摘Metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease is the most prevalent chronic liver condition,affecting over one-third of the global population,with cirrhosis present in up to 3.3%of cases.Early detection of advanced liver disease in at-risk populations can enable timely intervention,prevent progression,and reduce complications.This review focuses on the current recommendations for early detection of advanced liver disease,evaluates the evidence for the performance of non-invasive tests in the target population for screening,and examines the multifaceted burden of screening,including economic implications and psychological impacts.Additionally,we discuss future directions,such as integrating liver health into a multidisciplinary care framework.Current guidelines recommend case-finding,targeting individuals with type 2 diabetes,metabolically complicated obesity,or persistent elevated liver enzymes.The Fibrosis-4 index is widely endorsed as a first-line non-invasive test,yet the diagnostic performance in primary care settings seems suboptimal,particularly for pre-cirrhotic disease.Sequential strategies incorporating novel non-invasive tests may improve accuracy and cost-effectiveness.Confirmation typically involves vibration-controlled transient elastography.Key challenges include a large eligible population,uncertainties in optimal screening intervals,patient adherence to follow-up,and limited real-world cost-effectiveness data.Integrating liver health assessment into cardiometabolic care pathways,reflex testing,telehealth,and patient education may enhance uptake.While challenges remain,early detection of advanced liver disease is already likely cost-effective.Ongoing advances in screening pathways and treatment options are expected to further strengthen the case for widespread implementation.
文摘BACKGROUND Depressive symptoms differ from clinical depression.However,the relationship between depressive symptom trajectories and stroke risk across diverse geographic regions remains unclear.AIM To address the gap in the existing understanding of the relationship between depressive symptom trajectories and stroke risk,the current study utilized three representative cohorts.METHODS In this study,we used three representative cohorts from Asia,Europe,and the Americas:China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study(CHARLS),English Longitudinal Study of Ageing(ELSA),and Health and Retirement Study(HRS).Depressive symptoms were assessed using the 8-item Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression scale and categorized into somatic and cognitive-affective subtypes.The trajectories of depressive symptoms were monitored over four surveys starting from baseline and classified into five distinct states:persistently low,decreasing,fluctuating,increasing,and consistently high.Selfreported physician diagnoses were used to evaluate the subsequent stroke events.Hazard ratios(HRs)and 95%confidence intervals(95%CIs)were computed using Cox proportional-risk models adjusted for potential confounding factors.RESULTS A total of 7990 participants from CHARLS(females:52.3%,mean age:63.4 years),5642 participants from ELSA(females:56.2%,mean age:63.7 years),and 12260 participants from HRS(females:61.4%,mean age:64.7 years)participated in this study.The median follow-up periods were 5 years for CHARLS,8 years for ELSA,and 10 years for HRS.In comparison with the persistently low trajectory,consistently high and fluctuating trajectories of total depressive symptoms increased the risk of stroke in all three cohorts(CHARLS:HR=1.80,95% CI:1.36-2.38;ELSA:HR=1.50,95% CI:1.02-2.21;HRS:HR=1.45,95% CI:1.29-1.62 for consistently high;CHARLS:HR=1.47,95% CI:1.14-1.90;ELSA:HR=1.44,95% CI:1.17-1.77;HRS:HR=1.26,95% CI:1.13-1.41 for fluctuating).Increasing trajectories enhanced the risk in the European cohort(ELSA:HR=1.71,95% CI:1.06-2.74),while decreasing trajectories did not increase stroke risk in any cohort.For somatic depressive symptoms,consistently high and fluctuating trajectories increased the risk of stroke across all cohorts(CHARLS:HR=2.16,95% CI:1.67-2.79;ELSA:HR=1.94,95% CI:1.34-2.81;HRS:HR=1.79,95% CI:1.49-2.15 for consistently high;CHARLS:HR=1.35,95% CI:1.20-1.62;ELSA:HR=1.56,95% CI:1.27-1.92;HRS:HR=1.33,95% CI:1.20-1.46 for fluctuating).Increasing trajectories only increased the risk in the European cohort(ELSA:HR=1.95,95% CI:1.11-3.43),while decreasing trajectories did not increase stroke risk in the European and American cohorts.For cognitive-affective depressive symptoms,consistently high and fluctuating trajectories increased the risk in the Asian and European cohorts(CHARLS:HR=2.06,95% CI:1.52-2.81;ELSA:HR=1.25,95% CI:1.02-1.54 for consistently high;CHARLS:HR=1.63,95% CI:1.23-2.16;ELSA:HR=1.58,95% CI:1.11-2.24 for fluctuating).Increasing trajectories increased the risk only in the American cohort(HRS:HR=14.67,95% CI:1.87-114.91).CONCLUSION Consistently high and fluctuating trajectories of total and somatic depressive symptoms were associated with an increased risk for stroke across all populations.Consistently high,fluctuating,and increasing trajectories of cognitive-affective symptoms pose a risk for certain populations.These findings highlight the importance of targeted interventions for managing depressive symptoms as potential strategies for stroke prevention,particularly in regions where specific symptom trajectories are prevalent.
