Reclaimed water for irrigation or hydroponic cultivation provides exposure pathways for per-and polyfluoroalkyl substances(PFAS)to enter the human food chain.This study employed hydroponic methods to investigate the b...Reclaimed water for irrigation or hydroponic cultivation provides exposure pathways for per-and polyfluoroalkyl substances(PFAS)to enter the human food chain.This study employed hydroponic methods to investigate the behavior of legacy PFAS and emerging chlorinated polyfluoroalkyl ether sulfonic acids(Cl-PFESAs)in lettuce grown under environment-related exposure levels and assessed the human exposure risks from consuming contaminated lettuce.Overall,PFAS in lettuce were concentration-dependent,with long-chain PFAS tending to accumulate in roots and short-chain PFAS accumulating more in shoots.The enrichment of PFAS in lettuce was jointly influenced by their chain length and polar functional groups.Specifically,the root concentration factors(RCFs)of PFAS generally increased with increasing chain length,and RCF values of most perfluoroalkanesulfonic acids(PFSAs)were significantly higher than those of perfluoroalkyl carboxylic acids(PFCAs)with the same chain length(p<0.01),while the translocation factors(TFs)exhibited opposite trends.RCF values of perfluorooctane sulfonate(PFOS)and its alternatives,Cl-PFESAs,were ranked as follows:8:2 Cl-PFESA(mean:139)>6:2 Cl-PFESA(28.6)>PFOS(25.7),which was attributed to the increased molecular size and hydrophobicity resulting from the insertion of ether bonds and additional CF2 in 8:2 Cl-PFESA.Notably,TF value of 8:2 Cl-PFESA(mean:0.007)was the smallest among all PFAS,indicating 8:2 Cl-PFESA was difficult to transfer to nutritional compartments.Adults and children would exceed the most conservative health-based reference dose(RfD)by consuming approximately 15.9–148 g and 7.92–74.0 g of contaminated lettuce per day,implying high health risks.展开更多
Perfluoroalkyl and polyfluoroalkyl substances(PFASs)pollution with their toxicity,carcinogenicity,and persistence has been concerned worldwide.Research into novel materials for detecting and removing PFASs has increas...Perfluoroalkyl and polyfluoroalkyl substances(PFASs)pollution with their toxicity,carcinogenicity,and persistence has been concerned worldwide.Research into novel materials for detecting and removing PFASs has increased rapidly,particularly in regard to the emergence of well-characterized single-atom materials(SAMs).Owing to the high selectivity,high atom utilization,and abundant active sites of SAMs,these materials exhibit remarkable efficacy in the detection and removal of PFASs.In this work,recent advances in the synthesis of SAMs for the detection and removal PFASs are reviewed.In-depth discussions of the structure-activity relationship and reaction mechanisms have demonstrated the high efficiency,activity,and selectivity of SAMs for the detection,adsorption,and degradation of PFASs.To optimize the application of SAMs in PFASs remediation,this review comprehensively surveys SAMs applications for PFASs and analyzes potential design strategies based on synthesis methods and corresponding properties.Synthesis strategies such as wet-chemistry,which offer ease of operation and high potential for large-scale production,are recommended for the further exploration of specific SAMs for the detection and removal of PFASs.Finally,this review identifies the challenges and opportunities for development of SAMs for the detection and remediation of PFASs,providing an outlook on strategic goals for a green economy and sustainable development.展开更多
Objective To investigate the associations between eight serum per-and polyfluoroalkyl substances(PFASs)and regional fat depots,we analyzed the data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey(NHANES)2011...Objective To investigate the associations between eight serum per-and polyfluoroalkyl substances(PFASs)and regional fat depots,we analyzed the data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey(NHANES)2011-2018 cycles.Methods Multiple linear regression models were developed to explore the associations between serum PFAS concentrations and six fat compositions along with a fat distribution score created by summing the concentrations of the six fat compositions.The associations between structurally grouped PFASs and fat distribution were assessed,and a prediction model was developed to estimate the ability of PFAS exposure to predict obesity risk.Results Among females aged 39-59 years,trunk fat mass was positively associated with perfluorooctane sulfonate(PFOS).Higher concentrations of PFOS,perfluorohexane sulfonate(PFHxS),perfluorodecanoate(PFDeA),perfluorononanoate(PFNA),and n-perfluorooctanoate(n-PFOA)were linked to greater visceral adipose tissue in this group.In men,exposure to total perfluoroalkane sulfonates(PFSAs)and long-chain PFSAs was associated with reductions in abdominal fat,while higher abdominal fat in women aged 39-59 years was associated with short-chain PFSAs.The prediction model demonstrated high accuracy,with an area under the curve(AUC)of 0.9925 for predicting obesity risk.Conclusion PFAS exposure is associated with regional fat distribution,with varying effects based on age,sex,and PFAS structure.The findings highlight the potential role of PFAS exposure in influencing fat depots and obesity risk,with significant implications for public health.The prediction model provides a highly accurate tool for assessing obesity risk related to PFAS exposure.展开更多
Per-and polyfluoroalkyl substances(PFASs)can induce a range of adverse health effects,with the precise molecularmechanisms remaining elusive.Extracellular vesicles(EVs)have demonstrated their potential to elucidate un...Per-and polyfluoroalkyl substances(PFASs)can induce a range of adverse health effects,with the precise molecularmechanisms remaining elusive.Extracellular vesicles(EVs)have demonstrated their potential to elucidate unknown molecular mechanisms.Building upon the close alignment of their biological functions with the observed health effects of PFASs,this study innovatively focuses on proteomic insights from EVs into the molecular mechanisms underlying the systemic health effects of PFASs.Through rat exposure experiments and proteomics technology,it not only demonstrated the occurrence of PFASs in EVs but also revealed the alterations in the serum EVs and the expression of their protein cargos following mixed exposure to PFASs,leading to changes in related pathways.These changes encompass various biological processes,including proteasome activity,immune response,cytoskeletal organization,oxidative stress,cell signaling,and nervous system function.Particularly noteworthy is the uncovering of the activation of the proteasome pathway,highlighting significant key contributing proteins.These novel findings provide a new perspective for exploring the molecularmechanism underlying the systemic health effects of PFASs and offer reliable screening for potential biomarkers.Additionally,comparisons with serum confirmed the potential of serum EVs as biological responders and measurable endpoints for evaluating PFASs-induced toxicity.展开更多
