Agricultural and rural economic policy system is one main driving force for the evolvement of agricultural Non-Point Source(NPS)pollution.In this paper,the main policies that influence agricultural NPS pollution are c...Agricultural and rural economic policy system is one main driving force for the evolvement of agricultural Non-Point Source(NPS)pollution.In this paper,the main policies that influence agricultural NPS pollution are chosen,and a method to evaluate the impacts of agricultural and rural economic policy system on agricultural NPS pollution is brought forward.According to this,the questions about how and to what degree the policy system influence on agricultural NPS pollution are discussed.展开更多
China has proposed that it will strive to achieve the carbon neutrality target by 2060,providing strategic guidance for China to accelerate the transformation of its development mode and economic restructuring.But it ...China has proposed that it will strive to achieve the carbon neutrality target by 2060,providing strategic guidance for China to accelerate the transformation of its development mode and economic restructuring.But it is very challenging to achieve the target.It requires systematic top design as well as scientific formulation of long-term planning,while multiple institutional policies and institutional mechanism reforms need to be strengthened,such as rule of law,administration and economy,to form a systematic and effective incentive and constraint mechanism.Through the exploration and improvement of its three five-year plans,China has formed a low-carbon policy guarantee system led by binding targets,highlighting key industries and regions,and comprising planning,laws,administrative orders,pilot projects,markets,finance and taxation,and other aspects.However,there are still many problems,including the lack of clear policy paths in the near,medium and long term,the absence of key systems such as total carbon emission control system and climate legislation,poor inter-departmental communication and coordination mechanisms,and inadequate systems such as carbon markets and climate investment and financing.Finally,taking into account the current opportunities and challenges,we propose a low-carbon development policy guarantee system for China to move towards carbon neutrality.展开更多
From theories and cases,this paper analyzed current situation of subsidy policy system for agricultural natural disasters in China.Improvement and perfection of subsidy policies for agricultural natural disasters need...From theories and cases,this paper analyzed current situation of subsidy policy system for agricultural natural disasters in China.Improvement and perfection of subsidy policies for agricultural natural disasters need clear classification and additional special subsidy plan.It is recommended to improve and perfect subsidy policy system for agricultural natural disasters through attaching importance to scientific studies on reduction and prevention of agricultural disasters and gradually supplementing agricultural disaster reduction and prevention system.展开更多
State farms,although a minority in China’s agricultural sector,play a critical role in regions like Heilongjiang,leading national food production.However,how state farms(SFs)and rural household farms(RFs)respond to f...State farms,although a minority in China’s agricultural sector,play a critical role in regions like Heilongjiang,leading national food production.However,how state farms(SFs)and rural household farms(RFs)respond to food policies,especially the 2017 soybean subsidy policy(post-Sino–U.S.trade war)and the 2019 soybean revitalization policy,remains unclear.This study examines changes in cropping patterns on SFs and RFs in Heilongjiang from 2013 to 2022 using annual crop maps.We find that SFs,with larger and more clustered fields,responded more effectively to the soybean policies:soybean acreage recovery(2019–2021)reached 91.51%of pre-trade war levels for RFs and 98.2%for SFs;following the revitalization policy,maize-soybean rotations were implemented four times in 62.3%of SFs and 45.4%of RFs.These results highlight the influence of global trade and agricultural policies on cropland management,providing critical insights into sustainable practices and food security across different agricultural systems.展开更多
Ecosystem degradation and the loss of ecosystem services stem from multiple causes,requiring coordinated and diverse policies,legislation,and institutional responses to effectively address them.An understanding of the...Ecosystem degradation and the loss of ecosystem services stem from multiple causes,requiring coordinated and diverse policies,legislation,and institutional responses to effectively address them.An understanding of the policies,legislation,and institutions governing ecosystem services can enhance the sustained management and provision of ecosystem services.Therefore,this work appraises the policies,legislation and institutional provisions made by the government of Nepal.In addition,this study analyzes policy implications and identifies gaps and barriers that hinder future improvements in the management of ecosystem services.Altogether,63 documents comprising 45 policies and 18 legislations promulgated by the government of Nepal have been assessed for content analysis.Twenty Key Informant Interviews(KIIs)have also been conducted to obtain expert insights about the gaps in policy formulation and implementation.The results indicate that though several sectoral policies and legislations have made provision on management of ecosystem and its services implicitly or explicitly,still there is lacking of overarching framework to deal with ecosystem services.Overlapping roles and responsibilities outlined in the constitution,policies,and legislation,coupled with weak enforcement and lack of multisectoral coordination mechanism,are significant obstacles to effective policy implementation.Therefore,there is a need to develop an overarching national framework backed up by legislation with a strong multisectoral coordination mechanism that will adopt a holistic and multidisciplinary approach to the sustained management and provision of the ecosystem and its services.展开更多
