The lack and pollution of water resource make wastewater reuse necessary. The pilot scale long-term tests for submerged membrane bioreactor were conducted to treat the effluents of anaerobic or aerobic treatment proce...The lack and pollution of water resource make wastewater reuse necessary. The pilot scale long-term tests for submerged membrane bioreactor were conducted to treat the effluents of anaerobic or aerobic treatment process for the high-strength Chinese traditional medicine wastewater. This article was focused on the feasibility of the wastewater treatment and reuse at shorter hydraulic retention time （HRT） of 5.0, 3.2 and 2.13 h. MLSS growth, membrane flux, vacuum values and chemical cleaning periods were also investigated. The experimental results of treating two-phase anaerobic treatment effluent demonstrated that the CODfilt was less than 100 mg/L when the influent COD was between 500-10000 mg/L at HRT of 5.0 h, which could satisfy the normal discharged standard in China. The experimental results to treat cross flow aerobic reactor effluent demonstrated that the average value of CODfilt was 17.28 mg/L when the average value of influent COD was 192.84 mg/L at HRT of 2.13 h during 106 d, which could completely meet the normal standard for water reuse. The maximum MLSS and MLVSS reached 24000 and 14500 mg/L at HRT of 3.2 h respectively. Membrane flux had maximal resume degrees of 94.7% at vacuum value of 0.02 MPa after cleaning. Chemical cleaning periods of membrane module were 150 d. A simulation model of operational parameters was also established based on the theory of back propagation neural network and linear regression of traditional mathematical model. The simulation model showed that the optimum operational parameters were suggested as follows： HRT was 5.0 h, SRT was 100 d, the range of COD loading rate was between 10.664-20.451 kg/（m3.d）, the range of MLSS was between 7543-13694 mg/L.展开更多
Evaluating the performance of a biotrickling filter for the treatment of wastewaters produced by a company manufacturing beer was the aim of this study.A pilot scale trickling filter filled with gravel was used as the...Evaluating the performance of a biotrickling filter for the treatment of wastewaters produced by a company manufacturing beer was the aim of this study.A pilot scale trickling filter filled with gravel was used as the experimental biofilter.Pilot scale plant experiments were made to evaluate the performance of the trickling filter aerobic and anaerobic biofilm systems for removal of chemical oxygen demand(COD) and nutrients from synthetic brewery wastewater.Performance evaluation data of the trickling filter were generated under different experimental conditions.The trickling filter had an average efficiency of(86.81±6.95)% as the hydraulic loading rate increased from 4.0 to 6.4 m3/(m2·d).Various COD concentrations were used to adjust organic loading rates from 1.5 to 4.5 kg COD/(m3·d).An average COD removal efficiency of(85.10±6.40)% was achieved in all wastewater concentrations at a hydraulic loading of 6.4 m3/(m2·d).The results lead to a design organic load of 1.5 kg COD/(m3·d) to reach an effluent COD in the range of 50–120 mg/L.As can be concluded from the results of this study,organic substances in brewery wastewater can be handled in a cost-effective and environmentally friendly manner using the gravel-filled trickling filter.展开更多
The first in China pilot tests of fixed-bed methanol-topropylene unit were successfully implemented at the Yangzi Petrochemical Company(YPC).It is told that this technology has opened up a new process for production o...The first in China pilot tests of fixed-bed methanol-topropylene unit were successfully implemented at the Yangzi Petrochemical Company(YPC).It is told that this technology has opened up a new process for production of propylene through coal gasification,and China has possessed both the fluidized-bed methanolto-propylene process(F-MTP)and the展开更多
