Objective:The benefits of phytosterols have attracted growing interest,but their association with Metabolic Dysfunction-Associated Fatty Liver Disease(MAFLD)has rarely been reported in population-based studies.This re...Objective:The benefits of phytosterols have attracted growing interest,but their association with Metabolic Dysfunction-Associated Fatty Liver Disease(MAFLD)has rarely been reported in population-based studies.This research aimed to investigate the correlation between dietary phytosterols and MAFLD.Methods:Phytosterols intake was evaluated using an internet-based dietary questionnaire targeted at the Chinese population.Conditional logistic regression models were employed to investigate dose-response relationships between phytosterol intake and MAFLD,as well as the potential preventive role of phytosterols.Restricted Cubic Spline(RCS)analyses were conducted to examine associations between phytosterols intake and MAFLD.Additionally,a quantile-based g-computation(qgcomp)method was applied to explore the combined effect of campesterol,stigmasterol,β-sitostelane,campestane,and β-sitosterol on MAFLD.Results:Significant inverse relationships were found between total phytosterols and MAFLD(OR,0.19;95%CI,0.11-0.32;P<0.001),campesterol(OR,0.22;95%CI,0.13-0.37;P<0.001),stigmasterol(OR,0.17;95%CI,0.10-0.30;P<0.001),β-sitostelane(OR,0.26;95%CI,0.16-0.45;P<0.001),campestane(OR,0.23;95%CI,0.14-0.39;P<0.001),andβ-sitosterol(OR,0.17;95%CI,0.10-0.29;P<0.001).The qgcomp analysis showed a significant negative association between the five phytosterols and MAFLD(OR,0.58;95%CI,0.50-0.67;P<0.001).Additionally,the qgcomp analysis revealed that the combination of these five phytosterols was inversely associated with MAFLD,with stigmasterol contributing the most(weight=0.70).Conclusion:Higher intake of phytosterols was associated with a reduced prevalence of MAFLD,with stigmasterol showing the most significant inverse relationship.Further research is needed to clarify the relationship between phytosterols and MAFLD.展开更多
Phytosterols,which are naturally occurring in plants,have excellent nutritional and health values on lowering both the blood cholesterol level and the risk of cardiovascular diseases.Edible oils are the main source of...Phytosterols,which are naturally occurring in plants,have excellent nutritional and health values on lowering both the blood cholesterol level and the risk of cardiovascular diseases.Edible oils are the main source of daily intake of phytosterols,whereas the properties of phytosterols may vary a lot depending on their sources.During the processing of edible oil including refining and frying,phytosterol's content fluctuates,which influences the properties of the final product.Phytosterols and their derivatives undergo physical migration between different phases and chemical conversion during the processing,which reduces the quality and the commercial value of edible oils.Therein,the loss of phytosterols is the major concern in the process of neutralization and deodorization.In addition,oxidation and thermal degradation of phytosterols occur simultaneously during frying,which also reduces the content of phytosterols.Nevertheless,the oil matrix has a promoting or an inhibitory effect on the thermal oxidation of phytosterols.Therefore,various efforts have been devoted to analyzing and improving the remaining contents of phytosterols in edible oil.Regardless of the processing method,temperature plays an important role in the loss of phytosterols.At present,themain analysismethods of phytosterols include gas chromatography and liquid chromatography,inwhich the pretreatment of different types of phytosterols is also a crucial step.This review focused on the following topics comprehensively:(i)the distribution of phytosterols in the oil-containing plants and edible oils during the refining processing;(ii)the pretreatment and analysis methods of various phytosterols(free phytosterols,phytosteryl fatty acid esters,phytosteryl glycosides and acylated phytosteryl glycosides);(iii)the variation of phytosterols in process of esterification and oxidation,storage and so on.The study also proposed that the investigation in the loss and safety of phytosterols during processing of the vegetable oils should be proceeded further in combination with efficient and accurate chromatography methods.展开更多
Fermentation of the succulent bamboo shoots of Bambusa balcooa Roxb. resulted in an enrichment of phytosterols from 0.12% to 0.62% dry weight as compared to that of the fresh unfermented samples. The bacterial strains...Fermentation of the succulent bamboo shoots of Bambusa balcooa Roxb. resulted in an enrichment of phytosterols from 0.12% to 0.62% dry weight as compared to that of the fresh unfermented samples. The bacterial strains responsible for higher accumulation of phytosterols during fermentation of the bamboo shoots have been isolated and further extraction and purification of the crude phytosterols (isolated from the fermented samples) were done by TLC, UV, NMR, IR and Mass spectral analysis. The isolated phytosterols (β-sitos-terols) were then subjected to microbial transformation which yielded a considerable amount of androsta-1, 4-diene-3,17-dione (ADD) in the incubation mixture in presence of metabolic inhibitors (α, α＇-dipyridyl and sodium arsenate).展开更多
Until recently,the main pharmaceuticals used to control cholesterol and prevent cardiovascular disease(CVD)were statin-related drugs,known for their historical side effects.Therefore,there is growing interest in explo...Until recently,the main pharmaceuticals used to control cholesterol and prevent cardiovascular disease(CVD)were statin-related drugs,known for their historical side effects.Therefore,there is growing interest in exploring alternatives,such as nutritional and dietary components,that could play a central role in CVD prevention.This review aims to provide a comprehensive understanding of how natural phytosterols found in various diets combat CVDs.We begin with a description of the overall approach,then we explore in detail the different direct and indirect mechanisms that contribute to reducing cardiovascular incidents.Phytosterols,including stigmasterol,β-sitosterol,ergosterol,and fucosterol,emerge as promising molecules within nutritional systems for protection against CVDs due to their beneficial effects at different levels through direct or indirect cellular,subcellular,and molecular mechanisms.Specifically,the mentioned phytosterols exhibit the ability to diminish the generation of various radicals,including hydroperoxides and hydrogen peroxide.They also promote the activation of antioxidant enzymes such as superoxide dismutase,catalase,and glutathione,while inhibiting lipid peroxidation through the activation of Nrf2 and Nrf2/heme oxygenase-1(HO-1)signaling pathways.Additionally,they demonstrate a significant inhibitory capacity in the generation of pro-inflammatory cytokines,thus playing a crucial role in regulating the inflammatory/immune response by inhibiting the expression of proteins involved in cellular signaling pathways such as JAK3/STAT3 and NF-κB.Moreover,phytosterols play a key role in reducing cholesterol absorption and improving the lipid profile.These compounds can be used as dietary supplements or included in specific diets to aid control cholesterol levels,particularly in individuals suffering from hypercholesterolemia.展开更多
