Eighteen species of lady beetles, collected from Pinus armandii infested with Pineus sp. (Homoptera: Adelgidae), in Lijiang, Yunnan province, were enumerated, l of which was described as new to science: Scym...Eighteen species of lady beetles, collected from Pinus armandii infested with Pineus sp. (Homoptera: Adelgidae), in Lijiang, Yunnan province, were enumerated, l of which was described as new to science: Scymnus (Pullus) huashansong, and l as new record for China: Adalia conglomerata (L.). Among these 18 species, 14 were also collected from the hemlocks (Tsuga dumosa, T. forrestii, and T. chinensis ) infested with the hemlock woolly adelgid ( Adelges tsugae ).展开更多
During 1991~1995, the growth responses of young slash pine to N, P and K fertilizers and rational rate and ratio of fertilizers in yellow-red soil at Fengshushan Forest Farm, Jiangxi Province were studied. N fertilize...During 1991~1995, the growth responses of young slash pine to N, P and K fertilizers and rational rate and ratio of fertilizers in yellow-red soil at Fengshushan Forest Farm, Jiangxi Province were studied. N fertilizer decreased the growth of slash pine, while P not only significantly improved the increment of bottom diameter, height and crown diameter, but also caused earlier canopy closure of the stand. It also had a sustainable effect in the next two years. Slash pine had the most significant response to the treatment of 200 kg P2O5 ha-1, in which tree height, bottom diameter and crown diameter (EW and SN) were increased by 22%, 35%, 20% and 18% in 1994, 21%, 25%, 10% and 10% in 1995, respectively, compared to the control.Although there was no remarkable response to K fertilizer, good growth response to the application of 100 kg P2O5 plus 100 kg K2O ha-1 existed and tree height, bottom diameter and crown diameter (EW and SN)were increased by 31%, 14%, 23% and 21%, respectively, in 1993, compared to the control.展开更多
We evaluated seed production in a first-gener- ation orchard of Chinese pine （Pinus tabuliformis） during the crucial transition period from first generation to advanced generations. Clones varied significantly in al...We evaluated seed production in a first-gener- ation orchard of Chinese pine （Pinus tabuliformis） during the crucial transition period from first generation to advanced generations. Clones varied significantly in all traits related to seed production. Repeatability of these traits ranged from 0 to 0.96. Seed production per ramet （SPPR）, seed producing index （SPI）, the number of relative female strobili （RFS）, the number of scales, and the num- ber of ineffective scales had comparatively high repeata- bility at 0.86, 0.87, 0.89, 0.96, and 0.91, respectively. Correlation analysis showed that SPPR was greatly influenced by RFS and by the number of full seeds per cone. Finally, we showed that SPI was the best predictor of the seed-producing ability of clones. Our findings will assist seed orchard managers in effectively predicting and improving seed production of Chinese pine seed orchards.展开更多
Differences in seed germination and seedling growth among populations of Pinus yunnanensis Franch. were quantified to provide information for use in the regeneration, reforestation, and improvement of this species. Se...Differences in seed germination and seedling growth among populations of Pinus yunnanensis Franch. were quantified to provide information for use in the regeneration, reforestation, and improvement of this species. Seed germination and seedling growth traits at the nursery stage were investigated at the population level. We evaluated relationships between pairs of measured traits as well as the association between measured traits and geo- climatic variables including longitude, latitude, elevation, temperature and precipitation. Seedling growth showed significant differences although a low magnitude of variation was found in the seed germination traits among the populations. Some populations with strong and stable growth （e.g., the Baoshan population） may be selected as superior seed sources for regeneration and reforestation. Germination percentage was negatively correlated with elevation, and positively with precipitation. In addition, germination index, vigor index and seedling height were positively correlated with precipitation. Seed germination index, cotyledon number and length, and seedling diameter were significantly and positively correlated with seed weight. Strong correlations between pairs of traits will be helpful in early evaluations for the selection of certain prominent traits.展开更多
Large scale harvest of Korean pine （Pinus koraiensis） seeds as a food product in the mixed Korean pine-hardwood forest of northeastern China poses a serious threat to the sustainability and restoration of this endan...Large scale harvest of Korean pine （Pinus koraiensis） seeds as a food product in the mixed Korean pine-hardwood forest of northeastern China poses a serious threat to the sustainability and restoration of this endangered regional ecosystem. Seed collection over past decades greatly reduced the seed bank and subsequent seedling and sapling re- cruitment, and impacting a wide array of granivorous animals that rely on the pine seeds. We surveyed Korean pine seeds, including solid seeds （SS）, insect consumed seeds （ICS） and other （animal） consumed （OCS） kernels, of the seed bank （forest floor and the top 10 cm of mineral soil）, the seedlings and saplings from 1 m： sample plots in five forest types in Liangshui Nature Reserve （LNR） of the southern Xiao Xing＇an Moun- tains in northeastern China to provide accurate information for assessing the Korean pine regeneration potential. The average number of pine seeds in the seed bank were 11.2 seeds/m2, 9.1 seeds/m2, 4.6 seeds/m2, 1.1 seeds/m2, and 0.2 seeds/m2 in Korean pine-basswood forest, mixed Korean pine-hardwood forest, mixed conifer-hardwood forest, white birch forests, and oak forests, respectively. In the first three forest types, percentages of SS （potentially viable seeds） were 11.2%, 3.5% and 27.8%, respectively. The percentages of ICS （not viable seeds） were consistent at around 35%. The higher but variable percentages of OCS （not viable seeds） indicated high seed predation in these forests. Com- pared with other studies, we recorded higher percentages of seed damage, probably due to our survey approach and the increased depth of seed bank sampled in our study. Depletion of pine seeds in the seed bank greatly reduced seedling and sapling recruitment. Densities of pine seed- lings varied from about 180 trees/ha in the mixed Korean pine-hardwood forest to about 5,400 trees/ha in the mixed conifer-hardwood forests and showed a high degree of spatial variation. Saplings were rare in the mixed Korean pine-hardwood forest, but ranged in the thousands in other forests. Large scale pine seed harvest has seriously threatened the sustainability of the mixed Korean pine-hardwood forest ecosystem. Scaling down the seed harvest or supplemental planting of pine saplings are urgently needed to maintain the health of the existing Korean pine forests and to restore this endangered ecosystem.展开更多
