A playback experiment is a well-established method for behavior research, especially in the study of the territorial responses of songbirds. Birds obtain information from multimodal signals, whereas only acoustic sign...A playback experiment is a well-established method for behavior research, especially in the study of the territorial responses of songbirds. Birds obtain information from multimodal signals, whereas only acoustic signals are provided in traditional playbacks. Many efforts have been made to combine visual signals with playback experiments, e.g., static specimens, videos, live birds and robotic models. Multimodal signal playback provides an elaborate way to study the behavior of focal birds. Although combining visual signals with playback experiments can elicit more authentic responses, empirical evidence remains scarce. In this study, a robot model mimicking a territory intruder was presented to Eurasian Nuthatch (Sitta europaea) to evaluate its effect on playback experiments. The experiments were conducted on 45 individuals during the 2021 breeding season in Baihua Mountain National Nature Reserve (39°83ʹ N, 115°58ʹ E), China. These 45 individuals were randomly divided into three equal-sized groups corresponding to the experimental treatments: playback sound only;sound with a static model;and sound with a dynamic model. Behavioral variables were recorded during each experiment to generate response intensity via principal component analysis. The results revealed that there was no significant difference in response intensity among the three different experimental treatments. Considering the dense habitat where nuthatches live, the robot model may have insufficiently increased the stimulation of sensory perception. We propose that the effect of visual signals during playback should be evaluated in more species and that behavioral studies could be conducted using multimodal signals to provide a more realistic representation of bird‒bird interactions.展开更多
Background: Birds produce alarm calls to convey information about threats. Some Passerine alarm calls consist of several note strings, but few studies have examined their function. Previous studies have shown that Jap...Background: Birds produce alarm calls to convey information about threats. Some Passerine alarm calls consist of several note strings, but few studies have examined their function. Previous studies have shown that Japanese Tits(Parus minor) can alter the calling rate and number and combination of notes in response to predators. We previously found the combinations of note types in Japanese Tit alarm calls to be significantly different in response to the Sparrowhawk(Accipiter nisus) and Common Cuckoo(Cuculus canorus).Methods: Through playback experiments, we tested whether the note strings in Japanese Tit alarm calls to the Common Cuckoo have different functions in conveying information. The note strings of selected alarm calls were divided into the categories of C and D, and different calls were then constructed separately based on the two note string categories. Original alarm calls(C–D), C calls and D calls were played back to male Japanese Tits during the incubation period.Results: Male Japanese Tits had a significantly stronger response to C calls than to C–D calls, and they showed a significantly stronger response to both C and C–D calls than to D calls, suggesting that Japanese Tits discriminated between the C and D calls.Conclusions: Our study demonstrated that the C-and D-category note strings of Japanese Tit alarm calls to the Common Cuckoo have different functions, which supports the previous finding that different note strings in an alarm call can provide different information to receivers. However, the exact meanings of these note strings are not yet known, and further investigation is therefore required.展开更多
Begging brings benefits and costs for nestling birds:it can indicate their needs to their parents,but it can also be a cue used by predators to find the nest.The costs,like many variables related to nest predation,can...Begging brings benefits and costs for nestling birds:it can indicate their needs to their parents,but it can also be a cue used by predators to find the nest.The costs,like many variables related to nest predation,can be specific to what kinds of predators are present and their auditory capabilities.These costs and benefits could also be affected by human noise,as noise could disrupt communication to parents and eavesdropping by predators,although human-produced noise might be easily ignored if predators can hear high-frequency components of the begging.We studied nest predation on a generalist bird,the Red-whiskered Bulbul(Pycnonotus jocosus),in a tropical forest in which there are many kinds of nest predators,including birds,mammals and reptiles.In 20 natural nests in which artificial eggs were placed,and subsequently in 140 artificial nests,we broadcast recordings of begging nestlings,with and without traffic noise,at two volume levels.We hypothesized that playback would increase predation relative to a silent control,and that mixing in traffic noise with the begging would decrease predation,as the begging signal was masked.However,we hypothesized that some predators,particularly small mammals with sensitive high-frequency hearing,might ignore the traffic noise.We found that predation was lowest for the control treatment,and lower for treatments mixed with traffic noise than for those without it.Small mammals,however,showed an unexpected pattern,displaying less nest predation in the treatments with traffic noise.Our results demonstrate the human-associated noise can disturb nest predators and influence which kinds of predators use begging to locate nests.展开更多