Development of analytical methods for the determination of phytosterols in whole grains is one of growing interests due to their clinical and nutritional functions in human. In this study, we examined simultaneous det...Development of analytical methods for the determination of phytosterols in whole grains is one of growing interests due to their clinical and nutritional functions in human. In this study, we examined simultaneous determination of β-si tosterol, stigmasterol and campesterol in Korean rice cultivars by liquid chromatography atmospheric chemical ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometer (LC-APCI-TOF-MS). The hulled rice samples were extracted using a modified QuEChERS and analyzed by LC-APCI -TOF-MS. The method was validated by low limit of detection (LOD) and limit of quantification (LOQ) values and high recovery values with low relative standard deviation (RSD). The highest concentration of sitosterol was detected in Hwasung and Undu rice cultivars, exhibiting approximately 195.5 and 191.7 mg/Kg, respectively. Stigmasterol and campesterol were detected at the highest level in Hwasung rice cultivar, giving the concentrations of approximately 70.0 and 53.9 mg/Kg, respectively. Sitosterol was determined to be a main phytosterol detected in the rice samples. Our data demonstrated that LC/APCI-TOF- MS coupled with QuEChERS method can be used as a simple tool for the determination of phytosterols in rice samples.展开更多
Objective To quantify five specific dietary phytosterols and phytostanols in vegetables and fruits commonly consumed in China. Methods A total of 34 different kinds of vegetables and 33 kinds of fruits were chosen acc...Objective To quantify five specific dietary phytosterols and phytostanols in vegetables and fruits commonly consumed in China. Methods A total of 34 different kinds of vegetables and 33 kinds of fruits were chosen according to the consuming habit of Chinese people. All the samples were purchased from two shops in Beijing. The contents of phytosterols （13-sitosterol, campesterol, stigmasterol, 13-sitostanol, and campestanol） were analyzed by GLC method which was established by our laboratory, and the total phytosterols were calculated. Results The total phytosterol content in vegetables ranged 1.1-53.7 mg/100 g edible portion. The highest concentration was found in pea, cauliflower, broccoli, and romaine lettuce. The phytosterol contents in fruits ranged 1.6-32.6 mg/100 g, the highest concentration was found in navel orange, tangerine, and mango. Conclusion The phytosterol contents in vegetables and fruits are not as high as those in edible oils, but because of the large amount of consumption, they also play an important role in increasing the people＇s phytosterols intake, indicating that increased intake of vegetables and fruits with higher phytosterol contents helps increase the phytosterol intake in China.展开更多
The sulfatc soap is refined through extracting unsaponifiable neutral substance using ethyl acetate and hcxane-acetone. The content of neutral substance in tall oil decreases from 32.8% to 17.4% and 18%. The acid numb...The sulfatc soap is refined through extracting unsaponifiable neutral substance using ethyl acetate and hcxane-acetone. The content of neutral substance in tall oil decreases from 32.8% to 17.4% and 18%. The acid number of tall oil increases from 119 to 169 and 153. The quality of tall oil is greatly improved. This provides a favorable condition for distillation of tall oil. The unsaponifiable neutral substance from crude sulfate soap mainly consists of tcrpene aldehydes, tcrpcnc alcohols, fatty alcohols and stcrols in which larixol is 26.3% and 18. 5%, stcrols arc 17% and 27.1% separately. The white crystals containing stcrols of 96.9% are obtained by crystallization and rccrystallization. The stcrols arc mainly β-sitostcrol and campcsterol.展开更多
Phytosterols are a kind of active ingredients in plants with various physiological functions.Phytosterols have a good effect in antagonizing cholesterol and preventing cardiovascular diseases.They also have physiologi...Phytosterols are a kind of active ingredients in plants with various physiological functions.Phytosterols have a good effect in antagonizing cholesterol and preventing cardiovascular diseases.They also have physiological functions including regulating growth,promoting protein synthesis,resisting inflammation,oxidation and cancer,and regulating immune and parahormones.In this paper,the physicochemical properties of phytosterols,the mechanism of lowering cholesterol,their application in food field and their development prospects were systematically reviewed.展开更多
Phytosterols play an important role in plant growth and development, including cell division, cell elongation, embryogenesis, cellulose biosynthesis, and cell wall formation. Cotton fiber, which undergoes synchronous ...Phytosterols play an important role in plant growth and development, including cell division, cell elongation, embryogenesis, cellulose biosynthesis, and cell wall formation. Cotton fiber, which undergoes synchronous cell elongation and a large amount of cellulose synthesis, is an ideal model for the study of plant cell elongation and cell wall biogenesis. The role of phytosterols in fiber growth was investigated by treating the fibers with tfidemorph, a sterol biosynthetic inhibitor. The inhibition of phy- tosterol biosynthesis resulted in an apparent suppression of fiber elongation in vitro or in planta. The determination of phy- tosterol quantity indicated that sitosterol and campesterol were the major phytosterols in cotton fibers; moreover, higher con- centrations of these phytosterols were observed during the period of rapid elongation of fibers. Furthermore, the decrease and increase in campesterol：sitosterol ratio was associated with the increase and decease in speed of elongation, respectively, dur- ing the elongation stage. The increase in the ratio was associated with the transition from cell elongation to secondary cell wall synthesis. In addition, a number of phytosterol biosynthetic genes were down-regulated in the short fibers of ligon lintless-1 mutant, compared to its near-isogenic wild-type TM-1. These results demonstrated that phytosterols play a crucial role in cot- ton fiber development, and particularly in fiber elongation.展开更多
Encapsulation of phytosterols in nanostructured lipid carriers(NLCs)is an effective approach to improve their physicochemical properties,but the interaction of phytosterols in NLCs with cholesterol can be affected by ...Encapsulation of phytosterols in nanostructured lipid carriers(NLCs)is an effective approach to improve their physicochemical properties,but the interaction of phytosterols in NLCs with cholesterol can be affected by lipid matrices.The objective of this study was to screen a desired phytosterols-loaded NLC(PS-NLC)formulation to reduce the absorption of intestinal cholesterol.A series of formulations were prepared using amphipathic glycerol monostearate(GMS)as the solid lipid fraction to increase lipid compatibity with phytosterols.All formulations showed a lowering effect on cholesterol bioaccessibility through in vitro intestinal digestion.And the PS-NLCs with medium chain triglycerides(MCT)as the liquid lipid showed significantly higher inhibition of cholesterol bioaccessibility(accessible fraction for intestinal absorption)than the formulations with long chain triglycerides(LCT),which could due to the solubilization of cholesterol by hydrolysis products of LCT,suggesting a notable impact of lipid type on cholesterol bioaccessibility.Furthermore,the analysis of distribution of phytosterols and cholesterol revealed a cocrystallization mechanism occurred during in vitro digestion.This study provides a certain reference for designing phytosterol-ingredient agents with a better hypocholesterolemic effect in water-dispersible functional foods.展开更多