Although per-and polyfluoroalkyl substances(PFAS)have been frequently linked to cardiovascular and renal disease separately,evidence remains scarce regarding their systematic effect.Therefore,we recruited 546 newly di...Although per-and polyfluoroalkyl substances(PFAS)have been frequently linked to cardiovascular and renal disease separately,evidence remains scarce regarding their systematic effect.Therefore,we recruited 546 newly diagnosed acute coronary syndrome(ACS)patients and detected seven myocardial enzymes and six kidney function biomarkers.Twelve PFASwere also assessedwith ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry.Generalized linear model and restricted cubic spline model were applied to single pollutant analysis.Quantile g-computation was used for mixture analysis.Network model was utilized to identify central and bridge nodes of pollutants and phenotypes.In the present study,perfluorohexane sulfonic acid was positively associated with uric acid(UA)(β=0.04,95%confidence interval(CI):0.01,0.07),and perfluorobutanoic acid was negatively associated with estimated glomerular filtration rate(β=-0.04,95%CI:-0.07,-0.01)but positively associated with UA(β=0.03,95%CI:0.01,0.06).In mixture analysis,each quantile increase in the PFAS mixture was significantly associated with UA(β=0.08,95%CI:0.04,0.11).Network analysis revealed that perfluorooctanoate,UA,and myoglobin were denoted as bridge nodes,and the first principal component of lactate dehydrogenase and creatine kinase-myocardial band was identified as the node with the highest strength and expected influence.This study investigates the systematic impact of PFAS exposure through cardiorenal interaction network,which highlights that PFAS may serve as an upstream approach in UA-modulated cardiorenal network to affect cardiorenal system comprehensively.展开更多
The escalating diversity of per-and polyfluoroalkyl substances(PFAS),arising from both intentional synthesis and inadvertent generation and release,has led to increasingly complex environmental PFAS compositions.In re...The escalating diversity of per-and polyfluoroalkyl substances(PFAS),arising from both intentional synthesis and inadvertent generation and release,has led to increasingly complex environmental PFAS compositions.In recent years,unknown PFAS have been frequently identified in the environment.However,the structural diversity and lack of corresponding reference standards pose significant challenges for the detection and identification of PFAS.Traditional targeted screening methods are often inadequate for detecting these compounds,making nontargeted analysis(NTA)using high-resolution mass spectrometry(HRMS)essential for identifying unknown or suspected contaminants.Nevertheless,existing NTA techniques still face limitations in comprehensively characterizing the full spectrum of PFAS in the environment.Continuous optimization and development of sample preparation methods,instrumental analytical techniques,data processing algorithms,and software are gradually expanding the coverage of NTA for diverse PFAS.This review summarizes recent advances in HRMS-based NTA methodologies for PFAS,encompassing sample preparation,separation techniques,HRMS instrument and data acquisition modes,PFAS screening strategies,and NTA data processing approaches.Furthermore,the review discusses the current challenges and prospects of PFAS NTA,such as an in-depth exploration of gas chromatography-HRMS(GC-HRMS)applications in NTA,and the utilization of machine learning(ML)models for efficient processing of complex NTA datasets.Addressing these challenges will significantly enhance the accuracy and efficiency of PFAS identification in the environment,providing a scientific basis for the regulation and control of PFAS in the future.展开更多
Previous studies have suggested that abnormal hepatobiliary system function may contribute to poor prognosis in patientswith acute coronary syndrome(ACS)and that abnormal hepatobiliary system function may be associate...Previous studies have suggested that abnormal hepatobiliary system function may contribute to poor prognosis in patientswith acute coronary syndrome(ACS)and that abnormal hepatobiliary system function may be associated with per-and polyfluoroalkyl substances(PFAS)exposure.However,there is limited evidence for this association in cardiovascular subpopulations,particularly in the ACS patients.Therefore,we performed this study to evaluate the association between plasma PFAS exposure and hepatobiliary system function biomarkers in patients with ACS.This study included 546 newly diagnosed ACS patients at the Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University,and data on 15 hepatobiliary system function biomarkers were obtained from medical records.Associations between single PFAS and hepatobiliary system function biomarkers were assessed using multiple linear regression models and restricted cubic spline model(RCS),and mixture effects were assessed using the Quantile g-computation model.The results showed that total bile acids(TBA)was negative associated with perfluorohexane sulfonic acid(PFHxS)(-7.69%,95%CI:-12.15%,-3.01%).According to the RCS model,linear associations were found between TBA and PFHxS(P for overall=0.003,P for non-linear=0.234).We also have observed the association between between PFAS congeners and liver enzyme such as aspartate aminotransferase(AST)and α-l-Fucosidase(AFU),but it was not statistically significant after correction.In addition,Our results also revealed an association between prealbumin(PA)and PFAS congeners as well as mixtures.Our findings have provided a piece of epidemiological evidence on associations between PFAS congeners or mixture,and serum hepatobiliary system function biomarkers in ACS patients,which could be a basis for subsequent mechanism studies.展开更多
Studies have shown that per-and polyfluoroalkyl substances(PFASs)may be hepatotoxic in animals or humans.However,data on clinical epidemiology are very limited.In this study,21PFASs were determined in patients with li...Studies have shown that per-and polyfluoroalkyl substances(PFASs)may be hepatotoxic in animals or humans.However,data on clinical epidemiology are very limited.In this study,21PFASs were determined in patients with liver diseases,with the highest median concentrations detected in the serum sample(26.7 ng/mL),followed by blood(10.7 ng/mL)and urine(5.02 ng/mL).Higher total PFAS concentrations were found in hepatocellular carcinoma(HCC)patients compared to non-HCC patients,with significant discrepancies in serum and blood samples.Besides,significant correlations were also found among PFAS concentrations and age,gender,body mass index(BMI),and liver function biomarkers levels.For example,PFAS concentrations are significantly higher in males than in females;Several serum PFASs concentrations increase with age and BMI,while the serum perfluorohexane sulfonic acid(PFHxS)concentrations are negatively correlated with age.In addition,multiple regression models adjusted for age,gender and BMI found that increased serum perfluorobutane sulfonic acid(PFBS),perfluoroheptane sulfonic acid(PFHpS)and perfluorohexylphosphonic acid(PFHxPA)conentrations are correlated with elevated alkaline phosphatase(ALP),aspartate aminotransferase(AST),and alpha-fetoprotein(AFP)(p<0.05).Our results provide epidemiological support for the future study on the potential clinical hepatotoxicity of PFAS.展开更多