The demand for aromatic rice has increased in the United States during the last two decades. Jazzman, the first US-bred jasmine-type rice variety, was released by the Louisiana State University (LSU) AgCenter Rice Res...The demand for aromatic rice has increased in the United States during the last two decades. Jazzman, the first US-bred jasmine-type rice variety, was released by the Louisiana State University (LSU) AgCenter Rice Research Station in 2008 to compete for a market share of jasmine-type rice. Jazzman, a long grain aromatic rice variety, was developed from a cross between Ahrent and an unreleased aromatic Chinese rice line 96a-8. In pre-release field tests and laboratory scale evaluation, Jazzman rice yield and milling quality compared favorably with two high-yielding and good-milling non-aromatic long grain varieties, Cypress and Cheniere. Pilot scale evaluation of Jazzman for milling quality supported laboratory scale evaluation while providing additional data for milling optimization. Pilot scale milling uses larger rice samples than laboratory scale testing and employs a continuous process instead of the batch process used at laboratory scale. As a result, pilot scale milling offers more comprehensive information regarding the milling yield and quality of rice varieties as they are considered for industrial scale release. Another consideration for new rice varieties involves their potential for value-added processing, in which waste streams during processing can be used to create valuable products. The oil from rice bran is one such product. The objective of this study was to use pilot scale milling to determine the potential of Jazzman for industrial scale release, including its potential for value-added processing. Results showed that bran was easily removed during milling;the head rice recovery ranged from 66% to 74% as a function of milling flow rate. Water polishing had little effect on head rice recovery, but improved the final degree of milling (DOM) to a commercially acceptable level of 87 - 90. Additionally, rice bran oil concentration decreased as pilot scale flow rate increased, indicating that oil was concentrated in the outer bran layer of Jazzman. Pilot scale milling shows that Jazzman is a high-yielding and good-milling aromatic long grain rice variety.展开更多
Sewage sludge in cities of Yangzi River Belt,China,generally exhibits a lower organic content and higher silt contentdue to leakage of drainage system,which caused low bioenergy recovery and carbon emission benefits i...Sewage sludge in cities of Yangzi River Belt,China,generally exhibits a lower organic content and higher silt contentdue to leakage of drainage system,which caused low bioenergy recovery and carbon emission benefits in conventional anaerobic digestion(CAD).Therefore,this paper is on a pilot scale,a bio-thermophilic pretreatment anaerobic digestion(BTPAD)for low organic sludge(volatile solids(VS)of 4%)was operated with a long-term continuous flow of 200 days.The VS degradation rate and CH_(4) yield of BTPAD increased by 19.93%and 53.33%,respectively,compared to those of CAD.The analysis of organic compositions in sludge revealed that BTPAD mainly improved the hydrolysis of proteins in sludge.Further analysis of microbial community proportions by high-throughput sequencing revealed that the short-term bio-thermophilic pretreatment was enriched in Clostridiales,Coprothermobacter and Gelria,was capable of hydrolyzing acidified proteins,and provided more volatile fatty acid(VFA)for the subsequent reaction.Biome combined with fluorescence quantitative polymerase chain reaction(PCR)analysis showed that the number of bacteria with high methanogenic capacity in BTPAD was much higher than that in CAD during the medium temperature digestion stage,indicating that short-term bio-thermophilic pretreatment could provide better methanogenic conditions for BTPAD.Furthermore,the greenhouse gas emission footprint analysis showed that short-term bio-thermophilic pretreatment could reduce the carbon emission of sludge anaerobic digestion system by 19.18%.展开更多
To achieve high efficiency of nitrogen and phosphorus removal and to investigate the rule of simultaneous nitrification and denitrification phosphorus removal （SNDPR）, a whole course of SNDPR damage and recovery was...To achieve high efficiency of nitrogen and phosphorus removal and to investigate the rule of simultaneous nitrification and denitrification phosphorus removal （SNDPR）, a whole course of SNDPR damage and recovery was studied in a pilot-scale, anaerobicanoxic oxidation ditch （OD）, where the volumes of anaerobic zone, anoxic zone, and ditches zone of the OD system were 7, 21, and 280 L, respectively. The reactor was fed with municipal wastewater with a flow rate of 336 L/d. The concept of simultaneous nitrification and denitrification （SND） rate （rSND） was put forward to quantify SND. The results indicate that： （1） high nitrogen and phosphorus removal efficiencies were achieved during the stable SND phase, total nitrogen （TN） and total phosphate （TP） removal rates were 80% and 85%, respectively; （2） when the system was aerated excessively, the stability of SND was damaged, and rSND dropped from 80% to 20% or less; （3） the natural logarithm of the ratio of NOx to NH4^＋ in the effluent had a linear correlation to oxidation-reduction potential （ORP）; （4） when NO3^- was less than 6 mg/L, high phosphorus removal efficiency could be achieved; （5） denitrifying phosphorus removal （DNPR） could take place in the anaerobic-anoxic OD system. The major innovation was that the SND rate was devised and quantified.展开更多