Biotransformation of soybean phytosterols into 9α-hydroxy-4-androstene-3,17-dione(9-OHAD)by mycobacteria is the core step in the synthesis of adrenocortical hormone.However,the low permeability of the dense cell enve...Biotransformation of soybean phytosterols into 9α-hydroxy-4-androstene-3,17-dione(9-OHAD)by mycobacteria is the core step in the synthesis of adrenocortical hormone.However,the low permeability of the dense cell envelope largely inhibits the overall conversion efficiency of phytosterols.The antigen 85(Ag85)complex encoded by fbpA,fbpB,and fbpC was proposed as the key factor in the combined catalysis of mycoloyl for producing mycolyl-arabinogalactan(m-AG)and trehalose dimycolate(TDM)in mycobacterial cell envelope.Herein,we confirmed that fbpC3 was essential for the biotransformation of trehalose monomycolate(TMM)to TDM in Mycolicibacterium neoaurum.The deficiency of this gene raised the cell permeability,thereby enhancing the steroid uptake and utilization.The 9-OHAD yield in the fbpC3-deficient 9-OHAD-producing strain was increased by 21.3%.Moreover,the combined deletion of fbpC3 and embC further increased the 9-OHAD yield compared to the single deletion of fbpC3.Finally,after 96 h of bioconversion in industrial resting cells,the 9-OHAD yield of 11.2 g/L was achieved from 20 g/L phytosterols and the productivity reached 0.116 g/L/h.In summary,this study suggested the critical role of the fbpC3 gene in the synthesis of TDM in M.neoaurum and verified the feasibility of improving the bioconversion efficiency of phytosterols through the cell envelope en-gineering strategy.展开更多
This study reports the synthesis of oleic acid sterol ester with liquid crystalline properties and its enhanced stability and UV-blocking performance through microencapsulation.Oleic acid sterol ester was synthesized ...This study reports the synthesis of oleic acid sterol ester with liquid crystalline properties and its enhanced stability and UV-blocking performance through microencapsulation.Oleic acid sterol ester was synthesized via the esterification of phytosterol and oleic acid,whose structure was characterized using Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy(FTIR)and mass spectrometry(MS).Its liquid crystalline behavior was confirmed via the polarized optical microscopy(POM),thermogravimetric analysis(TGA),differential scanning calorimetry(DSC),wide-angle X-ray scattering(WAXS),and small-angle X-ray scattering(SAXS).UV absorption tests were conducted to assess the UV-blocking performance of the oleic acid sterol ester liquid crystals.To improve the stability of its liquid crystalline structure,the oleic acid sterol ester was encapsulated into microcapsules through the emulsion polymerization.SPF measurements were performed on the sunscreen formulations containing liquid crystal microcapsules.The oleic acid sterol ester displayed cholesteric liquid crystalline behavior and strong UVA absorption,which indicates its suitability as a natural UV absorber.Microencapsulation further enhanced its stability and UV-blocking properties.SPF testing showed that the formulations with microcapsules achieved an SPF value of 7.01,which surpasses the nano titanium dioxide(SPF=6.23)and significantly outperform the unencapsulated liquid crystal formulations(SPF=2.65).This study highlights the potential of microencapsulated oleic acid sterol ester as a novel UV absorber in the sunscreen formulations,offers the enhanced stability and effective UV protection,and showcases its application potential in the innovative cosmetic products.展开更多
To reveal the characteristic chemicals of walnuts from different origins, we analyzed fatty acid composition,tocopherols, phytosterols and total phenolic content (TPC) of walnuts from three main producing regions inCh...To reveal the characteristic chemicals of walnuts from different origins, we analyzed fatty acid composition,tocopherols, phytosterols and total phenolic content (TPC) of walnuts from three main producing regions inChina. The results showed that walnuts were rich in polyunsaturated fatty acids, and the ratio of ω-6 to ω-3 fattyacids was close to the recommendation of Chinese Nutrition Society. Moreover, walnuts contain high contents oftocopherols (331.20–414.71 mg/kg), phytosterols (97.17–110.35 mg/100 g) and phenols (38.51–48.08 mg GAE/kg). Significant chemical differences exist among walnuts from three production regions. The highest content ofpolyunsaturated fatty acids was found in walnuts from the northern China, the highest content of tocopherols inwalnuts from southwest China, and the highest contents of phytosterol and TPC in walnuts from northwest China.However, there was no significant difference in the tocopherol, phytosterol and TPC content of walnuts betweenthe Northern China and Northwest China. The above results provide important references for manufacturers andconsumers to select suitable walnut scientifically and reasonably.展开更多
Edible marine algae,or seaweeds,are a rich source of several bioactive compounds including phytosterols,carotenoids,and polysaccharides.Over the last decades,seaweed-derived constituents turned out to not only reside ...Edible marine algae,or seaweeds,are a rich source of several bioactive compounds including phytosterols,carotenoids,and polysaccharides.Over the last decades,seaweed-derived constituents turned out to not only reside in the systemic circulation,but are able to cross the blood-brain barrier to exert neuro-active functions both in homeostatic and pathological conditions.Therefore,seaweed-derived constituents have gained increasing interest for their neuro-immunomodulatory and neuroprotective properties,rendering them interesting candidates for the management of several neurodegenerative disorders.In particular seaweed-derived phytosterols gained interest for the treatment of neurodegenerative disorders as they potentiate neuroplasticity,enhance phagocytic clearance of neurotoxic peptides and have anti-inflammatory properties.Though,the anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidative properties of other constituents including carotenoids,phenols and polysaccharides have recently gained more interest.In this review,we provide an overview of a selection of the described neuro-active properties of seaweed-derived constituents with a focus on phytosterols.展开更多
The understanding of cholesterol and its pathogenesis to Alzheimer’s disease (AD) pathogenic process is important for the possible prevention of AD. High fibre diets that contain phytosterols have been shown to lower...The understanding of cholesterol and its pathogenesis to Alzheimer’s disease (AD) pathogenic process is important for the possible prevention of AD. High fibre diets that contain phytosterols have been shown to lower LDL and increase HDL cholesterol and are implicated in membrane cholesterol and amyloid beta (Aβ) homeostasis. The convergence of diet and AD may be related to the effects of phytosterols since plasma cholesterol is closely linked and regulated by phytosterols. Dietary fibre modifications that are low in fat and glucose reduce the risk for AD by not only effecting cell membranes and nutrient sensing G coupled receptors but also by regulating number of nuclear receptors such as histone deacetylases (HDAC) and peroxisome proliferator activated receptors (PPAR) that control glucose, fatty acids and cholesterol and have significant effects on the brain cholesterol homeostasis and amyloidosis. The peripheral sink Aβ hypothesis indicates that the peripheral