SalicS1 is a genetically encoded,ratiometric FRET biosensor that brings salicylic acid(SA)research to the same real-time imaging standard long available for ABA and GA.Built through a modular Golden Gate platform and ...SalicS1 is a genetically encoded,ratiometric FRET biosensor that brings salicylic acid(SA)research to the same real-time imaging standard long available for ABA and GA.Built through a modular Golden Gate platform and informed by NPR-NIMIN structural biology,SalicS1 achieves SA specificity,tunable affinity,reversibility,and non-perturbing expression in Arabidopsis.Using this sensor,pathogen infection,non-adapted fungal challenge,and aphid feeding are shown to elicit spatially propagating SA surges rather than purely local accumulation,revealing a tissue-level organization of immune signaling that bulk assays could not resolve.SalicS1 therefore provides a broadly deployable tool for dissecting the geometry,timing,and genotype dependence of SA-mediated plant defense.展开更多
Plant-pathogen interactions involve complex biological processes that operate across molecular,cellular,microbiome,and ecological levels,significantly influencing plant health and agricultural productivity.In response...Plant-pathogen interactions involve complex biological processes that operate across molecular,cellular,microbiome,and ecological levels,significantly influencing plant health and agricultural productivity.In response to pathogenic threats,plants have developed sophisticated defense mechanisms,such as pattern-triggered immunity(PTI)and effector-triggered immunity(ETI),which rely on specialized recognition systems such as pattern recognition receptors(PRRs)and nucleotide-binding leucine-rich repeat(NLR)proteins.These immune responses activate intricate signaling pathways involving mitogen-activated protein kinase cascades,calcium fluxes,reactive oxygen species production,and hormonal cross-talk among salicylic acid,jasmonic acid,and ethylene.Furthermore,structural barriers such as callose deposition and lignification,along with the synthesis of secondary metabolites and antimicrobial enzymes,play crucial roles in inhibiting pathogen invasion and proliferation.The plant microbiome further enhances host immunity through beneficial associations with plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria(PGPR)and mycorrhizal fungi,which facilitate induced systemic resistance(ISR)and improve nutrient acquisition.As climate change exacerbates the impact of pathogens,these molecular and microbiome-driven defenses influence disease distribution and plant resilience,highlighting the importance of integrating ecological insights for sustainable disease management Advancements in microbiome engineering,including the application of synthetic microbial communities and commercial bio-inoculants,offer promising strategies for sustainable disease management.However,the impacts of climate change on pathogen virulence,host susceptibility,and disease distribution complicate these interactions,emphasizing the need for resilient and adaptive agricultural practices.This review highlights the necessity of a holistic,interdisciplinary approach that integrates multi-omics technologies,microbiome research,and ecological insights to develop effective and sustainable solutions for managing plant diseases and ensuring global food security.展开更多
Remodeling plant intracellular nucleotide-binding leucine-rich repeat immune receptors(NLRs)to engineer synthetic disease-resistance genes has emerged as a promising approach to achieving broad-spectrum disease resist...Remodeling plant intracellular nucleotide-binding leucine-rich repeat immune receptors(NLRs)to engineer synthetic disease-resistance genes has emerged as a promising approach to achieving broad-spectrum disease resistance.But strategies for expanding NLR recognition spectra[[1],[2],[3],[4],[5]]are often limited by the rapid evolution of pathogens and pests.In our recent study,we developed an innovative strategy to engineer broad-spectrum,durable and complete disease resistance in plants by remodeling autoactive NLRs into protease-activated switches[6].展开更多
The plant immunity inducer, amino-oligosaccharin, has remarkable effects in disease resistance, cold tolerance, growth promotion, yield increase and quality improvement. This paper introduced the action mechanism of a...The plant immunity inducer, amino-oligosaccharin, has remarkable effects in disease resistance, cold tolerance, growth promotion, yield increase and quality improvement. This paper introduced the action mechanism of amino-oligosaccharin, its main application effects on crops and application techniques. In 2013-2014, ex- periments were conducted on a variety of crops at multiple locations by Xinjiang Corps as well as popularization and application in 2013-2014, and it was shown by the popularization and application that the application of amino-oligosaccharin could promote plant growth, reduce the incidence of crop diseases and improve crop yield and product quality.展开更多
Plant diseases caused by diverse pathogens lead to a serious reduction in crop yield and threaten food security worldwide.Genetic improvement of plant immunity is considered as the most effective and sustainable appro...Plant diseases caused by diverse pathogens lead to a serious reduction in crop yield and threaten food security worldwide.Genetic improvement of plant immunity is considered as the most effective and sustainable approach to control crop diseases.In the last decade,our understanding of plant immunity at both molecular and genomic levels has improved greatly.Combined with advances in biotechnologies,particularly clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeat(CRISPR)/Cas9-based genome editing,we can now rapidly identify new resistance genes and engineer disease-resistance crop plants like never before.In this review,we summarize the current knowledge of plant immunity and outline existing and new strategies for disease resistance improvement in crop plants.We also discuss existing challenges in this field and suggest directions for future studies.展开更多