Objective To construct an index system for evaluating the policy effect of centralized drug procurement,and to provide reference for comprehensively and systematically evaluating the policy of centralized drug procure...Objective To construct an index system for evaluating the policy effect of centralized drug procurement,and to provide reference for comprehensively and systematically evaluating the policy of centralized drug procurement.Methods Through combing the policies and literature research,the focus and expected goal of China’s centralized drug procurement policy were clarified.On the basis of policy concerns,combined with some theories and the implementation of drug centralized procurement policy,a primary evaluation index system was constructed.The index system was determined by expert consultation,and the weight of each index was calculated by analytic hierarchy process.Results and Conclusion The questionnaire recovery rates of the two rounds of expert consultation were 88.23%and 100%,the coefficients of authority of experts were 0.86 and 0.80,and the expert coordination coefficients were 0.338 and 0.294,respectively.Finally,the evaluation index system for the policy of centralized drug procurement was established,which included 4 first-level indicators,10 second-level indicators and 23 third-level indicators.The evaluation index system constructed in this paper can not only make up for the deficiency of systematic evaluation of the policy effect of the current centralized drug procurement,but also provide reference for further improving this policy.展开更多
Objective To analyze the current situation of drug regulation after introducing the new policy for China’s online pharmacy,and to provide reference for the regulation of online pharmacy based on the international exp...Objective To analyze the current situation of drug regulation after introducing the new policy for China’s online pharmacy,and to provide reference for the regulation of online pharmacy based on the international experience.Methods Through literature research and comparative analysis,the history of policies for online pharmacy in China was investigated,and the current situation and problems of regulation for online pharmacy were explored.Results and Conclusion It is found that the body,basis and behavior of online prescription drug supervision in China should be improved.Combining experience in regulating online prescription drug at home and abroad,we provide some suggestions for the implementation of China’s online prescription drug policy by establishing a government-led multiple regulatory mechanism,standardizing the access qualifications for enterprises with business in online prescription drugs,improving the prescription inquiry and review system,and paying attention to consumer needs.展开更多
Innovation and Development Policy,简称“IDP”,中文名:《创新与发展政策(英文)》,是由中国科学院主管,中国科学院科技战略咨询研究院、中国科学学与科技政策研究会共同主办,国内外发行(ISSN:2096-5141,CN:10-1513/D)的英文国际期刊...Innovation and Development Policy,简称“IDP”,中文名:《创新与发展政策(英文)》,是由中国科学院主管,中国科学院科技战略咨询研究院、中国科学学与科技政策研究会共同主办,国内外发行(ISSN:2096-5141,CN:10-1513/D)的英文国际期刊。目前期刊每年出版两期。已发表论文在期刊网站可以自由获取,http://idp-journal.casisd.cn/browse/al/al2019/。展开更多
Innovation and Development Policy简称“IDP”,中文名《创新与发展政策(英文)》,是由中国科学院主管,中国科学院科技战略咨询研究院、中国科学学与科技政策研究会共同主办,国内外发行(ISSN:2096-5141,CN:10-1513/D)的英文国际期刊。...Innovation and Development Policy简称“IDP”,中文名《创新与发展政策(英文)》,是由中国科学院主管,中国科学院科技战略咨询研究院、中国科学学与科技政策研究会共同主办,国内外发行(ISSN:2096-5141,CN:10-1513/D)的英文国际期刊。目前期刊每年出版四期。已发表论文在期刊网站可以自由获取,http://idp-journal.casisd.cn/browse/al/al2019/。展开更多
Purpose-This paper provides a comprehensive analysis of the Brazilian freight railway system,examining the efficacy of the current concession renewal model in light of persistent structural problems such as market con...Purpose-This paper provides a comprehensive analysis of the Brazilian freight railway system,examining the efficacy of the current concession renewal model in light of persistent structural problems such as market concentration,cargo dependence on export commodities and underutilization of the network.Situating Brazil within the broader international debate on railway reforms,the paper evaluates whether the ongoing early renewal of concessions can deliver a more diversified and competitive freight system.Design/methodology/approach-The study adopts a sequential mixed-methods research design that integrates longitudinal quantitative analysis with qualitative institutional and policy evaluation.The quantitative component examines time-series indicators published by ANTT,DNIT and INFRA S.A.from 1999 to 2023 to identify structural patterns in traffic growth,investment,safety and market concentration.The qualitative component employs a process-tracing logic to reconstruct the evolution of concession renewals and the implementation of Railway Law 14.273/2021,drawing on concepts from regulatory economics,institutional theory and industrial organization.These empirical streams are synthesized through an analytical framework that connects three dimensions-regulatory design,market structure and system performance-allowing for a systematic assessment of how Brazil’s institutional configuration shapes incentives,competitive dynamics and network utilization.Findings-The analysis confirms that the early renewal of concessions has successfully secured substantial private investment for capacity expansion on existing trunk lines.However,it has perpetuated the vertically integrated model,reinforcing the market power of incumbent operators and failing to significantly promote intramodal competition or cargo diversification.The system remains dominated by iron ore and agricultural commodities,with general cargo representing a minuscule share.The new authorization regime and short-line railway policies present a viable pathway for market opening but face significant operational and institutional barriers to implementation.Originality/value-This research offers a timely and critical assessment of a pivotal moment in Brazilian railway policy.It moves beyond a simplistic evaluation of volume growth to a structural analysis of market failures and the interplay between concession renewal and regulatory innovation.The findings provide actionable insights for policymakers in Brazil and other emerging economies seeking to balance private investment with public interest goals in railway infrastructure,highlighting the necessity of complementary,pro-competitive measures alongside financial investment.展开更多