Siberian Pine （Pinus sibirica） is an ecologically and eco-nomically important species in pristine forests throughout northern Rus-sia. Four provenances of P. sibirica were introduced from Mongolia and Russia to the ...Siberian Pine （Pinus sibirica） is an ecologically and eco-nomically important species in pristine forests throughout northern Rus-sia. Four provenances of P. sibirica were introduced from Mongolia and Russia to the Greater Xing’an Range （the Daxing’anling）, northeast China in 1993. The aim of this research was to study genetic variation and selection of the introduced four Pinus sibirica provenances. Heights （H）, basal diameters （BD）, survival rates （SR） and crown lengths （CL） of different families were measured as primary outcomes in different growth years. Results of data analyses demonstrated high coefficients of phenotypic variation （PCV） and heritability （H2） for H, BD and CL at 18 years after introduction. PCV and H2 increased with age. Correlations of＆amp;nbsp;growth traits between any two growth years were all significantly positive, but the correlation coefficient was smaller when the growth year interval was larger. Correlations between H and the original environment factors decreased gradually, indicating that with long-term subsistence in the new environment, the influence of the source environment declined. Colligation of multiple traits to estimate provenances showed that Novosibirsk, Tomsk, and Altai Mountains had higher survival rates and biomass, and proved more suitable for introduction and plantation in the Greater Xing’an Range in China.展开更多
Because of global climate change, it is necessary to add forest biomass estimation to national forest resource monitoring. The biomass equations developed for forest biomass estimation should be compatible with volume...Because of global climate change, it is necessary to add forest biomass estimation to national forest resource monitoring. The biomass equations developed for forest biomass estimation should be compatible with volume equations. Based on the tree volume and aboveground biomass data of Masson pine （Pinus massoniana Lamb.） in southern China, we constructed one-, two- and three-variable aboveground biomass equations and biomass conversion functions compatible with tree volume equations by using error-in-variable simultaneous equations. The prediction precision of aboveground biomass estimates from one variable equa- tion exceeded 95%. The regressions of aboveground biomass equations were improved slightly when tree height and crown width were used together with diameter on breast height, although the contributions to regressions were statistically insignificant. For the biomass conversion function on one variable, the conversion factor decreased with increasing diameter, but for the conversion function on two variables, the conversion factor increased with increasing diameter but decreased with in- creasing tree height.展开更多
Essential oils of the resins of Pinus brutia and Pinus pinea were evaluated for their biological potential. Essential oils were characterized using GC-MS and GC/FID. In vitro antimicrobial, phytotoxic, antioxidant, an...Essential oils of the resins of Pinus brutia and Pinus pinea were evaluated for their biological potential. Essential oils were characterized using GC-MS and GC/FID. In vitro antimicrobial, phytotoxic, antioxidant, and insecticidal activities were carried out using the direct contact and the fumigant assays, respectively. The chemical profile of the essential oils of the resins of P. pinea and P. brutia included mainly α-pinene(21.39% and 25.40%), β-pinene(9.68% and 9.69%), and caryophyllene(9.12% and 4.81%). The essential oils of P. pinea and P. brutia exerted notable antimicrobial activities on Micrococcus luteus and Bacillus subtilis, insecticidal activities on Ephestia kuehniella eggs, phytotoxic activities on Lactuca sativa, Lepidium sativum, and Portulaca oleracea, as well as antioxidant potential. Indications of the biological activities of the essential oils suggest their use in the formulation of ecofriendly and biocompatible pharmaceuticals.展开更多
In this review we summarized recent historical records and molecular studies on evolutionary history and phylogeography of Scots pine with focus on the European highly fragmented distribution area of the species. Foss...In this review we summarized recent historical records and molecular studies on evolutionary history and phylogeography of Scots pine with focus on the European highly fragmented distribution area of the species. Fossilized pollen, plant micro- and macrofossil records provided evidences on the large-scale species’ range shifts and demographic changes during the Quaternary. Populations of Scots pine were documented both in the glacial (incl. full glaciation) and interglacial periods. Recolonization of Europe after the glaciation originated from the (Sub) Mediterranean areas like the Balkan Peninsula but also from around the Eastern Alps and the surroundings of the Danube plain. Fennoscandia and northern European Baltic regions were most probably colonized from two main directions, from Western Europe and from the Russian Plain. Modern history of Scots pine was hardly affected by anthropogenic activities that started to strengthen in the Bronze and Iron Age. Along with the fossil records, molecular genetic tools were used to infer the origin and putative history including migration, differentiation and demography of the species. In this paper we compiled the major publications (30) of molecular genetic studies of the past 20 years derived from distinctly inherited organelle genomes (mitochondrial, chloroplast, nuclear) revealed by different marker systems (mtDNA-cox1, -nad1, -nad3, -nad7, ISSR, cpSSR, nSSR, B-SAP, SNP). It is important to consider that different phylogeographic patterns can be drawn by the analysis of different DNA marker types. Accordingly the use of more than one marker simultaneously outlines the most sophisticated phylogeographical pattern on the genetic lineages and can reveal high differentiation of the European distribution. Combined marker systems and markers derived from coding sequences have also been used to detect species’ phylogeographic patterns, but these were rarely applied to Scots pine. Although new molecular techniques can provide higher resolution data for populations, the reviewed results can shape the direction of further studies.展开更多
Three kinds of plant growth regulators, gibberellinA 4/7 （GA 4/7 ）, 6-benzylaminopurine （BA）, and chlormequat chloride （CCC）, were evaluated for their ability to promote strobilus and cone production in a Chines...Three kinds of plant growth regulators, gibberellinA 4/7 （GA 4/7 ）, 6-benzylaminopurine （BA）, and chlormequat chloride （CCC）, were evaluated for their ability to promote strobilus and cone production in a Chinese pine （Pinus tabuliformis Carr.） clonal seed orchard. Treatments （0, 250, 500, or 1000 mg L -1 ） were applied during three periods （June- July, July-August and August-September） in 2005. Of the three plant growth regulators, GA 4/7 was the best for promoting flower and cone production. Trees sprayed with GA 4/7 （500 mg L -1 ） from June to September had significantly more female strobili and immature cones than controls and other treatments （p≤0.0001）. The best time to apply GA 4/7 was in June. BA at 500 mg L -1 significantly increased female flower and immature cone production, compared to other treatments and controls （p≤0.0001）, while promotion of male strobili was unchanged. Chlormequat chloride at 1000 mg L -1 significantly increased the number of male strobili, compared to the other treatments （p≤0.0001）. Spraying CCC at500 mg L -1 significantly increased the number of female strobili, compared to controls （p0.05）, but it had no effect on immature cone production （p0.05）. These results are important for improving seed production and seed orchard management of Chinese pine.展开更多