Identification of immunity-associated leucine-rich repeat receptor-like protein kinases(LRR-RLK) is critical to elucidate the LRR-RLK mediated mechanism of plant immunity.Here,we reported the map-based cloning of a no...Identification of immunity-associated leucine-rich repeat receptor-like protein kinases(LRR-RLK) is critical to elucidate the LRR-RLK mediated mechanism of plant immunity.Here,we reported the map-based cloning of a novel rice SPOTTED-LEAF 41(Os SPL41) encoding a putative LRR-RLK protein(Os LRR-RLK41/Os SPL41) that regulated disease responses to the bacterial blight pathogen Xanthomonas oryzae pv.oryzae(Xoo).An 8-bp insertion at position 865 bp in a mutant spotted-leaf 41(spl41) allele led to the formation of purple-brown lesions on leaves.Functional complementation by the wild type allele(Os SPL41) can rescue the mutant phenotype,and the complementary lines showed similar performance to wild type in a number of agronomic,physiological and molecular indices.Os SPL41 was constitutively expressed in all tissues tested,and Os SPL41 contains a typical transmembrane domain critical for its localization to the cell membrane.The mutant exhibited an enhanced level of resistance to Xoo in companion of markedly up-regulated expression of pathogenesis-related genes such as Os PR10a,Os PAL1 and Os NPR1,while the level of salicylic acid was significantly increased in spl41.In contrast,the over-expression lines exhibited a reduced level of H_(2)O_(2) and were much susceptible to Xoo with down-regulated expression of pathogenesis-related genes.These results suggested that Os SPL41 might negatively regulate plant immunity through the salicylic acid signaling pathway in rice.展开更多
Meloidogyne incognita is a devastating plant-parasitic nematode.Effectors play important roles during the stages of nematodes infection and parasitism,but their molecular functions remain largely unknown.In this study...Meloidogyne incognita is a devastating plant-parasitic nematode.Effectors play important roles during the stages of nematodes infection and parasitism,but their molecular functions remain largely unknown.In this study,we characterized a new effector,Minc03329,which contains signal peptide for secretion and a C-type lectin domain.The yeast signal sequence trap experiments indicated that the signal peptide of Minc03329 is functional.In situ hybridization showed that Minc03329 was specifically expressed in the subventral esophageal gland.Real-time qPCR confirmed that the expression level of Minc03329 transcript was significantly increased in pre-parasitic and parasitic second-stage juveniles(pre-J2s and par-J2s).Tobacco rattle virus(TRV)-mediated gene silencing of Minc03329 in host plants largely reduced the pathogenicity of nematodes.On the contrary,ectopic expression of Minc03329 in Arabidopsis thaliana significantly increased plant susceptibility to nematodes.Transient expression of Minc03329 in Nicotiana benthamiana leaves suppressed the programmed cell death triggered by the pro-apoptotic protein BAX.Moreover,the transcriptome analysis of Minc03329-transgenic Arabidopsis and wild type revealed that many defense-related genes were significantly down-regulated.Interestingly,some different expressed genes were involved in the formation of nematode feeding sites.These results revealed that Minc03329 is an important effector for M.incognita,suppressing host defense response and promoting pathogenicity.展开更多
Higher plants utilize a variety of immune receptors to recognize pathogens and trigger defense responses.Intracellular nucleotidebinding leucine-rich repeat receptors(NLRs)are widely used for detecting pathogen effect...Higher plants utilize a variety of immune receptors to recognize pathogens and trigger defense responses.Intracellular nucleotidebinding leucine-rich repeat receptors(NLRs)are widely used for detecting pathogen effectors(Jones et al.,2016;Zhou and Zhang,2020).NLRs are also present in animals,including mammals。展开更多
In recent years,the field of plant immunity has witnessed remarkable breakthroughs.During the co-evolution between plants and pathogens,plants have developed a wealth of intricate defense mechanisms to safeguard their...In recent years,the field of plant immunity has witnessed remarkable breakthroughs.During the co-evolution between plants and pathogens,plants have developed a wealth of intricate defense mechanisms to safeguard their survival.Newly identified immune receptors have added unexpected complexity to the surface and intracellular sensor networks,enriching our understanding of the ongoing plant–pathogen interplay.Deciphering the molecular mechanisms of resistosome shapes our understanding of these mysterious molecules in plant immunity.Moreover,technological innovations are expanding the horizon of the plant–pathogen battlefield into spatial and temporal scales.While the development provides new opportunities for untangling the complex realm of plant immunity,challenges remain in uncovering plant immunity across spatiotemporal dimensions from both molecular and cellular levels.展开更多
Cell death is an important physiological phenomenon in life.It can be programmed or unprogrammed.Unprogrammed cell death is usually induced by abiotic or biotic stress.Recent studies have shown that many proteins regu...Cell death is an important physiological phenomenon in life.It can be programmed or unprogrammed.Unprogrammed cell death is usually induced by abiotic or biotic stress.Recent studies have shown that many proteins regulate both cell death and immunity in plants.Here,we provide a review on the advances in plant immunity with cell death,especially the molecular regulation and underlying mechanisms of those proteins involved in both cell death and plant immunity.In addition,we discuss potential approaches toward improving plant immunity without compromising plant growth.展开更多
Inflorescence architecture is determined by inflorescence length,branch angles and the density of siliques,which affects planting density,lodging resistance and mechanical operation in rapeseed.However,the molecular m...Inflorescence architecture is determined by inflorescence length,branch angles and the density of siliques,which affects planting density,lodging resistance and mechanical operation in rapeseed.However,the molecular mechanisms controlling inflorescence architecture are poorly understood,restricting the progress of breeding varieties with ideal plant architecture in oilseed rape.In this study,we have identified and characterized a rapeseed inflorescence development mutant,reduced inflorescence length(ril),which exhibits determinate and shortened inflorescences,reduced plant height,compact branches,and increased silique density.Through BSA-seq and map-based cloning,we find that RIL encodes a cyclic nucleotide-gated channel 20(BnaA01.CNGC20).A substitution of proline at the 304th position to leucine(P304L)was identified in the conserved transmembrane domain of BnaA01.CNGC20.This P304L substitution neither affects the subcellular localization and self-assembly of BnaA01.CNGC20,nor disrupts the interactions with BRASSINOSTEROID INSENSITIVE 1-associated receptor kinase 1(BAK1),which interacts with CNGC20 and phosphorylates it to regulate Ca^(2+)channel stability.However,the P304L substitution increases channel activity and Ca^(2+)influx,which in turn induces immune responses such as cell death,H2O2 accumulation,upregulation of pathogenesis-related genes,and pattern-triggered immunity.The enhanced immunity improves the resistance to Leptosphaeria biglobosa and Sclerotinia sclerotiorum.Transcriptome analysis further revealed that CNGC20 plays dual roles in regulating plant growth and immunity via the brassinosteroid and auxin signaling pathways.The findings in this study provide deeper insights into the intricate relationship between cytosolic Ca^(2+)level and plant development and immunity,as well as the trade-off between immunity and the performance of yield-related traits in the heterozygous plants(+/ril),which may serve as a guide for balancing yield and disease resistance in oilseed rape breeding.展开更多
