Lactate serves as a key energy metabolite in the central nervous system,facilitating essential brain functions,including energy supply,signaling,and epigenetic modulation.Moreover,it links epigenetic modifications wit...Lactate serves as a key energy metabolite in the central nervous system,facilitating essential brain functions,including energy supply,signaling,and epigenetic modulation.Moreover,it links epigenetic modifications with metabolic reprogramming.Nonetheless,the specific mechanisms and roles of this connection in astrocytes remain unclear.Therefore,this review aims to explore the role and specific mechanisms of lactate in the metabolic reprogramming of astrocytes in the central nervous system.The close relationship between epigenetic modifications and metabolic reprogramming was discussed.Therapeutic strategies for targeting metabolic reprogramming in astrocytes in the central nervous system were also outlined to guide future research in central nervous system diseases.In the nervous system,lactate plays an essential role.However,its mechanism of action as a bridge between metabolic reprogramming and epigenetic modifications in the nervous system requires future investigation.The involvement of lactate in epigenetic modifications is currently a hot research topic,especially in lactylation modification,a key determinant in this process.Lactate also indirectly regulates various epigenetic modifications,such as N6-methyladenosine,acetylation,ubiquitination,and phosphorylation modifications,which are closely linked to several neurological disorders.In addition,exploring the clinical applications and potential therapeutic strategies of lactic acid provides new insights for future neurological disease treatments.展开更多
Diamonds were formed in the mantle lithosphere,mostly at depths of 150~200km in the centres of Precambrian cratons,the buoyant ancient cores of continents.From there they were normally transported into the upper crust...Diamonds were formed in the mantle lithosphere,mostly at depths of 150~200km in the centres of Precambrian cratons,the buoyant ancient cores of continents.From there they were normally transported into the upper crust in kimberlite pipes whose diamonds are largely colourless and light yellow related to trace element N(Ia type),although brown,green,and more rarely blue-coloured diamonds are related to lattice defect and trace amounts of H,more rarely B and Ni.Pink diamonds are extremely rare in the approximately 90 diamondiferous pipes mined globally.Although small quantities have been discovered elsewhere,about 90%have been mined from the ca.1.3Ga Argyle diamond pipe in Western Australia,with the Arkhangelskaya diamond pipe in Russia the only other significant source.The pink colour at both Argyle and Arkhangelskaya is unrelated to trace elements and instead results from absorption of light from nanoscale(550nm)defects related to shear stress and plastic deformation.Macroscopically,defects are shown by glide planes,lamellae,and grain lines imposed on the originally colourless diamonds derived from their mantle source.The key question is why these defects were uniquely acquired in diamonds in the Argyle and Arkhangelskaya pipes.Unlike most diamondiferous pipes,Argyle is a rare diamondiferous volatile-rich lamproite pipe that was emplaced into the multiply deformed and rifted NNE-trending Halls Creek Orogen on the margin of the Kimberley Craton.Similarly,Arkhangelskaya in the Devonian Lomonosov kimberlite cluster is a volatile-rich low-Ti type kimberlite,a close relative to lamproite,that was emplaced into the multiply deformed Lapland-Kola Orogen on the rifted margin of the Kola Craton.These craton margins are underlain by subduction-induced volatile-enriched metasomatized mantle lithosphere in contrast to the more primeval mantle under craton centres.It is thus likely that shear stresses were exacerbated at Argyle and Arkangelskaya by rapid vertical emplacement of the anomalous volatile-enriched magmas at supercritical pressures and temperatures,that induced catastrophic phase separation of these volatiles and'mini seismic events'during rapid pressure drops during ascent from 200km depth to the surface.Such a mechanism is consistent with the presence of strongly resorbed and plastically deformed small brown industrial diamonds in the Argyle pipe.From a China perspective,it is potentially important that at 1.3Ga the alkaline Argyle pipe in northern Australia is placed adjacent to the North China Craton(NCC),with numerous world-class mineral deposits including the giant ca.1.4~1.2Ga alkaline Bayan Obo REE system on its margin.However,it is the southeastern margin of the Yangtze Craton and the Jiangnan Orogen with their lamproite pipes derived from metasomatized mantle lithosphere that present the most prospective regions for pink diamond occurrences.展开更多
The strength and damping properties of Co-Ni-Cr-Mo-based alloys with 0.5wt%Nb addition after various plastic deformation and heat treatment processes were investigated.Through Vickers hardness tests,free resonance You...The strength and damping properties of Co-Ni-Cr-Mo-based alloys with 0.5wt%Nb addition after various plastic deformation and heat treatment processes were investigated.Through Vickers hardness tests,free resonance Young's modulus measurements,and microstructure analysis,the effects of dislocation density,vacancy formation,and recrystallization on the alloy performance were clarified.Results indicate that increasing the rolling reduction enhances damping property due to higher dislocation density,whereas aging below the recrystallization temperature reduces damping property via dislocation pinning by the Suzuki effect.Recrystallization heat treatment restores the original structure and damping level.This alloy possesses tensile strength of approximately 1500 MPa and logarithmic decrement valueδ^(-1) in the range of 2×10^(-4)–3×10^(-4),demonstrating superior mechanical properties compared with the Ti-based alloys,which makes it an excellent candidate material for ultrasonic tools and medical applications.展开更多
The dentate gyrus of the hippocampus is a plastic structure that displays modifications at different levels in response to positive stimuli as well as to negative conditions such as brain damage.The latter involves gl...The dentate gyrus of the hippocampus is a plastic structure that displays modifications at different levels in response to positive stimuli as well as to negative conditions such as brain damage.The latter involves global alterations,making understanding plastic responses triggered by local damage difficult.One key feature of the dentate gyrus is that it contains a well-defined neurogenic niche,the subgranular zone,and beyond neurogenesis,newly born granule cells may maintain a“young”phenotype throughout life,adding to the plastic nature of the structure.Here,we present a novel experimental model of local brain damage in organotypic entorhino-hippocampal cultures that results in the activation of adjacent newly born granule cells.A small piece of filter paper was placed on the surface of the granule cell layer of the dentate gyrus,which evoked a foreign body reaction of astrocytes,along with the activation of local young neurons expressing doublecortin.Forty-eight hours after foreign body placement,the number of doublecortin-immunoreactive cells increased in the subgranular zone in the direct vicinity of the foreign body,whereas overall increased doublecortin immunoreactivity was observed in the granule cell layer and molecular layer of the dentate gyrus.Foreign body placement in the pyramidal layer of the CA1 region evoked a comparable local astroglial reaction but did not lead to an increase in doublecortin-immunoreactive in either the CA1 region or the adjacent dentate gyrus.Seven days after foreign body placement in the dentate gyrus,the increase in doublecortin-immunoreactivity was no longer observed,indicating the transient activation of young cells.However,7 days after foreign body placement,the number of doublecortin-immunoreactive granule cells coimmunoreactive for calbindin was lower than that under the control conditions.As calbindin is a marker for mature granule cells,this result suggests that activated young cells remain at a more immature stage following foreign body placement.Live imaging of retrovirally green fluorescent protein-labeled newly born granule cells revealed the orientation and growth of their dendrites toward the foreign body placement.This novel experimental model of foreign body placement in organotypic entorhino-hippocampal cultures could serve as a valuable tool for studying both glial reactivity and neuronal plasticity,specifically of newly born neurons under controlled in vitro conditions.展开更多