Perfluorooctanoic acid(PFOA), its salts, and related compounds were listed as new persistent organic pollutants by the Stockholm Convention in 2019.In this study, the occurrence of residues of PFOA and other per-and p...Perfluorooctanoic acid(PFOA), its salts, and related compounds were listed as new persistent organic pollutants by the Stockholm Convention in 2019.In this study, the occurrence of residues of PFOA and other per-and polyfluoroalkyl substances(PFASs) in raw materials and fluoropolymer products from the Chinese fluoropolymer industries are reported for the first time.The PFOA concentrations in raw materials and fluoropolymer products were in the range of 6.7 to 1.1 × 10^(6) ng/g, and <MDL(method detection limit) to 5.3 × 10^(3) ng/g,respectively.Generally, the levels of PFOA in raw materials were higher than in products,implying that PFOA in the emulsion/dispersion resin could be partly removed during the polymerization or post-processing steps.By tracking a company’s polytetrafluoroethylene(PTFE) production line, it was found that over a 5 year period, the residual levels of PFOA in emulsion samples declined from 1.1 × 10^(6) to 28.4 ng/g, indicating that the contamination of PFOA in fluoropolymer products from production source gradually decreased after its use had been discontinued.High concentrations of HFPO-TrA(2.7 × 10^(5) to 8.2 × 10^(5) ng/g) were detected in some emulsion samples indicating this alternative has been widely applied in fluoropolymer manufacturing in China.展开更多
In order to discover new molecules with good insecticidal activities, a series of anthranilic diamides containing polyfluoroalkyl pyrazole were designed and synthesized, and their structures were characterized by1 H N...In order to discover new molecules with good insecticidal activities, a series of anthranilic diamides containing polyfluoroalkyl pyrazole were designed and synthesized, and their structures were characterized by1 H NMR and HRMS. Bioassays demonstrated that some of the title compound exhibited excellent insecticidal activities. The larvicidal activities of compound 8a, 8c, 8g, 8k and 8l against Mythimna separata Walker were 100% at 0.8 mg/L. The insecticidal activities of compound 8a, 8c,8e, 8g, 8k and 8l against Plutella xylostella Linnaeus were 100% at 0.4 mg/L. Surprisingly compounds 8a and 8c still showed 100% larvicidal activities against Plutella xylostella Linnaeus at 0.08 mg/L comparable to the commercialized Chlorantraniliprole. The LC_（50） of compound 8a and 8c against M. separata is 0.048 and 0.043 mg/L respectively.展开更多
A novel synthesis of polyfluoroalkyl substituted -butyrolactones from the reaction of polyfluoroalkyl iodides with 4-pentenoic acid initiated with sodium dithionite was realized in good yields.
Per-and polyfluoroalkyl substances(PFASs)are emerging persistent organic pollutants(POPs).In this study,47 surface sediment samples were collected from the Yellow River Delta wetland(YRDW)to investigate the occurrence...Per-and polyfluoroalkyl substances(PFASs)are emerging persistent organic pollutants(POPs).In this study,47 surface sediment samples were collected from the Yellow River Delta wetland(YRDW)to investigate the occurrence,spatial distribution,potential sources,and ecological risks of PFASs.Twenty-three out of 26 targeted PFASs were detected in surface sediment samples from the YRDW,with totalΣ23PFASs concentrations ranging from 0.23 to 16.30 ng g^(-1) dw and a median value of 2.27 ng g^(-1) dw.Perfluorooctanoic acid(PFOA),perfluorobutanoic acid(PFBA)and perfluorooctanesulfonic acid(PFOS)were the main contaminants.The detection frequency and concentration of perfluoroalkyl carboxylic acids(PFCAs)were higher than those of perfluoroal-kanesulfonic acids(PFSAs),while those of long-chain PFASs were higher than those of short-chain PFASs.The emerging PFASs substitutes were dominated by 6:2 chlorinated polyfluoroalkyl ether sulfonic acid(6:2 Cl-PFESA).The distribution of PFASs is significantly influenced by the total organic carbon content in the sediments.The concentration of PFASs seems to be related to human activities,with high concentration levels of PFASs near locations such as beaches and villages.By using a positive matrix factorization model,the potential sources of PFASs in the region were identified as metal plating mist inhibitor and fluoropolymer manufacturing sources,metal plating industry and firefighting foam and textile treatment sources,and food packaging material sources.The risk assessment indicated that PFASs in YRDW sediments do not pose a significant ecological risk to benthic organisms in the region overall,but PFOA and PFOS exert a low to moderate risk at individual stations.展开更多
The passive sampling technique, diffusive gradients in thin films(DGT) has attracted increasing interests as an in-situ sampler for organic contaminants including per-and polyfluoroalkyl substances(PFAS). However, its...The passive sampling technique, diffusive gradients in thin films(DGT) has attracted increasing interests as an in-situ sampler for organic contaminants including per-and polyfluoroalkyl substances(PFAS). However, its effectiveness has been questioned because of the small effective sampling area(3.1 cm^(2)). In this study, we developed a DGT probe for rapid sampling of eight PFAS in waters and applied it to a water-sediment system. It has a much larger sampling area(27 cm^(2)) and as a result lower method quantification limits(0.15 –0.21 ng/L for one-day deployment and 0.02 – 0.03 ng/L for one-week deployment) and much higher(by > 10 factors) sampling rate(100 m L/day) compared to the standard DGT(piston configuration). The sampler could linearly accumulate PFAS from wastewater, was sensitive enough even for a 24 hr deployment with performance comparable to grab sampling(500m L). The DGT probe provided homogeneous sampling performance along the large exposure area. The use of the probe to investigate distributions of dissolved PFAS around the sediment-water interface was demonstrated. This work, for the first time, demonstrated that the DGT probe is a promising monitoring tool for trace levels of PFAS and a research tool for studying their distribution, migration, and fate in aquatic environments including the sediment-water interface.展开更多
Polyfluoroalkyl substituted 2-hydroxyethyl acrylate 6 was synthesized in six steps usingglycerol as a starting material. A preliminary investigation has been taken on the synthesisand characterization of copolymers of...Polyfluoroalkyl substituted 2-hydroxyethyl acrylate 6 was synthesized in six steps usingglycerol as a starting material. A preliminary investigation has been taken on the synthesisand characterization of copolymers of 6 and 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate.展开更多
