Researches on modern urban plazas in China were reviewed,phenomena caused by the shortage of proper theoretical guidance such as blind imitation and fixed forms of urban plazas were pointed out,and it was emphasized t...Researches on modern urban plazas in China were reviewed,phenomena caused by the shortage of proper theoretical guidance such as blind imitation and fixed forms of urban plazas were pointed out,and it was emphasized that researches on urban plazas with Chinese characteristics should be enhanced.By analyzing features of traditional western plazas and classical Chinese gardens,this study proposed that by combining with their practical functions the construction of modern urban plazas in China should maintain traditional concepts and aesthetic characteristics of Chinese people on the basis of satisfying demands of the public to the best.The enlightenment on the construction of modern urban plazas from classical Chinese gardens was particularly analyzed,the application of garden aesthetics,components,and landscaping methods of classical Chinese gardens were highlighted,and moreover,it was put forward that the relationship between human and human,human and society,human and nature implied in classical Chinese gardens would surely bring profound inspiration to urban plazas.展开更多
A systematic POE analysis was conducted on the basic information and behavior patterns of users on four representative leisure plazas in Hengyang City,Hunan Province through observing,experiencing,recording activities...A systematic POE analysis was conducted on the basic information and behavior patterns of users on four representative leisure plazas in Hengyang City,Hunan Province through observing,experiencing,recording activities and interviewing.And on the basis of this,specific transformation strategies and suggestions were proposed to design "human-concerned" plazas,and also provide theoretic support for improving service and management quality of plaza green spaces in Hengyang City.展开更多
It has become an increased challenge for designers to define the boundaries between the university and its surrounding city. The amount of space serving as a nexus between universities and urban areas is gradually inc...It has become an increased challenge for designers to define the boundaries between the university and its surrounding city. The amount of space serving as a nexus between universities and urban areas is gradually increasing. This study defines such intermediate spaces as “the university-city interface”—areas that influence the university’s physical and functional connection to the surrounding city. The research presents comparative case studies of three universities in urban contexts—Harvard University, University of Pennsylvania, and Université Catholique de Louvain— by analyzing plazas and boulevards. These representative open spaces provide interfaces for both the university campuses and their surrounding cities. This paper analyzes design elements from the perspective of campus spatial structure, as well as locations and functions, to develop a comparative checklist for plazas and boulevards. The results offer a set of urban design principles for university plazas and boulevards that could significantly improve the quality of the university-city relationship. While these checklists and principles may vary depending on circumstances, they can be useful starting points for initializing design processes.展开更多
With the increasing trend of development and industrialization in Malaysia, air pollution has become an inevitable part of the process, resulting from increased vehicular activities and industrial processes. Toll oper...With the increasing trend of development and industrialization in Malaysia, air pollution has become an inevitable part of the process, resulting from increased vehicular activities and industrial processes. Toll operators are potentially exposed to high levels of air pollutants from working in proximity to traffic pollution sources, thereby increasing their risk of health defects associated with air pollution exposure. This study assessed the levels of Nitrogen dioxide (NO2) toll operators are exposed to, considering the influences traffic density and meteorological factors. This is intended to serve as an indicator of the cumulative pollution emanating from the combustion process of vehicles at toll plazas. Using Passive diffusion samplers saturated with Triethanolamine (TEA), the weekly indoor and outdoor NO2 concentrations at tollbooth were measured at Sungai Besi (SB), Kajang (KJ) and Putra-Makhota (PM) toll Plazas, to capture the varying traffic densities of 138,000, 65,000 and 24,100 vehicles/day respectively. The results showed that NO2 concentrations increase with traffic densities, and indoor NO2 concentrations correlated highly with outdoor NO2 concentrations (R2: SB = 0.767, KJ = 0.689 and PM = 0.877). The indoor/outdoor NO2 ratio varied from 0.7 to 1.2 for all toll booths, suggesting pollution control in-efficiency, caused by technical and behavioural factors. Also, meteorological factors had no significant effect on nitrogen dioxide concentrations, contrary to previous studies, which is likely due to the far distance between tool plazas and meteorological stations. Furthermore, the NO2 concentrations reported in this study were higher in comparison to weekly standards adopted in Germany (0.032 ppm) and previous literature. Therefore, toll operators are potentially exposed to high levels of pollution, and we advise that toll operators to wear pollution protection gears to reduce the risk of exposure, and the ventilation systems and mitigation measure (air curtain) reviewed to assess its efficiency.展开更多