基金The National Key Research and Development Program of China under contract No.2023YFD2401903.
文摘The correct understanding of fish population structure plays a positive role in their fishery management.The dotted gizzard shad,Konosirus punctatus,is widely distributed in the coastal waters of the northwestern Pacific.With the over-exploitation of economically important fishes,its importance is increasingly prominent.To further examine the population genetic structure of K.punctatus across the northwestern Pacific,the amplified fragment length polymorphism(AFLP)and the inter-simple sequence repeats(ISSRs)were employed to perform genetic variation analysis.The results showed that the combination of polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and silver staining can effectively detect genetic variation for K.punctatus populations.The average proportions of polymorphic loci were 46.26%and 87.13%for AFLP and ISSR markers,respectively,and the genetic diversity parameters showed no obvious differences among populations.Both analysis molecular variance(AMOVA)and pairwise F_(st)suggested that there was significant genetic differentiation between Chinese and Japanese populations.All samples also clustered into two clades based on the unweighted pair-group method analysis(UPGMA)tree by two markers,which indicated significant genetic differentiation among populations.Consistent with the previous studies,there are two highly differentiated groups at the nuclear gene level and they were suggested to be treated as two separate genetic management units.The results of the present study could provide the genetic management strategy for this important economic species.
基金supported by the Second Tibetan Plateau Scientific Expedition and Research(STEP)Program(2019QZKK05010900 and 2019QZKK05010405)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(32100339 and 32200350)+3 种基金Yunnan Revitalization Talent Support Program Top team(202405AS350022)supported by the Youth Innovation Promotion Association,Chinese Academy of Sciencessupported by Yunnan Fundamental Research Projects(202201AU070208)supported by Yunnan Revitalization Talent Support Program Yunling Scholar Project(XML)。
文摘Understanding how species diverge and adapt is fundamental to unraveling biodiversity.While environmental impacts on species evolution are well-documented,the roles of intrinsic life-history traits remain underexplored.The Qinghai-Xizang Plateau,with its harsh conditions and unique biodiversity,offers a natural laboratory for such investigations.Here,we examine two sympatric small mammals—the solitary,low-dispersal plateau zokor(Eospalax baileyi)and the social,high-dispersal plateau pika(Ochotona curzoniae)—to elucidate how life-history traits shape population structures and adaptive strategies.Through whole-genome sequencing and cardiac-blood phenotype analyses,we reveal striking differences in their evolutionary trajectories.Despite enduring similar environmental pressures,plateau zokor populations exhibit pronounced genetic subdivisions,high inbreeding,and distinct local adaptations.In contrast,plateau pika populations display genetic panmixia,widespread diversity,and adaptive uniformity.Demographic inference highlights that plateau zokors experienced severe population bottlenecks and restricted gene flow during glacial periods,underscoring the impact of dispersal capacity on evolutionary outcomes.Our findings demonstrate that intrinsic biological traits,particularly dispersal ability,fundamentally influence genetic architecture,population connectivity,and local adaptation.This study not only provides empirical evidence of how life-history traits shape evolutionary dynamics but also offers a framework for integrating intrinsic and extrinsic factors in understanding biodiversity formation.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (32170440 and 31772437)the West Light Foundation of the Chinese Academy of Sciencesthe Yunnan Applied Basic Research Project (202401AS070078)
文摘Prevailing concerns on mountainous biodiversity are concentrated on the impacts of climate change at higher elevations. However, the lower elevations are facing additional human disturbance and are expected to suffer from higher extinction risk but have attracted less conservation attention. Here, we employed population genomics to compare extinction risk two common songbirds—the Vinous-throated Parrotbill (Sinosuthora webbiana) and the Rufous-capped Babbler (Cyanoderma ruficeps)—at lower and higher elevations on the Taiwan island. As the result, we observed decreased genetic diversity and increased genetic load and thus elevated extinction risk in the low-elevation populations of both birds in the eastern slope of the Central Mountains on the Taiwan island. In contrast, genetic-load patterns of both birds in the western slope might be confused by substantial gene flow across lower and higher elevations. These results, on the one hand, call for conservation efforts to lower elevations in mountains and, on the other hand, highlight the importance of population connection in maintaining population viability under impending global change.