This study aimed to demonstrate change in spatial correlation between Korean pine （Pinus koraiensis Sieb. et Zucc.） and three rare species, and change in spatial distribution of four species in response to a range o...This study aimed to demonstrate change in spatial correlation between Korean pine （Pinus koraiensis Sieb. et Zucc.） and three rare species, and change in spatial distribution of four species in response to a range of selective cutting intensities. We sampled three plots of mixed Korean pine and broad-leaf forest in Lushuihe Forestry Bureau of Jilin province, China. Plot 1, a control, was unlogged Korean pine broad-leaf forest. In plots 2 and 3, Korean pine was selectively cut at 15 and 30 % intensity, respectively, in the 1970s. Other species were rarely cut. We used point-pattern analysis to research the spatial distributions of four tree species and quantify spatial correlations between Korean pine and the other three species, Amur linden （Tilia amurensis Rupr.）, Manchurian ash （Fraxinus mandshurica Rupr.）, and Mongolian oak （Quercus mongolica Fisch.） in all three plots. The results of the study show that selective cutting at 15 % intensity did not significantly change either the species spatial patterns or the spatial correlation between Korean pine and broadleaf species. Selective cutting at 30 % intensity slightly affected the growth of Korean pine and valuable species in forest communities, and the effect was considered nondestructive and recoverable.展开更多
Low-energy ion implantation, as a new technology to produce mutation in plant breeding, has been widely applied in agriculture in China. But so far there is a little understanding of the underlying mechanisms responsi...Low-energy ion implantation, as a new technology to produce mutation in plant breeding, has been widely applied in agriculture in China. But so far there is a little understanding of the underlying mechanisms responsible for its biological effects at the cellular level. Here we report the biological effects of a nitrogen ion beams of 30 keV on the pollen grains of Pinus thunbergii Parl. In general, ion implantation inhibited pollen germination. The dose-response curve presented a particular saddle-like pattern. Ion implantation also changed the dimension of the elongated tubes and significantly induced tip swelling. Confocal microscopy indicated that the pollen tube tips in P. thunbergii contained an enriched network of microtubules. Ion implantation led to the disruption of microtubules especially in swollen tips. Treatment with colchicine demonstrated that tip swelling was caused by the disruption of microtubules in the tip, indicating a unique role for microtubules in maintaining the tip integrality of the pollen tube in conifer. Our results suggest that ion implantation induce the disruption of microtubule organization in pollen and pollen tubes and subsequently cause morphological abnormalities in the pollen tubes. This study may provide a clue for further investigation on the interaction between low-energy ion beams and pollen tube growth.展开更多
The taiga coniferous forests of the Siberian region are the main carbon sinks in the forest ecosystems.Quantitatively, the size of the carbon accumulation is determined by the photosynthetic productivity, which is str...The taiga coniferous forests of the Siberian region are the main carbon sinks in the forest ecosystems.Quantitatively, the size of the carbon accumulation is determined by the photosynthetic productivity, which is strongly influenced by environmental factors. As a result,an assessment of the relationship between environmental factors and photosynthetic productivity makes it possible to calculate and even predict carbon sinks in coniferous forests at the regional level. However, at various stages of the vegetative period, the force of the connection between environmental conditions and the productivity of photosynthesis may change. In this research, correlations between the photosynthetic activity of Scots pine(Pinus sylvestris L.) with the environmental conditions were compared in spring and in autumn. In spring, close positive correlation of the maximum daily net photosynthesis was identified with only one environmental factor. For different years, correlations were for soil temperature(rs= 0.655,p = 0.00315) or available soil water supply(rs= 0.892,p = 0.0068). In autumn within different years, significant correlation was shown with two(temperature of air and soil; rs= 0.789 and 0.896, p = 0.00045 and 0.000006,respectively) and four factors: temperature of air(rs=0.749, p = 0.00129) and soil(rs= 0.84, p = 0.00000),available soil water supply(rs= 0.846, p = 0.00013) and irradiance(rs= 0.826, p = 0.000001). Photosynthetic activity has a weaker connection with changes in environmental factors in the spring, as compared to autumn.This is explained by the multidirectional influence of environmental conditions on photosynthesis in this period and by the necessity of earlier photosynthesis onset, despite the unfavorable conditions. This data may be useful for predicting the flow of carbon in dependence on environmental factors in this region in spring and in autumn.展开更多
Ultrasonic extraction conditions of polyphenols from the needles of black pine(Pinus thunbergii) were optimized by single factors analysis and Box-Behnken experiment design. The results showed that both of ethanol con...Ultrasonic extraction conditions of polyphenols from the needles of black pine(Pinus thunbergii) were optimized by single factors analysis and Box-Behnken experiment design. The results showed that both of ethanol concentration and ultrasonic time had a significant effect on polyphenol extraction, and there was significant interaction between any two variables in the three parameters of ethanol concentration, ultrasonic temperature and ultrasonic time. The optimal parameters for polyphenol extraction were the ethanol concentration of 52.67%, ultrasonic temperature at 49.21 ℃and ultrasonic time of 30.76 min. Under these conditions, the actual content of polyphenols was close to the predicted value. Therefore, the process can be used to extract polyphenols from black pine needles.展开更多