Abscisic acid(ABA)is a phytohormone that not only important for plant growth,but also mediating the stress response.The roles of ABA in plant immunity are especially multifaceted.Recently,the ABA functional analogues ...Abscisic acid(ABA)is a phytohormone that not only important for plant growth,but also mediating the stress response.The roles of ABA in plant immunity are especially multifaceted.Recently,the ABA functional analogues are of great significance to promote its application.Here,we reported an ABA functional analogue named 167A.167A inhibits plant growth and seeds germinating of Arabidopsis.Meanwhile,the 167A enhanced the plant immunity,which is opposite of ABA.We further investigated the PTI-response after 167A treatment,and the results show that the ROS burst,callose deposition accumulate with 167A treatment.Moreover,167A also influence the degree of stomal closed.RNA-seq assays show that the 167A down-regulated the ABA associated genes and upregulated the JA/SA/ET associated genes.Through genetic analysis,the 167A modulating the plant resistance through the PYR/PYL Receptors.Together,these results demonstrate that a novel ABA analogue 167A positive regulated plant immunity and has great potential for agricultural applications.展开更多
Meloidogyne spp.is an economically important plant-parasitic nematode distributed worldwide.To fight with host immune system for successful parasitism,plant parasitic nematodes secrete effectors to promote infection.I...Meloidogyne spp.is an economically important plant-parasitic nematode distributed worldwide.To fight with host immune system for successful parasitism,plant parasitic nematodes secrete effectors to promote infection.In this study,we identified one chorismate mutase(CM)effector from M.enterolobii,named Me-CM.Spatial and temporal expression assays exhibited Me-cm is expressed in esophageal glands and up-regulated at parasitic-stage juveniles.Me-CM affects the pathogenicity of M.enterolobii based on the reduced infection rate,number of galls,egg masses,eggs per mass and multiplication rate collected from RNA silencing experiments.We showed that Me-CM localized in the cytoplasm and nucleus of plant cells and decreased the expression level of the marker gene PR1 of salicylic acid(SA)pathway.Besides,constitutive expression of Me-cm in Arabidopsis thaliana significantly reduced salicylic acid concentration.These results suggested that M.enterolobii may secrete effector Me-CM to fight with plantimmunesystemsvia regulating SA signaling pathway when interacting with host plants,ultimately facilitating parasitism.展开更多
Verticillium dahliae is an important soil-borne fungal pathogen that causes great yield losses in many cash crops.Effectors of this fungus are known to regulate plant immunity but the mechanism much remains unclear.A ...Verticillium dahliae is an important soil-borne fungal pathogen that causes great yield losses in many cash crops.Effectors of this fungus are known to regulate plant immunity but the mechanism much remains unclear.A glycine-rich nuclear effector,VdCE51,was able to suppress immune responses in tobacco against Botrytis cinerea and Sclerotinia sclerotiorum.This effector was a required factor for full virulence of V.dahliae,and its nuclear localization was a requisite for suppressing plant immunity.The thioredoxin GhTRXH2,identified as a positive regulator of plant immunity,was a host target of VdCE51.Our findings show a virulence regulating mechanism whereby the secreted nuclear effector VdCE51 interferes with the transcription of PR genes,and the SA signaling pathway by inhibiting the accumulation of GhTRXH2,thus suppressing plant immunity.展开更多
INDETERMINATE-DOMAIN proteins(IDDs)are a plant-specific transcription factor family characterized by a conserved ID domain with four zinc finger motifs.Previous studies have demonstrated that IDDs coordinate a diversi...INDETERMINATE-DOMAIN proteins(IDDs)are a plant-specific transcription factor family characterized by a conserved ID domain with four zinc finger motifs.Previous studies have demonstrated that IDDs coordinate a diversity of physiological processes and functions in plant growth and development,including floral transition,plant architecture,seed and root development,and hormone signaling.In this review,we especially summarized the latest knowledge on the functions and working models of IDD members in Arabidopsis,rice,and maize,particularly focusing on their role in the regulatory network of biotic and abiotic environmental responses,such as gravity,temperature,water,and pathogens.Understanding these mechanisms underlying the function of IDD proteins in these processes is important for improving crop yields by manipulating their activity.Overall,the review offers valuable insights into the functions and mechanisms of IDD proteins in plants,providing a foundation for further research and potential applications in agriculture.展开更多
We spotlight recent findings from a Nature paper unveiling captivating insights into how substrates such as NADþand ATP stimulate the condensation of TIR domain proteins.This process culminates in the formation o...We spotlight recent findings from a Nature paper unveiling captivating insights into how substrates such as NADþand ATP stimulate the condensation of TIR domain proteins.This process culminates in the formation of a quaternary structural pattern akin to the catalytic arrangement observed in conventional TNL proteins.Consequently,this mechanism enables the production of pivotal signaling molecules crucial for fortifying plant immunity.Expanding on these revelations,we propose the prospect of creating modulatory compounds capable of initiating the phase separation of TIR domain proteins as an innovative approach to enhance plant immunity against pathogenic challenges.展开更多