clearance of Aβ and its regulation by dietary phytosterols is of substantial interest since it may delay hypercholesterolemia and the early onset of amyloid plaque development. Liver disease has been of central importance with aging and programmed cell death pathways. Nutritional therapy has emerged as a novel approach to control appetite and the role of nutrigenomics as an early nutritional therapy may assist genes to delay liver and brain diseases such as Parkinson’s disease (PD) and Huntington’s disease (HD) that are associated with aging. The understanding of phytosterols and the role of these lipids in drug therapy such as cholesterol lowering drugs may provide molecular mechanisms that are involved in the regulation of cell Aβ clearance and metabolism. High fibre diets also contain various fatty acids such as the short chain fatty acids (SCFA) and the understanding of synergistic effects of SCFA and phytosterols in glucose regulation and cholesterol homeostasisis important to our understanding of diet, lifestyle and drugs in relation to peripheral amyloidosis and gene expression that play an early role in the development of AD.展开更多
Beside as precursors of BRs biosynthesis, more and more evidences supported that phytosterols play an important role in plant growth and development. To investigate the effects of phytosterols on the fiber development...Beside as precursors of BRs biosynthesis, more and more evidences supported that phytosterols play an important role in plant growth and development. To investigate the effects of phytosterols on the fiber development of upland cotton （Gossypium hirsutum L.） and the molecular base of sterol regulating cotton fiber growth, a homologue of HYDRA1 was cloned from upland cotton （cv. Xuzhou 142） by screening cotton fiber EST database and contigging the candidate ESTs. The GhHYDRA1 encoded a polypeptide of 218 amino acid residues and the deduced amino acid sequences had high homology with the members of HYDRA1 in Populus trichocarpa, Solanum tuberosum, and Arabidopsis thaliana. Moreover, GhHYDRA1 had comparable transmembrane regions to AtHYDRA1 in sequence, length, order, and spacing, except for a C-terminal polylysine cluster. Quantitative real-time RT-PCR analysis revealed that the higher expression levels of GhHYDRA1 gene were detected in 6 to 12 DPA （days post anthesis） fibers, while the lower levels were observed in 0 DPA ovule （with fibers） and 16 to 18 DPA fibers. These results indicated that GhHYDRA1 is the homologue of HYDRA1 gene and plays a crucial role in fiber elongation. Furthermore, auxin and BL up-regulated the expression level of GhHYDRA1 while ABA and KT down-regulated the expression level of GhHYDRA1 in cotton ovule and fiber growth. The result suggested that phytosterols play a role in the interaction of plant hormones.展开更多
As important supplementary to major edible oils, comparative chemical advantages of minor edible oils decidetheir development and usage. In this study, chemical composition of 13 kinds of specific edible vegetable oil...As important supplementary to major edible oils, comparative chemical advantages of minor edible oils decidetheir development and usage. In this study, chemical composition of 13 kinds of specific edible vegetable oilswere investigated. The comparative advantages of chemical compositions of these edible oils were obtained asfollows: (1) camellia, tiger nut and almond oil were rich in oleic acid, the contents of which accounted for79.43%, 69.16% and 66.26%, respectively;(2) safflower oil contained the highest content of linoleic acid(76.69%), followed by grape seed (66.85%) and walnut oil (57.30%);(3) perilla seed, siritch, peony seed andherbaceous peony seed oil were rich in α-linolenic acid (59.61%, 43.74%, 40.83% and 30.84%, respectively);(4)the total phytosterol contents of these oils ranged from 91.46 mg/100 g (camellia oil) to 506.46 mg/100 g (siritchoil);and (5) The best source of tocopherols was sacha inchi oil (122.74 mg/100 g), followed by perilla seed oil(55.89 mg/100 g), peony seed oil (53.73 mg/100 g) and herbaceous peony seed oil (47.17 mg/100 g). Thecomparative advantages of these specific edible oils indicated that they possess the high potential nutritionalvalues and health care functions.展开更多
Edible marine algae,or seaweeds,are a rich source of several bioactive compounds including phytosterols,carotenoids,and polysaccharides.Over the last decades,seaweedderived constituents turned out to not only reside i...Edible marine algae,or seaweeds,are a rich source of several bioactive compounds including phytosterols,carotenoids,and polysaccharides.Over the last decades,seaweedderived constituents turned out to not only reside in the systemic circulation,but are able to cross the blood-brain barrier to exert neuro-active functions both in homeostatic and pathological conditions.Therefore,seaweed-derived constituents have gained increasing interest for their neuro-immunomodulatory and neuroprotective properties,rendering them interesting candidates for the management of several neurodegenerative disorders.In particular seaweed-derived phytosterols gained interest for the treatment of neurodegenerative disorders as they potentiate neuroplasticity,enhance phagocytic clearance of neurotoxic peptides and have anti-inflammatory properties.Though,the antiinflammatory and anti-oxidative properties of other constituents including carotenoids,phenols and polysaccharides have recently gained more interest.In this review,we provide an overview of a selection of the described neuro-active properties of seaweed-derived constituents with a focus on phytosterols.展开更多
This paper pays a tribute to Dr.Frank I Tovey on his 90th birthday which happens on September 1,2011,and briefly describes the major findings in his research career and contributions as follows.The geographical preval...This paper pays a tribute to Dr.Frank I Tovey on his 90th birthday which happens on September 1,2011,and briefly describes the major findings in his research career and contributions as follows.The geographical prevalence of duodenal ulceration is related to staple diets.Unrefined wheat and maize,soya,certain pulses and millets are associated with a low prevalence while refined wheat,maize and rice,yams,cassava and green banana with a high prevalence.Predominant foodstuffs from low prevalence areas are ulceroprotective in rat peptic ulcer models.The protective activity lies in the lipid fraction present in these foodstuffs.The lipid fraction also promotes ulcer healing,is active both orally and intramuscularly and is ulceroprotective against nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs(NSAIDs).The phospholipids and phytosterols present in the lipid have been identified to be responsible for this protective activity.The combination of phospholipids and phytosterols may be of value in the prevention and treatment of duodenal ulceration and protection against the ulcerogenic effect of NSAIDs.展开更多
基金funded by Heilongjiang Provincial Postdoctoral Commission Science Foundation(No.LH2024H021)National Financial Projects-Assessment and Application of Nutrients Requirement and Food Environment for Chinese Residents(No.131031107000210003)+2 种基金Opening Project of Key Laboratory of Trace Element and Nutrition,National Health Commission of the People's Republic of China(No.WLKFZ202402)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.82273612)the Open Project of Key Laboratory of Science and Engineering for the Multi-modal Prevention and Control of Major Chronic Diseases,Ministry of Industry and Information Technology(Grant No.MCD-2023-1-09).