基金Supported by Special Fund for Agro-scientific Research in the Public Interest(201003043-07)Scientific Research Program of Higher Education Institutions ofXinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region(XJEDU2012S14)+1 种基金National UndergraduateInnovative Training Project(201210758002)Fund for the Excellent Youth Scholars ofXinjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences(xjnky-2012-009)~~
文摘[Objective]This study aimed to determine the number of microorganisms of cotton rhizosphere in a soil at various amounts of applied nitrogen fertilizer in a red date-cotton intercropping system. [Method] In the field experiment, nitrogen fer-tilizer was applied at 0, 150, 300, 450, 600, and 750 kg/hm2, respectively. The dy-namic changes of the populations of bacteria, fungi and actinomycetes at the rhizo-sphere of cotton intercropped with red date were investigated. [Result] Microbial populations significantly increased at nitrogen fertilizer of 300 and 450 kg/hm2 during bud, flowering and bol opening periods. The numbers of bacteria and actinomycetes were higher during flowering and bol opening stages than at bud stage. The num-ber of fungi slightly changed during the entire growth period. Appropriate amount of nitrogen fertilizer （300 to 600 kg/hm2） was favorable to the survival of the microor-ganisms in the soil under the intercropping system. [Conclusion] The study provides a guideline for screening and determining the optimum amount of applied nitrogen fertilizer.
基金Supported by National Science and Technology Research Item in "9th Five Year Plan"(2004BA502B10)Jiangsu Provincial Hi-tech Industriali-zation Development Project(BG2006318)~~
文摘[Objective] Study on the genetic diversity in wild populations of Poacynum hendersonii.[Method] Random amplified polymorphic DNA(RAPD)technique was employed to analyze the genetic diversity in five wild populations of P.hendersonii sampled from Xinjiang,Gansu and Qinghai provinces.[Result] Totally 165 clear and repeatable bands were generated in RAPD reaction by using 20 primers screened from 80 primers,of which 110 were polymorphic,accounting for 66.67%.At species level,Nei's gene diversity index(H),Shannon's information index(I)and genetic differentiation coefficient(Gst)were 0.220 5,0.304 7 and 0.908 2,respectively.P.hendersonii germplasm resources share a high level of genetic diversity,and genetic differentiation mainly exists among the populations.Results from genetic distances and cluster analysis showed that relationships among P.hendersonii populations were to some extent related with their geographical and climatic characters.[Conclusion] This study suggests that the conservation of P.hendersonii should focus on the protection of many populations,particularly the Qinghai population.
基金supported by research grants of the National Basic Research Program of China (2007CB815700 2006CB102100)Bureau of Science and Technology of Yunnan Province, and Natural Science Foundation of China (30621092)
文摘To assess the genetic diversity between randomly and selectively bred populations,we sequenced 438 bp of the mitochondrial DNA control region from 102 pigs.These samples represented four native pig breeds,one nucleus and one conservation herd from Yunnan,China.Twenty haplotypes with sixteen polymorphic sites were identified.The number of haplotypes in the nucleus herd of Saba pig and the conservation herd of Banna miniature pig were restricted to three and one,respectively,while the randomly bred pig populations exhibited over six haplotypes.Notably,haplotype diversity in randomly bred populations was significantly greater than the selectively bred populations（h=0.732 vs.0.425 and 0,exact test,P≤0.0036）.These findings demonstrate that selective breeding generated low genetic diversity compared to randomly bred pig breeds.A timely intervention and well programmed breeding approach would stop further genetic diversity reduction in the nucleus and conservation herds of native pig breeds.Otherwise,selective breeding would dramatically reduce genetic diversity in only several years,indicating that sharp contradictions exist between breeding,conservation and genetic diversity.Genetic relationships are discussed based on net genetic distances among pig populations.