Background:Generally speaking,playbacks were often ineffective to determine the group sizes of birds since mainly males from leks responded.This limitation has not been tested properly for flocking birds such as Crest...Background:Generally speaking,playbacks were often ineffective to determine the group sizes of birds since mainly males from leks responded.This limitation has not been tested properly for flocking birds such as Crested Guineafowl(Guttera edouardi) with the view to use it as a counting method.The aims of the study reported in this paper were(1) to describe the cal s of Crested Guineafowl in a social context;(2) to interpret cal s in an evolutionary context;and(3) to demonstrate that playbacks can be used to locate and count Crested Guineafowl in smal isolated forests.Methods:The vocal behavior of Crested Guineafowl was observed during a survey conducted in the Umhlanga Lagoon Nature Reserve(Kwa Zulu-Natal,South Africa) from November 2010 to June 2012.Transect line observations and sound playback methods were used.Results:The behavioral context and structure of cal s were described.The eight cal s described for Crested Guineafowl were produced mainly to unite flock members in the dense understory,where visibility was poor,and to repel intruders.When not disturbed,Crested Guineafowl were quiet and only made soft contact calls.Conclusions:The high rate of call back and the fact that flocks invariably approach the source of the call en masse,shows that field researchers are able to assess the population size of Crested Guineafowl with sound playbacks along a transect.The value of playbacks as a conservation tool is assessed.展开更多
In Peer-to-Peer(P2P) streaming systems,video data may be lost since peers can join and leave the overlay network randomly,thereby deteriorating the video playback quality.In this paper we propose a new hybrid mesh and...In Peer-to-Peer(P2P) streaming systems,video data may be lost since peers can join and leave the overlay network randomly,thereby deteriorating the video playback quality.In this paper we propose a new hybrid mesh and Distributed Hash Table(DHT) based P2P streaming system,called HQMedia,to provide high playback quality to users by maintaining high data dissemination resilience with a low overhead.In HQMedia,peers are classified into Super Peers(SP) and Common Peers(CP) according to their online time.SPs and CPs form a mesh structure,while SPs alone form a new Streaming DHT(SDHT) structure.In this hybrid architecture,we propose a joint scheduling and compensation mechanism.If any frames cannot be obtained during the scheduling phase,an SDHT-based compensation mechanism is invoked for retrieving the missing frames near the playback point.We evaluate the performance of HQMedia by both theoretical analysis and intensive simulation experiments on large-scale networks to demonstrate the effectiveness and scalability of the proposed system.Numerical results show that HQMedia significantly outperforms existing mesh-based and treebased P2P live streaming systems by improving playback quality with only less than 1% extra maintenance overhead.展开更多
Nest predation is the leading cause of reproductive failure in birds and a major driving force in the evolution of anti-predation strategies.Current studies on the anti-predation strategies of birds driven by predatio...Nest predation is the leading cause of reproductive failure in birds and a major driving force in the evolution of anti-predation strategies.Current studies on the anti-predation strategies of birds driven by predation pressure have mainly focused on adults.However,the detection and behavioral responses of nestlings toward predation risk require further investigation.In this study,we examined nestling responses to predator sounds.Two species of nestlings,the Reed Parrotbill(Paradoxornis heudei)and Vinous-throated Parrotbill(Sinosuthora webbiana),were exposed to the Sparrowhawk(Accipiter nisus,less common)and Oriental Magpie(Pica serica,more common),which are predator species,the Oriental Turtle Dove(Streptopelia orientalis),which is a commonly found harmless species,and background noise.Our findings revealed that compared to pre-playback of natural begging and playback of background noise and Oriental Turtle Dove sounds,playback of the two predator types decreased the total begging time and total number of calls of the two nestlings species,with the calls of the Sparrowhawk leading to greater suppression of nestling begging behavior than those of the Oriental Magpie.Therefore,our results indicated that these nestlings were able to distinguish predators from harmless species based on auditory cues.展开更多