文摘Objective:The benefits of phytosterols have attracted growing interest,but their association with Metabolic Dysfunction-Associated Fatty Liver Disease(MAFLD)has rarely been reported in population-based studies.This research aimed to investigate the correlation between dietary phytosterols and MAFLD.Methods:Phytosterols intake was evaluated using an internet-based dietary questionnaire targeted at the Chinese population.Conditional logistic regression models were employed to investigate dose-response relationships between phytosterol intake and MAFLD,as well as the potential preventive role of phytosterols.Restricted Cubic Spline(RCS)analyses were conducted to examine associations between phytosterols intake and MAFLD.Additionally,a quantile-based g-computation(qgcomp)method was applied to explore the combined effect of campesterol,stigmasterol,β-sitostelane,campestane,and β-sitosterol on MAFLD.Results:Significant inverse relationships were found between total phytosterols and MAFLD(OR,0.19;95%CI,0.11-0.32;P<0.001),campesterol(OR,0.22;95%CI,0.13-0.37;P<0.001),stigmasterol(OR,0.17;95%CI,0.10-0.30;P<0.001),β-sitostelane(OR,0.26;95%CI,0.16-0.45;P<0.001),campestane(OR,0.23;95%CI,0.14-0.39;P<0.001),andβ-sitosterol(OR,0.17;95%CI,0.10-0.29;P<0.001).The qgcomp analysis showed a significant negative association between the five phytosterols and MAFLD(OR,0.58;95%CI,0.50-0.67;P<0.001).Additionally,the qgcomp analysis revealed that the combination of these five phytosterols was inversely associated with MAFLD,with stigmasterol contributing the most(weight=0.70).Conclusion:Higher intake of phytosterols was associated with a reduced prevalence of MAFLD,with stigmasterol showing the most significant inverse relationship.Further research is needed to clarify the relationship between phytosterols and MAFLD.
基金supported by the NationalNatural Science Foundation of China(No.31972110)the National Key R&D Program of China(No.2018YFD0401102).
文摘Phytosterols,which are naturally occurring in plants,have excellent nutritional and health values on lowering both the blood cholesterol level and the risk of cardiovascular diseases.Edible oils are the main source of daily intake of phytosterols,whereas the properties of phytosterols may vary a lot depending on their sources.During the processing of edible oil including refining and frying,phytosterol's content fluctuates,which influences the properties of the final product.Phytosterols and their derivatives undergo physical migration between different phases and chemical conversion during the processing,which reduces the quality and the commercial value of edible oils.Therein,the loss of phytosterols is the major concern in the process of neutralization and deodorization.In addition,oxidation and thermal degradation of phytosterols occur simultaneously during frying,which also reduces the content of phytosterols.Nevertheless,the oil matrix has a promoting or an inhibitory effect on the thermal oxidation of phytosterols.Therefore,various efforts have been devoted to analyzing and improving the remaining contents of phytosterols in edible oil.Regardless of the processing method,temperature plays an important role in the loss of phytosterols.At present,themain analysismethods of phytosterols include gas chromatography and liquid chromatography,inwhich the pretreatment of different types of phytosterols is also a crucial step.This review focused on the following topics comprehensively:(i)the distribution of phytosterols in the oil-containing plants and edible oils during the refining processing;(ii)the pretreatment and analysis methods of various phytosterols(free phytosterols,phytosteryl fatty acid esters,phytosteryl glycosides and acylated phytosteryl glycosides);(iii)the variation of phytosterols in process of esterification and oxidation,storage and so on.The study also proposed that the investigation in the loss and safety of phytosterols during processing of the vegetable oils should be proceeded further in combination with efficient and accurate chromatography methods.
文摘Fermentation of the succulent bamboo shoots of Bambusa balcooa Roxb. resulted in an enrichment of phytosterols from 0.12% to 0.62% dry weight as compared to that of the fresh unfermented samples. The bacterial strains responsible for higher accumulation of phytosterols during fermentation of the bamboo shoots have been isolated and further extraction and purification of the crude phytosterols (isolated from the fermented samples) were done by TLC, UV, NMR, IR and Mass spectral analysis. The isolated phytosterols (β-sitos-terols) were then subjected to microbial transformation which yielded a considerable amount of androsta-1, 4-diene-3,17-dione (ADD) in the incubation mixture in presence of metabolic inhibitors (α, α＇-dipyridyl and sodium arsenate).
基金funded by the Deputyship for Research and Innovation,Ministry of Education in Saudi Arabia(Project number ISP23-81)Sunway University Research Accelerator Grant Scheme(GRTIN-RAG-SBMDC-10-2024).