Neuronal plasticity,the brain's ability to adapt structurally and functionally,is essential for learning,memory,and recovery from injuries.In neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease and Parkinso...Neuronal plasticity,the brain's ability to adapt structurally and functionally,is essential for learning,memory,and recovery from injuries.In neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease,this plasticity is disrupted,leading to cognitive and motor deficits.This review explores the mechanisms of neuronal plasticity and its effect on Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease.Alzheimer's disease features amyloid-beta plaques and tau tangles that impair synaptic function,while Parkinson's disease involves the loss of dopaminergic neurons affecting motor control.Enhancing neuronal plasticity offers therapeutic potential for these diseases.A systematic literature review was conducted using databases such as PubMed,Scopus,and Google Scholar,focusing on studies of neuronal plasticity in Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease.Data synthesis identified key themes such as synaptic mechanisms,neurogenesis,and therapeutic strategies,linking molecular insights to clinical applications.Results highlight that targeting synaptic plasticity mechanisms,such as long-term potentiation and long-term depression,shows promise.Neurotrophic factors,advanced imaging techniques,and molecular tools(e.g.,clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats and optogenetics)are crucial in understanding and enhancing plasticity.Current therapies,including dopamine replacement,deep brain stimulation,and lifestyle interventions,demonstrate the potential to alleviate symptoms and improve outcomes.In conclusion,enhancing neuronal plasticity through targeted therapies holds significant promise for treating neurodegenerative diseases.Future research should integrate multidisciplinary approaches to fully harness the therapeutic potential of neuronal plasticity in Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease.展开更多
Sleep is a fundamental biological process essential for maintaining brain function,cognitive performance,and overall health.Despite over a century of research,the mechanisms underlying sleep homeostasis-the process by...Sleep is a fundamental biological process essential for maintaining brain function,cognitive performance,and overall health.Despite over a century of research,the mechanisms underlying sleep homeostasis-the process by which the need for sleep accumulates during wakefulness and dissipates during sleep-remain incompletely understood.This article explores the latest advancements in sleep research,focusing on the role of synaptic plasticity in sleep homeostasis,as illuminated by Sawada et al.(2024).展开更多
Nonlinear static procedures are widely adopted in structural engineering practice for seismic performance assessment due to their simplicity and computational efficiency.However,their reliability depends heavily on ho...Nonlinear static procedures are widely adopted in structural engineering practice for seismic performance assessment due to their simplicity and computational efficiency.However,their reliability depends heavily on how the nonlinear behaviour of structural components is represented.The recent earthquakes in Albania(2019)and Türkiye(2023)have underscored the need for accurate assessment techniques,particularly for older reinforced concrete buildings with poor detailing.This study quantifies the discrepancies between default and user-defined component modelling in pushover analysis of pre-modern reinforced concrete structures,analysing two representative low-and mid-rise reinforced concrete frame buildings.The lumped plasticity approach incorporates moment-rotation relationships derived from actual member properties and reinforcement configurations,while the distributed plasticity approach uses software-generated default properties based on modern codes.Results show that the distributed plasticity models systematically overestimate both the strength and the deformation capacity by up to 35%compared to lumped plasticity models,especially in buildings with poor detailing and low concrete strength.These findings demonstrate that default software procedures,widely used in practice but not validated for pre-modern structures,produce dangerously unconservative seismic performance estimates.The study provides quantitative evidence of the critical need for tailored modelling strategies that reflect the actual conditions of the existing building stock.展开更多
Photoreforming poly(lactic acid)(PLA)plastics into pyruvic acid(PA)coupled with hydrogen evolution is of great significance for sustainable development.However,a significant challenge lies inα-OH bond cleaving of lac...Photoreforming poly(lactic acid)(PLA)plastics into pyruvic acid(PA)coupled with hydrogen evolution is of great significance for sustainable development.However,a significant challenge lies inα-OH bond cleaving of lactic acid(LA).Herein,CdS/Bi_(4)Ti_(3)O_(12)composite is fabricated,bridged by Bi−S bonds,through in-situ growth of CdS nanoparticles on Bi_(4)Ti_(3)O_(12)nanoflowers for the successive removal of hydrogen fromα-C in LA.In-situ X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy confirms the S-scheme carriers transfer route and interfacial Bi−S bond in CdS/Bi_(4)Ti_(3)O_(12).Consequently,the photo-electrons and holes with extended lifetimes and strong redox potential accumulate in the CdS conduction band and Bi_(4)Ti_(3)O_(12)valence band,respectively,as evidenced by in-situ electron spin resonance and time-resolved photoluminescence.This facilitates the generation of·OH radicals,which further participate in the successive dehydrogenation reaction of LA.Consequently,the photoreforming efficiencies of converting PLA into PA and H_(2)by CdS/Bi_(4)Ti_(3)O_(12)are 1.7 and 3.16 mmol g^(-1)h^(-1),which are respectively 2.8 and 22 times higher than that by pristine Bi_(4)Ti_(3)O_(12).The present work provides a new approach for designing S-scheme to achieve hydrogen production and value-added conversion of plastics.展开更多
Bending is a crucial operation in the sheet forming of Mg alloys for automotive and aerospace applications.In this work,three kinds of sheets from an AZ31 rolled plate,sheared at 0°(S0),45°(S45),and 90°...Bending is a crucial operation in the sheet forming of Mg alloys for automotive and aerospace applications.In this work,three kinds of sheets from an AZ31 rolled plate,sheared at 0°(S0),45°(S45),and 90°(S90)to the rolling direction,were subjected to three-point bending tests.In-situ digital image correlation(DIC)system was employed to capture the strain fields.Electron backscatter diffraction(EBSD)was used to examine the through-thickness microstructures.A crystal plasticity finite element method(CPFEM)incorporating twinning and slip mechanisms was developed to simulate the bending deformation.The texture effect on the neutral layer shift and twinning behaviors was systematically investigated in terms of both experiments and simulations.The results show that CPFEM effectively simulated the texturedependent shifting behaviors of neutral layer and the associated twinning behaviors.Particularly,the spatial distributions of neutral layer across the entire bent plates were captured by both DIC and CPFEM.Additionally,some unusual twinning behaviors were analyzed in depth,such as the{10-12}-{10-12}secondary twins in S90,localized twin bands in S0,and the twin traces difference in S45.These findings reveal a close relationship between the neutral layer shift and twinning activity induced by the initial texture and strain levels.This work provides valuable insights into the bending deformation mechanisms of Mg alloys and has important implications for improving their formability and controlling springback.展开更多