文摘Starch gel electrophoresis was used to analyze genetic structure of three populations of Oxya chinensis from Shanxi Province,China.Four allozyme polymorphic loci (MDH-1,MDH-2,LDH,ME) were found.The data suggest that two populations of O.chinensis about 41 kilometers apart are genetically similar,but differentiated from the third population with a geographic distance of 357 kilometers.However,the heterozygosity levels of those two genetically similar populations were much different.The Nei's genetic distance between two geographically close populations is 0.068,which is much smaller than those of geographically distant populations (0.23 in average).The observed overlap of geographical distance and genetic distance implies that for O.chinensis population divergence may correlate with geographic isolation.
文摘Using microsatellite markers, we analysed genetic polymorphism in four populations of Eriocheir sinensis, sampled from Jiangsu, Anhui, Liaoning and Tianjin. Twenty-four pairs of primers were used to amplify the target fragments ranging from 80 bp to 445 bp, which included 16 pairs designed in our laboratory and eight pairs published internationally. Two to 10 alleles per locus in four populations were amplified, and there were 155 alleles in all populations. The average number of alleles per locus was 6.458. The average number of effective alleles per locus （Ne） was 4.349l to 4.7234; the average observed heterozygosity （Ho） was 0.5690 to 0.6722; and the average expected heterozygosity （He） was 0.7238 to 0.7546. Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium analysis （Z2 test, P 〈 0.05） revealed that seven loci in the four populations were in equilibrium. The genetic distances between the four populations were calculated and revealed that the Anhui, Jiangsu and Tianjin crabs belong to a Yangtse River population, while the Liaohe crabs form another branch.
基金Supported by grants from the National High Technology Research and Development Program (2006AA10A410)Shanghai Leading Academic Discipline Project (Y1101)Shanghai Research Fund for the Excellent Youth Scholar (B81010615)
文摘DNA sequences from the mitochondrial gene cytochrome oxidase subunit I （mtDNA CO I） were used to estimate the genetic variability in two wild populations and two cultured populations of the hard shelled mussel, Mytilus coruscus. Thirty haplotypes were identified in the four populations. The cultured populations exhibited a lower number of haplotypes and genetic diversity than those of the wild populations, suggesting that a small number of effective founding breeders contributed to the genetic variation of the cultured populations. No significant differentiation was observed between the cultured population and local wild population, implying that persistent gene flow occurred in these populations. This genetic survey is intended as a baseline for future genetic monitoring of M. coruseus aquaculture stocks.
基金supported by the Natural Science Foundation of China (31271798)the Generation Challenge Program (GCP)HarvestP lus Challenge Program of CGIAR
文摘QTL Ici Mapping is freely available public software capable of building high-density linkage maps and mapping quantitative trait loci(QTL) in biparental populations. Eight functionalities are integrated in this software package:(1) BIN: binning of redundant markers;(2) MAP: construction of linkage maps in biparental populations;(3) CMP: consensus map construction from multiple linkage maps sharing common markers;(4) SDL: mapping of segregation distortion loci;(5) BIP: mapping of additive, dominant, and digenic epistasis genes;(6) MET: QTL-by-environment interaction analysis;(7) CSL: mapping of additive and digenic epistasis genes with chromosome segment substitution lines; and(8) NAM: QTL mapping in NAM populations. Input files can be arranged in plain text, MS Excel 2003, or MS Excel 2007 formats. Output files have the same prefix name as the input but with different extensions. As examples, there are two output files in BIN, one for summarizing the identified bin groups and deleted markers in each bin, and the other for using the MAP functionality. Eight output files are generated by MAP, including summary of the completed linkage maps, Mendelian ratio test of individual markers, estimates of recombination frequencies, LOD scores, and genetic distances, and the input files for using the BIP, SDL,and MET functionalities. More than 30 output files are generated by BIP, including results at all scanning positions, identified QTL, permutation tests, and detection powers for up to six mapping methods. Three supplementary tools have also been developed to display completed genetic linkage maps, to estimate recombination frequency between two loci,and to perform analysis of variance for multi-environmental trials.