Biogas recovery from heat treated sludge liquor was tested by a 4 m^(3)mesophilic expanded granular sludge bed(EGSB)reactor within 206 days.Before pilot experiment,the heat pretreatment effects on hydrolysis and bioga...Biogas recovery from heat treated sludge liquor was tested by a 4 m^(3)mesophilic expanded granular sludge bed(EGSB)reactor within 206 days.Before pilot experiment,the heat pretreatment effects on hydrolysis and biogas production potential on three sludges from different wastewater plants were evaluated using bench test.One of these sludges was used in the subsequent pilot heat treatment and EGSB reactor.The biogas conversion potential of this sludge filtrate was 79%.Seeded with granular sludge,the EGSB reactor could be quickly activated and adapted to the new filtrate substrate.The EGSB influent COD was 20.0-35.0 g/L,and the effluent COD was lower than 10.0 g/L.The COD removal rate was 60%-70%at an organic loading rate(OLR)of 10.0 kg COD/(m^(3)·d).The fresh supernatant with low pH resulted in the high biogas production in EGSB.The effluent with high nitrogen and phosphor should be considered for further treatment.展开更多
Tertiary denitrification is an effective method for nitrogen removal from wastewater. A pilot-scale biofilter packed with suspended carriers was operated for tertiary denitrification with ethanol as the organic carbon...Tertiary denitrification is an effective method for nitrogen removal from wastewater. A pilot-scale biofilter packed with suspended carriers was operated for tertiary denitrification with ethanol as the organic carbon source. Long-term performance, biokinetics of denitrification and biofilm growth were evaluated under filtration velocities of 6, 10 and 14 m/hr. The pilot-scale biofilter removed nitrate from the secondary effluent effectively, and the nitrate nitrogen（NO_3-N） removal percentage was 82%, 78% and 55% at the filtration velocities of 6, 10 and 14 m/hr, respectively. At the filtration velocities of 6 and 10 m/hr, the nitrate removal loading rate increased with increasing influent nitrate loading rates, while at the filtration velocity of 14 m/hr, the removal loading rate and the influent loading rate were uncorrelated.During denitrification, the ratio of consumed chemical oxygen demand to removed NO_3-N was 3.99-4.52 mg/mg. Under the filtration velocities of 6, 10 and 14 m/hr, the maximum denitrification rate was 3.12, 4.86 and 4.42 g N/（m^2·day）, the half-saturation constant was 2.61, 1.05 and 1.17 mg/L, and the half-order coefficient was 0.22, 0.32 and 0.24（mg/L）1/2/min,respectively. The biofilm biomass increased with increasing filtration velocity and was 2845,5124 and 7324 mg VSS/m^2 at filtration velocities of 6, 10 and 14 m/hr, respectively. The highest biofilm density was 44 mg/cm^3 at the filtration velocity of 14 m/hr. Due to the low influent loading rate, biofilm biomass and thickness were lowest at the filtration velocity of 6 m/hr.展开更多
The use of a biotrickling filter was investigated for a pilot field-scale elimination of NH3 gas and other odorous gases from a composting plant in Tongzhou District, Beijing. The inlet gas flow rate was 3500 m3/h and...The use of a biotrickling filter was investigated for a pilot field-scale elimination of NH3 gas and other odorous gases from a composting plant in Tongzhou District, Beijing. The inlet gas flow rate was 3500 m3/h and NH3 concentration fluctuated between 2.76–27.84 mg/m3, while the average outlet concentration was 1.06 mg/m3 with an average of 94.9% removal. Critical volumetric loading (removal efficiency=100%) was 11.22 g-N/(m3·h). The odor concentration removal was 86.7%. NH3 removal efficiency decreased as the free ammonia (FA) in the trickling liquid increased. The pressure drop was maintained at about 50 Pa/m and was never more than 55 Pa/m. During the experiment, there was neither backflushing required nor any indication of clogging. Overall, the biotrickling filter was highly efficient and cost-effective for the simultaneous biodegradation of NH3 and other odorous gases from composting, suggesting the possibility of treating odorous gases at the industrial level.展开更多