The capacity of the central nervous system for structural plasticity and regeneration is commonly believed to show a decreasing progression from“small and simple”brains to the larger,more complex brains of mammals.H...The capacity of the central nervous system for structural plasticity and regeneration is commonly believed to show a decreasing progression from“small and simple”brains to the larger,more complex brains of mammals.However,recent findings revealed that some forms of neural plasticity can show a reverse trend.Although plasticity is a well-preserved,transversal feature across the animal world,a variety of cell populations and mechanisms seem to have evolved to enable structural modifications to take place in widely different brains,likely as adaptations to selective pressures.Increasing evidence now indicates that a trade-off has occurred between regenerative(mostly stem cell–driven)plasticity and developmental(mostly juvenile)remodeling,with the latter primarily aimed not at brain repair but rather at“sculpting”the neural circuits based on experience.In particular,an evolutionary trade-off has occurred between neurogenic processes intended to support the possibility of recruiting new neurons throughout life and the different ways of obtaining new neurons,and between the different brain locations in which plasticity occurs.This review first briefly surveys the different types of plasticity and the complexity of their possible outcomes and then focuses on recent findings showing that the mammalian brain has a stem cell–independent integration of new neurons into pre-existing(mature)neural circuits.This process is still largely unknown but involves neuronal cells that have been blocked in arrested maturation since their embryonic origin(also termed“immature”or“dormant”neurons).These cells can then restart maturation throughout the animal's lifespan to become functional neurons in brain regions,such as the cerebral cortex and amygdala,that are relevant to high-order cognition and emotions.Unlike stem cell–driven postnatal/adult neurogenesis,which significantly decreases from small-brained,short-living species to large-brained ones,immature neurons are particularly abundant in large-brained,long-living mammals,including humans.The immature neural cell populations hosted in these complex brains are an interesting example of an“enlarged road”in the phylogenetic trend of plastic potential decreases commonly observed in the animal world.The topic of dormant neurons that covary with brain size and gyrencephaly represents a prospective turning point in the field of neuroplasticity,with important translational outcomes.These cells can represent a reservoir of undifferentiated neurons,potentially granting plasticity within the high-order circuits subserving the most sophisticated cognitive skills that are important in the growing brains of young,healthy individuals and are frequently affected by debilitating neurodevelopmental and degenerative disorders.展开更多
Atmospheric carbon dioxide(CO_(2))levels are escalating at an unprecedented rate,leading to the phenomenon of ocean acidification(OA).Parental exposure to acidification has the potential to enhance offspring resilienc...Atmospheric carbon dioxide(CO_(2))levels are escalating at an unprecedented rate,leading to the phenomenon of ocean acidification(OA).Parental exposure to acidification has the potential to enhance offspring resilience through cross-generation plasticity.In this study,we analyzed larval growth and transcriptomic profiles in the Pacific oyster,Crassostrea gigas,a species of significant ecological relevance,under both control and elevated CO_(2)conditions experienced by their parental generation.Our findings indicate that the oyster populations exposed to OA exhibited a higher incidence of abnormalities during the D-shaped larval stage,followed by accelerated growth at the eyed stage.Through a comparative transcriptomic investigation of eyed larvae(25 d after fertilization),we observed that parental exposure to OA substantially influenced the gene expression in the offspring.Genes associated with lipid catabolism and shell formation were notably upregulated in oysters with parental OA exposure,potentially playing a role in cross-generational conditioning and conferring resilience to OA stressors.These results underscore the profound impact of OA on oyster larval development via cross-generational mechanisms and shed light on the molecular underpinnings of cross-generation plasticity.展开更多
Chronic heart failure(CHF)impairs cognitive function.Xijiaqi Formula(XJQ),a traditional Chinese medicine(TCM)used clinically to treat CHF,demonstrates potential for improving cognition in CHF patients.However,its prec...Chronic heart failure(CHF)impairs cognitive function.Xijiaqi Formula(XJQ),a traditional Chinese medicine(TCM)used clinically to treat CHF,demonstrates potential for improving cognition in CHF patients.However,its precise mechanism in treating post-CHF cognitive dysfunction remains unclear.This study systematically investigates XJQ’s effects on post-CHF cognitive dysfunction and the underlying mechanisms.The components of XJQ were identified through liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry.CHF was induced in rats via ligation of the left anterior descending coronary artery,followed by six weeks of XJQ treatment.Cardiac function was evaluated through echocardiography and hemodynamic parameters,while cognitive function was assessed using Morris water maze(MWM)and open field tests(OFT).XJQ treatment enhanced both cardiac and cognitive functions in CHF rats.Network pharmacology identified 12 core active components of XJQ and indicated its effect on cognitive dysfunction involved regulating synapses,inflammation,and phosphodiesterase 4(PDE4)-dependent cyclic adenosine monophosphate(cAMP)signaling.XJQ inhibited microglial and astrocyte activation,decreased proinflammatory cytokines,and mitigated neuronal damage.Notably,XJQ promoted synaptic repair and dendritic growth by downregulating PDE4 and upregulating cAMP,protein kinase A(PKA),cAMP-response element binding protein(CREB),brain-derived neurotrophic factor(BDNF),PSD95,and synapsin I levels.Molecular docking and Bio-layer interferometry assays confirmed direct binding of quercetin,kaempferol,isorhamnetin,and darutoside to PDE4.In conclusion,XJQ alleviates neuroinflammation and enhances synaptic plasticity to improve cognitive dysfunction in CHF rats via the PDE4/cAMP/PKA/CREB signaling pathway.These findings provide valuable insight into the heart-brain axis.展开更多
Prevention of biological invasion requires understanding how alien species invade native communities.Although studies have identified mechanisms that underlie plant invasion in some habitats,limited attention has focu...Prevention of biological invasion requires understanding how alien species invade native communities.Although studies have identified mechanisms that underlie plant invasion in some habitats,limited attention has focused on invasion patterns along elevational gradients.In this study,we asked which factors drive the global and regional distribution of the invasive plant Galinsoga quadriradiata along elevational gradients.To answer this question,we examined whether human activities(i.e.,roads)promote G.quadriradiata invasion,how seed dispersal-related traits of G.quadriradiata change along elevation gradients,and whether G.quadriradiata has adapted to high-elevation environments through phenotypic plasticity or genetic variation.On the global scale,we found that human activities and road density positively contribute to the G.quadriradiata expansion in mountainous areas.Field surveys in China revealed significant elevational differences in the seed dispersal traits of G.quadriradiata,with higher-elevation populations exhibiting lower dispersal ability and generally lower genetic diversity.Under common conditions,high-elevation populations showed higher leaf mass ratio but lower root mass ratio and reproductive allocation.This suggests that high-elevation environments create a barrier to dispersal for G.quadriradiata,and that G.quadriradiata has adapted phenotypically to these conditions.Our study indicates that the elevational invasion pattern of G.quadriradiata is shaped by multiple factors,particularly human activities and phenotypic adaptability.In addition,our finding that G.quadriradiata invasion at high elevations is not constrained by low genetic diversity indicates that monitoring and management of G.quadriradiata in mountainous areas should be strengthened.展开更多
Photoreforming is an emerging photocatalytic process that converts organic waste into hydrogen H2 using solar energy,offering a dual solution for waste valorization and sustainable fuel production.This review comprehe...Photoreforming is an emerging photocatalytic process that converts organic waste into hydrogen H2 using solar energy,offering a dual solution for waste valorization and sustainable fuel production.This review comprehensively examines the fundamental mechanisms of photoreforming,emphasizing the critical role of photocatalyst design in optimizing hydrogen evolution.Key criteria for effective photocatalysts including suitable band edge positions,broad spectrum solar absorption,and photostability are systematically analyzed alongside advances in heterojunction engineering and defect modulation.The review further explores diverse waste-derived feedstocks,such as biomass:alcohols,saccharides,lignin and plastics:PET,PLA,polyolefins,highlighting substrate,specific challenges and pretreatment strategies.Despite progress,challenges like catalyst deactivation,limited visible-light utilization,and scalability persist.Future directions advocate for robust photocatalyst engineering,mechanistic insights into charge dynamics,and scalable reactor designs to realize photoreforming’s potential as a sustainable hydrogen production technology.展开更多
Ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene(UHMWPE)is a key material for marine applications owing to its outstanding self-lubrication and corrosion resistance.However,its long-term performance is compromised by plastic ...Ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene(UHMWPE)is a key material for marine applications owing to its outstanding self-lubrication and corrosion resistance.However,its long-term performance is compromised by plastic deformation in seawater.In this study,we performed a comparative analysis of the UHMWPE dynamics under seawater and water conditions to investigate the plastic deformation of UHMWPE induced by seawater.The results show that the plastic deformation of UHMWPE is amplified in seawater relative to the water conditions.Under thin fluid conditions,frictional interfaces exhibit a higher interfacial friction force and interaction energy in seawater than in water.Compared to freely diffused water molecules,hydrated ions occupy larger interchain spaces within polyethylene.Furthermore,the diffusion of hydrated ions weakens the interchain interactions,promoting more severe polyethylene chain rearrangement and accelerating seawater-induced plastic deformation in UHMWPE during friction.Furthermore,the diffused seawater accelerated the disentangling of the polyethylene chains and enhanced the orderly orientation distribution of polyethylene.Compared to free water molecules,the water molecules of hydrated ions exhibit enhanced attraction to free-flowing water molecules,thereby accelerating seawater flow across submerged UHMWPE surfaces.This flow enhancement promotes surface polyethylene chain mobility in seawater.展开更多
Carbon-fiber-reinforced plastics(CFRP)with improved mechanical properties based on modified epoxy binders were investigated in this study.By adding 15 parts by weight(p.b.w.)of copolymer of polysulfone with cardo phth...Carbon-fiber-reinforced plastics(CFRP)with improved mechanical properties based on modified epoxy binders were investigated in this study.By adding 15 parts by weight(p.b.w.)of copolymer of polysulfone with cardo phthalide group(PSFP-70C)to the epoxyanhydride binder,the flexural strength of the epoxy polymer was increased by 60%,the CFRP based on it by 57%,the flexural modulus of the epoxy polymer was increased by 83%,and the composite by 96%.The adhesion strength of the binder to carbon fiber reached a high level at 10 p.b.w.of thermoplastic modifier and increased by 65%compared to the unmodified binder.Scanning electron microscopy(SEM)was used to determine that in epoxyanhydride systems with a polysulfone content of 5–15 p.b.w.,the structure belongs to the"matrix dispersion"type and with a content of 20 p.b.w.to the"interpenetrating phase"type.A heterogeneous structure was also observed using dynamic mechanical analysis.展开更多
High entropy alloy attracts widespread attention due to its excellent mechanical properties.It becomes a new type of alloy material with high application potential,but the grinding performance of High entropy alloy re...High entropy alloy attracts widespread attention due to its excellent mechanical properties.It becomes a new type of alloy material with high application potential,but the grinding performance of High entropy alloy receives little attention.This paper conducts grinding simulation and surface grinding experiments on FeCoCrNi high entropy and alloys to analyze the grinding removal mechanism of the FeCoCrNi-based High entropy alloy.We also discuss the influence of grinding parameters,element types,element content and forming methods on grinding force and sub-surface plastic deformation after grinding.The simulation and experimental results show that as the increase of grinding depth,both tangential grinding force and normal grinding force increase,and the thickness of sub-surface plastic deformation layer decreases.With the increase of grinding speed,both tangential grinding force and normal grinding force decrease,and the thickness of sub-surface plastic deformation layer caused by grinding process shows a trend of gradual decrease.Under the same processing parameters,the normal grinding force is greater than the tangential grinding force.In FeCoCrNi series high entropy alloys,the grinding force and subsurface plastic deformation layer thickness of high entropy alloys increased with the addition in Ti content.The grinding force and plastic deformation formed by adding Ti element are greater than those formed by adding Al element,and High entropy alloys prepared using laser cladding method exhibit greater grinding force and plastic deformation than those prepared using selective laser melting method.The research results provide theoretical reference and experimental basis for high-quality grinding of high entropy alloys,which may be helpful for the design and manufacturing of high entropy alloy parts.展开更多
PKU:The super fibers combine strength and toughness In impact protection applications such as ballistic armor,vehicle shielding,and aerospace,the dynamic strength and dynamic toughness of fiber materials are critical ...PKU:The super fibers combine strength and toughness In impact protection applications such as ballistic armor,vehicle shielding,and aerospace,the dynamic strength and dynamic toughness of fiber materials are critical performance indicators determining protective efficacy.However,widely used polymeric fibers still face significant challenges preventing full utilization of the material’s intrinsic strength and toughness.展开更多
Regenerative capacity of the central nervous system(CNS)is unevenly distributed among vertebrates.While most mammalian species including humans elicit limited repair following CNS injury or disease,highly regenerative...Regenerative capacity of the central nervous system(CNS)is unevenly distributed among vertebrates.While most mammalian species including humans elicit limited repair following CNS injury or disease,highly regenerative vertebrates including urodele amphibians and teleost fish spontaneously reverse CNS damage.Teletost zebrafish(danio rerio)are tropical freshwater fish that proved to be an excellent vertebrate model of successful CNS regeneration.Differential neuronal,glial,and immune injury responses underlie disparate injury outcomes between highly regenerative zebrafish and poorly regenerative mammals.This article describes complications associated with neuronal repair following spinal cord injury(SCI)in poorly regenerative mammals and highlights intersecting modes of plasticity and regeneration in highly regenerative zebrafish(Figures 1 and 2).Comparative approaches evaluating immunoglial SCI responses were recently reviewed elsewhere(Reyes and Mokalled,2024).展开更多
Succinonitrile(SN)-based polymer plastic crystal electrolytes(PPCEs)are regarded as promising candidates for lithium metal batteries but suffer from serious side reactions with Li metal.Herein,we propose a multi-dimen...Succinonitrile(SN)-based polymer plastic crystal electrolytes(PPCEs)are regarded as promising candidates for lithium metal batteries but suffer from serious side reactions with Li metal.Herein,we propose a multi-dimensional optimization strategy to alleviate the side reactions between SN and Li metal,and develop a highly stable poly-vinylethylene carbonate-based PPCE(PPCE-VEC).Moreover,we identify the intrinsic factors of multi-dimensional polymer structures on the electrolyte stability by three typical classes of polyesters.The PPCE-VEC constructed by in situ polymerization exhibits much better stability than poly-vinylene carbonate-based PPCE(PPCE-VCA)and poly-trifluoroethyl acrylate-based PPCE(PPCE-TFA),which is verified by its fewer SN-decomposition species in X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy(XPS)and outstanding full cell performance.The PPCE-VEC-enabled LiNi_(0.6)Co_(0.2)Mn_(0.2)O_(2)full cell achieve 73.7%capacity retention after 1400 cycles,which outperforms PPCE-VCA-and PPCE-TFA-enabled full cells(61.9%and 46.9%).Spectral analysis and theoretical calculation reveal that the high solvation ability of the carbonyl site,flexible polymer chain,and homogeneous electrolyte phase of PPCE-VEC are favorable to maximizing competition coordination with Li^(+)to weaken the Li^(+)–SN binding and shape an anion-rich solvation structure.This optimized polymer-involved Li^(+)solvation enhances SN stability and facilitates the formation of B/F enriched solid-electrolyte interphase(SEI),thus significantly improving PPCE stability.展开更多
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China,Nos.82071383,82371392(to BN)the Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province of China(Key Project),No.ZR2020KH007(to BN)+1 种基金“Taishan Scholar Distinguished Expert Program”of Shandong Province,No.tstp20231257(to BN)Health Commission Science and Technology Plan Project of Jinan,No.2023-1-8(to YZ).