文摘Until recently,the main pharmaceuticals used to control cholesterol and prevent cardiovascular disease(CVD)were statin-related drugs,known for their historical side effects.Therefore,there is growing interest in exploring alternatives,such as nutritional and dietary components,that could play a central role in CVD prevention.This review aims to provide a comprehensive understanding of how natural phytosterols found in various diets combat CVDs.We begin with a description of the overall approach,then we explore in detail the different direct and indirect mechanisms that contribute to reducing cardiovascular incidents.Phytosterols,including stigmasterol,β-sitosterol,ergosterol,and fucosterol,emerge as promising molecules within nutritional systems for protection against CVDs due to their beneficial effects at different levels through direct or indirect cellular,subcellular,and molecular mechanisms.Specifically,the mentioned phytosterols exhibit the ability to diminish the generation of various radicals,including hydroperoxides and hydrogen peroxide.They also promote the activation of antioxidant enzymes such as superoxide dismutase,catalase,and glutathione,while inhibiting lipid peroxidation through the activation of Nrf2 and Nrf2/heme oxygenase-1(HO-1)signaling pathways.Additionally,they demonstrate a significant inhibitory capacity in the generation of pro-inflammatory cytokines,thus playing a crucial role in regulating the inflammatory/immune response by inhibiting the expression of proteins involved in cellular signaling pathways such as JAK3/STAT3 and NF-κB.Moreover,phytosterols play a key role in reducing cholesterol absorption and improving the lipid profile.These compounds can be used as dietary supplements or included in specific diets to aid control cholesterol levels,particularly in individuals suffering from hypercholesterolemia.
文摘Development of analytical methods for the determination of phytosterols in whole grains is one of growing interests due to their clinical and nutritional functions in human. In this study, we examined simultaneous determination of β-si tosterol, stigmasterol and campesterol in Korean rice cultivars by liquid chromatography atmospheric chemical ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometer (LC-APCI-TOF-MS). The hulled rice samples were extracted using a modified QuEChERS and analyzed by LC-APCI -TOF-MS. The method was validated by low limit of detection (LOD) and limit of quantification (LOQ) values and high recovery values with low relative standard deviation (RSD). The highest concentration of sitosterol was detected in Hwasung and Undu rice cultivars, exhibiting approximately 195.5 and 191.7 mg/Kg, respectively. Stigmasterol and campesterol were detected at the highest level in Hwasung rice cultivar, giving the concentrations of approximately 70.0 and 53.9 mg/Kg, respectively. Sitosterol was determined to be a main phytosterol detected in the rice samples. Our data demonstrated that LC/APCI-TOF- MS coupled with QuEChERS method can be used as a simple tool for the determination of phytosterols in rice samples.
基金supported by the 11th five-year project of Ministry of Science and Technology (No. 2006 BAD27B01).
文摘Objective To quantify five specific dietary phytosterols and phytostanols in vegetables and fruits commonly consumed in China. Methods A total of 34 different kinds of vegetables and 33 kinds of fruits were chosen according to the consuming habit of Chinese people. All the samples were purchased from two shops in Beijing. The contents of phytosterols （13-sitosterol, campesterol, stigmasterol, 13-sitostanol, and campestanol） were analyzed by GLC method which was established by our laboratory, and the total phytosterols were calculated. Results The total phytosterol content in vegetables ranged 1.1-53.7 mg/100 g edible portion. The highest concentration was found in pea, cauliflower, broccoli, and romaine lettuce. The phytosterol contents in fruits ranged 1.6-32.6 mg/100 g, the highest concentration was found in navel orange, tangerine, and mango. Conclusion The phytosterol contents in vegetables and fruits are not as high as those in edible oils, but because of the large amount of consumption, they also play an important role in increasing the people＇s phytosterols intake, indicating that increased intake of vegetables and fruits with higher phytosterol contents helps increase the phytosterol intake in China.
文摘The sulfatc soap is refined through extracting unsaponifiable neutral substance using ethyl acetate and hcxane-acetone. The content of neutral substance in tall oil decreases from 32.8% to 17.4% and 18%. The acid number of tall oil increases from 119 to 169 and 153. The quality of tall oil is greatly improved. This provides a favorable condition for distillation of tall oil. The unsaponifiable neutral substance from crude sulfate soap mainly consists of tcrpene aldehydes, tcrpcnc alcohols, fatty alcohols and stcrols in which larixol is 26.3% and 18. 5%, stcrols arc 17% and 27.1% separately. The white crystals containing stcrols of 96.9% are obtained by crystallization and rccrystallization. The stcrols arc mainly β-sitostcrol and campcsterol.
文摘Phytosterols are a kind of active ingredients in plants with various physiological functions.Phytosterols have a good effect in antagonizing cholesterol and preventing cardiovascular diseases.They also have physiological functions including regulating growth,promoting protein synthesis,resisting inflammation,oxidation and cancer,and regulating immune and parahormones.In this paper,the physicochemical properties of phytosterols,the mechanism of lowering cholesterol,their application in food field and their development prospects were systematically reviewed.
基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China (31130039, 30671258)the Genetically Modified Organisms Breeding Major Projects, China (2009ZX08009-118B)the Program for New Century Excellent Talents in University from the Ministry of Education, China (NCET-07-0712)
文摘Phytosterols play an important role in plant growth and development, including cell division, cell elongation, embryogenesis, cellulose biosynthesis, and cell wall formation. Cotton fiber, which undergoes synchronous cell elongation and a large amount of cellulose synthesis, is an ideal model for the study of plant cell elongation and cell wall biogenesis. The role of phytosterols in fiber growth was investigated by treating the fibers with tfidemorph, a sterol biosynthetic inhibitor. The inhibition of phy- tosterol biosynthesis resulted in an apparent suppression of fiber elongation in vitro or in planta. The determination of phy- tosterol quantity indicated that sitosterol and campesterol were the major phytosterols in cotton fibers; moreover, higher con- centrations of these phytosterols were observed during the period of rapid elongation of fibers. Furthermore, the decrease and increase in campesterol：sitosterol ratio was associated with the increase and decease in speed of elongation, respectively, dur- ing the elongation stage. The increase in the ratio was associated with the transition from cell elongation to secondary cell wall synthesis. In addition, a number of phytosterol biosynthetic genes were down-regulated in the short fibers of ligon lintless-1 mutant, compared to its near-isogenic wild-type TM-1. These results demonstrated that phytosterols play a crucial role in cot- ton fiber development, and particularly in fiber elongation.