White mulberry tree (Morus alba L) is cultivated throughout Asia and Europe, including Poland. The leaves and root bark preparations from Morus alba have been used in traditional phytomedicine. The objective of the pr...White mulberry tree (Morus alba L) is cultivated throughout Asia and Europe, including Poland. The leaves and root bark preparations from Morus alba have been used in traditional phytomedicine. The objective of the present study was to compare chemical composition and antioxidative activity of aqueous extracts prepared from Polish variety of Morus alba leaves at the laboratory (L) and pilot plant scale (PP) conditions. Proximate composition, phenolic acids profile (HPLC/MS), flavonol glicosides (HPLC/ MS), polyphenols (Folin-Ciocalteu assay), and the antioxidant activity (ABTS and DPPH assay) of the extracts were determined. The main phenolic compounds were identified as gallic, protocatechuic, phydroxybenzoic, vanillic, chlorogenic, caffeic, p-coumaric, ferulic, and sinapic acids. Chlorogenic acid was the main phenolic constituent of both extracts. The flavonols fraction contained rutin, quercetin 3-β-D-glucoside, and kaempferol 3-β-D- glucopyranoside. Total concentration of phenolic compounds were 7.9 g and 14.4 g gallic acid equivalent/100 g extract, and antioxidant activity was 137.1 and 214.1 μMol Trolox equivalent/g dry weight for the PP and L extracts, respectively. We concluded that current pilot plant process is less efficient than laboratory process at the aqueous extraction of bioactive components from Morus alba dried leaves. Potential improvements may include increasing efficacy of the extraction, decreasing losses of bioactive components during the process, or both.展开更多
[ Objective] This study aimed to explore the effect of C/N ratio on DHA production by Schizochytrium sp. , and the results were verified by pilot-scale fermentation. [ Method] Effect of C/N ratio on DHA production by ...[ Objective] This study aimed to explore the effect of C/N ratio on DHA production by Schizochytrium sp. , and the results were verified by pilot-scale fermentation. [ Method] Effect of C/N ratio on DHA production by Schizochytrium sp. JN-3 was explored. The industrial fermentation potential of Schizochytrium sp. JN-3 was investigated by pilot-scale fermentation in a 200 L fermentation tank. [ Result] Results of fermentation in a 7 L fermentation tank showed that the maximum biomass and total lipid content were 34.3 and 20.1 g/L, respectively, when C/N ratio was 10 ; the maximum DHA yield was 46.9% when C/N ratio was 20. When pilot-scale fermentation was conducted in a 200 L fermentation tank, the biomass was 30. 2 g/L, total lipid content was 18.4 g/L, accounting for 63.2% of the dry weight of cells; DHA content was 7.4 g/L, accounting for 40. 2% of the total lipid content. [ Condasion ] Schizochytrlum sp. JN-3 has good industrial fermentation notential.展开更多
The influence of cells groupings factor to the performance of the cells groupings time-shift pilot scheme is researched for the multiple cells large scale antennas systems（LSAS）. The former researches have confirmed...The influence of cells groupings factor to the performance of the cells groupings time-shift pilot scheme is researched for the multiple cells large scale antennas systems（LSAS）. The former researches have confirmed that the cells groupings time-shift pilots scheme is effective to reduce inter-cell interference, especially pilot contamination, which results from the pilot reuse in adjacent cells. However, they have not specified reasonable cells groupings factor, which plays a critical role in the general performance of the LSAS. Therefore, this problem is researched in details. The time for reverse-link data transmission will be compressed, when the groupings factor surpasses a certain range. Thus it is not always beneficial to increase the cells groupings factor without limitation. Furthermore,a reasonable cells groupings factor is deduced from the perspective of optimization to enhance the system performance. Simulations verify the proposed cell grouping factor.展开更多
基金Project supported by the Hi-Tech Research and Development Program (863) of China (No. 2002AA601310).