文摘Lactate serves as a key energy metabolite in the central nervous system,facilitating essential brain functions,including energy supply,signaling,and epigenetic modulation.Moreover,it links epigenetic modifications with metabolic reprogramming.Nonetheless,the specific mechanisms and roles of this connection in astrocytes remain unclear.Therefore,this review aims to explore the role and specific mechanisms of lactate in the metabolic reprogramming of astrocytes in the central nervous system.The close relationship between epigenetic modifications and metabolic reprogramming was discussed.Therapeutic strategies for targeting metabolic reprogramming in astrocytes in the central nervous system were also outlined to guide future research in central nervous system diseases.In the nervous system,lactate plays an essential role.However,its mechanism of action as a bridge between metabolic reprogramming and epigenetic modifications in the nervous system requires future investigation.The involvement of lactate in epigenetic modifications is currently a hot research topic,especially in lactylation modification,a key determinant in this process.Lactate also indirectly regulates various epigenetic modifications,such as N6-methyladenosine,acetylation,ubiquitination,and phosphorylation modifications,which are closely linked to several neurological disorders.In addition,exploring the clinical applications and potential therapeutic strategies of lactic acid provides new insights for future neurological disease treatments.
文摘Diamonds were formed in the mantle lithosphere,mostly at depths of 150~200km in the centres of Precambrian cratons,the buoyant ancient cores of continents.From there they were normally transported into the upper crust in kimberlite pipes whose diamonds are largely colourless and light yellow related to trace element N(Ia type),although brown,green,and more rarely blue-coloured diamonds are related to lattice defect and trace amounts of H,more rarely B and Ni.Pink diamonds are extremely rare in the approximately 90 diamondiferous pipes mined globally.Although small quantities have been discovered elsewhere,about 90%have been mined from the ca.1.3Ga Argyle diamond pipe in Western Australia,with the Arkhangelskaya diamond pipe in Russia the only other significant source.The pink colour at both Argyle and Arkhangelskaya is unrelated to trace elements and instead results from absorption of light from nanoscale(550nm)defects related to shear stress and plastic deformation.Macroscopically,defects are shown by glide planes,lamellae,and grain lines imposed on the originally colourless diamonds derived from their mantle source.The key question is why these defects were uniquely acquired in diamonds in the Argyle and Arkhangelskaya pipes.Unlike most diamondiferous pipes,Argyle is a rare diamondiferous volatile-rich lamproite pipe that was emplaced into the multiply deformed and rifted NNE-trending Halls Creek Orogen on the margin of the Kimberley Craton.Similarly,Arkhangelskaya in the Devonian Lomonosov kimberlite cluster is a volatile-rich low-Ti type kimberlite,a close relative to lamproite,that was emplaced into the multiply deformed Lapland-Kola Orogen on the rifted margin of the Kola Craton.These craton margins are underlain by subduction-induced volatile-enriched metasomatized mantle lithosphere in contrast to the more primeval mantle under craton centres.It is thus likely that shear stresses were exacerbated at Argyle and Arkangelskaya by rapid vertical emplacement of the anomalous volatile-enriched magmas at supercritical pressures and temperatures,that induced catastrophic phase separation of these volatiles and'mini seismic events'during rapid pressure drops during ascent from 200km depth to the surface.Such a mechanism is consistent with the presence of strongly resorbed and plastically deformed small brown industrial diamonds in the Argyle pipe.From a China perspective,it is potentially important that at 1.3Ga the alkaline Argyle pipe in northern Australia is placed adjacent to the North China Craton(NCC),with numerous world-class mineral deposits including the giant ca.1.4~1.2Ga alkaline Bayan Obo REE system on its margin.However,it is the southeastern margin of the Yangtze Craton and the Jiangnan Orogen with their lamproite pipes derived from metasomatized mantle lithosphere that present the most prospective regions for pink diamond occurrences.
文摘The strength and damping properties of Co-Ni-Cr-Mo-based alloys with 0.5wt%Nb addition after various plastic deformation and heat treatment processes were investigated.Through Vickers hardness tests,free resonance Young's modulus measurements,and microstructure analysis,the effects of dislocation density,vacancy formation,and recrystallization on the alloy performance were clarified.Results indicate that increasing the rolling reduction enhances damping property due to higher dislocation density,whereas aging below the recrystallization temperature reduces damping property via dislocation pinning by the Suzuki effect.Recrystallization heat treatment restores the original structure and damping level.This alloy possesses tensile strength of approximately 1500 MPa and logarithmic decrement valueδ^(-1) in the range of 2×10^(-4)–3×10^(-4),demonstrating superior mechanical properties compared with the Ti-based alloys,which makes it an excellent candidate material for ultrasonic tools and medical applications.
基金funded by the Alexander von Humboldt Stiftungsupported by DFG (SCH W534/6-1 to SWS)
文摘The dentate gyrus of the hippocampus is a plastic structure that displays modifications at different levels in response to positive stimuli as well as to negative conditions such as brain damage.The latter involves global alterations,making understanding plastic responses triggered by local damage difficult.One key feature of the dentate gyrus is that it contains a well-defined neurogenic niche,the subgranular zone,and beyond neurogenesis,newly born granule cells may maintain a“young”phenotype throughout life,adding to the plastic nature of the structure.Here,we present a novel experimental model of local brain damage in organotypic entorhino-hippocampal cultures that results in the activation of adjacent newly born granule cells.A small piece of filter paper was placed on the surface of the granule cell layer of the dentate gyrus,which evoked a foreign body reaction of astrocytes,along with the activation of local young neurons expressing doublecortin.Forty-eight hours after foreign body placement,the number of doublecortin-immunoreactive cells increased in the subgranular zone in the direct vicinity of the foreign body,whereas overall increased doublecortin immunoreactivity was observed in the granule cell layer and molecular layer of the dentate gyrus.Foreign body placement in the pyramidal layer of the CA1 region evoked a comparable local astroglial reaction but did not lead to an increase in doublecortin-immunoreactive in either the CA1 region or the adjacent dentate gyrus.Seven days after foreign body placement in the dentate gyrus,the increase in doublecortin-immunoreactivity was no longer observed,indicating the transient activation of young cells.However,7 days after foreign body placement,the number of doublecortin-immunoreactive granule cells coimmunoreactive for calbindin was lower than that under the control conditions.As calbindin is a marker for mature granule cells,this result suggests that activated young cells remain at a more immature stage following foreign body placement.Live imaging of retrovirally green fluorescent protein-labeled newly born granule cells revealed the orientation and growth of their dendrites toward the foreign body placement.This novel experimental model of foreign body placement in organotypic entorhino-hippocampal cultures could serve as a valuable tool for studying both glial reactivity and neuronal plasticity,specifically of newly born neurons under controlled in vitro conditions.