目的:对一人一故事剧场(playback theatre)的心理干预效果进行系统综述。方法:系统检索PubMed、Web of Science、Proquest、ESBCO、PsycINFO和中国知网等数据库截至2024年7月公开发表的相关文献。结果:最终纳入15篇英文文献,涉及924名被...目的:对一人一故事剧场(playback theatre)的心理干预效果进行系统综述。方法:系统检索PubMed、Web of Science、Proquest、ESBCO、PsycINFO和中国知网等数据库截至2024年7月公开发表的相关文献。结果:最终纳入15篇英文文献,涉及924名被试,研究对象年龄10~96岁,涵盖儿童、老年人、大学生、精神障碍患者、受灾人员、警察、出狱人员等。积极情绪、自我认知、人际交往、同理心、创造性思维等有所提升。结论:一人一故事剧场可以带来情绪、自我认知、人际交往、同理心、创造性思维等心理健康相关的干预效果。展开更多
Conventionally, P2P video is regarded as CBR traffic. However, our measurements have shown that the rate reset cannot be neglected in a practical IPTV system because each rate reset often leads to performance degradat...Conventionally, P2P video is regarded as CBR traffic. However, our measurements have shown that the rate reset cannot be neglected in a practical IPTV system because each rate reset often leads to performance degradation. Thus, addressing the problem of inferring playback rate and rate reset in a P2P video system is significant. In this article, an algorithm termed piecewise linear envelope approximation （PLEA） is proposed, in which a follow-up time is introduced to smooth rate fluctuations in a small time scale and to adapt rate jumps in a large time scale automatically. With the PLEA algorithm, discontinuity introduced by blind segmentations adopted by current methods is avoided. Furthermore, unlike existing algorithms in which both segmentation and combinations are performed in multiple runs, only a single computation path is involved in the PLEA algorithm. This makes PLEA algorithm amenable to implementation of low complexity by either software or hardware. Both theoretical analysis and experiment based on measured data show that the PLEA outperforms existing algorithms based on segmentation.展开更多
We propose a high-speed playback method for the spatiotemporal division multiplexing electroholographic three-dimensional(3D)video stored in a solid-state drive(SSD)using a digital micromirror device.The spatiotempora...We propose a high-speed playback method for the spatiotemporal division multiplexing electroholographic three-dimensional(3D)video stored in a solid-state drive(SSD)using a digital micromirror device.The spatiotemporal division multiplexing electroholography prevents deterioration in the reconstructed 3D video from a 3D object comprising many object points.In the proposed method,the stored data is remarkably reduced using the packing technique,and the computer-generated holograms are played back at high speed.Consequently,we successfully reconstructed a clear 3D video of a 3D object comprising approximately 1,100,000 points at 60 frames per second by reducing the reading time of the stored data from an SSD.展开更多
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.32170491)the Scientific Research Team Project of the College of Life Sciences,Beijing Normal University,in 2024.
文摘A playback experiment is a well-established method for behavior research, especially in the study of the territorial responses of songbirds. Birds obtain information from multimodal signals, whereas only acoustic signals are provided in traditional playbacks. Many efforts have been made to combine visual signals with playback experiments, e.g., static specimens, videos, live birds and robotic models. Multimodal signal playback provides an elaborate way to study the behavior of focal birds. Although combining visual signals with playback experiments can elicit more authentic responses, empirical evidence remains scarce. In this study, a robot model mimicking a territory intruder was presented to Eurasian Nuthatch (Sitta europaea) to evaluate its effect on playback experiments. The experiments were conducted on 45 individuals during the 2021 breeding season in Baihua Mountain National Nature Reserve (39°83ʹ N, 115°58ʹ E), China. These 45 individuals were randomly divided into three equal-sized groups corresponding to the experimental treatments: playback sound only;sound with a static model;and sound with a dynamic model. Behavioral variables were recorded during each experiment to generate response intensity via principal component analysis. The results revealed that there was no significant difference in response intensity among the three different experimental treatments. Considering the dense habitat where nuthatches live, the robot model may have insufficiently increased the stimulation of sensory perception. We propose that the effect of visual signals during playback should be evaluated in more species and that behavioral studies could be conducted using multimodal signals to provide a more realistic representation of bird‒bird interactions.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(31272331 and 31470458 to HW,31472013 and 31772453 to WL)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(2412016KJ043)the Open Project Program of Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Resource Conservation and Utilization(130028685)