The service time and time headway of the vehicles are used to define the equivalency factor of different vehicle classes at the toll plaza.Both the service time and time headway are point measures and do not account f...The service time and time headway of the vehicles are used to define the equivalency factor of different vehicle classes at the toll plaza.Both the service time and time headway are point measures and do not account for the system delay(time difference when a vehicle enters the queue and leaves the tollbooth)caused to the vehicle.The present study aims to quantify the system delay incurred to the vehicles at electronic toll collection(ETC)lanes under mixed traffic conditions using a microsimulation approach.Field data collected from one toll plaza located on a National Highway are used for simulation model generation.A new terminology called system delay-based toll equivalency factor(DTEF)is introduced to convert the different vehicle classes into equivalent passenger cars.The DTEF variation for different approach volumes and heavy commercial vehicle(HCV)compositions were checked at different ETC penetration levels.A total of 288 scenarios have been worked out,and simulation runs have been made for all such scenarios to obtain the DTEF values.The average DTEF value of HCV was obtained as 2.20.Further,it is found that with an increase in approach volume and HCV share in the traffic stream,the DTEF value increases.The outcome of the present study will be useful to field practitioners and engineers to determine the capacity in equivalent DTEF/hr and level of service of a toll plaza in terms of system delay.展开更多
AS twilight descended,a screen rose.Locals and tourists converged spontaneously on the open-air cinema on the second-floor terrace of Chang’an Mills shopping plaza,in the iconic Shougang Park,Beijing.If anything riva...AS twilight descended,a screen rose.Locals and tourists converged spontaneously on the open-air cinema on the second-floor terrace of Chang’an Mills shopping plaza,in the iconic Shougang Park,Beijing.If anything rivals the magic of a summer night sky,it’s the jovial atmosphere brought about by the silver screen.展开更多
Taking the design of Yingmeng Plaza in Zitong County, Mianyang City for example, location feature and overall design objective were analyzed on the basis of design background. By analyzing the theme of Yingmeng Plaza,...Taking the design of Yingmeng Plaza in Zitong County, Mianyang City for example, location feature and overall design objective were analyzed on the basis of design background. By analyzing the theme of Yingmeng Plaza, design principles were proposed as "based on overall functions, fully considering users' needs, showing characteristics of a tourist city and cultural city". Guided by the overall planar layout, the whole plaza was classified into 5 functional areas to highlight its landscape structure of "four centers, four axes, two districts and two belts". By following the concept of "Beginning of a dream- Expectations of the dream-Transition of the dream-Dream coming true", and considering theme and design principles of Yingmeng Plaza, design concepts of its major scenic spots were elaborated.展开更多
Through analyzing the overall spatial conformation of Wanda Plaza in Chengdu City, a typical urban complex, the whole space was classified into external plaza space, internal business space and its connection with ext...Through analyzing the overall spatial conformation of Wanda Plaza in Chengdu City, a typical urban complex, the whole space was classified into external plaza space, internal business space and its connection with external space. Characteristics of such an urban complex and its contained correlation were elaborated from the perspectives of spatial conformation, organization technique and connotation. And it was proposed that the urban complex should be regarded as an organic whole with dynamic changes and mutually-influenced units, attractiveness of external space and cohesion of internal space, so as to define the organization techniques influencing regional spatial conformation and also practical significance of these techniques.展开更多
From the perspective of humanized design concepts, humanized space design and behavioral psychological needs of users were re-interpreted and analyzed, basic elements and design principles of cultural plaza spatial la...From the perspective of humanized design concepts, humanized space design and behavioral psychological needs of users were re-interpreted and analyzed, basic elements and design principles of cultural plaza spatial layout were proposed. Particularly, application and role of humanized design in the spatial layout of cultural plaza was analyzed, on the basis of which humanized design objective and orientation for the sustainable development of cultural plaza was defined.展开更多
People who have been to Wangfujing,Beijing’s major shopping district, are amazed bythe extraordinary palaeoanthropological siteunearthed there. "It is miraculous that humanbeings who lived here 20,000 years ago are
Gemdale Plaza is located at the cross-road of Chang’an Avenue and the Central Business District (CBD). It is a business complex consisting of two International Grade-A office buildings and a modem shop-ping center.