基金financially supported by King Abdulaziz University,Deanship of Scientific Research(DSR)。
文摘Neuronal plasticity,the brain's ability to adapt structurally and functionally,is essential for learning,memory,and recovery from injuries.In neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease,this plasticity is disrupted,leading to cognitive and motor deficits.This review explores the mechanisms of neuronal plasticity and its effect on Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease.Alzheimer's disease features amyloid-beta plaques and tau tangles that impair synaptic function,while Parkinson's disease involves the loss of dopaminergic neurons affecting motor control.Enhancing neuronal plasticity offers therapeutic potential for these diseases.A systematic literature review was conducted using databases such as PubMed,Scopus,and Google Scholar,focusing on studies of neuronal plasticity in Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease.Data synthesis identified key themes such as synaptic mechanisms,neurogenesis,and therapeutic strategies,linking molecular insights to clinical applications.Results highlight that targeting synaptic plasticity mechanisms,such as long-term potentiation and long-term depression,shows promise.Neurotrophic factors,advanced imaging techniques,and molecular tools(e.g.,clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats and optogenetics)are crucial in understanding and enhancing plasticity.Current therapies,including dopamine replacement,deep brain stimulation,and lifestyle interventions,demonstrate the potential to alleviate symptoms and improve outcomes.In conclusion,enhancing neuronal plasticity through targeted therapies holds significant promise for treating neurodegenerative diseases.Future research should integrate multidisciplinary approaches to fully harness the therapeutic potential of neuronal plasticity in Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease.
基金supported by Japan Society forthe Promotion of Science(JSPS)Grants-in-Aidfor Scientific Research(KAKENHI)(20H05894,20H05903,21K15136,22K21351,23H02518A,23H02663,and 23K18147 to SS),JST-CREST(JPMJCR24T4 to SS),the World PremierInternational Research Center Initiative(WPI)fromthe Ministry of Education,Culture,Sports,Scienceand Technology(MEXT)to SS(WPI-IIIS),the TopRunners in Strategy of Transborder AdvancedResearches(TRiSTAR)by the MEXT to SSJapanAgency for Medical Research and Development(AMED)(JP21zf0127005 to SS),Cell ScienceResearch Foundation Grant to YI,38th Brain ScienceFoundation Research Grant to YI,Research Granton Biogenic Amines and Neurological Diseases(Sumitomo pharma)to YI.
文摘Sleep is a fundamental biological process essential for maintaining brain function,cognitive performance,and overall health.Despite over a century of research,the mechanisms underlying sleep homeostasis-the process by which the need for sleep accumulates during wakefulness and dissipates during sleep-remain incompletely understood.This article explores the latest advancements in sleep research,focusing on the role of synaptic plasticity in sleep homeostasis,as illuminated by Sawada et al.(2024).
文摘Nonlinear static procedures are widely adopted in structural engineering practice for seismic performance assessment due to their simplicity and computational efficiency.However,their reliability depends heavily on how the nonlinear behaviour of structural components is represented.The recent earthquakes in Albania(2019)and Türkiye(2023)have underscored the need for accurate assessment techniques,particularly for older reinforced concrete buildings with poor detailing.This study quantifies the discrepancies between default and user-defined component modelling in pushover analysis of pre-modern reinforced concrete structures,analysing two representative low-and mid-rise reinforced concrete frame buildings.The lumped plasticity approach incorporates moment-rotation relationships derived from actual member properties and reinforcement configurations,while the distributed plasticity approach uses software-generated default properties based on modern codes.Results show that the distributed plasticity models systematically overestimate both the strength and the deformation capacity by up to 35%compared to lumped plasticity models,especially in buildings with poor detailing and low concrete strength.These findings demonstrate that default software procedures,widely used in practice but not validated for pre-modern structures,produce dangerously unconservative seismic performance estimates.The study provides quantitative evidence of the critical need for tailored modelling strategies that reflect the actual conditions of the existing building stock.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.52161145409,21976116)SAFEA of China("Belt and Road"Innovative Talent Exchange Foreign Expert Project No.2023041004L)+1 种基金(High-end Foreign Expert Project No.G2023041021L)Alexander-von-Humboldt Foundation of Germany(Group-Linkage Program).
文摘Photoreforming poly(lactic acid)(PLA)plastics into pyruvic acid(PA)coupled with hydrogen evolution is of great significance for sustainable development.However,a significant challenge lies inα-OH bond cleaving of lactic acid(LA).Herein,CdS/Bi_(4)Ti_(3)O_(12)composite is fabricated,bridged by Bi−S bonds,through in-situ growth of CdS nanoparticles on Bi_(4)Ti_(3)O_(12)nanoflowers for the successive removal of hydrogen fromα-C in LA.In-situ X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy confirms the S-scheme carriers transfer route and interfacial Bi−S bond in CdS/Bi_(4)Ti_(3)O_(12).Consequently,the photo-electrons and holes with extended lifetimes and strong redox potential accumulate in the CdS conduction band and Bi_(4)Ti_(3)O_(12)valence band,respectively,as evidenced by in-situ electron spin resonance and time-resolved photoluminescence.This facilitates the generation of·OH radicals,which further participate in the successive dehydrogenation reaction of LA.Consequently,the photoreforming efficiencies of converting PLA into PA and H_(2)by CdS/Bi_(4)Ti_(3)O_(12)are 1.7 and 3.16 mmol g^(-1)h^(-1),which are respectively 2.8 and 22 times higher than that by pristine Bi_(4)Ti_(3)O_(12).The present work provides a new approach for designing S-scheme to achieve hydrogen production and value-added conversion of plastics.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.52371004,52201144,52071040,U20A20230).
文摘Bending is a crucial operation in the sheet forming of Mg alloys for automotive and aerospace applications.In this work,three kinds of sheets from an AZ31 rolled plate,sheared at 0°(S0),45°(S45),and 90°(S90)to the rolling direction,were subjected to three-point bending tests.In-situ digital image correlation(DIC)system was employed to capture the strain fields.Electron backscatter diffraction(EBSD)was used to examine the through-thickness microstructures.A crystal plasticity finite element method(CPFEM)incorporating twinning and slip mechanisms was developed to simulate the bending deformation.The texture effect on the neutral layer shift and twinning behaviors was systematically investigated in terms of both experiments and simulations.The results show that CPFEM effectively simulated the texturedependent shifting behaviors of neutral layer and the associated twinning behaviors.Particularly,the spatial distributions of neutral layer across the entire bent plates were captured by both DIC and CPFEM.Additionally,some unusual twinning behaviors were analyzed in depth,such as the{10-12}-{10-12}secondary twins in S90,localized twin bands in S0,and the twin traces difference in S45.These findings reveal a close relationship between the neutral layer shift and twinning activity induced by the initial texture and strain levels.This work provides valuable insights into the bending deformation mechanisms of Mg alloys and has important implications for improving their formability and controlling springback.