Background:Pine wilt disease(PWD)is a major ecological concern in China that has caused severe damage to millions of Chinese pines(Pinus tabulaeformis).To control the spread of PWD,it is necessary to develop an effect...Background:Pine wilt disease(PWD)is a major ecological concern in China that has caused severe damage to millions of Chinese pines(Pinus tabulaeformis).To control the spread of PWD,it is necessary to develop an effective approach to detect its presence in the early stage of infection.One potential solution is the use of Unmanned Airborne Vehicle(UAV)based hyperspectral images(HIs).UAV-based HIs have high spatial and spectral resolution and can gather data rapidly,potentially enabling the effective monitoring of large forests.Despite this,few studies examine the feasibility of HI data use in assessing the stage and severity of PWD infection in Chinese pine.Method:To fill this gap,we used a Random Forest(RF)algorithm to estimate the stage of PWD infection of trees sampled using UAV-based HI data and ground-based data(data directly collected from trees in the field).We compared relative accuracy of each of these data collection methods.We built our RF model using vegetation indices(VIs),red edge parameters(REPs),moisture indices(MIs),and their combination.Results:We report several key results.For ground data,the model that combined all parameters(OA:80.17%,Kappa:0.73)performed better than VIs(OA:75.21%,Kappa:0.66),REPs(OA:79.34%,Kappa:0.67),and MIs(OA:74.38%,Kappa:0.65)in predicting the PWD stage of individual pine tree infection.REPs had the highest accuracy(OA:80.33%,Kappa:0.58)in distinguishing trees at the early stage of PWD from healthy trees.UAV-based HI data yielded similar results:the model combined VIs,REPs and MIs(OA:74.38%,Kappa:0.66)exhibited the highest accuracy in estimating the PWD stage of sampled trees,and REPs performed best in distinguishing healthy trees from trees at early stage of PWD(OA:71.67%,Kappa:0.40).Conclusion:Overall,our results confirm the validity of using HI data to identify pine trees infected with PWD in its early stage,although its accuracy must be improved before widespread use is practical.We also show UAV-based data PWD classifications are less accurate but comparable to those of ground-based data.We believe that these results can be used to improve preventative measures in the control of PWD.展开更多
Pine wilt disease (PWD), which is caused by pine wood nematodes (PWN), is one of the most serious forest diseases worldwide. To clarify the mechanism of resistance to PWD, we compared metabolites from resistant and su...Pine wilt disease (PWD), which is caused by pine wood nematodes (PWN), is one of the most serious forest diseases worldwide. To clarify the mechanism of resistance to PWD, we compared metabolites from resistant and susceptible Japanese black pine (Pinus thunbergii) families after inoculation with PWN. After 2 weeks to 1 month post inoculation, the number of PWN dramatically increased in susceptible plants, but not in resistant plants. At this PWN-proliferation phase, ethyl acetate soluble fractions extracted from PWN-inoculated plants were analyzed by gas chromatogramphy-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Although most compounds were qualitatively and quantitatively similar between resistant and susceptible plants, resistant plants accumulated 2.0-fold more linoleic acid (LA) than susceptible plants. On the other hand, benzoic acid (BA) was barely detected in resistant plants, but it accumulated in susceptible plants as the number of PWN increased. Susceptible plants contained greater levels of the nematicidal compounds pinosylvin and pinosylvin monomethyl ether, compared with resistant plants. These results suggested that LA is involved in the resistance reaction against PWN-proliferation, and that BA could be a good biomarker for PWD.展开更多
Chemical and biochemical analysis methods were used to monitor the vedations of nitrogen nutrient among the dominance trees species in secondary succession process of the mixed broad - leaved/Korean pine forest on Cha...Chemical and biochemical analysis methods were used to monitor the vedations of nitrogen nutrient among the dominance trees species in secondary succession process of the mixed broad - leaved/Korean pine forest on Changbai Mountains, Northeast China. Amounts of total nitrogen, anunonium and NRA in soils of virgin broad-leaved/Korean pine forest which is in climax were higher than those of secondary birch forests those are in succession Stage. The amount of nitrate was in the other hand. In climax, dominance trees species are tolerant mesophytic trees such as Pinus Koraiensis, Tilia amurensis, Acer mono and also Fraxinus mandshurica, they are all ammonium + nitrate adapted species, but they show a preference for the anunonium rather than those of the pioneer trees species in secondary birch forest, such as Populus davidiava and Betula platyphylla. Because they have more ammonium in their leaves and roots, especially Pinus koraiensis. Populus davidvana and Betula plaaphlla are intolerant trees, amounts of nitrate and total nitrogen is higher in their leaves and roots and also NRA in their leaves, so they preference for the nitrate rather than the others.In secondary birch forest, the regeneration trees species adapt their nitroggn nutrient to the variation of nitrogen nutrient situation in soil, finally they could survival well and the secondary birch forest would succession to climax. In climax, dominance trees species adapt their Nitrogen nutrient to the situation in soil and there are not strong competition in nitrogen nutrient among them, so they can coexist well and keep the climax as stable vegetation.展开更多
In Hebei Province of North China, forest was recovered with natural recruitment in plantations with large area of clear-cutting Chinese pine（Pinus tabuliformis）. This study was aimed to demonstrate the dynamic chara...In Hebei Province of North China, forest was recovered with natural recruitment in plantations with large area of clear-cutting Chinese pine（Pinus tabuliformis）. This study was aimed to demonstrate the dynamic characteristics of recruits during the natural recruitment. Both plot survey and the spatial point-pattern analysis were performed. Five developmental stages of natural recruitment were selected and studied, including 1 year before and 2, 5, 8, and 11 years after clear-cutting. Different slope aspects were also included. Natural recruitment was always dominated by Chinese pine with a proportion of higher than 90%. For plots of 1 year before clear-cutting on east-and north-facing slopes, recruit densities were 7886 and 5036 stems/hm2, the average heights were 0.78（±0.85） and 1.06（±1.15） m, and the average diameters at breast height（DBH） were 3.21（±1.38） and 2.91（±1.38） cm, respectively. After clear-cutting, recruit density was initially increased, then it was gradually declined with time; however, the variation of average DBH was contrary to that of recruit density. Both of them were no longer varied between 8 and 11 years after clear-cutting. The average height of recruits continued to increase after clear-cutting. For the plots of 11 years after clear-cutting on east-and north-facing slopes, average heights of recruits reached 2.00（±1.14） and 2.24（±1.20） m, respectively. The statuses of recruits on north-facing slopes were better than those on east-facing slopes after clear-cutting. Meanwhile, recruits on east-facing slopes were always aggregated at small scales, while spatial pattern of recruits varied with time on north-facing slopes. Moreover, forest was recovered more quickly by natural recruitment than by artificial afforestation after clear-cutting. The structural diversity was higher in naturally regenerated forests than in plantations of the same age. Our results demonstrated that clear-cutting of Chinese pine plantations recovered by natural recruitment has the potential to be an effective approach for establishing multifunctional forest.展开更多
文摘Eighteen species of lady beetles, collected from Pinus armandii infested with Pineus sp. (Homoptera: Adelgidae), in Lijiang, Yunnan province, were enumerated, l of which was described as new to science: Scymnus (Pullus) huashansong, and l as new record for China: Adalia conglomerata (L.). Among these 18 species, 14 were also collected from the hemlocks (Tsuga dumosa, T. forrestii, and T. chinensis ) infested with the hemlock woolly adelgid ( Adelges tsugae ).