Green and plaza land(GPL)is one of the basic elements of urban construction,and is also the most basic public space to meet the needs of citizens for a better life.The exploration on its internal development laws can ...Green and plaza land(GPL)is one of the basic elements of urban construction,and is also the most basic public space to meet the needs of citizens for a better life.The exploration on its internal development laws can provide theoretical foundations for the planning of GPL and creating good human settlements.Taking 612 cities in China as the study area and from the"people-land"perspective,this paper selects the total GPL area,the per capita GPL area,and the land use proportion of per capita GPL as indicators to analyze the spatio-temporal differentiation characteristics and evolution rules of the construction level of GPL in China from 1996 to 2016,by using mathematical statistics and spatial analysis methods.The result shows:(1)from a national perspective,the construction level of GPL in China has been rapidly improved along with the temporal evolution,but there is still a big gap from the upper limit of the standard.In terms of the spatial distribution,regional differences have always been great,and the cities scoring below the standard are concentrated in the eastern and central regions,while high-scoring cities are more concentrated in the western region;the distribution of the land use proportion of per capita GPL is in a pattern that the eastern region has the highest proportion,followed by the western region,central region,and northeastern region successively.(2)From the perspective of scale,differences between cities of different sizes exist over a long period of time,and there is an obvious imbalance in the per capita GPL area as well as the land use proportion of per capita GPL between different cities.The construction level shows that small cities have the highest level,followed by medium-sized cities and then large cities.展开更多
文摘Researches on modern urban plazas in China were reviewed,phenomena caused by the shortage of proper theoretical guidance such as blind imitation and fixed forms of urban plazas were pointed out,and it was emphasized that researches on urban plazas with Chinese characteristics should be enhanced.By analyzing features of traditional western plazas and classical Chinese gardens,this study proposed that by combining with their practical functions the construction of modern urban plazas in China should maintain traditional concepts and aesthetic characteristics of Chinese people on the basis of satisfying demands of the public to the best.The enlightenment on the construction of modern urban plazas from classical Chinese gardens was particularly analyzed,the application of garden aesthetics,components,and landscaping methods of classical Chinese gardens were highlighted,and moreover,it was put forward that the relationship between human and human,human and society,human and nature implied in classical Chinese gardens would surely bring profound inspiration to urban plazas.
基金Sponsored by President Foundation of Hunan Environment and Biological Polytechnic College (Z08-04)National Refined Course Foundation~~
文摘A systematic POE analysis was conducted on the basic information and behavior patterns of users on four representative leisure plazas in Hengyang City,Hunan Province through observing,experiencing,recording activities and interviewing.And on the basis of this,specific transformation strategies and suggestions were proposed to design "human-concerned" plazas,and also provide theoretic support for improving service and management quality of plaza green spaces in Hengyang City.
文摘It has become an increased challenge for designers to define the boundaries between the university and its surrounding city. The amount of space serving as a nexus between universities and urban areas is gradually increasing. This study defines such intermediate spaces as “the university-city interface”—areas that influence the university’s physical and functional connection to the surrounding city. The research presents comparative case studies of three universities in urban contexts—Harvard University, University of Pennsylvania, and Université Catholique de Louvain— by analyzing plazas and boulevards. These representative open spaces provide interfaces for both the university campuses and their surrounding cities. This paper analyzes design elements from the perspective of campus spatial structure, as well as locations and functions, to develop a comparative checklist for plazas and boulevards. The results offer a set of urban design principles for university plazas and boulevards that could significantly improve the quality of the university-city relationship. While these checklists and principles may vary depending on circumstances, they can be useful starting points for initializing design processes.
文摘With the increasing trend of development and industrialization in Malaysia, air pollution has become an inevitable part of the process, resulting from increased vehicular activities and industrial processes. Toll operators are potentially exposed to high levels of air pollutants from working in proximity to traffic pollution sources, thereby increasing their risk of health defects associated with air pollution exposure. This study assessed the levels of Nitrogen dioxide (NO2) toll operators are exposed to, considering the influences traffic density and meteorological factors. This is intended to serve as an indicator of the cumulative pollution emanating from the combustion process of vehicles at toll plazas. Using Passive diffusion samplers saturated with Triethanolamine (TEA), the weekly indoor and outdoor NO2 concentrations at tollbooth were measured at Sungai Besi (SB), Kajang (KJ) and Putra-Makhota (PM) toll Plazas, to capture the varying traffic densities of 138,000, 65,000 and 24,100 vehicles/day respectively. The results showed that NO2 concentrations increase with traffic densities, and indoor NO2 concentrations correlated highly with outdoor NO2 concentrations (R2: SB = 0.767, KJ = 0.689 and PM = 0.877). The indoor/outdoor NO2 ratio varied from 0.7 to 1.2 for all toll booths, suggesting pollution control in-efficiency, caused by technical and behavioural factors. Also, meteorological factors had no significant effect on nitrogen dioxide concentrations, contrary to previous studies, which is likely due to the far distance between tool plazas and meteorological stations. Furthermore, the NO2 concentrations reported in this study were higher in comparison to weekly standards adopted in Germany (0.032 ppm) and previous literature. Therefore, toll operators are potentially exposed to high levels of pollution, and we advise that toll operators to wear pollution protection gears to reduce the risk of exposure, and the ventilation systems and mitigation measure (air curtain) reviewed to assess its efficiency.
基金funded by the DST-DAAD project“Warrants for Automation of Toll Plazas Under Mixed Traffic Conditions.”(Project Number:–DST/INT/DAAD/P-14/2020).