Due to the unique physicochemical properties of fluorine atom,the introduction of fluorine or polyfluoroalkyl group has emerged as a pivotal strategy in pharmaceutical and agrochemical design.Radical fluoroalkylation ...Due to the unique physicochemical properties of fluorine atom,the introduction of fluorine or polyfluoroalkyl group has emerged as a pivotal strategy in pharmaceutical and agrochemical design.Radical fluoroalkylation reactions stand out as a particularly efficient and innovative synthetic platform,enabling the construction of a vast array of valuable organofluorine compounds.However,a major synthetic challenge persists─the development of a unified.展开更多
The persistence and biotoxicity of perfluoroalkyl and polyfluoroalkyl substances(PFASs)have raised concerns about cardiometabolic diseases(CMDs).Inflammation is thought to underlie the pathology of various CMDs.We aim...The persistence and biotoxicity of perfluoroalkyl and polyfluoroalkyl substances(PFASs)have raised concerns about cardiometabolic diseases(CMDs).Inflammation is thought to underlie the pathology of various CMDs.We aimed to comprehensively assess the risk of CMDs associated with PFASs and quantify the mediating effects of two kinds of inflammatory markers.Nine PFASs,a direct marker(high-sensitivity C-reactive protein[hs-CRP]),and an indirect marker(serum ferritin[SF])were analyzed.A total of 12 CMDs of five types were defined based on 15 cardiometabolic biomarkers.The PFAS mixture had significant adverse effects on hypercholesterolemia(HC;OR=1.20,95%CI:1.03-1.39),high low-density lipoprotein cholesterol(high LDL-C;OR=1.13,95%CI:1.01-1.30),hypertension(OR=1.10,95%CI:1.03-1.19),and hyperuricemia(OR=1.31,95%CI:1.16-1.48)in the quantile-based g-computation(QGC)model,with PFNA and PFTrDA contributing the most.PFHxS was found to significantly impact all five types of CMDs simultaneously.The exposure-response analysis exhibited complex nonlinear patterns,with significant heterogeneity across diseases.Both inflammatory markers significantly mediated the effects of multiple PFASs on CMDs,with SF contributing a higher proportion of the mediating effects for obesity,dyslipidemia,and hyperuricemia.The highest mediation proportion reached 85.78%for abdominal obesity(FDR=0.024).These results suggest that inflammation may serve as a key pathological mechanism linking PFAS exposure to CMDs,highlighting the potential value of SF as an iron status and indirect inflammatory marker in assessing PFAS-related cardiometabolic health risks.展开更多
Currently,there is an increasing interest in developing efficient and cost-effective treatment technologies to remediate per-and polyfluoroalkyl substances(PFAS)in water.Biochars(pristine and modified/engineered)can b...Currently,there is an increasing interest in developing efficient and cost-effective treatment technologies to remediate per-and polyfluoroalkyl substances(PFAS)in water.Biochars(pristine and modified/engineered)can be a good candidate among porous pyrogenic carbonaceous materials for the sorptive removal of PFAS from water/wastewater.There is a need to focus on developing efficient,environmentally friendly,and cost-effective techniques for desorbing PFAS from spent biochars(pristine and modified/engineered)to enable potential reuse or suitable disposal of these adsorbents,facilitating their future full-scale application in the water sector.This review article briefly compiles the state-of-the-art knowledge on the:(i)application of pristine and modified/engineered biochars for the sorptive removal of PFAS from aqueous samples;(ii)regeneration/reuse techniques for the spent biochars;and(iii)economic analysis of their use in PFAS removal from water/wastewater.Further investigations on(i)better modifying/engineering biochars to remove specially short-chain PFAS species in real environmental water samples due to challenging nature of their removal using conventional treatment technologies;(ii)feasible low-energy,environmentally friendly,and cost-effective strategies for regeneration/reuse of the spent biochars(pristine and modified/engineered)and management of their end-of-life;and(iii)large-scale and continuous column sorption operation for the real water/wastewater samples are still desirable to apply biochars for PFAS removal at full-scale in the future.展开更多
The widespread presence of per-and polyfluoroalkyl substances(PFAS)in the environment poses a serious threat due to their persistent nature and harmful effects on human health and ecosystems.In this context,there is a...The widespread presence of per-and polyfluoroalkyl substances(PFAS)in the environment poses a serious threat due to their persistent nature and harmful effects on human health and ecosystems.In this context,there is an imperative need for developing and improving methods to identify and eliminate these contaminants.Different detection techniques that are being used for PFAS detection are discussed.The details of detection mechanism of these techniques,their limitations and future areas of research for their optimization and improvement in detection efficiencies are also discussed in this review.Besides,this article provides a baseline for anticipating the advanced treatment technologies for PFAS in drinking water.We focus on the effectiveness of different removal techniques(physical,biological and chemical advancements)for eliminating various types of short and long chain PFAS.More so,the methods for the removal of PFAS are also explained with their limitations and future outlooks.Their pros and cons and limitations that need to be overcome and could be the potential future research.We included the recent literature and encompassed the information of PFAS related to guidelines,analytical techniques to determine PFAS and treatment or removal technologies.Conclusively,this study suggests that a combination of treatment methods will likely be necessary for effective PFAS remediation in water.展开更多
In this article the‘Acknowledgements’statement was incorrectly given as‘All authors acknowledge support from the United States Environmental Protection Agency(No.SU840873).In addition,S.J.acknowledges support from ...In this article the‘Acknowledgements’statement was incorrectly given as‘All authors acknowledge support from the United States Environmental Protection Agency(No.SU840873).In addition,S.J.acknowledges support from the Procter&Gamble(P&G)(No.DA24-00647)and the 2024-2025 Henry C.McBay Faculty Research Fellowship from UNCF.’but should have been‘This research has been supported by a grant from the U.S.Environmental Protection Agency’s P3 program.This publication was developed under Assistance Agreement No.SU840873 awarded by the U.S.Environmental Protection Agency to D.Wang,S.Jafarinejad,and J.He.It has not been formally reviewed by EPA.展开更多
基金supported by the Fundamental Research Funds for Central Non-profit Scientific Institution(No.1610132022015)the Strategic Priority Research Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences(No.XDB0750200)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.22176198).