基金This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.31972110).
文摘Encapsulation of phytosterols in nanostructured lipid carriers(NLCs)is an effective approach to improve their physicochemical properties,but the interaction of phytosterols in NLCs with cholesterol can be affected by lipid matrices.The objective of this study was to screen a desired phytosterols-loaded NLC(PS-NLC)formulation to reduce the absorption of intestinal cholesterol.A series of formulations were prepared using amphipathic glycerol monostearate(GMS)as the solid lipid fraction to increase lipid compatibity with phytosterols.All formulations showed a lowering effect on cholesterol bioaccessibility through in vitro intestinal digestion.And the PS-NLCs with medium chain triglycerides(MCT)as the liquid lipid showed significantly higher inhibition of cholesterol bioaccessibility(accessible fraction for intestinal absorption)than the formulations with long chain triglycerides(LCT),which could due to the solubilization of cholesterol by hydrolysis products of LCT,suggesting a notable impact of lipid type on cholesterol bioaccessibility.Furthermore,the analysis of distribution of phytosterols and cholesterol revealed a cocrystallization mechanism occurred during in vitro digestion.This study provides a certain reference for designing phytosterol-ingredient agents with a better hypocholesterolemic effect in water-dispersible functional foods.
基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.21776075 and 32100067)the Natural Science Founda-tion of Shanghai(No.20ZR1415100)+2 种基金the National Key Research and Development Program of China(No.SQ2020YFC210061)the China Postdoctoral Science Foundation(No.2020M671028),the Shanghai Municipal Health Commission(No.20204Y0380)the Teacher’s Professional Development Project of Shanghai Municipal Education Commission,and the Scientific Research Foundation of SUMHS.
文摘Biotransformation of soybean phytosterols into 9α-hydroxy-4-androstene-3,17-dione(9-OHAD)by mycobacteria is the core step in the synthesis of adrenocortical hormone.However,the low permeability of the dense cell envelope largely inhibits the overall conversion efficiency of phytosterols.The antigen 85(Ag85)complex encoded by fbpA,fbpB,and fbpC was proposed as the key factor in the combined catalysis of mycoloyl for producing mycolyl-arabinogalactan(m-AG)and trehalose dimycolate(TDM)in mycobacterial cell envelope.Herein,we confirmed that fbpC3 was essential for the biotransformation of trehalose monomycolate(TMM)to TDM in Mycolicibacterium neoaurum.The deficiency of this gene raised the cell permeability,thereby enhancing the steroid uptake and utilization.The 9-OHAD yield in the fbpC3-deficient 9-OHAD-producing strain was increased by 21.3%.Moreover,the combined deletion of fbpC3 and embC further increased the 9-OHAD yield compared to the single deletion of fbpC3.Finally,after 96 h of bioconversion in industrial resting cells,the 9-OHAD yield of 11.2 g/L was achieved from 20 g/L phytosterols and the productivity reached 0.116 g/L/h.In summary,this study suggested the critical role of the fbpC3 gene in the synthesis of TDM in M.neoaurum and verified the feasibility of improving the bioconversion efficiency of phytosterols through the cell envelope en-gineering strategy.
文摘This study reports the synthesis of oleic acid sterol ester with liquid crystalline properties and its enhanced stability and UV-blocking performance through microencapsulation.Oleic acid sterol ester was synthesized via the esterification of phytosterol and oleic acid,whose structure was characterized using Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy(FTIR)and mass spectrometry(MS).Its liquid crystalline behavior was confirmed via the polarized optical microscopy(POM),thermogravimetric analysis(TGA),differential scanning calorimetry(DSC),wide-angle X-ray scattering(WAXS),and small-angle X-ray scattering(SAXS).UV absorption tests were conducted to assess the UV-blocking performance of the oleic acid sterol ester liquid crystals.To improve the stability of its liquid crystalline structure,the oleic acid sterol ester was encapsulated into microcapsules through the emulsion polymerization.SPF measurements were performed on the sunscreen formulations containing liquid crystal microcapsules.The oleic acid sterol ester displayed cholesteric liquid crystalline behavior and strong UVA absorption,which indicates its suitability as a natural UV absorber.Microencapsulation further enhanced its stability and UV-blocking properties.SPF testing showed that the formulations with microcapsules achieved an SPF value of 7.01,which surpasses the nano titanium dioxide(SPF=6.23)and significantly outperform the unencapsulated liquid crystal formulations(SPF=2.65).This study highlights the potential of microencapsulated oleic acid sterol ester as a novel UV absorber in the sunscreen formulations,offers the enhanced stability and effective UV protection,and showcases its application potential in the innovative cosmetic products.
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Project of China(2021YFD1600101)the earmarked fund for China Agriculture research system(CARS-12 and CARS-13)the Agricultural Science and Technology Innovation Program of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences(CAAS-ASTIP-2021-OCRI).
文摘To reveal the characteristic chemicals of walnuts from different origins, we analyzed fatty acid composition,tocopherols, phytosterols and total phenolic content (TPC) of walnuts from three main producing regions inChina. The results showed that walnuts were rich in polyunsaturated fatty acids, and the ratio of ω-6 to ω-3 fattyacids was close to the recommendation of Chinese Nutrition Society. Moreover, walnuts contain high contents oftocopherols (331.20–414.71 mg/kg), phytosterols (97.17–110.35 mg/100 g) and phenols (38.51–48.08 mg GAE/kg). Significant chemical differences exist among walnuts from three production regions. The highest content ofpolyunsaturated fatty acids was found in walnuts from the northern China, the highest content of tocopherols inwalnuts from southwest China, and the highest contents of phytosterol and TPC in walnuts from northwest China.However, there was no significant difference in the tocopherol, phytosterol and TPC content of walnuts betweenthe Northern China and Northwest China. The above results provide important references for manufacturers andconsumers to select suitable walnut scientifically and reasonably.