文摘The service time and time headway of the vehicles are used to define the equivalency factor of different vehicle classes at the toll plaza.Both the service time and time headway are point measures and do not account for the system delay(time difference when a vehicle enters the queue and leaves the tollbooth)caused to the vehicle.The present study aims to quantify the system delay incurred to the vehicles at electronic toll collection(ETC)lanes under mixed traffic conditions using a microsimulation approach.Field data collected from one toll plaza located on a National Highway are used for simulation model generation.A new terminology called system delay-based toll equivalency factor(DTEF)is introduced to convert the different vehicle classes into equivalent passenger cars.The DTEF variation for different approach volumes and heavy commercial vehicle(HCV)compositions were checked at different ETC penetration levels.A total of 288 scenarios have been worked out,and simulation runs have been made for all such scenarios to obtain the DTEF values.The average DTEF value of HCV was obtained as 2.20.Further,it is found that with an increase in approach volume and HCV share in the traffic stream,the DTEF value increases.The outcome of the present study will be useful to field practitioners and engineers to determine the capacity in equivalent DTEF/hr and level of service of a toll plaza in terms of system delay.
文摘AS twilight descended,a screen rose.Locals and tourists converged spontaneously on the open-air cinema on the second-floor terrace of Chang’an Mills shopping plaza,in the iconic Shougang Park,Beijing.If anything rivals the magic of a summer night sky,it’s the jovial atmosphere brought about by the silver screen.
文摘Taking the design of Yingmeng Plaza in Zitong County, Mianyang City for example, location feature and overall design objective were analyzed on the basis of design background. By analyzing the theme of Yingmeng Plaza, design principles were proposed as "based on overall functions, fully considering users' needs, showing characteristics of a tourist city and cultural city". Guided by the overall planar layout, the whole plaza was classified into 5 functional areas to highlight its landscape structure of "four centers, four axes, two districts and two belts". By following the concept of "Beginning of a dream- Expectations of the dream-Transition of the dream-Dream coming true", and considering theme and design principles of Yingmeng Plaza, design concepts of its major scenic spots were elaborated.
文摘Through analyzing the overall spatial conformation of Wanda Plaza in Chengdu City, a typical urban complex, the whole space was classified into external plaza space, internal business space and its connection with external space. Characteristics of such an urban complex and its contained correlation were elaborated from the perspectives of spatial conformation, organization technique and connotation. And it was proposed that the urban complex should be regarded as an organic whole with dynamic changes and mutually-influenced units, attractiveness of external space and cohesion of internal space, so as to define the organization techniques influencing regional spatial conformation and also practical significance of these techniques.
文摘From the perspective of humanized design concepts, humanized space design and behavioral psychological needs of users were re-interpreted and analyzed, basic elements and design principles of cultural plaza spatial layout were proposed. Particularly, application and role of humanized design in the spatial layout of cultural plaza was analyzed, on the basis of which humanized design objective and orientation for the sustainable development of cultural plaza was defined.
文摘People who have been to Wangfujing,Beijing’s major shopping district, are amazed bythe extraordinary palaeoanthropological siteunearthed there. "It is miraculous that humanbeings who lived here 20,000 years ago are
文摘Gemdale Plaza is located at the cross-road of Chang’an Avenue and the Central Business District (CBD). It is a business complex consisting of two International Grade-A office buildings and a modem shop-ping center.
基金co-funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.51778389)the“Qing Lan Project”of Colleges and Universities of Jiangsu Province+1 种基金the Enterprise-Postgraduate Studio of Jiangsu Provincethe Project of Disciplinary Construction of Landscape Architecture at Suzhou University of Science and Technology。
文摘Green and plaza land(GPL)is one of the basic elements of urban construction,and is also the most basic public space to meet the needs of citizens for a better life.The exploration on its internal development laws can provide theoretical foundations for the planning of GPL and creating good human settlements.Taking 612 cities in China as the study area and from the"people-land"perspective,this paper selects the total GPL area,the per capita GPL area,and the land use proportion of per capita GPL as indicators to analyze the spatio-temporal differentiation characteristics and evolution rules of the construction level of GPL in China from 1996 to 2016,by using mathematical statistics and spatial analysis methods.The result shows:(1)from a national perspective,the construction level of GPL in China has been rapidly improved along with the temporal evolution,but there is still a big gap from the upper limit of the standard.In terms of the spatial distribution,regional differences have always been great,and the cities scoring below the standard are concentrated in the eastern and central regions,while high-scoring cities are more concentrated in the western region;the distribution of the land use proportion of per capita GPL is in a pattern that the eastern region has the highest proportion,followed by the western region,central region,and northeastern region successively.(2)From the perspective of scale,differences between cities of different sizes exist over a long period of time,and there is an obvious imbalance in the per capita GPL area as well as the land use proportion of per capita GPL between different cities.The construction level shows that small cities have the highest level,followed by medium-sized cities and then large cities.