文摘Reclaimed water for irrigation or hydroponic cultivation provides exposure pathways for per-and polyfluoroalkyl substances(PFAS)to enter the human food chain.This study employed hydroponic methods to investigate the behavior of legacy PFAS and emerging chlorinated polyfluoroalkyl ether sulfonic acids(Cl-PFESAs)in lettuce grown under environment-related exposure levels and assessed the human exposure risks from consuming contaminated lettuce.Overall,PFAS in lettuce were concentration-dependent,with long-chain PFAS tending to accumulate in roots and short-chain PFAS accumulating more in shoots.The enrichment of PFAS in lettuce was jointly influenced by their chain length and polar functional groups.Specifically,the root concentration factors(RCFs)of PFAS generally increased with increasing chain length,and RCF values of most perfluoroalkanesulfonic acids(PFSAs)were significantly higher than those of perfluoroalkyl carboxylic acids(PFCAs)with the same chain length(p<0.01),while the translocation factors(TFs)exhibited opposite trends.RCF values of perfluorooctane sulfonate(PFOS)and its alternatives,Cl-PFESAs,were ranked as follows:8:2 Cl-PFESA(mean:139)>6:2 Cl-PFESA(28.6)>PFOS(25.7),which was attributed to the increased molecular size and hydrophobicity resulting from the insertion of ether bonds and additional CF2 in 8:2 Cl-PFESA.Notably,TF value of 8:2 Cl-PFESA(mean:0.007)was the smallest among all PFAS,indicating 8:2 Cl-PFESA was difficult to transfer to nutritional compartments.Adults and children would exceed the most conservative health-based reference dose(RfD)by consuming approximately 15.9–148 g and 7.92–74.0 g of contaminated lettuce per day,implying high health risks.
基金supported by Shenzhen Science and Technology Program(NO.JCYJ20210324094000001).
文摘Perfluoroalkyl and polyfluoroalkyl substances(PFASs)pollution with their toxicity,carcinogenicity,and persistence has been concerned worldwide.Research into novel materials for detecting and removing PFASs has increased rapidly,particularly in regard to the emergence of well-characterized single-atom materials(SAMs).Owing to the high selectivity,high atom utilization,and abundant active sites of SAMs,these materials exhibit remarkable efficacy in the detection and removal of PFASs.In this work,recent advances in the synthesis of SAMs for the detection and removal PFASs are reviewed.In-depth discussions of the structure-activity relationship and reaction mechanisms have demonstrated the high efficiency,activity,and selectivity of SAMs for the detection,adsorption,and degradation of PFASs.To optimize the application of SAMs in PFASs remediation,this review comprehensively surveys SAMs applications for PFASs and analyzes potential design strategies based on synthesis methods and corresponding properties.Synthesis strategies such as wet-chemistry,which offer ease of operation and high potential for large-scale production,are recommended for the further exploration of specific SAMs for the detection and removal of PFASs.Finally,this review identifies the challenges and opportunities for development of SAMs for the detection and remediation of PFASs,providing an outlook on strategic goals for a green economy and sustainable development.
基金supported by the National Key R&D Program of China(No.2021YFC2700605)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(82071700 and 82101679)+4 种基金333 High-level Talent Training Project of the Jiangsu Province((2022)3-16-425)the Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province(BK20220317)Jiangsu Funding Program for Excellent Postdoctoral Talent(2022ZB414)the Natural Science Foundation of the Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions of China(22KJB330001)China Postdoctoral Science Foundation(2022M711673).
文摘Objective To investigate the associations between eight serum per-and polyfluoroalkyl substances(PFASs)and regional fat depots,we analyzed the data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey(NHANES)2011-2018 cycles.Methods Multiple linear regression models were developed to explore the associations between serum PFAS concentrations and six fat compositions along with a fat distribution score created by summing the concentrations of the six fat compositions.The associations between structurally grouped PFASs and fat distribution were assessed,and a prediction model was developed to estimate the ability of PFAS exposure to predict obesity risk.Results Among females aged 39-59 years,trunk fat mass was positively associated with perfluorooctane sulfonate(PFOS).Higher concentrations of PFOS,perfluorohexane sulfonate(PFHxS),perfluorodecanoate(PFDeA),perfluorononanoate(PFNA),and n-perfluorooctanoate(n-PFOA)were linked to greater visceral adipose tissue in this group.In men,exposure to total perfluoroalkane sulfonates(PFSAs)and long-chain PFSAs was associated with reductions in abdominal fat,while higher abdominal fat in women aged 39-59 years was associated with short-chain PFSAs.The prediction model demonstrated high accuracy,with an area under the curve(AUC)of 0.9925 for predicting obesity risk.Conclusion PFAS exposure is associated with regional fat distribution,with varying effects based on age,sex,and PFAS structure.The findings highlight the potential role of PFAS exposure in influencing fat depots and obesity risk,with significant implications for public health.The prediction model provides a highly accurate tool for assessing obesity risk related to PFAS exposure.
基金supported by the Key Research and Development Plan of Zhejiang Province(No.2021C03176)Zhejiang Provincial Natural Science Foundation of China(No.LY23B070001)+2 种基金the Key Laboratory of Pollution Exposure and Health Intervention of Zhejiang Province(No.20230009)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.22106032)the Strategic Priority Research Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences(No.XDB0750000).
文摘Per-and polyfluoroalkyl substances(PFASs)can induce a range of adverse health effects,with the precise molecularmechanisms remaining elusive.Extracellular vesicles(EVs)have demonstrated their potential to elucidate unknown molecular mechanisms.Building upon the close alignment of their biological functions with the observed health effects of PFASs,this study innovatively focuses on proteomic insights from EVs into the molecular mechanisms underlying the systemic health effects of PFASs.Through rat exposure experiments and proteomics technology,it not only demonstrated the occurrence of PFASs in EVs but also revealed the alterations in the serum EVs and the expression of their protein cargos following mixed exposure to PFASs,leading to changes in related pathways.These changes encompass various biological processes,including proteasome activity,immune response,cytoskeletal organization,oxidative stress,cell signaling,and nervous system function.Particularly noteworthy is the uncovering of the activation of the proteasome pathway,highlighting significant key contributing proteins.These novel findings provide a new perspective for exploring the molecularmechanism underlying the systemic health effects of PFASs and offer reliable screening for potential biomarkers.Additionally,comparisons with serum confirmed the potential of serum EVs as biological responders and measurable endpoints for evaluating PFASs-induced toxicity.