文摘During 1991~1995, the growth responses of young slash pine to N, P and K fertilizers and rational rate and ratio of fertilizers in yellow-red soil at Fengshushan Forest Farm, Jiangxi Province were studied. N fertilizer decreased the growth of slash pine, while P not only significantly improved the increment of bottom diameter, height and crown diameter, but also caused earlier canopy closure of the stand. It also had a sustainable effect in the next two years. Slash pine had the most significant response to the treatment of 200 kg P2O5 ha-1, in which tree height, bottom diameter and crown diameter (EW and SN) were increased by 22%, 35%, 20% and 18% in 1994, 21%, 25%, 10% and 10% in 1995, respectively, compared to the control.Although there was no remarkable response to K fertilizer, good growth response to the application of 100 kg P2O5 plus 100 kg K2O ha-1 existed and tree height, bottom diameter and crown diameter (EW and SN)were increased by 31%, 14%, 23% and 21%, respectively, in 1993, compared to the control.
基金supported by ‘‘the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(No.2015ZCQ-SW-02)’’ and ‘‘Special Fund for Forestry Scientific Research in the Public Interest(No.201104022)’’
文摘We evaluated seed production in a first-gener- ation orchard of Chinese pine （Pinus tabuliformis） during the crucial transition period from first generation to advanced generations. Clones varied significantly in all traits related to seed production. Repeatability of these traits ranged from 0 to 0.96. Seed production per ramet （SPPR）, seed producing index （SPI）, the number of relative female strobili （RFS）, the number of scales, and the num- ber of ineffective scales had comparatively high repeata- bility at 0.86, 0.87, 0.89, 0.96, and 0.91, respectively. Correlation analysis showed that SPPR was greatly influenced by RFS and by the number of full seeds per cone. Finally, we showed that SPI was the best predictor of the seed-producing ability of clones. Our findings will assist seed orchard managers in effectively predicting and improving seed production of Chinese pine seed orchards.
基金supported by the Natural Science Foundation of China(NSFC 31360189 and NSFC 31070591)
文摘Differences in seed germination and seedling growth among populations of Pinus yunnanensis Franch. were quantified to provide information for use in the regeneration, reforestation, and improvement of this species. Seed germination and seedling growth traits at the nursery stage were investigated at the population level. We evaluated relationships between pairs of measured traits as well as the association between measured traits and geo- climatic variables including longitude, latitude, elevation, temperature and precipitation. Seedling growth showed significant differences although a low magnitude of variation was found in the seed germination traits among the populations. Some populations with strong and stable growth （e.g., the Baoshan population） may be selected as superior seed sources for regeneration and reforestation. Germination percentage was negatively correlated with elevation, and positively with precipitation. In addition, germination index, vigor index and seedling height were positively correlated with precipitation. Seed germination index, cotyledon number and length, and seedling diameter were significantly and positively correlated with seed weight. Strong correlations between pairs of traits will be helpful in early evaluations for the selection of certain prominent traits.
基金supported by the National Science Foundation of China (NSFC) grant (grants 30830024,30770330)
文摘Large scale harvest of Korean pine （Pinus koraiensis） seeds as a food product in the mixed Korean pine-hardwood forest of northeastern China poses a serious threat to the sustainability and restoration of this endangered regional ecosystem. Seed collection over past decades greatly reduced the seed bank and subsequent seedling and sapling re- cruitment, and impacting a wide array of granivorous animals that rely on the pine seeds. We surveyed Korean pine seeds, including solid seeds （SS）, insect consumed seeds （ICS） and other （animal） consumed （OCS） kernels, of the seed bank （forest floor and the top 10 cm of mineral soil）, the seedlings and saplings from 1 m： sample plots in five forest types in Liangshui Nature Reserve （LNR） of the southern Xiao Xing＇an Moun- tains in northeastern China to provide accurate information for assessing the Korean pine regeneration potential. The average number of pine seeds in the seed bank were 11.2 seeds/m2, 9.1 seeds/m2, 4.6 seeds/m2, 1.1 seeds/m2, and 0.2 seeds/m2 in Korean pine-basswood forest, mixed Korean pine-hardwood forest, mixed conifer-hardwood forest, white birch forests, and oak forests, respectively. In the first three forest types, percentages of SS （potentially viable seeds） were 11.2%, 3.5% and 27.8%, respectively. The percentages of ICS （not viable seeds） were consistent at around 35%. The higher but variable percentages of OCS （not viable seeds） indicated high seed predation in these forests. Com- pared with other studies, we recorded higher percentages of seed damage, probably due to our survey approach and the increased depth of seed bank sampled in our study. Depletion of pine seeds in the seed bank greatly reduced seedling and sapling recruitment. Densities of pine seed- lings varied from about 180 trees/ha in the mixed Korean pine-hardwood forest to about 5,400 trees/ha in the mixed conifer-hardwood forests and showed a high degree of spatial variation. Saplings were rare in the mixed Korean pine-hardwood forest, but ranged in the thousands in other forests. Large scale pine seed harvest has seriously threatened the sustainability of the mixed Korean pine-hardwood forest ecosystem. Scaling down the seed harvest or supplemental planting of pine saplings are urgently needed to maintain the health of the existing Korean pine forests and to restore this endangered ecosystem.