文摘The lack and pollution of water resource make wastewater reuse necessary. The pilot scale long-term tests for submerged membrane bioreactor were conducted to treat the effluents of anaerobic or aerobic treatment process for the high-strength Chinese traditional medicine wastewater. This article was focused on the feasibility of the wastewater treatment and reuse at shorter hydraulic retention time （HRT） of 5.0, 3.2 and 2.13 h. MLSS growth, membrane flux, vacuum values and chemical cleaning periods were also investigated. The experimental results of treating two-phase anaerobic treatment effluent demonstrated that the CODfilt was less than 100 mg/L when the influent COD was between 500-10000 mg/L at HRT of 5.0 h, which could satisfy the normal discharged standard in China. The experimental results to treat cross flow aerobic reactor effluent demonstrated that the average value of CODfilt was 17.28 mg/L when the average value of influent COD was 192.84 mg/L at HRT of 2.13 h during 106 d, which could completely meet the normal standard for water reuse. The maximum MLSS and MLVSS reached 24000 and 14500 mg/L at HRT of 3.2 h respectively. Membrane flux had maximal resume degrees of 94.7% at vacuum value of 0.02 MPa after cleaning. Chemical cleaning periods of membrane module were 150 d. A simulation model of operational parameters was also established based on the theory of back propagation neural network and linear regression of traditional mathematical model. The simulation model showed that the optimum operational parameters were suggested as follows： HRT was 5.0 h, SRT was 100 d, the range of COD loading rate was between 10.664-20.451 kg/（m3.d）, the range of MLSS was between 7543-13694 mg/L.
基金Project(No.7117130553459)supported by the Landeszentralkasse M-V Stipendium,Germany
文摘Evaluating the performance of a biotrickling filter for the treatment of wastewaters produced by a company manufacturing beer was the aim of this study.A pilot scale trickling filter filled with gravel was used as the experimental biofilter.Pilot scale plant experiments were made to evaluate the performance of the trickling filter aerobic and anaerobic biofilm systems for removal of chemical oxygen demand(COD) and nutrients from synthetic brewery wastewater.Performance evaluation data of the trickling filter were generated under different experimental conditions.The trickling filter had an average efficiency of(86.81±6.95)% as the hydraulic loading rate increased from 4.0 to 6.4 m3/(m2·d).Various COD concentrations were used to adjust organic loading rates from 1.5 to 4.5 kg COD/(m3·d).An average COD removal efficiency of(85.10±6.40)% was achieved in all wastewater concentrations at a hydraulic loading of 6.4 m3/(m2·d).The results lead to a design organic load of 1.5 kg COD/(m3·d) to reach an effluent COD in the range of 50–120 mg/L.As can be concluded from the results of this study,organic substances in brewery wastewater can be handled in a cost-effective and environmentally friendly manner using the gravel-filled trickling filter.