Plants deploy sophisticated immune surveillance systems to safeguard themselves against pathogen infection,including plasma membrane-localized pattern-recognition receptors (PRRs) that initiate Pattern-Triggered Immun...Plants deploy sophisticated immune surveillance systems to safeguard themselves against pathogen infection,including plasma membrane-localized pattern-recognition receptors (PRRs) that initiate Pattern-Triggered Immunity (PTI)upon detecting pathogen-associated molecular patterns(PAMPs), and intracellular nucleotide-binding leucine-rich repeat receptors (NLRs) that induce Effector-Triggered Immunity (ETI) upon direct/indirect pathogen effector recognition. Effector-Triggered Immunity is often accompanied by a hypersensitive response (HR), which is known as rapid localized cell death at infection sites to restrict pathogen growth (Contreras et al., 2023;Jones et al., 2024). Nucleotidebinding leucine-rich repeat receptors are classified by their N-terminal domains:TIR-NLRs (TNLs), CC-NLRs (CNLs), and RPW8-NLRs (RNLs). TNLs and CNLs typically function as sensor NLRs (sNLRs) that detect pathogen effectors, while RNLs serve as helper NLRs (hNLRs) that transmit immune signals from diverse sNLRs to ultimately execute downstream resistance and trigger cell death—though some RNLs can themselves be direct targets of pathogen effectors (Contreras et al., 2023;Gong et al., 2023). The hNLRs mainly include Activated Disease Resistance 1 (ADR1), which is conserved in both dicots and monocots, and N REQUIRED GENE 1 (NRG1),which has not been identified in monocots, as well as Solanaceae-specific NLR required for cell death (NRC)-type NLRs, which are required for HR-related cell death (Contreras et al., 2023;Gong et al., 2023).展开更多
Plasma membrane intrinsic proteins(PIPs)are conserved plant aquaporins that transport small molecules across the plasma membrane to trigger instant stress responses and maintain cellular homeostasis under biotic and a...Plasma membrane intrinsic proteins(PIPs)are conserved plant aquaporins that transport small molecules across the plasma membrane to trigger instant stress responses and maintain cellular homeostasis under biotic and abiotic stress.To elucidate their roles in plant immunity to pathogen attack,we characterized the expression patterns,subcellular localizations,and H_(2)O_(2)-transport ability of 11 OsPIPs in rice(Oryza sativa),and identified OsPIP2;6 as necessary for rice disease resistance.OsPIP2;6 resides on the plasma membrane and facilitates cytoplasmic import of the immune signaling molecule H_(2)O_(2).Knockout of OsPIP2;6 increases rice susceptibility to Magnaporthe oryzae,indicating a positive function in plant immunity.OsPIP2;6 interacts with OsPIP2;2,which has been reported to increase rice resistance to pathogens via H_(2)O_(2)transport.Our findings suggest that OsPIP2;6 cooperates with OsPIP2;2 as a defense signal transporter complex during plant–pathogen interaction.展开更多
Perilla essential oil(PEO)is reported as an aromatic yellowish oily substance with a volatile odor extracted from perilla leaves.It exhibits various biological activities except anti-tobacco mosaic virus(TMV)activity....Perilla essential oil(PEO)is reported as an aromatic yellowish oily substance with a volatile odor extracted from perilla leaves.It exhibits various biological activities except anti-tobacco mosaic virus(TMV)activity.In this study,we investigated the main components and anti-TMV activity of PEO,identified its primary active components,and examined its mode of action.The results indicated that PEO exhibited anti-TMV activity(65.58%)at 800μg/mL,with perillaldehyde identified as the main active component.The protective,curative,and inactivation activities of perillaldehyde at 800μg/mL were 80.41%,73.42%,and 34.93%,respectively.These values were significantly higher than those of the control drug(commercial chitosan oligosaccharide)and the protective and curative activities were superior to those of ningnanmycin.The results of the mode of action showed that perillaldehyde induced a hypersensitive response(HR)in tobacco.Transmission electron microscope(TEM)observation revealed that perillaldehyde had no direct effect on TMV particles.The treatment of Nicotiana glutinosa with perillaldehyde at 800μg/mL indicated that perillaldehyde had significant induction activity(58.46%).The expression of three pathogenesis-related tobacco genes(PR genes),including nonexpressor of pathogenesis-related genes 1(NPR1),pathogenesis-related protein 1 gene(PR1),and pathogenesis-related protein 5 gene(PR5),were induced and upregulated by perillaldehyde treatment.Perillaldehyde also induced the overexpression of the phenylalanine ammonia-lyase gene(PAL),respiratory burst oxidase homolog B gene(RBOHB),and protochlorophyllide oxidoreductase gene 1(POR1).Furthermore,perillaldehyde increased the salicylic acid(SA)and H2O2 contents in tobacco leaves,and enhanced the activities of four defense enzymes:superoxide dismutase(SOD),catalase(CAT),peroxidase(POD),and phenylalanine ammonia-lyase(PAL).N.glutinosa was treated with perillaldehyde at 800μg/mL for 24 h,and the results showed that the highest SA and H_(2)O_(2) contents(1032.08 pmol/L and 23.40μmol/g FW,respectively)were obtained in tobacco leaves.Defense enzyme activities also reached a maximum at 800μg/mL,and the activities of CAT,PAL,POD,and SOD increased by 1.76,1.95,2.17,and 3.78 times,respectively,compared to the control.The results of the study showed that perillaldehyde may enhance resistance to pathogen infection by inducing systemic acquired resistance(SAR),which may contribute to the activation of SA signal transduction pathway.Therefore,perillaldehyde has the potential for application in agriculture as a novel antiviral agent and immune inducer.展开更多
Rice genes OsDjA2 and OsERF104,encoding a chaperone protein and an APETELA2/ethylene-responsive factor,respectively,are strongly induced in a compatible interaction with blast fungus,and also have function in plant su...Rice genes OsDjA2 and OsERF104,encoding a chaperone protein and an APETELA2/ethylene-responsive factor,respectively,are strongly induced in a compatible interaction with blast fungus,and also have function in plant susceptibility validated through gene silencing.Here,we reported the CRISPR/Cas9 knockout of OsDjA2 and OsERF104 genes resulting in considerable improvement of blast resistance.A total of 15 OsDjA2(62.5%)and 17 OsERF104(70.8%)T_(0)transformed lines were identified from 24 regenerated plants for each target and used in downstream experiments.Phenotyping of homozygous T1 mutant lines revealed not only a significant decrease in the number of blast lesions but also a reduction in the percentage of diseased leaf area,compared with the infected control plants.Our results supported CRISPR/Cas9-mediated target mutation in rice susceptibility genes as a potential and alternative breeding strategy for building resistance to blast disease.展开更多
基金supported by the Anhui Province Tongxin Science and Technology Innovation Project(202523b11020014)the Anhui Province Higher Education Quality Engineering Program(2024fwxx003).