文摘Background: Birds produce alarm calls to convey information about threats. Some Passerine alarm calls consist of several note strings, but few studies have examined their function. Previous studies have shown that Japanese Tits(Parus minor) can alter the calling rate and number and combination of notes in response to predators. We previously found the combinations of note types in Japanese Tit alarm calls to be significantly different in response to the Sparrowhawk(Accipiter nisus) and Common Cuckoo(Cuculus canorus).Methods: Through playback experiments, we tested whether the note strings in Japanese Tit alarm calls to the Common Cuckoo have different functions in conveying information. The note strings of selected alarm calls were divided into the categories of C and D, and different calls were then constructed separately based on the two note string categories. Original alarm calls(C–D), C calls and D calls were played back to male Japanese Tits during the incubation period.Results: Male Japanese Tits had a significantly stronger response to C calls than to C–D calls, and they showed a significantly stronger response to both C and C–D calls than to D calls, suggesting that Japanese Tits discriminated between the C and D calls.Conclusions: Our study demonstrated that the C-and D-category note strings of Japanese Tit alarm calls to the Common Cuckoo have different functions, which supports the previous finding that different note strings in an alarm call can provide different information to receivers. However, the exact meanings of these note strings are not yet known, and further investigation is therefore required.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(grant 31870370)Guangxi 1000 Young and Middle-Aged College and University Backbone Teachers Cultivation Program(2019.5)。
文摘Begging brings benefits and costs for nestling birds:it can indicate their needs to their parents,but it can also be a cue used by predators to find the nest.The costs,like many variables related to nest predation,can be specific to what kinds of predators are present and their auditory capabilities.These costs and benefits could also be affected by human noise,as noise could disrupt communication to parents and eavesdropping by predators,although human-produced noise might be easily ignored if predators can hear high-frequency components of the begging.We studied nest predation on a generalist bird,the Red-whiskered Bulbul(Pycnonotus jocosus),in a tropical forest in which there are many kinds of nest predators,including birds,mammals and reptiles.In 20 natural nests in which artificial eggs were placed,and subsequently in 140 artificial nests,we broadcast recordings of begging nestlings,with and without traffic noise,at two volume levels.We hypothesized that playback would increase predation relative to a silent control,and that mixing in traffic noise with the begging would decrease predation,as the begging signal was masked.However,we hypothesized that some predators,particularly small mammals with sensitive high-frequency hearing,might ignore the traffic noise.We found that predation was lowest for the control treatment,and lower for treatments mixed with traffic noise than for those without it.Small mammals,however,showed an unexpected pattern,displaying less nest predation in the treatments with traffic noise.Our results demonstrate the human-associated noise can disturb nest predators and influence which kinds of predators use begging to locate nests.
文摘Background:Generally speaking,playbacks were often ineffective to determine the group sizes of birds since mainly males from leks responded.This limitation has not been tested properly for flocking birds such as Crested Guineafowl(Guttera edouardi) with the view to use it as a counting method.The aims of the study reported in this paper were(1) to describe the cal s of Crested Guineafowl in a social context;(2) to interpret cal s in an evolutionary context;and(3) to demonstrate that playbacks can be used to locate and count Crested Guineafowl in smal isolated forests.Methods:The vocal behavior of Crested Guineafowl was observed during a survey conducted in the Umhlanga Lagoon Nature Reserve(Kwa Zulu-Natal,South Africa) from November 2010 to June 2012.Transect line observations and sound playback methods were used.Results:The behavioral context and structure of cal s were described.The eight cal s described for Crested Guineafowl were produced mainly to unite flock members in the dense understory,where visibility was poor,and to repel intruders.When not disturbed,Crested Guineafowl were quiet and only made soft contact calls.Conclusions:The high rate of call back and the fact that flocks invariably approach the source of the call en masse,shows that field researchers are able to assess the population size of Crested Guineafowl with sound playbacks along a transect.The value of playbacks as a conservation tool is assessed.