China’s environmental governance strategy provides a distinctive pathway for integrating sustainable development into national policy.Understanding its policy trajectory is essential for assessing China’s contributi...China’s environmental governance strategy provides a distinctive pathway for integrating sustainable development into national policy.Understanding its policy trajectory is essential for assessing China’s contribution to global sustainable development and the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals(SDGs).This study constructs a comprehensive database of 425 national environmental governance policy documents issued between 1978 and 2022 and applies Latent Dirichlet Allocation(LDA)modeling to examine the evolution of policy themes and discourse.The results show that China’s environmental governance has undergone four stages-initial exploration,detailed development,transformative leap,and diverse prosperity-reflecting a progressive shift toward more integrated and coordinated governance.Policy priorities have evolved from a primary focus on pollution control and energy transition to an emphasis on institutional construction and organizational reform,thereby strengthening alignment with the SDGs.This transformation is characterized by recurring developmental themes and increasingly preventive,forward-looking,and system-oriented governance approaches.Moreover,the co-evolution of policy concepts and implementation has driven a transition from localized,end-of-pipe responses to comprehensive governance frameworks,alongside a shift from normative guidance towards effectiveness-oriented policy design.By employing a data-driven text analysis approach,this study offers a systematic framework for tracing long-term policy evolution and assessing its implications for sustainable development.展开更多
African exporters and the business community have welcomed the elimination of customs duties on exports to China,and companies are already preparing to access this vast market of more than 1.4 billion consumers.China...African exporters and the business community have welcomed the elimination of customs duties on exports to China,and companies are already preparing to access this vast market of more than 1.4 billion consumers.China’s new tariff policy is intended to boost trade flows in favour of African economies.“This zero-tariff policy towards Africa aims to open a new chapter in the annals of Sino-African solidarity,”said Wang Yi,China’s minister of foreign affairs,during a press conference held on the sidelines of the Two Sessions held in March.展开更多
The fast-changing trajectory of energy systems toward renewables requires flexible,low-emission technologies that can buffer supply intermittently and offer large-scale energy storage systems.Moreso,hydrogen is increa...The fast-changing trajectory of energy systems toward renewables requires flexible,low-emission technologies that can buffer supply intermittently and offer large-scale energy storage systems.Moreso,hydrogen is increasingly viewed as a multi-scale flexibility resource capable of supporting deep decarbonization in renewable-dominated power systems,yet existing reviews often treat production,storage,and conversion technologies in isolation.Hydrogen offers the ability to convert,store and reconvert energy on various timescales.This review critically analyses the current literature of hydrogen production and storage in relation to power systems integration,synthesizing technical,economic and operational advances.The study synthesizes recent advances in electrolysis,particularly PEM and high-temperature SOEC systems,together with emerging PEC routes,biomass-to-hydrogen processes,and long-duration storage technologies.It considers,for storage,the performance and maturity of compressed gas,liquid hydrogen,metal and complex hydrides,liquid organic hydrogen carriers,and geological formations.Integration studies show that the value of hydrogen is enhanced as the share of renewables increases,providing seasonal storage,grid balancing,and sector coupling via power-to-hydrogen-to-power configurations.Yet technical,economic and other hurdles such as conversion losses,infrastructure requirements,and safety considerations are still holding back widespread implementation.The review also underlines the value of policy frameworks,such as country-level hydrogen strategies,carbon pricing,tax incentives,and harmonized safety standards to speed up adoption and reduce barriers to costs.The review synthesizes offer planners,operators,and policymakers a clear roadmap for aligning hydrogen deployment strategies with evolving technical requirements and high-renewable power-system conditions.By summarizing what is known and discussing opportunities for the future,this review is intended to be a roadmap towards maximizing hydrogen in reaching a flexible,resilient and carbon free power system.展开更多
China has set its economic growth target for 2026 in the range of 4.5-5 percent.After three consecutive years of aiming for growth of around 5 percent,the slightly adjusted range reflects a prudent assessment of a com...China has set its economic growth target for 2026 in the range of 4.5-5 percent.After three consecutive years of aiming for growth of around 5 percent,the slightly adjusted range reflects a prudent assessment of a complex global environment while still signalling a commitment to stable development.展开更多
This study integrates multiple sources of data(transaction data,policy text,public opinion data)with visualization techniques(such as heat maps,time-series trend charts,3D building brochures)to construct an analysis f...This study integrates multiple sources of data(transaction data,policy text,public opinion data)with visualization techniques(such as heat maps,time-series trend charts,3D building brochures)to construct an analysis framework for the Chengdu real estate market.By using the Adaptive Neuro-Fuzzy Inference System(ANFIS)prediction model,spatial GIS(Geographic Information System analysis)analysis,and interactive dashboards,this study reveals market differentiation,policy impacts,and changes in demand structure,thereby providing decision support for the government,enterprises,and homebuyers.展开更多