文摘The first in China pilot tests of fixed-bed methanol-topropylene unit were successfully implemented at the Yangzi Petrochemical Company(YPC).It is told that this technology has opened up a new process for production of propylene through coal gasification,and China has possessed both the fluidized-bed methanolto-propylene process(F-MTP)and the
文摘The demand for aromatic rice has increased in the United States during the last two decades. Jazzman, the first US-bred jasmine-type rice variety, was released by the Louisiana State University (LSU) AgCenter Rice Research Station in 2008 to compete for a market share of jasmine-type rice. Jazzman, a long grain aromatic rice variety, was developed from a cross between Ahrent and an unreleased aromatic Chinese rice line 96a-8. In pre-release field tests and laboratory scale evaluation, Jazzman rice yield and milling quality compared favorably with two high-yielding and good-milling non-aromatic long grain varieties, Cypress and Cheniere. Pilot scale evaluation of Jazzman for milling quality supported laboratory scale evaluation while providing additional data for milling optimization. Pilot scale milling uses larger rice samples than laboratory scale testing and employs a continuous process instead of the batch process used at laboratory scale. As a result, pilot scale milling offers more comprehensive information regarding the milling yield and quality of rice varieties as they are considered for industrial scale release. Another consideration for new rice varieties involves their potential for value-added processing, in which waste streams during processing can be used to create valuable products. The oil from rice bran is one such product. The objective of this study was to use pilot scale milling to determine the potential of Jazzman for industrial scale release, including its potential for value-added processing. Results showed that bran was easily removed during milling;the head rice recovery ranged from 66% to 74% as a function of milling flow rate. Water polishing had little effect on head rice recovery, but improved the final degree of milling (DOM) to a commercially acceptable level of 87 - 90. Additionally, rice bran oil concentration decreased as pilot scale flow rate increased, indicating that oil was concentrated in the outer bran layer of Jazzman. Pilot scale milling shows that Jazzman is a high-yielding and good-milling aromatic long grain rice variety.
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Project (Nos.2020YFC1908702 and 2021YFC3200700)the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Nos.52192684 and 52192680).
文摘Sewage sludge in cities of Yangzi River Belt,China,generally exhibits a lower organic content and higher silt contentdue to leakage of drainage system,which caused low bioenergy recovery and carbon emission benefits in conventional anaerobic digestion(CAD).Therefore,this paper is on a pilot scale,a bio-thermophilic pretreatment anaerobic digestion(BTPAD)for low organic sludge(volatile solids(VS)of 4%)was operated with a long-term continuous flow of 200 days.The VS degradation rate and CH_(4) yield of BTPAD increased by 19.93%and 53.33%,respectively,compared to those of CAD.The analysis of organic compositions in sludge revealed that BTPAD mainly improved the hydrolysis of proteins in sludge.Further analysis of microbial community proportions by high-throughput sequencing revealed that the short-term bio-thermophilic pretreatment was enriched in Clostridiales,Coprothermobacter and Gelria,was capable of hydrolyzing acidified proteins,and provided more volatile fatty acid(VFA)for the subsequent reaction.Biome combined with fluorescence quantitative polymerase chain reaction(PCR)analysis showed that the number of bacteria with high methanogenic capacity in BTPAD was much higher than that in CAD during the medium temperature digestion stage,indicating that short-term bio-thermophilic pretreatment could provide better methanogenic conditions for BTPAD.Furthermore,the greenhouse gas emission footprint analysis showed that short-term bio-thermophilic pretreatment could reduce the carbon emission of sludge anaerobic digestion system by 19.18%.
文摘To achieve high efficiency of nitrogen and phosphorus removal and to investigate the rule of simultaneous nitrification and denitrification phosphorus removal （SNDPR）, a whole course of SNDPR damage and recovery was studied in a pilot-scale, anaerobicanoxic oxidation ditch （OD）, where the volumes of anaerobic zone, anoxic zone, and ditches zone of the OD system were 7, 21, and 280 L, respectively. The reactor was fed with municipal wastewater with a flow rate of 336 L/d. The concept of simultaneous nitrification and denitrification （SND） rate （rSND） was put forward to quantify SND. The results indicate that： （1） high nitrogen and phosphorus removal efficiencies were achieved during the stable SND phase, total nitrogen （TN） and total phosphate （TP） removal rates were 80% and 85%, respectively; （2） when the system was aerated excessively, the stability of SND was damaged, and rSND dropped from 80% to 20% or less; （3） the natural logarithm of the ratio of NOx to NH4^＋ in the effluent had a linear correlation to oxidation-reduction potential （ORP）; （4） when NO3^- was less than 6 mg/L, high phosphorus removal efficiency could be achieved; （5） denitrifying phosphorus removal （DNPR） could take place in the anaerobic-anoxic OD system. The major innovation was that the SND rate was devised and quantified.