基金supported by grants Seedling Technology Rules of Siberia pine(No.2012-LY-183)
文摘Siberian Pine （Pinus sibirica） is an ecologically and eco-nomically important species in pristine forests throughout northern Rus-sia. Four provenances of P. sibirica were introduced from Mongolia and Russia to the Greater Xing’an Range （the Daxing’anling）, northeast China in 1993. The aim of this research was to study genetic variation and selection of the introduced four Pinus sibirica provenances. Heights （H）, basal diameters （BD）, survival rates （SR） and crown lengths （CL） of different families were measured as primary outcomes in different growth years. Results of data analyses demonstrated high coefficients of phenotypic variation （PCV） and heritability （H2） for H, BD and CL at 18 years after introduction. PCV and H2 increased with age. Correlations of＆amp;nbsp;growth traits between any two growth years were all significantly positive, but the correlation coefficient was smaller when the growth year interval was larger. Correlations between H and the original environment factors decreased gradually, indicating that with long-term subsistence in the new environment, the influence of the source environment declined. Colligation of multiple traits to estimate provenances showed that Novosibirsk, Tomsk, and Altai Mountains had higher survival rates and biomass, and proved more suitable for introduction and plantation in the Greater Xing’an Range in China.
基金the National Biomass Modeling Program for Continuous Forest Inventory(NBMP-CFI) funded by the State Forestry Administration of China
文摘Because of global climate change, it is necessary to add forest biomass estimation to national forest resource monitoring. The biomass equations developed for forest biomass estimation should be compatible with volume equations. Based on the tree volume and aboveground biomass data of Masson pine （Pinus massoniana Lamb.） in southern China, we constructed one-, two- and three-variable aboveground biomass equations and biomass conversion functions compatible with tree volume equations by using error-in-variable simultaneous equations. The prediction precision of aboveground biomass estimates from one variable equa- tion exceeded 95%. The regressions of aboveground biomass equations were improved slightly when tree height and crown width were used together with diameter on breast height, although the contributions to regressions were statistically insignificant. For the biomass conversion function on one variable, the conversion factor decreased with increasing diameter, but for the conversion function on two variables, the conversion factor increased with increasing diameter but decreased with in- creasing tree height.
基金supported by the Scientific Research Fund(OKU-BAP)of Osmaniye Korkut Ata University,Osmaniye,Turkey
文摘Essential oils of the resins of Pinus brutia and Pinus pinea were evaluated for their biological potential. Essential oils were characterized using GC-MS and GC/FID. In vitro antimicrobial, phytotoxic, antioxidant, and insecticidal activities were carried out using the direct contact and the fumigant assays, respectively. The chemical profile of the essential oils of the resins of P. pinea and P. brutia included mainly α-pinene(21.39% and 25.40%), β-pinene(9.68% and 9.69%), and caryophyllene(9.12% and 4.81%). The essential oils of P. pinea and P. brutia exerted notable antimicrobial activities on Micrococcus luteus and Bacillus subtilis, insecticidal activities on Ephestia kuehniella eggs, phytotoxic activities on Lactuca sativa, Lepidium sativum, and Portulaca oleracea, as well as antioxidant potential. Indications of the biological activities of the essential oils suggest their use in the formulation of ecofriendly and biocompatible pharmaceuticals.
基金supported by National Research,Development and Innovation Office,Hungary by a Grant of Hungarian Scientific Research Fund(OTKA K101600)
文摘In this review we summarized recent historical records and molecular studies on evolutionary history and phylogeography of Scots pine with focus on the European highly fragmented distribution area of the species. Fossilized pollen, plant micro- and macrofossil records provided evidences on the large-scale species’ range shifts and demographic changes during the Quaternary. Populations of Scots pine were documented both in the glacial (incl. full glaciation) and interglacial periods. Recolonization of Europe after the glaciation originated from the (Sub) Mediterranean areas like the Balkan Peninsula but also from around the Eastern Alps and the surroundings of the Danube plain. Fennoscandia and northern European Baltic regions were most probably colonized from two main directions, from Western Europe and from the Russian Plain. Modern history of Scots pine was hardly affected by anthropogenic activities that started to strengthen in the Bronze and Iron Age. Along with the fossil records, molecular genetic tools were used to infer the origin and putative history including migration, differentiation and demography of the species. In this paper we compiled the major publications (30) of molecular genetic studies of the past 20 years derived from distinctly inherited organelle genomes (mitochondrial, chloroplast, nuclear) revealed by different marker systems (mtDNA-cox1, -nad1, -nad3, -nad7, ISSR, cpSSR, nSSR, B-SAP, SNP). It is important to consider that different phylogeographic patterns can be drawn by the analysis of different DNA marker types. Accordingly the use of more than one marker simultaneously outlines the most sophisticated phylogeographical pattern on the genetic lineages and can reveal high differentiation of the European distribution. Combined marker systems and markers derived from coding sequences have also been used to detect species’ phylogeographic patterns, but these were rarely applied to Scots pine. Although new molecular techniques can provide higher resolution data for populations, the reviewed results can shape the direction of further studies.
基金Partial funding for this research was provided by The State Forestry Administration of China(No.2006-85)
文摘Three kinds of plant growth regulators, gibberellinA 4/7 （GA 4/7 ）, 6-benzylaminopurine （BA）, and chlormequat chloride （CCC）, were evaluated for their ability to promote strobilus and cone production in a Chinese pine （Pinus tabuliformis Carr.） clonal seed orchard. Treatments （0, 250, 500, or 1000 mg L -1 ） were applied during three periods （June- July, July-August and August-September） in 2005. Of the three plant growth regulators, GA 4/7 was the best for promoting flower and cone production. Trees sprayed with GA 4/7 （500 mg L -1 ） from June to September had significantly more female strobili and immature cones than controls and other treatments （p≤0.0001）. The best time to apply GA 4/7 was in June. BA at 500 mg L -1 significantly increased female flower and immature cone production, compared to other treatments and controls （p≤0.0001）, while promotion of male strobili was unchanged. Chlormequat chloride at 1000 mg L -1 significantly increased the number of male strobili, compared to the other treatments （p≤0.0001）. Spraying CCC at500 mg L -1 significantly increased the number of female strobili, compared to controls （p0.05）, but it had no effect on immature cone production （p0.05）. These results are important for improving seed production and seed orchard management of Chinese pine.