基金supported by the China Postdoctoral Science Foundation(Nos.2023M730317 and 2023T160066)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(No.3332023042)+3 种基金the Open Project of Hebei Key Laboratory of Environment and Human Health(No.202301)the Programs of the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.21976050)the Science and Technology Program of Hebei Province(No.21377779D)the Natural Science Foundation of Hebei Province,China(No.B2020206008).
文摘Although per-and polyfluoroalkyl substances(PFAS)have been frequently linked to cardiovascular and renal disease separately,evidence remains scarce regarding their systematic effect.Therefore,we recruited 546 newly diagnosed acute coronary syndrome(ACS)patients and detected seven myocardial enzymes and six kidney function biomarkers.Twelve PFASwere also assessedwith ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry.Generalized linear model and restricted cubic spline model were applied to single pollutant analysis.Quantile g-computation was used for mixture analysis.Network model was utilized to identify central and bridge nodes of pollutants and phenotypes.In the present study,perfluorohexane sulfonic acid was positively associated with uric acid(UA)(β=0.04,95%confidence interval(CI):0.01,0.07),and perfluorobutanoic acid was negatively associated with estimated glomerular filtration rate(β=-0.04,95%CI:-0.07,-0.01)but positively associated with UA(β=0.03,95%CI:0.01,0.06).In mixture analysis,each quantile increase in the PFAS mixture was significantly associated with UA(β=0.08,95%CI:0.04,0.11).Network analysis revealed that perfluorooctanoate,UA,and myoglobin were denoted as bridge nodes,and the first principal component of lactate dehydrogenase and creatine kinase-myocardial band was identified as the node with the highest strength and expected influence.This study investigates the systematic impact of PFAS exposure through cardiorenal interaction network,which highlights that PFAS may serve as an upstream approach in UA-modulated cardiorenal network to affect cardiorenal system comprehensively.
基金jointly supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.22320102005,22036007)the Strategic Priority Research Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences(No.XDB0750200)+1 种基金the Provincial Key Laboratory Innovation Research Center Construction Project(ZCX202401)the Zhejiang Provincial Research Institute Support Fund Project in 2025。
文摘The escalating diversity of per-and polyfluoroalkyl substances(PFAS),arising from both intentional synthesis and inadvertent generation and release,has led to increasingly complex environmental PFAS compositions.In recent years,unknown PFAS have been frequently identified in the environment.However,the structural diversity and lack of corresponding reference standards pose significant challenges for the detection and identification of PFAS.Traditional targeted screening methods are often inadequate for detecting these compounds,making nontargeted analysis(NTA)using high-resolution mass spectrometry(HRMS)essential for identifying unknown or suspected contaminants.Nevertheless,existing NTA techniques still face limitations in comprehensively characterizing the full spectrum of PFAS in the environment.Continuous optimization and development of sample preparation methods,instrumental analytical techniques,data processing algorithms,and software are gradually expanding the coverage of NTA for diverse PFAS.This review summarizes recent advances in HRMS-based NTA methodologies for PFAS,encompassing sample preparation,separation techniques,HRMS instrument and data acquisition modes,PFAS screening strategies,and NTA data processing approaches.Furthermore,the review discusses the current challenges and prospects of PFAS NTA,such as an in-depth exploration of gas chromatography-HRMS(GC-HRMS)applications in NTA,and the utilization of machine learning(ML)models for efficient processing of complex NTA datasets.Addressing these challenges will significantly enhance the accuracy and efficiency of PFAS identification in the environment,providing a scientific basis for the regulation and control of PFAS in the future.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.21976050)the Science and Technology Program of Hebei Province(No.21377779D)+3 种基金the Natural Science Foundation of Hebei Province(No.B2020206008)China Postdoctoral Science Foundation(Nos.2023M730317 and 2023T160066)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(No.3332023042)the Open Project of Hebei Key Laboratory of Environment and Human Health(No.202301).
文摘Previous studies have suggested that abnormal hepatobiliary system function may contribute to poor prognosis in patientswith acute coronary syndrome(ACS)and that abnormal hepatobiliary system function may be associated with per-and polyfluoroalkyl substances(PFAS)exposure.However,there is limited evidence for this association in cardiovascular subpopulations,particularly in the ACS patients.Therefore,we performed this study to evaluate the association between plasma PFAS exposure and hepatobiliary system function biomarkers in patients with ACS.This study included 546 newly diagnosed ACS patients at the Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University,and data on 15 hepatobiliary system function biomarkers were obtained from medical records.Associations between single PFAS and hepatobiliary system function biomarkers were assessed using multiple linear regression models and restricted cubic spline model(RCS),and mixture effects were assessed using the Quantile g-computation model.The results showed that total bile acids(TBA)was negative associated with perfluorohexane sulfonic acid(PFHxS)(-7.69%,95%CI:-12.15%,-3.01%).According to the RCS model,linear associations were found between TBA and PFHxS(P for overall=0.003,P for non-linear=0.234).We also have observed the association between between PFAS congeners and liver enzyme such as aspartate aminotransferase(AST)and α-l-Fucosidase(AFU),but it was not statistically significant after correction.In addition,Our results also revealed an association between prealbumin(PA)and PFAS congeners as well as mixtures.Our findings have provided a piece of epidemiological evidence on associations between PFAS congeners or mixture,and serum hepatobiliary system function biomarkers in ACS patients,which could be a basis for subsequent mechanism studies.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.42177408)Guangdong(China)Innovative and Entrepreneurial Research Team Program(No.2016ZT06N258)。