The Grassland Ecological Compensation Policy(GECP)is a large-scale project that has been investing in China since 2011.Despite the significant investment and long duration of the GECP,its impact on carbon sequestratio...The Grassland Ecological Compensation Policy(GECP)is a large-scale project that has been investing in China since 2011.Despite the significant investment and long duration of the GECP,its impact on carbon sequestration in grasslands remains unclear.Based on panel data from prefecture-level cities in the Yellow River Basin(YRB)from 2000 to 2020,this study explored the effects of the GECP on grassland carbon sequestration in the YRB and its heterogeneity using a time-varying difference-in-differences(TV-DID)model.Subsequently,we predicted changes in carbon sequestration in grasslands under the influence of the GECP from 2021 to 2040 using a simulation.The main conclusions are as follows:First,the implementation of the GECP promoted carbon sequestration in grasslands.This conclusion was validated after conducting a series of robustness tests.Moreover,the effects of the GECP were heterogeneous across different geographical locations,highway densities,and grassland areas.Finally,the simulation results indicated that over the next 20 years,grassland carbon sequestration will generally increase but exhibit cyclical changes.The government should align the principles and objectives of the GECP with local geographic conditions,resource availability,and socio-economic development.It must formulate and implement tailored policies that maximize the ecological protection benefits of the GECP and promote carbon sequestration in the grasslands of the YRB.展开更多
Background:Home accessibility modifi cations are crucial for promoting independent living and quality of life among persons with disabilities.While developed countries have established comprehensive policy frameworks,...Background:Home accessibility modifi cations are crucial for promoting independent living and quality of life among persons with disabilities.While developed countries have established comprehensive policy frameworks,developing nations like China face unique challenges in program design and implementation.Objective:This study conducts a systematic comparative analysis of home accessibility modification policies across China,Japan,Germany,and Sweden,identifying key policy dimensions and proposing evidence-based recommendations for strengthening China’s policy framework.Methods:We employed a multi-dimensional analytical framework examining legislative foundations,eligibility criteria,funding mechanisms,and service delivery models.Data were collected from primary legislation,governmental regulations,official statistics,and peer-reviewed literature.Results:Significant cross-national variations exist in policy approaches.Japan and Germany utilize social insurance models with standardized assessments,Sweden adopts a universal rights-based approach,while China employs a targeted assistance model focused on economically disadvantaged households.China completed 1.28 million household renovations during its 14th Five-Year Plan,demonstrating strong implementation capacity;future policy refi nement could draw on international experience to strengthen assessment standardization,broaden eff ective coverage,and improve the sustainability of fi nancing.Conclusions:China can benefi t from international experience in developing standardized assessment protocols,diversifying funding mechanisms,and establishing professional service delivery systems,while acknowledging contextual constraints unique to developing country settings.展开更多
On May 6,2019,the CPC Central Committee and State Council released the Opinions Concerning Establishing and Improving the Institution,Mechanism,and Policy System for Urban and Rural Integrated Development(shortened in...On May 6,2019,the CPC Central Committee and State Council released the Opinions Concerning Establishing and Improving the Institution,Mechanism,and Policy System for Urban and Rural Integrated Development(shortened into the Opinions in the following part).The Opinions suggests that by 2022,a primary urban-rural integrated development mechanism should be established.An institutional channel for free flowing of urban and rural elements should be basically opened up,the restrictions on urban permanent household registration should be gradually eliminated,the unified urban and rural construction land use market should be set up,the capacity of finance serving for countryside revitalization should be apparently promoted.展开更多
Investigators are attracted by the complexity and significance of preventive maintenance problem,and there are hundreds of maintenance models and methods to solve the maintenance problems of companies and army,going w...Investigators are attracted by the complexity and significance of preventive maintenance problem,and there are hundreds of maintenance models and methods to solve the maintenance problems of companies and army,going with a lot of investigative harvests. However,one-component system or series system is focused by most of the literature.The problem of preventive maintenance（PM） on cold standby repairable system does not attach importance despite the fact that the cold standby repairable system is ubiquitous in engineering systems.In this paper,an optimal replacement model for gamma deteriorating system is studied.This methodology presented uses a gamma distribution to model the material degradation,and the impact of imperfect maintenance actions on system reliability is investigated.After an imperfect maintenance action,the state of a degrading system is assumed as a random variable and the maintenance time follows a geometric process.A maintenance policy（N）is applied by which the system will be repaired whenever it experiences the Nth PM,and an optimal policy（N~＊） could be determined numerically or analytically for minimizing the long-run average cost per unit time.A numerical example about how to confirm the optimal maintenance time by the inspecting information of liquid coupling device is given to demonstrate the use of this policy.This paper presents a condition-based replacement policy for cold standby repairable system under continuous monitoring.Its contribution embody in two aspects,relaxing the restrictions of hypothesis and investigating the condition-based maintenance policy of the cold standby repairable system which is ignored by others.展开更多
基金supported by TheResearch Fund for the Doctoral Program of Higher Education(No.20050027014)Program for New Century ExcellentTalents in University(No.NCET-06-0130).