基金funded by China National Science and Technology Support Program(Grant No.2012BAD21B02)
文摘This study aimed to demonstrate change in spatial correlation between Korean pine （Pinus koraiensis Sieb. et Zucc.） and three rare species, and change in spatial distribution of four species in response to a range of selective cutting intensities. We sampled three plots of mixed Korean pine and broad-leaf forest in Lushuihe Forestry Bureau of Jilin province, China. Plot 1, a control, was unlogged Korean pine broad-leaf forest. In plots 2 and 3, Korean pine was selectively cut at 15 and 30 % intensity, respectively, in the 1970s. Other species were rarely cut. We used point-pattern analysis to research the spatial distributions of four tree species and quantify spatial correlations between Korean pine and the other three species, Amur linden （Tilia amurensis Rupr.）, Manchurian ash （Fraxinus mandshurica Rupr.）, and Mongolian oak （Quercus mongolica Fisch.） in all three plots. The results of the study show that selective cutting at 15 % intensity did not significantly change either the species spatial patterns or the spatial correlation between Korean pine and broadleaf species. Selective cutting at 30 % intensity slightly affected the growth of Korean pine and valuable species in forest communities, and the effect was considered nondestructive and recoverable.
基金supported by National Key Project of China (No. 2001BA302B)
文摘Low-energy ion implantation, as a new technology to produce mutation in plant breeding, has been widely applied in agriculture in China. But so far there is a little understanding of the underlying mechanisms responsible for its biological effects at the cellular level. Here we report the biological effects of a nitrogen ion beams of 30 keV on the pollen grains of Pinus thunbergii Parl. In general, ion implantation inhibited pollen germination. The dose-response curve presented a particular saddle-like pattern. Ion implantation also changed the dimension of the elongated tubes and significantly induced tip swelling. Confocal microscopy indicated that the pollen tube tips in P. thunbergii contained an enriched network of microtubules. Ion implantation led to the disruption of microtubules especially in swollen tips. Treatment with colchicine demonstrated that tip swelling was caused by the disruption of microtubules in the tip, indicating a unique role for microtubules in maintaining the tip integrality of the pollen tube in conifer. Our results suggest that ion implantation induce the disruption of microtubule organization in pollen and pollen tubes and subsequently cause morphological abnormalities in the pollen tubes. This study may provide a clue for further investigation on the interaction between low-energy ion beams and pollen tube growth.
基金funded by The Program of Basic Research of the Presidium of the Russian Academy of Sciences No.23 ‘‘Biodiversity’’(Project 23.31:Relationship between the use of environmental resources and photosynthesis of conifers as a factor in the sustainability and biological diversity of forest ecosystems in Northern Eurasia)
文摘The taiga coniferous forests of the Siberian region are the main carbon sinks in the forest ecosystems.Quantitatively, the size of the carbon accumulation is determined by the photosynthetic productivity, which is strongly influenced by environmental factors. As a result,an assessment of the relationship between environmental factors and photosynthetic productivity makes it possible to calculate and even predict carbon sinks in coniferous forests at the regional level. However, at various stages of the vegetative period, the force of the connection between environmental conditions and the productivity of photosynthesis may change. In this research, correlations between the photosynthetic activity of Scots pine(Pinus sylvestris L.) with the environmental conditions were compared in spring and in autumn. In spring, close positive correlation of the maximum daily net photosynthesis was identified with only one environmental factor. For different years, correlations were for soil temperature(rs= 0.655,p = 0.00315) or available soil water supply(rs= 0.892,p = 0.0068). In autumn within different years, significant correlation was shown with two(temperature of air and soil; rs= 0.789 and 0.896, p = 0.00045 and 0.000006,respectively) and four factors: temperature of air(rs=0.749, p = 0.00129) and soil(rs= 0.84, p = 0.00000),available soil water supply(rs= 0.846, p = 0.00013) and irradiance(rs= 0.826, p = 0.000001). Photosynthetic activity has a weaker connection with changes in environmental factors in the spring, as compared to autumn.This is explained by the multidirectional influence of environmental conditions on photosynthesis in this period and by the necessity of earlier photosynthesis onset, despite the unfavorable conditions. This data may be useful for predicting the flow of carbon in dependence on environmental factors in this region in spring and in autumn.
基金Supported by the Policy Guidance Plan of Jiangsu Province(Production and Research Cooperation)(BY2016061-27)National Spark Program(2015GA690284)College Students' Practice Innovation Training Program of Jiangsu Province(201711049094X,201811049048X)
文摘Ultrasonic extraction conditions of polyphenols from the needles of black pine(Pinus thunbergii) were optimized by single factors analysis and Box-Behnken experiment design. The results showed that both of ethanol concentration and ultrasonic time had a significant effect on polyphenol extraction, and there was significant interaction between any two variables in the three parameters of ethanol concentration, ultrasonic temperature and ultrasonic time. The optimal parameters for polyphenol extraction were the ethanol concentration of 52.67%, ultrasonic temperature at 49.21 ℃and ultrasonic time of 30.76 min. Under these conditions, the actual content of polyphenols was close to the predicted value. Therefore, the process can be used to extract polyphenols from black pine needles.
基金funded by the National Key Research&Development Program of China(2018YFD0600200)Beijing’s Science and Technology Planning Project(Z191100008519004)Major emergency science and technology projects of National Forestry and Grassland Administration(ZD202001–05).