基金the National Key Technology R&D Program of China(2014BAC24B01)Project‘China-Italy Cooperation on Food Waste Energy Utilization Project(SQ2013ZOA000017)’+1 种基金The Beijing Municipal Science and Technology Plan(Z151100001115010D161100006016003).
文摘Biogas recovery from heat treated sludge liquor was tested by a 4 m^(3)mesophilic expanded granular sludge bed(EGSB)reactor within 206 days.Before pilot experiment,the heat pretreatment effects on hydrolysis and biogas production potential on three sludges from different wastewater plants were evaluated using bench test.One of these sludges was used in the subsequent pilot heat treatment and EGSB reactor.The biogas conversion potential of this sludge filtrate was 79%.Seeded with granular sludge,the EGSB reactor could be quickly activated and adapted to the new filtrate substrate.The EGSB influent COD was 20.0-35.0 g/L,and the effluent COD was lower than 10.0 g/L.The COD removal rate was 60%-70%at an organic loading rate(OLR)of 10.0 kg COD/(m^(3)·d).The fresh supernatant with low pH resulted in the high biogas production in EGSB.The effluent with high nitrogen and phosphor should be considered for further treatment.
基金supported by the Major Science and Technology Program for Water Pollution Control and Treatment of China (No. 2012ZX07302002)
文摘Tertiary denitrification is an effective method for nitrogen removal from wastewater. A pilot-scale biofilter packed with suspended carriers was operated for tertiary denitrification with ethanol as the organic carbon source. Long-term performance, biokinetics of denitrification and biofilm growth were evaluated under filtration velocities of 6, 10 and 14 m/hr. The pilot-scale biofilter removed nitrate from the secondary effluent effectively, and the nitrate nitrogen（NO_3-N） removal percentage was 82%, 78% and 55% at the filtration velocities of 6, 10 and 14 m/hr, respectively. At the filtration velocities of 6 and 10 m/hr, the nitrate removal loading rate increased with increasing influent nitrate loading rates, while at the filtration velocity of 14 m/hr, the removal loading rate and the influent loading rate were uncorrelated.During denitrification, the ratio of consumed chemical oxygen demand to removed NO_3-N was 3.99-4.52 mg/mg. Under the filtration velocities of 6, 10 and 14 m/hr, the maximum denitrification rate was 3.12, 4.86 and 4.42 g N/（m^2·day）, the half-saturation constant was 2.61, 1.05 and 1.17 mg/L, and the half-order coefficient was 0.22, 0.32 and 0.24（mg/L）1/2/min,respectively. The biofilm biomass increased with increasing filtration velocity and was 2845,5124 and 7324 mg VSS/m^2 at filtration velocities of 6, 10 and 14 m/hr, respectively. The highest biofilm density was 44 mg/cm^3 at the filtration velocity of 14 m/hr. Due to the low influent loading rate, biofilm biomass and thickness were lowest at the filtration velocity of 6 m/hr.
基金Project supported by the National Natural Science and Technology Pillar Program in the Eleventh Five-year Plan Period (No. 2006BAJ04A06)the Special Item of System Reformation of the Beijing Municipal Science and Technology Commission, China
文摘The use of a biotrickling filter was investigated for a pilot field-scale elimination of NH3 gas and other odorous gases from a composting plant in Tongzhou District, Beijing. The inlet gas flow rate was 3500 m3/h and NH3 concentration fluctuated between 2.76–27.84 mg/m3, while the average outlet concentration was 1.06 mg/m3 with an average of 94.9% removal. Critical volumetric loading (removal efficiency=100%) was 11.22 g-N/(m3·h). The odor concentration removal was 86.7%. NH3 removal efficiency decreased as the free ammonia (FA) in the trickling liquid increased. The pressure drop was maintained at about 50 Pa/m and was never more than 55 Pa/m. During the experiment, there was neither backflushing required nor any indication of clogging. Overall, the biotrickling filter was highly efficient and cost-effective for the simultaneous biodegradation of NH3 and other odorous gases from composting, suggesting the possibility of treating odorous gases at the industrial level.