文摘Studies have shown that per-and polyfluoroalkyl substances(PFASs)may be hepatotoxic in animals or humans.However,data on clinical epidemiology are very limited.In this study,21PFASs were determined in patients with liver diseases,with the highest median concentrations detected in the serum sample(26.7 ng/mL),followed by blood(10.7 ng/mL)and urine(5.02 ng/mL).Higher total PFAS concentrations were found in hepatocellular carcinoma(HCC)patients compared to non-HCC patients,with significant discrepancies in serum and blood samples.Besides,significant correlations were also found among PFAS concentrations and age,gender,body mass index(BMI),and liver function biomarkers levels.For example,PFAS concentrations are significantly higher in males than in females;Several serum PFASs concentrations increase with age and BMI,while the serum perfluorohexane sulfonic acid(PFHxS)concentrations are negatively correlated with age.In addition,multiple regression models adjusted for age,gender and BMI found that increased serum perfluorobutane sulfonic acid(PFBS),perfluoroheptane sulfonic acid(PFHpS)and perfluorohexylphosphonic acid(PFHxPA)conentrations are correlated with elevated alkaline phosphatase(ALP),aspartate aminotransferase(AST),and alpha-fetoprotein(AFP)(p<0.05).Our results provide epidemiological support for the future study on the potential clinical hepatotoxicity of PFAS.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No.21625702)。
文摘Perfluorooctanoic acid(PFOA), its salts, and related compounds were listed as new persistent organic pollutants by the Stockholm Convention in 2019.In this study, the occurrence of residues of PFOA and other per-and polyfluoroalkyl substances(PFASs) in raw materials and fluoropolymer products from the Chinese fluoropolymer industries are reported for the first time.The PFOA concentrations in raw materials and fluoropolymer products were in the range of 6.7 to 1.1 × 10^(6) ng/g, and <MDL(method detection limit) to 5.3 × 10^(3) ng/g,respectively.Generally, the levels of PFOA in raw materials were higher than in products,implying that PFOA in the emulsion/dispersion resin could be partly removed during the polymerization or post-processing steps.By tracking a company’s polytetrafluoroethylene(PTFE) production line, it was found that over a 5 year period, the residual levels of PFOA in emulsion samples declined from 1.1 × 10^(6) to 28.4 ng/g, indicating that the contamination of PFOA in fluoropolymer products from production source gradually decreased after its use had been discontinued.High concentrations of HFPO-TrA(2.7 × 10^(5) to 8.2 × 10^(5) ng/g) were detected in some emulsion samples indicating this alternative has been widely applied in fluoropolymer manufacturing in China.
基金supported by Key Projects of the National Science and Technology Pillar Program of China(No.2011BAE06B01-20)
文摘In order to discover new molecules with good insecticidal activities, a series of anthranilic diamides containing polyfluoroalkyl pyrazole were designed and synthesized, and their structures were characterized by1 H NMR and HRMS. Bioassays demonstrated that some of the title compound exhibited excellent insecticidal activities. The larvicidal activities of compound 8a, 8c, 8g, 8k and 8l against Mythimna separata Walker were 100% at 0.8 mg/L. The insecticidal activities of compound 8a, 8c,8e, 8g, 8k and 8l against Plutella xylostella Linnaeus were 100% at 0.4 mg/L. Surprisingly compounds 8a and 8c still showed 100% larvicidal activities against Plutella xylostella Linnaeus at 0.08 mg/L comparable to the commercialized Chlorantraniliprole. The LC_（50） of compound 8a and 8c against M. separata is 0.048 and 0.043 mg/L respectively.
基金This research work is supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 29902001) and the Department of Education of China.
文摘A novel synthesis of polyfluoroalkyl substituted -butyrolactones from the reaction of polyfluoroalkyl iodides with 4-pentenoic acid initiated with sodium dithionite was realized in good yields.
基金financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(NSFC)(No.42377217)the Cooperation Fund between Dongying City and Universities(No.SXHZ-2023-02-6).
文摘Per-and polyfluoroalkyl substances(PFASs)are emerging persistent organic pollutants(POPs).In this study,47 surface sediment samples were collected from the Yellow River Delta wetland(YRDW)to investigate the occurrence,spatial distribution,potential sources,and ecological risks of PFASs.Twenty-three out of 26 targeted PFASs were detected in surface sediment samples from the YRDW,with totalΣ23PFASs concentrations ranging from 0.23 to 16.30 ng g^(-1) dw and a median value of 2.27 ng g^(-1) dw.Perfluorooctanoic acid(PFOA),perfluorobutanoic acid(PFBA)and perfluorooctanesulfonic acid(PFOS)were the main contaminants.The detection frequency and concentration of perfluoroalkyl carboxylic acids(PFCAs)were higher than those of perfluoroal-kanesulfonic acids(PFSAs),while those of long-chain PFASs were higher than those of short-chain PFASs.The emerging PFASs substitutes were dominated by 6:2 chlorinated polyfluoroalkyl ether sulfonic acid(6:2 Cl-PFESA).The distribution of PFASs is significantly influenced by the total organic carbon content in the sediments.The concentration of PFASs seems to be related to human activities,with high concentration levels of PFASs near locations such as beaches and villages.By using a positive matrix factorization model,the potential sources of PFASs in the region were identified as metal plating mist inhibitor and fluoropolymer manufacturing sources,metal plating industry and firefighting foam and textile treatment sources,and food packaging material sources.The risk assessment indicated that PFASs in YRDW sediments do not pose a significant ecological risk to benthic organisms in the region overall,but PFOA and PFOS exert a low to moderate risk at individual stations.
基金supported by the Key Deployment Project of Centre for Ocean Mega-Research of Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences (No. COMS2019J08)the Guangzhou Municipal Science and Technology Project (No. 201904010291)+1 种基金National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 21806042)Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution and Environmental Safety (No. 2019B030301008)。
文摘The passive sampling technique, diffusive gradients in thin films(DGT) has attracted increasing interests as an in-situ sampler for organic contaminants including per-and polyfluoroalkyl substances(PFAS). However, its effectiveness has been questioned because of the small effective sampling area(3.1 cm^(2)). In this study, we developed a DGT probe for rapid sampling of eight PFAS in waters and applied it to a water-sediment system. It has a much larger sampling area(27 cm^(2)) and as a result lower method quantification limits(0.15 –0.21 ng/L for one-day deployment and 0.02 – 0.03 ng/L for one-week deployment) and much higher(by > 10 factors) sampling rate(100 m L/day) compared to the standard DGT(piston configuration). The sampler could linearly accumulate PFAS from wastewater, was sensitive enough even for a 24 hr deployment with performance comparable to grab sampling(500m L). The DGT probe provided homogeneous sampling performance along the large exposure area. The use of the probe to investigate distributions of dissolved PFAS around the sediment-water interface was demonstrated. This work, for the first time, demonstrated that the DGT probe is a promising monitoring tool for trace levels of PFAS and a research tool for studying their distribution, migration, and fate in aquatic environments including the sediment-water interface.