文摘Agricultural and rural economic policy system is one main driving force for the evolvement of agricultural Non-Point Source(NPS)pollution.In this paper,the main policies that influence agricultural NPS pollution are chosen,and a method to evaluate the impacts of agricultural and rural economic policy system on agricultural NPS pollution is brought forward.According to this,the questions about how and to what degree the policy system influence on agricultural NPS pollution are discussed.
文摘China has proposed that it will strive to achieve the carbon neutrality target by 2060,providing strategic guidance for China to accelerate the transformation of its development mode and economic restructuring.But it is very challenging to achieve the target.It requires systematic top design as well as scientific formulation of long-term planning,while multiple institutional policies and institutional mechanism reforms need to be strengthened,such as rule of law,administration and economy,to form a systematic and effective incentive and constraint mechanism.Through the exploration and improvement of its three five-year plans,China has formed a low-carbon policy guarantee system led by binding targets,highlighting key industries and regions,and comprising planning,laws,administrative orders,pilot projects,markets,finance and taxation,and other aspects.However,there are still many problems,including the lack of clear policy paths in the near,medium and long term,the absence of key systems such as total carbon emission control system and climate legislation,poor inter-departmental communication and coordination mechanisms,and inadequate systems such as carbon markets and climate investment and financing.Finally,taking into account the current opportunities and challenges,we propose a low-carbon development policy guarantee system for China to move towards carbon neutrality.
文摘From theories and cases,this paper analyzed current situation of subsidy policy system for agricultural natural disasters in China.Improvement and perfection of subsidy policies for agricultural natural disasters need clear classification and additional special subsidy plan.It is recommended to improve and perfect subsidy policy system for agricultural natural disasters through attaching importance to scientific studies on reduction and prevention of agricultural disasters and gradually supplementing agricultural disaster reduction and prevention system.
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(Grant No.2023YFD1500200)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grants No.72221002,42271375,42461144212)+2 种基金the Informatization Plan of the Chinese Academy of Sciences(Grant No.CAS-WX2021PY-0109)the funding project of Northeast Geological S&T Innovation Center Zone of China Geological Survey(Grant No.QCJJ2022-9)the funding project of China Association for Science and Technology(Grant No.XMSB20240927024).
文摘State farms,although a minority in China’s agricultural sector,play a critical role in regions like Heilongjiang,leading national food production.However,how state farms(SFs)and rural household farms(RFs)respond to food policies,especially the 2017 soybean subsidy policy(post-Sino–U.S.trade war)and the 2019 soybean revitalization policy,remains unclear.This study examines changes in cropping patterns on SFs and RFs in Heilongjiang from 2013 to 2022 using annual crop maps.We find that SFs,with larger and more clustered fields,responded more effectively to the soybean policies:soybean acreage recovery(2019–2021)reached 91.51%of pre-trade war levels for RFs and 98.2%for SFs;following the revitalization policy,maize-soybean rotations were implemented four times in 62.3%of SFs and 45.4%of RFs.These results highlight the influence of global trade and agricultural policies on cropland management,providing critical insights into sustainable practices and food security across different agricultural systems.