基金supported by the National Programs for Science and Technology under Grant No. 2009ZX03004-002the National Natural Science Foundation of China Major Project under Grant No. 60833002+2 种基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China under Grant No.60772142the National Science and Technology Major Projects under Grant No. 2008ZX03003-005the Science and Technology Research Project of Chongqing Education Commission under Grant No. KJ120825
文摘In Peer-to-Peer(P2P) streaming systems,video data may be lost since peers can join and leave the overlay network randomly,thereby deteriorating the video playback quality.In this paper we propose a new hybrid mesh and Distributed Hash Table(DHT) based P2P streaming system,called HQMedia,to provide high playback quality to users by maintaining high data dissemination resilience with a low overhead.In HQMedia,peers are classified into Super Peers(SP) and Common Peers(CP) according to their online time.SPs and CPs form a mesh structure,while SPs alone form a new Streaming DHT(SDHT) structure.In this hybrid architecture,we propose a joint scheduling and compensation mechanism.If any frames cannot be obtained during the scheduling phase,an SDHT-based compensation mechanism is invoked for retrieving the missing frames near the playback point.We evaluate the performance of HQMedia by both theoretical analysis and intensive simulation experiments on large-scale networks to demonstrate the effectiveness and scalability of the proposed system.Numerical results show that HQMedia significantly outperforms existing mesh-based and treebased P2P live streaming systems by improving playback quality with only less than 1% extra maintenance overhead.
基金funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (32301295 to J.W.,32101242 to L.M.and 32260253 to L.W.)High-Level Talents Research Start-Up Project of Hebei University (521100222044 to J.W.)。
文摘Nest predation is the leading cause of reproductive failure in birds and a major driving force in the evolution of anti-predation strategies.Current studies on the anti-predation strategies of birds driven by predation pressure have mainly focused on adults.However,the detection and behavioral responses of nestlings toward predation risk require further investigation.In this study,we examined nestling responses to predator sounds.Two species of nestlings,the Reed Parrotbill(Paradoxornis heudei)and Vinous-throated Parrotbill(Sinosuthora webbiana),were exposed to the Sparrowhawk(Accipiter nisus,less common)and Oriental Magpie(Pica serica,more common),which are predator species,the Oriental Turtle Dove(Streptopelia orientalis),which is a commonly found harmless species,and background noise.Our findings revealed that compared to pre-playback of natural begging and playback of background noise and Oriental Turtle Dove sounds,playback of the two predator types decreased the total begging time and total number of calls of the two nestlings species,with the calls of the Sparrowhawk leading to greater suppression of nestling begging behavior than those of the Oriental Magpie.Therefore,our results indicated that these nestlings were able to distinguish predators from harmless species based on auditory cues.
文摘目的:对一人一故事剧场(playback theatre)的心理干预效果进行系统综述。方法:系统检索PubMed、Web of Science、Proquest、ESBCO、PsycINFO和中国知网等数据库截至2024年7月公开发表的相关文献。结果:最终纳入15篇英文文献,涉及924名被试,研究对象年龄10~96岁,涵盖儿童、老年人、大学生、精神障碍患者、受灾人员、警察、出狱人员等。积极情绪、自我认知、人际交往、同理心、创造性思维等有所提升。结论:一人一故事剧场可以带来情绪、自我认知、人际交往、同理心、创造性思维等心理健康相关的干预效果。
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(60672069,60772043)the National Basic Research Program of China(2007CB307101)
文摘Conventionally, P2P video is regarded as CBR traffic. However, our measurements have shown that the rate reset cannot be neglected in a practical IPTV system because each rate reset often leads to performance degradation. Thus, addressing the problem of inferring playback rate and rate reset in a P2P video system is significant. In this article, an algorithm termed piecewise linear envelope approximation （PLEA） is proposed, in which a follow-up time is introduced to smooth rate fluctuations in a small time scale and to adapt rate jumps in a large time scale automatically. With the PLEA algorithm, discontinuity introduced by blind segmentations adopted by current methods is avoided. Furthermore, unlike existing algorithms in which both segmentation and combinations are performed in multiple runs, only a single computation path is involved in the PLEA algorithm. This makes PLEA algorithm amenable to implementation of low complexity by either software or hardware. Both theoretical analysis and experiment based on measured data show that the PLEA outperforms existing algorithms based on segmentation.
基金This work was partially supported by the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science(JSPS)KAKENHI(No.18K11399)and I-O DATA Foundation.
文摘We propose a high-speed playback method for the spatiotemporal division multiplexing electroholographic three-dimensional(3D)video stored in a solid-state drive(SSD)using a digital micromirror device.The spatiotemporal division multiplexing electroholography prevents deterioration in the reconstructed 3D video from a 3D object comprising many object points.In the proposed method,the stored data is remarkably reduced using the packing technique,and the computer-generated holograms are played back at high speed.Consequently,we successfully reconstructed a clear 3D video of a 3D object comprising approximately 1,100,000 points at 60 frames per second by reducing the reading time of the stored data from an SSD.