基金supported by Progetto Trapezio,Compagnia di San Paolo(67935-2021.2174),to LBFondazione CRT(Cassa di Risparmio di Torino,RF=2022.0618),to LBPRIN2022(grant 2022LB4X3N),to LB。
文摘The capacity of the central nervous system for structural plasticity and regeneration is commonly believed to show a decreasing progression from“small and simple”brains to the larger,more complex brains of mammals.However,recent findings revealed that some forms of neural plasticity can show a reverse trend.Although plasticity is a well-preserved,transversal feature across the animal world,a variety of cell populations and mechanisms seem to have evolved to enable structural modifications to take place in widely different brains,likely as adaptations to selective pressures.Increasing evidence now indicates that a trade-off has occurred between regenerative(mostly stem cell–driven)plasticity and developmental(mostly juvenile)remodeling,with the latter primarily aimed not at brain repair but rather at“sculpting”the neural circuits based on experience.In particular,an evolutionary trade-off has occurred between neurogenic processes intended to support the possibility of recruiting new neurons throughout life and the different ways of obtaining new neurons,and between the different brain locations in which plasticity occurs.This review first briefly surveys the different types of plasticity and the complexity of their possible outcomes and then focuses on recent findings showing that the mammalian brain has a stem cell–independent integration of new neurons into pre-existing(mature)neural circuits.This process is still largely unknown but involves neuronal cells that have been blocked in arrested maturation since their embryonic origin(also termed“immature”or“dormant”neurons).These cells can then restart maturation throughout the animal's lifespan to become functional neurons in brain regions,such as the cerebral cortex and amygdala,that are relevant to high-order cognition and emotions.Unlike stem cell–driven postnatal/adult neurogenesis,which significantly decreases from small-brained,short-living species to large-brained ones,immature neurons are particularly abundant in large-brained,long-living mammals,including humans.The immature neural cell populations hosted in these complex brains are an interesting example of an“enlarged road”in the phylogenetic trend of plastic potential decreases commonly observed in the animal world.The topic of dormant neurons that covary with brain size and gyrencephaly represents a prospective turning point in the field of neuroplasticity,with important translational outcomes.These cells can represent a reservoir of undifferentiated neurons,potentially granting plasticity within the high-order circuits subserving the most sophisticated cognitive skills that are important in the growing brains of young,healthy individuals and are frequently affected by debilitating neurodevelopmental and degenerative disorders.
基金Supported by the Key Research and Development Program of Shandong(No.2022LZGC015)the National Key R&D Program of China(No.2022YFD2401400)+1 种基金the Taishan Scholars Program,the National Key R&D Program of China(No.2022YFD2400304)the Agricultural Seed Project of Shandong Key R&D Program(No.2024LZGCQY003)。
文摘Atmospheric carbon dioxide(CO_(2))levels are escalating at an unprecedented rate,leading to the phenomenon of ocean acidification(OA).Parental exposure to acidification has the potential to enhance offspring resilience through cross-generation plasticity.In this study,we analyzed larval growth and transcriptomic profiles in the Pacific oyster,Crassostrea gigas,a species of significant ecological relevance,under both control and elevated CO_(2)conditions experienced by their parental generation.Our findings indicate that the oyster populations exposed to OA exhibited a higher incidence of abnormalities during the D-shaped larval stage,followed by accelerated growth at the eyed stage.Through a comparative transcriptomic investigation of eyed larvae(25 d after fertilization),we observed that parental exposure to OA substantially influenced the gene expression in the offspring.Genes associated with lipid catabolism and shell formation were notably upregulated in oysters with parental OA exposure,potentially playing a role in cross-generational conditioning and conferring resilience to OA stressors.These results underscore the profound impact of OA on oyster larval development via cross-generational mechanisms and shed light on the molecular underpinnings of cross-generation plasticity.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.82430116 and 82574622)the Special Fund of Central Committee High Level Chinese Medicine Hospital(Nos.DZMG-LJRC-0014,DZMG-ZJXY-23013)+1 种基金Chinese Medicine Inheritance and Innovation“Thousand Million”Talents Project(Qihuang Project 2021)Qihuang Scholarsthe Medical and Health Industry Development Project of Tongzhou District(2023).
文摘Chronic heart failure(CHF)impairs cognitive function.Xijiaqi Formula(XJQ),a traditional Chinese medicine(TCM)used clinically to treat CHF,demonstrates potential for improving cognition in CHF patients.However,its precise mechanism in treating post-CHF cognitive dysfunction remains unclear.This study systematically investigates XJQ’s effects on post-CHF cognitive dysfunction and the underlying mechanisms.The components of XJQ were identified through liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry.CHF was induced in rats via ligation of the left anterior descending coronary artery,followed by six weeks of XJQ treatment.Cardiac function was evaluated through echocardiography and hemodynamic parameters,while cognitive function was assessed using Morris water maze(MWM)and open field tests(OFT).XJQ treatment enhanced both cardiac and cognitive functions in CHF rats.Network pharmacology identified 12 core active components of XJQ and indicated its effect on cognitive dysfunction involved regulating synapses,inflammation,and phosphodiesterase 4(PDE4)-dependent cyclic adenosine monophosphate(cAMP)signaling.XJQ inhibited microglial and astrocyte activation,decreased proinflammatory cytokines,and mitigated neuronal damage.Notably,XJQ promoted synaptic repair and dendritic growth by downregulating PDE4 and upregulating cAMP,protein kinase A(PKA),cAMP-response element binding protein(CREB),brain-derived neurotrophic factor(BDNF),PSD95,and synapsin I levels.Molecular docking and Bio-layer interferometry assays confirmed direct binding of quercetin,kaempferol,isorhamnetin,and darutoside to PDE4.In conclusion,XJQ alleviates neuroinflammation and enhances synaptic plasticity to improve cognitive dysfunction in CHF rats via the PDE4/cAMP/PKA/CREB signaling pathway.These findings provide valuable insight into the heart-brain axis.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(32271584 and 31600445)the Natural Science Basic Research Plan in Shaanxi Province of China(2020JM-286)+2 种基金the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(GK202103072,GK202103073)the National College Students'Innovative Entrepreneurial Training Plan Program(202310718085)Special Research Project in Philosophy and Social Sciences of Shaanxi Province(2022HZ1795).
文摘Prevention of biological invasion requires understanding how alien species invade native communities.Although studies have identified mechanisms that underlie plant invasion in some habitats,limited attention has focused on invasion patterns along elevational gradients.In this study,we asked which factors drive the global and regional distribution of the invasive plant Galinsoga quadriradiata along elevational gradients.To answer this question,we examined whether human activities(i.e.,roads)promote G.quadriradiata invasion,how seed dispersal-related traits of G.quadriradiata change along elevation gradients,and whether G.quadriradiata has adapted to high-elevation environments through phenotypic plasticity or genetic variation.On the global scale,we found that human activities and road density positively contribute to the G.quadriradiata expansion in mountainous areas.Field surveys in China revealed significant elevational differences in the seed dispersal traits of G.quadriradiata,with higher-elevation populations exhibiting lower dispersal ability and generally lower genetic diversity.Under common conditions,high-elevation populations showed higher leaf mass ratio but lower root mass ratio and reproductive allocation.This suggests that high-elevation environments create a barrier to dispersal for G.quadriradiata,and that G.quadriradiata has adapted phenotypically to these conditions.Our study indicates that the elevational invasion pattern of G.quadriradiata is shaped by multiple factors,particularly human activities and phenotypic adaptability.In addition,our finding that G.quadriradiata invasion at high elevations is not constrained by low genetic diversity indicates that monitoring and management of G.quadriradiata in mountainous areas should be strengthened.