文摘SalicS1 is a genetically encoded,ratiometric FRET biosensor that brings salicylic acid(SA)research to the same real-time imaging standard long available for ABA and GA.Built through a modular Golden Gate platform and informed by NPR-NIMIN structural biology,SalicS1 achieves SA specificity,tunable affinity,reversibility,and non-perturbing expression in Arabidopsis.Using this sensor,pathogen infection,non-adapted fungal challenge,and aphid feeding are shown to elicit spatially propagating SA surges rather than purely local accumulation,revealing a tissue-level organization of immune signaling that bulk assays could not resolve.SalicS1 therefore provides a broadly deployable tool for dissecting the geometry,timing,and genotype dependence of SA-mediated plant defense.
文摘Plant-pathogen interactions involve complex biological processes that operate across molecular,cellular,microbiome,and ecological levels,significantly influencing plant health and agricultural productivity.In response to pathogenic threats,plants have developed sophisticated defense mechanisms,such as pattern-triggered immunity(PTI)and effector-triggered immunity(ETI),which rely on specialized recognition systems such as pattern recognition receptors(PRRs)and nucleotide-binding leucine-rich repeat(NLR)proteins.These immune responses activate intricate signaling pathways involving mitogen-activated protein kinase cascades,calcium fluxes,reactive oxygen species production,and hormonal cross-talk among salicylic acid,jasmonic acid,and ethylene.Furthermore,structural barriers such as callose deposition and lignification,along with the synthesis of secondary metabolites and antimicrobial enzymes,play crucial roles in inhibiting pathogen invasion and proliferation.The plant microbiome further enhances host immunity through beneficial associations with plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria(PGPR)and mycorrhizal fungi,which facilitate induced systemic resistance(ISR)and improve nutrient acquisition.As climate change exacerbates the impact of pathogens,these molecular and microbiome-driven defenses influence disease distribution and plant resilience,highlighting the importance of integrating ecological insights for sustainable disease management Advancements in microbiome engineering,including the application of synthetic microbial communities and commercial bio-inoculants,offer promising strategies for sustainable disease management.However,the impacts of climate change on pathogen virulence,host susceptibility,and disease distribution complicate these interactions,emphasizing the need for resilient and adaptive agricultural practices.This review highlights the necessity of a holistic,interdisciplinary approach that integrates multi-omics technologies,microbiome research,and ecological insights to develop effective and sustainable solutions for managing plant diseases and ensuring global food security.
基金supported by the Biological Breeding-National Science and Technology Major Project(2024ZD04077).
文摘Remodeling plant intracellular nucleotide-binding leucine-rich repeat immune receptors(NLRs)to engineer synthetic disease-resistance genes has emerged as a promising approach to achieving broad-spectrum disease resistance.But strategies for expanding NLR recognition spectra[[1],[2],[3],[4],[5]]are often limited by the rapid evolution of pathogens and pests.In our recent study,we developed an innovative strategy to engineer broad-spectrum,durable and complete disease resistance in plants by remodeling autoactive NLRs into protease-activated switches[6].
文摘The plant immunity inducer, amino-oligosaccharin, has remarkable effects in disease resistance, cold tolerance, growth promotion, yield increase and quality improvement. This paper introduced the action mechanism of amino-oligosaccharin, its main application effects on crops and application techniques. In 2013-2014, ex- periments were conducted on a variety of crops at multiple locations by Xinjiang Corps as well as popularization and application in 2013-2014, and it was shown by the popularization and application that the application of amino-oligosaccharin could promote plant growth, reduce the incidence of crop diseases and improve crop yield and product quality.
基金supported by grants from National Key R&D Program of China (2021YFA1300701) (to J.-M.Z.)the National Natural Science Foundation of China (31825022 and 32121003) (to X.W.C.)+2 种基金the Hainan Excellent Talent Team (to J.-M.Z.)the State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics (SKLPG2016B-2) (to J.-M.Z.)the National Natural Science Foundation of China (32072407) (to X.B.Z.)
文摘Plant diseases caused by diverse pathogens lead to a serious reduction in crop yield and threaten food security worldwide.Genetic improvement of plant immunity is considered as the most effective and sustainable approach to control crop diseases.In the last decade,our understanding of plant immunity at both molecular and genomic levels has improved greatly.Combined with advances in biotechnologies,particularly clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeat(CRISPR)/Cas9-based genome editing,we can now rapidly identify new resistance genes and engineer disease-resistance crop plants like never before.In this review,we summarize the current knowledge of plant immunity and outline existing and new strategies for disease resistance improvement in crop plants.We also discuss existing challenges in this field and suggest directions for future studies.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.32072049)the Central Public-Interest Scientific Institution Basal Research Fund, China(Grant No.CPSIBRF-CNRRI-202203)。
文摘Identification of immunity-associated leucine-rich repeat receptor-like protein kinases(LRR-RLK) is critical to elucidate the LRR-RLK mediated mechanism of plant immunity.Here,we reported the map-based cloning of a novel rice SPOTTED-LEAF 41(Os SPL41) encoding a putative LRR-RLK protein(Os LRR-RLK41/Os SPL41) that regulated disease responses to the bacterial blight pathogen Xanthomonas oryzae pv.oryzae(Xoo).An 8-bp insertion at position 865 bp in a mutant spotted-leaf 41(spl41) allele led to the formation of purple-brown lesions on leaves.Functional complementation by the wild type allele(Os SPL41) can rescue the mutant phenotype,and the complementary lines showed similar performance to wild type in a number of agronomic,physiological and molecular indices.Os SPL41 was constitutively expressed in all tissues tested,and Os SPL41 contains a typical transmembrane domain critical for its localization to the cell membrane.The mutant exhibited an enhanced level of resistance to Xoo in companion of markedly up-regulated expression of pathogenesis-related genes such as Os PR10a,Os PAL1 and Os NPR1,while the level of salicylic acid was significantly increased in spl41.In contrast,the over-expression lines exhibited a reduced level of H_(2)O_(2) and were much susceptible to Xoo with down-regulated expression of pathogenesis-related genes.These results suggested that Os SPL41 might negatively regulate plant immunity through the salicylic acid signaling pathway in rice.