文摘White mulberry tree (Morus alba L) is cultivated throughout Asia and Europe, including Poland. The leaves and root bark preparations from Morus alba have been used in traditional phytomedicine. The objective of the present study was to compare chemical composition and antioxidative activity of aqueous extracts prepared from Polish variety of Morus alba leaves at the laboratory (L) and pilot plant scale (PP) conditions. Proximate composition, phenolic acids profile (HPLC/MS), flavonol glicosides (HPLC/ MS), polyphenols (Folin-Ciocalteu assay), and the antioxidant activity (ABTS and DPPH assay) of the extracts were determined. The main phenolic compounds were identified as gallic, protocatechuic, phydroxybenzoic, vanillic, chlorogenic, caffeic, p-coumaric, ferulic, and sinapic acids. Chlorogenic acid was the main phenolic constituent of both extracts. The flavonols fraction contained rutin, quercetin 3-β-D-glucoside, and kaempferol 3-β-D- glucopyranoside. Total concentration of phenolic compounds were 7.9 g and 14.4 g gallic acid equivalent/100 g extract, and antioxidant activity was 137.1 and 214.1 μMol Trolox equivalent/g dry weight for the PP and L extracts, respectively. We concluded that current pilot plant process is less efficient than laboratory process at the aqueous extraction of bioactive components from Morus alba dried leaves. Potential improvements may include increasing efficacy of the extraction, decreasing losses of bioactive components during the process, or both.
基金Supported by Research Fund for the Doctoral Program of Ministry of Education(20100093120002)Open Project of the Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology under Ministry of Education(KLIB-KF200906,KLIB-KF201005)
文摘[ Objective] This study aimed to explore the effect of C/N ratio on DHA production by Schizochytrium sp. , and the results were verified by pilot-scale fermentation. [ Method] Effect of C/N ratio on DHA production by Schizochytrium sp. JN-3 was explored. The industrial fermentation potential of Schizochytrium sp. JN-3 was investigated by pilot-scale fermentation in a 200 L fermentation tank. [ Result] Results of fermentation in a 7 L fermentation tank showed that the maximum biomass and total lipid content were 34.3 and 20.1 g/L, respectively, when C/N ratio was 10 ; the maximum DHA yield was 46.9% when C/N ratio was 20. When pilot-scale fermentation was conducted in a 200 L fermentation tank, the biomass was 30. 2 g/L, total lipid content was 18.4 g/L, accounting for 63.2% of the dry weight of cells; DHA content was 7.4 g/L, accounting for 40. 2% of the total lipid content. [ Condasion ] Schizochytrlum sp. JN-3 has good industrial fermentation notential.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(6110602261574013)
文摘The influence of cells groupings factor to the performance of the cells groupings time-shift pilot scheme is researched for the multiple cells large scale antennas systems（LSAS）. The former researches have confirmed that the cells groupings time-shift pilots scheme is effective to reduce inter-cell interference, especially pilot contamination, which results from the pilot reuse in adjacent cells. However, they have not specified reasonable cells groupings factor, which plays a critical role in the general performance of the LSAS. Therefore, this problem is researched in details. The time for reverse-link data transmission will be compressed, when the groupings factor surpasses a certain range. Thus it is not always beneficial to increase the cells groupings factor without limitation. Furthermore,a reasonable cells groupings factor is deduced from the perspective of optimization to enhance the system performance. Simulations verify the proposed cell grouping factor.