基金the support of the Second Tibetan Plateau Scientific Expedition and Research(Grant No.2019QZKK0603)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(NSFC)(Grant No.42250410329)the President’s International Fellowship Initiative(PIFI)for Visiting Scientists of the Chinese Academy of Sciences(Grants No.2021VCA0005 and 2023VCC0005)。
文摘Ecosystem degradation and the loss of ecosystem services stem from multiple causes,requiring coordinated and diverse policies,legislation,and institutional responses to effectively address them.An understanding of the policies,legislation,and institutions governing ecosystem services can enhance the sustained management and provision of ecosystem services.Therefore,this work appraises the policies,legislation and institutional provisions made by the government of Nepal.In addition,this study analyzes policy implications and identifies gaps and barriers that hinder future improvements in the management of ecosystem services.Altogether,63 documents comprising 45 policies and 18 legislations promulgated by the government of Nepal have been assessed for content analysis.Twenty Key Informant Interviews(KIIs)have also been conducted to obtain expert insights about the gaps in policy formulation and implementation.The results indicate that though several sectoral policies and legislations have made provision on management of ecosystem and its services implicitly or explicitly,still there is lacking of overarching framework to deal with ecosystem services.Overlapping roles and responsibilities outlined in the constitution,policies,and legislation,coupled with weak enforcement and lack of multisectoral coordination mechanism,are significant obstacles to effective policy implementation.Therefore,there is a need to develop an overarching national framework backed up by legislation with a strong multisectoral coordination mechanism that will adopt a holistic and multidisciplinary approach to the sustained management and provision of the ecosystem and its services.
文摘Objective To construct an index system for evaluating the policy effect of centralized drug procurement,and to provide reference for comprehensively and systematically evaluating the policy of centralized drug procurement.Methods Through combing the policies and literature research,the focus and expected goal of China’s centralized drug procurement policy were clarified.On the basis of policy concerns,combined with some theories and the implementation of drug centralized procurement policy,a primary evaluation index system was constructed.The index system was determined by expert consultation,and the weight of each index was calculated by analytic hierarchy process.Results and Conclusion The questionnaire recovery rates of the two rounds of expert consultation were 88.23%and 100%,the coefficients of authority of experts were 0.86 and 0.80,and the expert coordination coefficients were 0.338 and 0.294,respectively.Finally,the evaluation index system for the policy of centralized drug procurement was established,which included 4 first-level indicators,10 second-level indicators and 23 third-level indicators.The evaluation index system constructed in this paper can not only make up for the deficiency of systematic evaluation of the policy effect of the current centralized drug procurement,but also provide reference for further improving this policy.
文摘Objective To analyze the current situation of drug regulation after introducing the new policy for China’s online pharmacy,and to provide reference for the regulation of online pharmacy based on the international experience.Methods Through literature research and comparative analysis,the history of policies for online pharmacy in China was investigated,and the current situation and problems of regulation for online pharmacy were explored.Results and Conclusion It is found that the body,basis and behavior of online prescription drug supervision in China should be improved.Combining experience in regulating online prescription drug at home and abroad,we provide some suggestions for the implementation of China’s online prescription drug policy by establishing a government-led multiple regulatory mechanism,standardizing the access qualifications for enterprises with business in online prescription drugs,improving the prescription inquiry and review system,and paying attention to consumer needs.
文摘Innovation and Development Policy,简称“IDP”,中文名:《创新与发展政策(英文)》,是由中国科学院主管,中国科学院科技战略咨询研究院、中国科学学与科技政策研究会共同主办,国内外发行(ISSN:2096-5141,CN:10-1513/D)的英文国际期刊。目前期刊每年出版两期。已发表论文在期刊网站可以自由获取,http://idp-journal.casisd.cn/browse/al/al2019/。
文摘Innovation and Development Policy简称“IDP”,中文名《创新与发展政策(英文)》,是由中国科学院主管,中国科学院科技战略咨询研究院、中国科学学与科技政策研究会共同主办,国内外发行(ISSN:2096-5141,CN:10-1513/D)的英文国际期刊。目前期刊每年出版四期。已发表论文在期刊网站可以自由获取,http://idp-journal.casisd.cn/browse/al/al2019/。
文摘Purpose-This paper provides a comprehensive analysis of the Brazilian freight railway system,examining the efficacy of the current concession renewal model in light of persistent structural problems such as market concentration,cargo dependence on export commodities and underutilization of the network.Situating Brazil within the broader international debate on railway reforms,the paper evaluates whether the ongoing early renewal of concessions can deliver a more diversified and competitive freight system.Design/methodology/approach-The study adopts a sequential mixed-methods research design that integrates longitudinal quantitative analysis with qualitative institutional and policy evaluation.The quantitative component examines time-series indicators published by ANTT,DNIT and INFRA S.A.from 1999 to 2023 to identify structural patterns in traffic growth,investment,safety and market concentration.The qualitative component employs a process-tracing logic to reconstruct the evolution of concession renewals and the implementation of Railway Law 14.273/2021,drawing on concepts from regulatory economics,institutional theory and industrial organization.These empirical streams are synthesized through an analytical framework that connects three dimensions-regulatory design,market structure and system performance-allowing for a systematic assessment of how Brazil’s institutional configuration shapes incentives,competitive dynamics and network utilization.Findings-The analysis confirms that the early renewal of concessions has successfully secured substantial private investment for capacity expansion on existing trunk lines.However,it has perpetuated the vertically integrated model,reinforcing the market power of incumbent operators and failing to significantly promote intramodal competition or cargo diversification.The system remains dominated by iron ore and agricultural commodities,with general cargo representing a minuscule share.The new authorization regime and short-line railway policies present a viable pathway for market opening but face significant operational and institutional barriers to implementation.Originality/value-This research offers a timely and critical assessment of a pivotal moment in Brazilian railway policy.It moves beyond a simplistic evaluation of volume growth to a structural analysis of market failures and the interplay between concession renewal and regulatory innovation.The findings provide actionable insights for policymakers in Brazil and other emerging economies seeking to balance private investment with public interest goals in railway infrastructure,highlighting the necessity of complementary,pro-competitive measures alongside financial investment.