基金funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(31672010 and 31871942)the Beijing Natural Science Foundation,China(6222054)+1 种基金the China Agriculture Research System(CARS-23)the Natural Science Foundation of Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region of China(2018MS03083)。
文摘Meloidogyne incognita is a devastating plant-parasitic nematode.Effectors play important roles during the stages of nematodes infection and parasitism,but their molecular functions remain largely unknown.In this study,we characterized a new effector,Minc03329,which contains signal peptide for secretion and a C-type lectin domain.The yeast signal sequence trap experiments indicated that the signal peptide of Minc03329 is functional.In situ hybridization showed that Minc03329 was specifically expressed in the subventral esophageal gland.Real-time qPCR confirmed that the expression level of Minc03329 transcript was significantly increased in pre-parasitic and parasitic second-stage juveniles(pre-J2s and par-J2s).Tobacco rattle virus(TRV)-mediated gene silencing of Minc03329 in host plants largely reduced the pathogenicity of nematodes.On the contrary,ectopic expression of Minc03329 in Arabidopsis thaliana significantly increased plant susceptibility to nematodes.Transient expression of Minc03329 in Nicotiana benthamiana leaves suppressed the programmed cell death triggered by the pro-apoptotic protein BAX.Moreover,the transcriptome analysis of Minc03329-transgenic Arabidopsis and wild type revealed that many defense-related genes were significantly down-regulated.Interestingly,some different expressed genes were involved in the formation of nematode feeding sites.These results revealed that Minc03329 is an important effector for M.incognita,suppressing host defense response and promoting pathogenicity.
基金the financial support to S.X.from the National Natural Science Foundation of China(31971836)the Hunan provincial Natural Science Foundation(2019JJ40126)the financial support to Y.Z.from NSERC Discovery grant program。
文摘Higher plants utilize a variety of immune receptors to recognize pathogens and trigger defense responses.Intracellular nucleotidebinding leucine-rich repeat receptors(NLRs)are widely used for detecting pathogen effectors(Jones et al.,2016;Zhou and Zhang,2020).NLRs are also present in animals,including mammals。
基金supported by grants from the CAS Projects for Young Scientist in Basic Research(YSBR-080 to L.L)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(32270298 to L.L).
文摘In recent years,the field of plant immunity has witnessed remarkable breakthroughs.During the co-evolution between plants and pathogens,plants have developed a wealth of intricate defense mechanisms to safeguard their survival.Newly identified immune receptors have added unexpected complexity to the surface and intracellular sensor networks,enriching our understanding of the ongoing plant–pathogen interplay.Deciphering the molecular mechanisms of resistosome shapes our understanding of these mysterious molecules in plant immunity.Moreover,technological innovations are expanding the horizon of the plant–pathogen battlefield into spatial and temporal scales.While the development provides new opportunities for untangling the complex realm of plant immunity,challenges remain in uncovering plant immunity across spatiotemporal dimensions from both molecular and cellular levels.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC, 31972254)the Fok Ying Tung Education Foundation (171021)+5 种基金the Tianfu Tenthousand Talents Program (Tianfu Science and Technology Elite Project), Chinathe Outstanding Young Scientific and Technological Talents Project in Sichuan Province, China (2019JDJQ0045)Outstanding Youth Science Foundation of Sichuan Agricultural University, China (2021SZYQ002) to Li Weitaothe Key R&D Projects of Science & Technology Department of Sichuan Province (2018JZ0072)NSFC (31825022) to Chen Xueweithe NSFC (32072041) to Yin Junjie。
文摘Cell death is an important physiological phenomenon in life.It can be programmed or unprogrammed.Unprogrammed cell death is usually induced by abiotic or biotic stress.Recent studies have shown that many proteins regulate both cell death and immunity in plants.Here,we provide a review on the advances in plant immunity with cell death,especially the molecular regulation and underlying mechanisms of those proteins involved in both cell death and plant immunity.In addition,we discuss potential approaches toward improving plant immunity without compromising plant growth.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (U22A20477 and 32201791)the China Postdoctoral Science Foundation (2020M682440)the Postdoctoral Fellowship Program of CPSF (GZB20230825).
文摘Inflorescence architecture is determined by inflorescence length,branch angles and the density of siliques,which affects planting density,lodging resistance and mechanical operation in rapeseed.However,the molecular mechanisms controlling inflorescence architecture are poorly understood,restricting the progress of breeding varieties with ideal plant architecture in oilseed rape.In this study,we have identified and characterized a rapeseed inflorescence development mutant,reduced inflorescence length(ril),which exhibits determinate and shortened inflorescences,reduced plant height,compact branches,and increased silique density.Through BSA-seq and map-based cloning,we find that RIL encodes a cyclic nucleotide-gated channel 20(BnaA01.CNGC20).A substitution of proline at the 304th position to leucine(P304L)was identified in the conserved transmembrane domain of BnaA01.CNGC20.This P304L substitution neither affects the subcellular localization and self-assembly of BnaA01.CNGC20,nor disrupts the interactions with BRASSINOSTEROID INSENSITIVE 1-associated receptor kinase 1(BAK1),which interacts with CNGC20 and phosphorylates it to regulate Ca^(2+)channel stability.However,the P304L substitution increases channel activity and Ca^(2+)influx,which in turn induces immune responses such as cell death,H2O2 accumulation,upregulation of pathogenesis-related genes,and pattern-triggered immunity.The enhanced immunity improves the resistance to Leptosphaeria biglobosa and Sclerotinia sclerotiorum.Transcriptome analysis further revealed that CNGC20 plays dual roles in regulating plant growth and immunity via the brassinosteroid and auxin signaling pathways.The findings in this study provide deeper insights into the intricate relationship between cytosolic Ca^(2+)level and plant development and immunity,as well as the trade-off between immunity and the performance of yield-related traits in the heterozygous plants(+/ril),which may serve as a guide for balancing yield and disease resistance in oilseed rape breeding.