基金The project was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation,Grant approval numbers 29472074 and 29632003
文摘Polyfluoroalkyl substituted 2-hydroxyethyl acrylate 6 was synthesized in six steps usingglycerol as a starting material. A preliminary investigation has been taken on the synthesisand characterization of copolymers of 6 and 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate.
基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China(22471187)the Zhejiang Provincial Education Funds(Y202455377).
文摘Due to the unique physicochemical properties of fluorine atom,the introduction of fluorine or polyfluoroalkyl group has emerged as a pivotal strategy in pharmaceutical and agrochemical design.Radical fluoroalkylation reactions stand out as a particularly efficient and innovative synthetic platform,enabling the construction of a vast array of valuable organofluorine compounds.However,a major synthetic challenge persists─the development of a unified.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(82222064,82473730,82173613,82373681)the National Key Research and Development Program of China(2019YFC1605100)+1 种基金the National Institutes of Health(R01-HD30880,DK056350,R24-HD050924,R01-HD38700)the Ministry of Finance of the People’s Republic of China(13103110700015005).
文摘The persistence and biotoxicity of perfluoroalkyl and polyfluoroalkyl substances(PFASs)have raised concerns about cardiometabolic diseases(CMDs).Inflammation is thought to underlie the pathology of various CMDs.We aimed to comprehensively assess the risk of CMDs associated with PFASs and quantify the mediating effects of two kinds of inflammatory markers.Nine PFASs,a direct marker(high-sensitivity C-reactive protein[hs-CRP]),and an indirect marker(serum ferritin[SF])were analyzed.A total of 12 CMDs of five types were defined based on 15 cardiometabolic biomarkers.The PFAS mixture had significant adverse effects on hypercholesterolemia(HC;OR=1.20,95%CI:1.03-1.39),high low-density lipoprotein cholesterol(high LDL-C;OR=1.13,95%CI:1.01-1.30),hypertension(OR=1.10,95%CI:1.03-1.19),and hyperuricemia(OR=1.31,95%CI:1.16-1.48)in the quantile-based g-computation(QGC)model,with PFNA and PFTrDA contributing the most.PFHxS was found to significantly impact all five types of CMDs simultaneously.The exposure-response analysis exhibited complex nonlinear patterns,with significant heterogeneity across diseases.Both inflammatory markers significantly mediated the effects of multiple PFASs on CMDs,with SF contributing a higher proportion of the mediating effects for obesity,dyslipidemia,and hyperuricemia.The highest mediation proportion reached 85.78%for abdominal obesity(FDR=0.024).These results suggest that inflammation may serve as a key pathological mechanism linking PFAS exposure to CMDs,highlighting the potential value of SF as an iron status and indirect inflammatory marker in assessing PFAS-related cardiometabolic health risks.
基金support from the United States Environmental Protection Agency(No.SU840873)In addition,S.J.acknowledges support from the Procter&Gamble(P&G)(No.DA24-00647)the 2024-2025 Henry C.McBay Faculty Research Fellowship from UNCF.
文摘Currently,there is an increasing interest in developing efficient and cost-effective treatment technologies to remediate per-and polyfluoroalkyl substances(PFAS)in water.Biochars(pristine and modified/engineered)can be a good candidate among porous pyrogenic carbonaceous materials for the sorptive removal of PFAS from water/wastewater.There is a need to focus on developing efficient,environmentally friendly,and cost-effective techniques for desorbing PFAS from spent biochars(pristine and modified/engineered)to enable potential reuse or suitable disposal of these adsorbents,facilitating their future full-scale application in the water sector.This review article briefly compiles the state-of-the-art knowledge on the:(i)application of pristine and modified/engineered biochars for the sorptive removal of PFAS from aqueous samples;(ii)regeneration/reuse techniques for the spent biochars;and(iii)economic analysis of their use in PFAS removal from water/wastewater.Further investigations on(i)better modifying/engineering biochars to remove specially short-chain PFAS species in real environmental water samples due to challenging nature of their removal using conventional treatment technologies;(ii)feasible low-energy,environmentally friendly,and cost-effective strategies for regeneration/reuse of the spent biochars(pristine and modified/engineered)and management of their end-of-life;and(iii)large-scale and continuous column sorption operation for the real water/wastewater samples are still desirable to apply biochars for PFAS removal at full-scale in the future.
文摘The widespread presence of per-and polyfluoroalkyl substances(PFAS)in the environment poses a serious threat due to their persistent nature and harmful effects on human health and ecosystems.In this context,there is an imperative need for developing and improving methods to identify and eliminate these contaminants.Different detection techniques that are being used for PFAS detection are discussed.The details of detection mechanism of these techniques,their limitations and future areas of research for their optimization and improvement in detection efficiencies are also discussed in this review.Besides,this article provides a baseline for anticipating the advanced treatment technologies for PFAS in drinking water.We focus on the effectiveness of different removal techniques(physical,biological and chemical advancements)for eliminating various types of short and long chain PFAS.More so,the methods for the removal of PFAS are also explained with their limitations and future outlooks.Their pros and cons and limitations that need to be overcome and could be the potential future research.We included the recent literature and encompassed the information of PFAS related to guidelines,analytical techniques to determine PFAS and treatment or removal technologies.Conclusively,this study suggests that a combination of treatment methods will likely be necessary for effective PFAS remediation in water.
文摘In this article the‘Acknowledgements’statement was incorrectly given as‘All authors acknowledge support from the United States Environmental Protection Agency(No.SU840873).In addition,S.J.acknowledges support from the Procter&Gamble(P&G)(No.DA24-00647)and the 2024-2025 Henry C.McBay Faculty Research Fellowship from UNCF.’but should have been‘This research has been supported by a grant from the U.S.Environmental Protection Agency’s P3 program.This publication was developed under Assistance Agreement No.SU840873 awarded by the U.S.Environmental Protection Agency to D.Wang,S.Jafarinejad,and J.He.It has not been formally reviewed by EPA.