基金supported by the Key Project of Jiangsu Social Science Fund and the Key Project of Jiangsu Research Center for Xi Jinping Thought on Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era(Grant No.26ZXZA017).
文摘China’s environmental governance strategy provides a distinctive pathway for integrating sustainable development into national policy.Understanding its policy trajectory is essential for assessing China’s contribution to global sustainable development and the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals(SDGs).This study constructs a comprehensive database of 425 national environmental governance policy documents issued between 1978 and 2022 and applies Latent Dirichlet Allocation(LDA)modeling to examine the evolution of policy themes and discourse.The results show that China’s environmental governance has undergone four stages-initial exploration,detailed development,transformative leap,and diverse prosperity-reflecting a progressive shift toward more integrated and coordinated governance.Policy priorities have evolved from a primary focus on pollution control and energy transition to an emphasis on institutional construction and organizational reform,thereby strengthening alignment with the SDGs.This transformation is characterized by recurring developmental themes and increasingly preventive,forward-looking,and system-oriented governance approaches.Moreover,the co-evolution of policy concepts and implementation has driven a transition from localized,end-of-pipe responses to comprehensive governance frameworks,alongside a shift from normative guidance towards effectiveness-oriented policy design.By employing a data-driven text analysis approach,this study offers a systematic framework for tracing long-term policy evolution and assessing its implications for sustainable development.
文摘African exporters and the business community have welcomed the elimination of customs duties on exports to China,and companies are already preparing to access this vast market of more than 1.4 billion consumers.China’s new tariff policy is intended to boost trade flows in favour of African economies.“This zero-tariff policy towards Africa aims to open a new chapter in the annals of Sino-African solidarity,”said Wang Yi,China’s minister of foreign affairs,during a press conference held on the sidelines of the Two Sessions held in March.
基金funding this research work through the project number(PSAU/2025/01/38318).
文摘The fast-changing trajectory of energy systems toward renewables requires flexible,low-emission technologies that can buffer supply intermittently and offer large-scale energy storage systems.Moreso,hydrogen is increasingly viewed as a multi-scale flexibility resource capable of supporting deep decarbonization in renewable-dominated power systems,yet existing reviews often treat production,storage,and conversion technologies in isolation.Hydrogen offers the ability to convert,store and reconvert energy on various timescales.This review critically analyses the current literature of hydrogen production and storage in relation to power systems integration,synthesizing technical,economic and operational advances.The study synthesizes recent advances in electrolysis,particularly PEM and high-temperature SOEC systems,together with emerging PEC routes,biomass-to-hydrogen processes,and long-duration storage technologies.It considers,for storage,the performance and maturity of compressed gas,liquid hydrogen,metal and complex hydrides,liquid organic hydrogen carriers,and geological formations.Integration studies show that the value of hydrogen is enhanced as the share of renewables increases,providing seasonal storage,grid balancing,and sector coupling via power-to-hydrogen-to-power configurations.Yet technical,economic and other hurdles such as conversion losses,infrastructure requirements,and safety considerations are still holding back widespread implementation.The review also underlines the value of policy frameworks,such as country-level hydrogen strategies,carbon pricing,tax incentives,and harmonized safety standards to speed up adoption and reduce barriers to costs.The review synthesizes offer planners,operators,and policymakers a clear roadmap for aligning hydrogen deployment strategies with evolving technical requirements and high-renewable power-system conditions.By summarizing what is known and discussing opportunities for the future,this review is intended to be a roadmap towards maximizing hydrogen in reaching a flexible,resilient and carbon free power system.
文摘China has set its economic growth target for 2026 in the range of 4.5-5 percent.After three consecutive years of aiming for growth of around 5 percent,the slightly adjusted range reflects a prudent assessment of a complex global environment while still signalling a commitment to stable development.
基金Chengdu City Philosophy and Social Sciences Research Center“artificial intelligence+urban communication”theory and Application Research Center Project“Chengdu real estate vertical market public opinion data visualization research”(Project No.RZCC2025017).