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Program(2022YFD1402100,2022YFD1401500)National Natural Science Foundation(32072500,32272557)+1 种基金Major Basic Research Project of Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province(ZR2022ZD23)Shandong Province Key Research and Development Plan(2022TZXD0025,2021TZXD007-04-4),Taishan Scholar Program of Shandong Province.
文摘Abscisic acid(ABA)is a phytohormone that not only important for plant growth,but also mediating the stress response.The roles of ABA in plant immunity are especially multifaceted.Recently,the ABA functional analogues are of great significance to promote its application.Here,we reported an ABA functional analogue named 167A.167A inhibits plant growth and seeds germinating of Arabidopsis.Meanwhile,the 167A enhanced the plant immunity,which is opposite of ABA.We further investigated the PTI-response after 167A treatment,and the results show that the ROS burst,callose deposition accumulate with 167A treatment.Moreover,167A also influence the degree of stomal closed.RNA-seq assays show that the 167A down-regulated the ABA associated genes and upregulated the JA/SA/ET associated genes.Through genetic analysis,the 167A modulating the plant resistance through the PYR/PYL Receptors.Together,these results demonstrate that a novel ABA analogue 167A positive regulated plant immunity and has great potential for agricultural applications.
基金supported by the Hainan Provincial Natural Science Foundation of China(323MS102 and 320QN307)Central Public-Interest Scientific Institution Basal Research Fund,China(1630042022008)。
文摘Meloidogyne spp.is an economically important plant-parasitic nematode distributed worldwide.To fight with host immune system for successful parasitism,plant parasitic nematodes secrete effectors to promote infection.In this study,we identified one chorismate mutase(CM)effector from M.enterolobii,named Me-CM.Spatial and temporal expression assays exhibited Me-cm is expressed in esophageal glands and up-regulated at parasitic-stage juveniles.Me-CM affects the pathogenicity of M.enterolobii based on the reduced infection rate,number of galls,egg masses,eggs per mass and multiplication rate collected from RNA silencing experiments.We showed that Me-CM localized in the cytoplasm and nucleus of plant cells and decreased the expression level of the marker gene PR1 of salicylic acid(SA)pathway.Besides,constitutive expression of Me-cm in Arabidopsis thaliana significantly reduced salicylic acid concentration.These results suggested that M.enterolobii may secrete effector Me-CM to fight with plantimmunesystemsvia regulating SA signaling pathway when interacting with host plants,ultimately facilitating parasitism.
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(2018YFE0112500)the Natural Science Basic Research Program of Shannxi Province(2024JCYBMS-183).We thank Professor Hui-shan Guo from the Institute of Microbiology,Chinese Academy of Sciences for providing the pNat-Tef-TrpC and pGKO-HPT vector,and Dr.Siwei Zhang from Northwest A&F University for providing the pER8-NeYFP,pER8-CeYFP,and pGEX-4T-1 vectors.
文摘Verticillium dahliae is an important soil-borne fungal pathogen that causes great yield losses in many cash crops.Effectors of this fungus are known to regulate plant immunity but the mechanism much remains unclear.A glycine-rich nuclear effector,VdCE51,was able to suppress immune responses in tobacco against Botrytis cinerea and Sclerotinia sclerotiorum.This effector was a required factor for full virulence of V.dahliae,and its nuclear localization was a requisite for suppressing plant immunity.The thioredoxin GhTRXH2,identified as a positive regulator of plant immunity,was a host target of VdCE51.Our findings show a virulence regulating mechanism whereby the secreted nuclear effector VdCE51 interferes with the transcription of PR genes,and the SA signaling pathway by inhibiting the accumulation of GhTRXH2,thus suppressing plant immunity.
基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China(31800225 and 32370363)the Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province(ZR2020MC027 and ZR2021QC213).
文摘INDETERMINATE-DOMAIN proteins(IDDs)are a plant-specific transcription factor family characterized by a conserved ID domain with four zinc finger motifs.Previous studies have demonstrated that IDDs coordinate a diversity of physiological processes and functions in plant growth and development,including floral transition,plant architecture,seed and root development,and hormone signaling.In this review,we especially summarized the latest knowledge on the functions and working models of IDD members in Arabidopsis,rice,and maize,particularly focusing on their role in the regulatory network of biotic and abiotic environmental responses,such as gravity,temperature,water,and pathogens.Understanding these mechanisms underlying the function of IDD proteins in these processes is important for improving crop yields by manipulating their activity.Overall,the review offers valuable insights into the functions and mechanisms of IDD proteins in plants,providing a foundation for further research and potential applications in agriculture.
基金support from the National Key Research and Development Program of China(no.2022YFE0108400)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(no.32372580)the Haihe Laboratory of Sustainable Chemical Transformations.
文摘We spotlight recent findings from a Nature paper unveiling captivating insights into how substrates such as NADþand ATP stimulate the condensation of TIR domain proteins.This process culminates in the formation of a quaternary structural pattern akin to the catalytic arrangement observed in conventional TNL proteins.Consequently,this mechanism enables the production of pivotal signaling molecules crucial for fortifying plant immunity.Expanding on these revelations,we propose the prospect of creating modulatory compounds capable of initiating the phase separation of TIR domain proteins as an innovative approach to enhance plant immunity against pathogenic challenges.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(32472527 and 32260653)the Guizhou Provincial General Project of the Science Foundation(ZK[2024]Key 011)+1 种基金the Guizhou Plant Bacteria and Biological Control Science and Technology Innovation Talent Team Development(Qian Ke He Talent-BQW[2025]003)the Research and Innovation Team of Guizhou University([2024]05)。
文摘Plants deploy sophisticated immune surveillance systems to safeguard themselves against pathogen infection,including plasma membrane-localized pattern-recognition receptors (PRRs) that initiate Pattern-Triggered Immunity (PTI)upon detecting pathogen-associated molecular patterns(PAMPs), and intracellular nucleotide-binding leucine-rich repeat receptors (NLRs) that induce Effector-Triggered Immunity (ETI) upon direct/indirect pathogen effector recognition. Effector-Triggered Immunity is often accompanied by a hypersensitive response (HR), which is known as rapid localized cell death at infection sites to restrict pathogen growth (Contreras et al., 2023;Jones et al., 2024). Nucleotidebinding leucine-rich repeat receptors are classified by their N-terminal domains:TIR-NLRs (TNLs), CC-NLRs (CNLs), and RPW8-NLRs (RNLs). TNLs and CNLs typically function as sensor NLRs (sNLRs) that detect pathogen effectors, while RNLs serve as helper NLRs (hNLRs) that transmit immune signals from diverse sNLRs to ultimately execute downstream resistance and trigger cell death—though some RNLs can themselves be direct targets of pathogen effectors (Contreras et al., 2023;Gong et al., 2023). The hNLRs mainly include Activated Disease Resistance 1 (ADR1), which is conserved in both dicots and monocots, and N REQUIRED GENE 1 (NRG1),which has not been identified in monocots, as well as Solanaceae-specific NLR required for cell death (NRC)-type NLRs, which are required for HR-related cell death (Contreras et al., 2023;Gong et al., 2023).