文摘Background:Pine wilt disease(PWD)is a major ecological concern in China that has caused severe damage to millions of Chinese pines(Pinus tabulaeformis).To control the spread of PWD,it is necessary to develop an effective approach to detect its presence in the early stage of infection.One potential solution is the use of Unmanned Airborne Vehicle(UAV)based hyperspectral images(HIs).UAV-based HIs have high spatial and spectral resolution and can gather data rapidly,potentially enabling the effective monitoring of large forests.Despite this,few studies examine the feasibility of HI data use in assessing the stage and severity of PWD infection in Chinese pine.Method:To fill this gap,we used a Random Forest(RF)algorithm to estimate the stage of PWD infection of trees sampled using UAV-based HI data and ground-based data(data directly collected from trees in the field).We compared relative accuracy of each of these data collection methods.We built our RF model using vegetation indices(VIs),red edge parameters(REPs),moisture indices(MIs),and their combination.Results:We report several key results.For ground data,the model that combined all parameters(OA:80.17%,Kappa:0.73)performed better than VIs(OA:75.21%,Kappa:0.66),REPs(OA:79.34%,Kappa:0.67),and MIs(OA:74.38%,Kappa:0.65)in predicting the PWD stage of individual pine tree infection.REPs had the highest accuracy(OA:80.33%,Kappa:0.58)in distinguishing trees at the early stage of PWD from healthy trees.UAV-based HI data yielded similar results:the model combined VIs,REPs and MIs(OA:74.38%,Kappa:0.66)exhibited the highest accuracy in estimating the PWD stage of sampled trees,and REPs performed best in distinguishing healthy trees from trees at early stage of PWD(OA:71.67%,Kappa:0.40).Conclusion:Overall,our results confirm the validity of using HI data to identify pine trees infected with PWD in its early stage,although its accuracy must be improved before widespread use is practical.We also show UAV-based data PWD classifications are less accurate but comparable to those of ground-based data.We believe that these results can be used to improve preventative measures in the control of PWD.
文摘Pine wilt disease (PWD), which is caused by pine wood nematodes (PWN), is one of the most serious forest diseases worldwide. To clarify the mechanism of resistance to PWD, we compared metabolites from resistant and susceptible Japanese black pine (Pinus thunbergii) families after inoculation with PWN. After 2 weeks to 1 month post inoculation, the number of PWN dramatically increased in susceptible plants, but not in resistant plants. At this PWN-proliferation phase, ethyl acetate soluble fractions extracted from PWN-inoculated plants were analyzed by gas chromatogramphy-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Although most compounds were qualitatively and quantitatively similar between resistant and susceptible plants, resistant plants accumulated 2.0-fold more linoleic acid (LA) than susceptible plants. On the other hand, benzoic acid (BA) was barely detected in resistant plants, but it accumulated in susceptible plants as the number of PWN increased. Susceptible plants contained greater levels of the nematicidal compounds pinosylvin and pinosylvin monomethyl ether, compared with resistant plants. These results suggested that LA is involved in the resistance reaction against PWN-proliferation, and that BA could be a good biomarker for PWD.
文摘Chemical and biochemical analysis methods were used to monitor the vedations of nitrogen nutrient among the dominance trees species in secondary succession process of the mixed broad - leaved/Korean pine forest on Changbai Mountains, Northeast China. Amounts of total nitrogen, anunonium and NRA in soils of virgin broad-leaved/Korean pine forest which is in climax were higher than those of secondary birch forests those are in succession Stage. The amount of nitrate was in the other hand. In climax, dominance trees species are tolerant mesophytic trees such as Pinus Koraiensis, Tilia amurensis, Acer mono and also Fraxinus mandshurica, they are all ammonium + nitrate adapted species, but they show a preference for the anunonium rather than those of the pioneer trees species in secondary birch forest, such as Populus davidiava and Betula platyphylla. Because they have more ammonium in their leaves and roots, especially Pinus koraiensis. Populus davidvana and Betula plaaphlla are intolerant trees, amounts of nitrate and total nitrogen is higher in their leaves and roots and also NRA in their leaves, so they preference for the nitrate rather than the others.In secondary birch forest, the regeneration trees species adapt their nitroggn nutrient to the variation of nitrogen nutrient situation in soil, finally they could survival well and the secondary birch forest would succession to climax. In climax, dominance trees species adapt their Nitrogen nutrient to the situation in soil and there are not strong competition in nitrogen nutrient among them, so they can coexist well and keep the climax as stable vegetation.
基金supported by the National Key R&D Program of China (2017YFD0600501)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities of China (TD2011-08)
文摘In Hebei Province of North China, forest was recovered with natural recruitment in plantations with large area of clear-cutting Chinese pine（Pinus tabuliformis）. This study was aimed to demonstrate the dynamic characteristics of recruits during the natural recruitment. Both plot survey and the spatial point-pattern analysis were performed. Five developmental stages of natural recruitment were selected and studied, including 1 year before and 2, 5, 8, and 11 years after clear-cutting. Different slope aspects were also included. Natural recruitment was always dominated by Chinese pine with a proportion of higher than 90%. For plots of 1 year before clear-cutting on east-and north-facing slopes, recruit densities were 7886 and 5036 stems/hm2, the average heights were 0.78（±0.85） and 1.06（±1.15） m, and the average diameters at breast height（DBH） were 3.21（±1.38） and 2.91（±1.38） cm, respectively. After clear-cutting, recruit density was initially increased, then it was gradually declined with time; however, the variation of average DBH was contrary to that of recruit density. Both of them were no longer varied between 8 and 11 years after clear-cutting. The average height of recruits continued to increase after clear-cutting. For the plots of 11 years after clear-cutting on east-and north-facing slopes, average heights of recruits reached 2.00（±1.14） and 2.24（±1.20） m, respectively. The statuses of recruits on north-facing slopes were better than those on east-facing slopes after clear-cutting. Meanwhile, recruits on east-facing slopes were always aggregated at small scales, while spatial pattern of recruits varied with time on north-facing slopes. Moreover, forest was recovered more quickly by natural recruitment than by artificial afforestation after clear-cutting. The structural diversity was higher in naturally regenerated forests than in plantations of the same age. Our results demonstrated that clear-cutting of Chinese pine plantations recovered by natural recruitment has the potential to be an effective approach for establishing multifunctional forest.