基金supported by Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS and the Institute of Technology PETRONAS Sdn.Bhd.(ITPSB)through the Graduate Assistantship Scheme。
文摘Photoreforming is an emerging photocatalytic process that converts organic waste into hydrogen H2 using solar energy,offering a dual solution for waste valorization and sustainable fuel production.This review comprehensively examines the fundamental mechanisms of photoreforming,emphasizing the critical role of photocatalyst design in optimizing hydrogen evolution.Key criteria for effective photocatalysts including suitable band edge positions,broad spectrum solar absorption,and photostability are systematically analyzed alongside advances in heterojunction engineering and defect modulation.The review further explores diverse waste-derived feedstocks,such as biomass:alcohols,saccharides,lignin and plastics:PET,PLA,polyolefins,highlighting substrate,specific challenges and pretreatment strategies.Despite progress,challenges like catalyst deactivation,limited visible-light utilization,and scalability persist.Future directions advocate for robust photocatalyst engineering,mechanistic insights into charge dynamics,and scalable reactor designs to realize photoreforming’s potential as a sustainable hydrogen production technology.
基金financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.51909023 and 51775077)the Natural Science Foundation of Liaoning Province(No.2021-MS-140)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(No.3132025114)。
文摘Ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene(UHMWPE)is a key material for marine applications owing to its outstanding self-lubrication and corrosion resistance.However,its long-term performance is compromised by plastic deformation in seawater.In this study,we performed a comparative analysis of the UHMWPE dynamics under seawater and water conditions to investigate the plastic deformation of UHMWPE induced by seawater.The results show that the plastic deformation of UHMWPE is amplified in seawater relative to the water conditions.Under thin fluid conditions,frictional interfaces exhibit a higher interfacial friction force and interaction energy in seawater than in water.Compared to freely diffused water molecules,hydrated ions occupy larger interchain spaces within polyethylene.Furthermore,the diffusion of hydrated ions weakens the interchain interactions,promoting more severe polyethylene chain rearrangement and accelerating seawater-induced plastic deformation in UHMWPE during friction.Furthermore,the diffused seawater accelerated the disentangling of the polyethylene chains and enhanced the orderly orientation distribution of polyethylene.Compared to free water molecules,the water molecules of hydrated ions exhibit enhanced attraction to free-flowing water molecules,thereby accelerating seawater flow across submerged UHMWPE surfaces.This flow enhancement promotes surface polyethylene chain mobility in seawater.
基金financially supported by the Ministry of Science and Higher Education of the Russian Federation。
文摘Carbon-fiber-reinforced plastics(CFRP)with improved mechanical properties based on modified epoxy binders were investigated in this study.By adding 15 parts by weight(p.b.w.)of copolymer of polysulfone with cardo phthalide group(PSFP-70C)to the epoxyanhydride binder,the flexural strength of the epoxy polymer was increased by 60%,the CFRP based on it by 57%,the flexural modulus of the epoxy polymer was increased by 83%,and the composite by 96%.The adhesion strength of the binder to carbon fiber reached a high level at 10 p.b.w.of thermoplastic modifier and increased by 65%compared to the unmodified binder.Scanning electron microscopy(SEM)was used to determine that in epoxyanhydride systems with a polysulfone content of 5–15 p.b.w.,the structure belongs to the"matrix dispersion"type and with a content of 20 p.b.w.to the"interpenetrating phase"type.A heterogeneous structure was also observed using dynamic mechanical analysis.
基金Supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.52275412)Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities of China(Grant No.N2403015).
文摘High entropy alloy attracts widespread attention due to its excellent mechanical properties.It becomes a new type of alloy material with high application potential,but the grinding performance of High entropy alloy receives little attention.This paper conducts grinding simulation and surface grinding experiments on FeCoCrNi high entropy and alloys to analyze the grinding removal mechanism of the FeCoCrNi-based High entropy alloy.We also discuss the influence of grinding parameters,element types,element content and forming methods on grinding force and sub-surface plastic deformation after grinding.The simulation and experimental results show that as the increase of grinding depth,both tangential grinding force and normal grinding force increase,and the thickness of sub-surface plastic deformation layer decreases.With the increase of grinding speed,both tangential grinding force and normal grinding force decrease,and the thickness of sub-surface plastic deformation layer caused by grinding process shows a trend of gradual decrease.Under the same processing parameters,the normal grinding force is greater than the tangential grinding force.In FeCoCrNi series high entropy alloys,the grinding force and subsurface plastic deformation layer thickness of high entropy alloys increased with the addition in Ti content.The grinding force and plastic deformation formed by adding Ti element are greater than those formed by adding Al element,and High entropy alloys prepared using laser cladding method exhibit greater grinding force and plastic deformation than those prepared using selective laser melting method.The research results provide theoretical reference and experimental basis for high-quality grinding of high entropy alloys,which may be helpful for the design and manufacturing of high entropy alloy parts.
文摘PKU:The super fibers combine strength and toughness In impact protection applications such as ballistic armor,vehicle shielding,and aerospace,the dynamic strength and dynamic toughness of fiber materials are critical performance indicators determining protective efficacy.However,widely used polymeric fibers still face significant challenges preventing full utilization of the material’s intrinsic strength and toughness.
文摘Regenerative capacity of the central nervous system(CNS)is unevenly distributed among vertebrates.While most mammalian species including humans elicit limited repair following CNS injury or disease,highly regenerative vertebrates including urodele amphibians and teleost fish spontaneously reverse CNS damage.Teletost zebrafish(danio rerio)are tropical freshwater fish that proved to be an excellent vertebrate model of successful CNS regeneration.Differential neuronal,glial,and immune injury responses underlie disparate injury outcomes between highly regenerative zebrafish and poorly regenerative mammals.This article describes complications associated with neuronal repair following spinal cord injury(SCI)in poorly regenerative mammals and highlights intersecting modes of plasticity and regeneration in highly regenerative zebrafish(Figures 1 and 2).Comparative approaches evaluating immunoglial SCI responses were recently reviewed elsewhere(Reyes and Mokalled,2024).
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(22072048)the Guangdong Provincial Department of Science and Technology(2021A1515010128 and 2022A0505050013).
文摘Succinonitrile(SN)-based polymer plastic crystal electrolytes(PPCEs)are regarded as promising candidates for lithium metal batteries but suffer from serious side reactions with Li metal.Herein,we propose a multi-dimensional optimization strategy to alleviate the side reactions between SN and Li metal,and develop a highly stable poly-vinylethylene carbonate-based PPCE(PPCE-VEC).Moreover,we identify the intrinsic factors of multi-dimensional polymer structures on the electrolyte stability by three typical classes of polyesters.The PPCE-VEC constructed by in situ polymerization exhibits much better stability than poly-vinylene carbonate-based PPCE(PPCE-VCA)and poly-trifluoroethyl acrylate-based PPCE(PPCE-TFA),which is verified by its fewer SN-decomposition species in X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy(XPS)and outstanding full cell performance.The PPCE-VEC-enabled LiNi_(0.6)Co_(0.2)Mn_(0.2)O_(2)full cell achieve 73.7%capacity retention after 1400 cycles,which outperforms PPCE-VCA-and PPCE-TFA-enabled full cells(61.9%and 46.9%).Spectral analysis and theoretical calculation reveal that the high solvation ability of the carbonyl site,flexible polymer chain,and homogeneous electrolyte phase of PPCE-VEC are favorable to maximizing competition coordination with Li^(+)to weaken the Li^(+)–SN binding and shape an anion-rich solvation structure.This optimized polymer-involved Li^(+)solvation enhances SN stability and facilitates the formation of B/F enriched solid-electrolyte interphase(SEI),thus significantly improving PPCE stability.