基金supported by the Guangdong Basic and Applied Basic Research Foundation(2020A1515111101,2022A1515110431).
文摘Plasma membrane intrinsic proteins(PIPs)are conserved plant aquaporins that transport small molecules across the plasma membrane to trigger instant stress responses and maintain cellular homeostasis under biotic and abiotic stress.To elucidate their roles in plant immunity to pathogen attack,we characterized the expression patterns,subcellular localizations,and H_(2)O_(2)-transport ability of 11 OsPIPs in rice(Oryza sativa),and identified OsPIP2;6 as necessary for rice disease resistance.OsPIP2;6 resides on the plasma membrane and facilitates cytoplasmic import of the immune signaling molecule H_(2)O_(2).Knockout of OsPIP2;6 increases rice susceptibility to Magnaporthe oryzae,indicating a positive function in plant immunity.OsPIP2;6 interacts with OsPIP2;2,which has been reported to increase rice resistance to pathogens via H_(2)O_(2)transport.Our findings suggest that OsPIP2;6 cooperates with OsPIP2;2 as a defense signal transporter complex during plant–pathogen interaction.
基金Supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.32072444)National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.32060429)the key Project of Natural Science Foundation of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region(No.2022D01D44).
文摘Perilla essential oil(PEO)is reported as an aromatic yellowish oily substance with a volatile odor extracted from perilla leaves.It exhibits various biological activities except anti-tobacco mosaic virus(TMV)activity.In this study,we investigated the main components and anti-TMV activity of PEO,identified its primary active components,and examined its mode of action.The results indicated that PEO exhibited anti-TMV activity(65.58%)at 800μg/mL,with perillaldehyde identified as the main active component.The protective,curative,and inactivation activities of perillaldehyde at 800μg/mL were 80.41%,73.42%,and 34.93%,respectively.These values were significantly higher than those of the control drug(commercial chitosan oligosaccharide)and the protective and curative activities were superior to those of ningnanmycin.The results of the mode of action showed that perillaldehyde induced a hypersensitive response(HR)in tobacco.Transmission electron microscope(TEM)observation revealed that perillaldehyde had no direct effect on TMV particles.The treatment of Nicotiana glutinosa with perillaldehyde at 800μg/mL indicated that perillaldehyde had significant induction activity(58.46%).The expression of three pathogenesis-related tobacco genes(PR genes),including nonexpressor of pathogenesis-related genes 1(NPR1),pathogenesis-related protein 1 gene(PR1),and pathogenesis-related protein 5 gene(PR5),were induced and upregulated by perillaldehyde treatment.Perillaldehyde also induced the overexpression of the phenylalanine ammonia-lyase gene(PAL),respiratory burst oxidase homolog B gene(RBOHB),and protochlorophyllide oxidoreductase gene 1(POR1).Furthermore,perillaldehyde increased the salicylic acid(SA)and H2O2 contents in tobacco leaves,and enhanced the activities of four defense enzymes:superoxide dismutase(SOD),catalase(CAT),peroxidase(POD),and phenylalanine ammonia-lyase(PAL).N.glutinosa was treated with perillaldehyde at 800μg/mL for 24 h,and the results showed that the highest SA and H_(2)O_(2) contents(1032.08 pmol/L and 23.40μmol/g FW,respectively)were obtained in tobacco leaves.Defense enzyme activities also reached a maximum at 800μg/mL,and the activities of CAT,PAL,POD,and SOD increased by 1.76,1.95,2.17,and 3.78 times,respectively,compared to the control.The results of the study showed that perillaldehyde may enhance resistance to pathogen infection by inducing systemic acquired resistance(SAR),which may contribute to the activation of SA signal transduction pathway.Therefore,perillaldehyde has the potential for application in agriculture as a novel antiviral agent and immune inducer.
基金financially supported by Brazilian Agricultural Research Corporation (Embrapa)-Coordination for the Improvement of Higher Education PersonnelNational Council for Scientific and Technological Development, Federal District Research Support FoundationFoundation for Scientific and Technological Development of Mato Grosso do Sul State
文摘Rice genes OsDjA2 and OsERF104,encoding a chaperone protein and an APETELA2/ethylene-responsive factor,respectively,are strongly induced in a compatible interaction with blast fungus,and also have function in plant susceptibility validated through gene silencing.Here,we reported the CRISPR/Cas9 knockout of OsDjA2 and OsERF104 genes resulting in considerable improvement of blast resistance.A total of 15 OsDjA2(62.5%)and 17 OsERF104(70.8%)T_(0)transformed lines were identified from 24 regenerated plants for each target and used in downstream experiments.Phenotyping of homozygous T1 mutant lines revealed not only a significant decrease in the number of blast lesions but also a reduction in the percentage of diseased leaf area,compared with the infected control plants.Our results supported CRISPR/Cas9-mediated target mutation in rice susceptibility genes as a potential and alternative breeding strategy for building resistance to blast disease.