文摘This study integrates multiple sources of data(transaction data,policy text,public opinion data)with visualization techniques(such as heat maps,time-series trend charts,3D building brochures)to construct an analysis framework for the Chengdu real estate market.By using the Adaptive Neuro-Fuzzy Inference System(ANFIS)prediction model,spatial GIS(Geographic Information System analysis)analysis,and interactive dashboards,this study reveals market differentiation,policy impacts,and changes in demand structure,thereby providing decision support for the government,enterprises,and homebuyers.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China[Grant No.71773091]the Graduate Student Science and Technology Innovation Program of College of Economics and Management[Grant No.JGYJSCXXM202308].
文摘The Grassland Ecological Compensation Policy(GECP)is a large-scale project that has been investing in China since 2011.Despite the significant investment and long duration of the GECP,its impact on carbon sequestration in grasslands remains unclear.Based on panel data from prefecture-level cities in the Yellow River Basin(YRB)from 2000 to 2020,this study explored the effects of the GECP on grassland carbon sequestration in the YRB and its heterogeneity using a time-varying difference-in-differences(TV-DID)model.Subsequently,we predicted changes in carbon sequestration in grasslands under the influence of the GECP from 2021 to 2040 using a simulation.The main conclusions are as follows:First,the implementation of the GECP promoted carbon sequestration in grasslands.This conclusion was validated after conducting a series of robustness tests.Moreover,the effects of the GECP were heterogeneous across different geographical locations,highway densities,and grassland areas.Finally,the simulation results indicated that over the next 20 years,grassland carbon sequestration will generally increase but exhibit cyclical changes.The government should align the principles and objectives of the GECP with local geographic conditions,resource availability,and socio-economic development.It must formulate and implement tailored policies that maximize the ecological protection benefits of the GECP and promote carbon sequestration in the grasslands of the YRB.
基金funded by the China Disabled Persons’Federation under its 2024 research project(Grant No.2024CDPFAT-47)the Yancheng Social Science Foundation(Grant No.25skB252).
文摘Background:Home accessibility modifi cations are crucial for promoting independent living and quality of life among persons with disabilities.While developed countries have established comprehensive policy frameworks,developing nations like China face unique challenges in program design and implementation.Objective:This study conducts a systematic comparative analysis of home accessibility modification policies across China,Japan,Germany,and Sweden,identifying key policy dimensions and proposing evidence-based recommendations for strengthening China’s policy framework.Methods:We employed a multi-dimensional analytical framework examining legislative foundations,eligibility criteria,funding mechanisms,and service delivery models.Data were collected from primary legislation,governmental regulations,official statistics,and peer-reviewed literature.Results:Significant cross-national variations exist in policy approaches.Japan and Germany utilize social insurance models with standardized assessments,Sweden adopts a universal rights-based approach,while China employs a targeted assistance model focused on economically disadvantaged households.China completed 1.28 million household renovations during its 14th Five-Year Plan,demonstrating strong implementation capacity;future policy refi nement could draw on international experience to strengthen assessment standardization,broaden eff ective coverage,and improve the sustainability of fi nancing.Conclusions:China can benefi t from international experience in developing standardized assessment protocols,diversifying funding mechanisms,and establishing professional service delivery systems,while acknowledging contextual constraints unique to developing country settings.
文摘On May 6,2019,the CPC Central Committee and State Council released the Opinions Concerning Establishing and Improving the Institution,Mechanism,and Policy System for Urban and Rural Integrated Development(shortened into the Opinions in the following part).The Opinions suggests that by 2022,a primary urban-rural integrated development mechanism should be established.An institutional channel for free flowing of urban and rural elements should be basically opened up,the restrictions on urban permanent household registration should be gradually eliminated,the unified urban and rural construction land use market should be set up,the capacity of finance serving for countryside revitalization should be apparently promoted.
基金supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.60904002)
文摘Investigators are attracted by the complexity and significance of preventive maintenance problem,and there are hundreds of maintenance models and methods to solve the maintenance problems of companies and army,going with a lot of investigative harvests. However,one-component system or series system is focused by most of the literature.The problem of preventive maintenance（PM） on cold standby repairable system does not attach importance despite the fact that the cold standby repairable system is ubiquitous in engineering systems.In this paper,an optimal replacement model for gamma deteriorating system is studied.This methodology presented uses a gamma distribution to model the material degradation,and the impact of imperfect maintenance actions on system reliability is investigated.After an imperfect maintenance action,the state of a degrading system is assumed as a random variable and the maintenance time follows a geometric process.A maintenance policy（N）is applied by which the system will be repaired whenever it experiences the Nth PM,and an optimal policy（N~＊） could be determined numerically or analytically for minimizing the long-run average cost per unit time.A numerical example about how to confirm the optimal maintenance time by the inspecting information of liquid coupling device is given to demonstrate the use of this policy.This paper presents a condition-based replacement policy for cold standby repairable system under continuous monitoring.Its contribution embody in two aspects,relaxing the restrictions of hypothesis and investigating the condition-based maintenance policy of the cold standby repairable system which is ignored by others.