基金NWO-TTW(Netherlands Organisation for Scientific Research),No.16437Alzheimer Nederland,No.WE.03-2018-06
文摘Edible marine algae,or seaweeds,are a rich source of several bioactive compounds including phytosterols,carotenoids,and polysaccharides.Over the last decades,seaweed-derived constituents turned out to not only reside in the systemic circulation,but are able to cross the blood-brain barrier to exert neuro-active functions both in homeostatic and pathological conditions.Therefore,seaweed-derived constituents have gained increasing interest for their neuro-immunomodulatory and neuroprotective properties,rendering them interesting candidates for the management of several neurodegenerative disorders.In particular seaweed-derived phytosterols gained interest for the treatment of neurodegenerative disorders as they potentiate neuroplasticity,enhance phagocytic clearance of neurotoxic peptides and have anti-inflammatory properties.Though,the anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidative properties of other constituents including carotenoids,phenols and polysaccharides have recently gained more interest.In this review,we provide an overview of a selection of the described neuro-active properties of seaweed-derived constituents with a focus on phytosterols.
文摘The understanding of cholesterol and its pathogenesis to Alzheimer’s disease (AD) pathogenic process is important for the possible prevention of AD. High fibre diets that contain phytosterols have been shown to lower LDL and increase HDL cholesterol and are implicated in membrane cholesterol and amyloid beta (Aβ) homeostasis. The convergence of diet and AD may be related to the effects of phytosterols since plasma cholesterol is closely linked and regulated by phytosterols. Dietary fibre modifications that are low in fat and glucose reduce the risk for AD by not only effecting cell membranes and nutrient sensing G coupled receptors but also by regulating number of nuclear receptors such as histone deacetylases (HDAC) and peroxisome proliferator activated receptors (PPAR) that control glucose, fatty acids and cholesterol and have significant effects on the brain cholesterol homeostasis and amyloidosis. The peripheral sink Aβ hypothesis indicates that the peripheral clearance of Aβ and its regulation by dietary phytosterols is of substantial interest since it may delay hypercholesterolemia and the early onset of amyloid plaque development. Liver disease has been of central importance with aging and programmed cell death pathways. Nutritional therapy has emerged as a novel approach to control appetite and the role of nutrigenomics as an early nutritional therapy may assist genes to delay liver and brain diseases such as Parkinson’s disease (PD) and Huntington’s disease (HD) that are associated with aging. The understanding of phytosterols and the role of these lipids in drug therapy such as cholesterol lowering drugs may provide molecular mechanisms that are involved in the regulation of cell Aβ clearance and metabolism. High fibre diets also contain various fatty acids such as the short chain fatty acids (SCFA) and the understanding of synergistic effects of SCFA and phytosterols in glucose regulation and cholesterol homeostasisis important to our understanding of diet, lifestyle and drugs in relation to peripheral amyloidosis and gene expression that play an early role in the development of AD.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (30671258)the National High-Tech R&D Program of China (863 Program, No.2006AA10Z121)+1 种基金the Program for New Century Ex-cellent Talents in University, China (Ministry ofEducation, NCET-07-0712)the Genetically Modi-fied Organisms Breeding Major Projects, China (Ministryof Agriculture, 2009ZX08009-118B)
文摘Beside as precursors of BRs biosynthesis, more and more evidences supported that phytosterols play an important role in plant growth and development. To investigate the effects of phytosterols on the fiber development of upland cotton （Gossypium hirsutum L.） and the molecular base of sterol regulating cotton fiber growth, a homologue of HYDRA1 was cloned from upland cotton （cv. Xuzhou 142） by screening cotton fiber EST database and contigging the candidate ESTs. The GhHYDRA1 encoded a polypeptide of 218 amino acid residues and the deduced amino acid sequences had high homology with the members of HYDRA1 in Populus trichocarpa, Solanum tuberosum, and Arabidopsis thaliana. Moreover, GhHYDRA1 had comparable transmembrane regions to AtHYDRA1 in sequence, length, order, and spacing, except for a C-terminal polylysine cluster. Quantitative real-time RT-PCR analysis revealed that the higher expression levels of GhHYDRA1 gene were detected in 6 to 12 DPA （days post anthesis） fibers, while the lower levels were observed in 0 DPA ovule （with fibers） and 16 to 18 DPA fibers. These results indicated that GhHYDRA1 is the homologue of HYDRA1 gene and plays a crucial role in fiber elongation. Furthermore, auxin and BL up-regulated the expression level of GhHYDRA1 while ABA and KT down-regulated the expression level of GhHYDRA1 in cotton ovule and fiber growth. The result suggested that phytosterols play a role in the interaction of plant hormones.
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Project of China(2021YFD1600101)the earmarked fund for China Agriculture research system(CARS-12 and CARS-13)the Agricultural Science and Technology Innovation Program of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences(CAAS-ASTIP-2021-OCRI).
文摘As important supplementary to major edible oils, comparative chemical advantages of minor edible oils decidetheir development and usage. In this study, chemical composition of 13 kinds of specific edible vegetable oilswere investigated. The comparative advantages of chemical compositions of these edible oils were obtained asfollows: (1) camellia, tiger nut and almond oil were rich in oleic acid, the contents of which accounted for79.43%, 69.16% and 66.26%, respectively;(2) safflower oil contained the highest content of linoleic acid(76.69%), followed by grape seed (66.85%) and walnut oil (57.30%);(3) perilla seed, siritch, peony seed andherbaceous peony seed oil were rich in α-linolenic acid (59.61%, 43.74%, 40.83% and 30.84%, respectively);(4)the total phytosterol contents of these oils ranged from 91.46 mg/100 g (camellia oil) to 506.46 mg/100 g (siritchoil);and (5) The best source of tocopherols was sacha inchi oil (122.74 mg/100 g), followed by perilla seed oil(55.89 mg/100 g), peony seed oil (53.73 mg/100 g) and herbaceous peony seed oil (47.17 mg/100 g). Thecomparative advantages of these specific edible oils indicated that they possess the high potential nutritionalvalues and health care functions.
基金NWO-TTW(Netherlands Organisation for Scientific Research),No.16437Alzheimer Nederland,No.WE.03-2018-06.
文摘Edible marine algae,or seaweeds,are a rich source of several bioactive compounds including phytosterols,carotenoids,and polysaccharides.Over the last decades,seaweedderived constituents turned out to not only reside in the systemic circulation,but are able to cross the blood-brain barrier to exert neuro-active functions both in homeostatic and pathological conditions.Therefore,seaweed-derived constituents have gained increasing interest for their neuro-immunomodulatory and neuroprotective properties,rendering them interesting candidates for the management of several neurodegenerative disorders.In particular seaweed-derived phytosterols gained interest for the treatment of neurodegenerative disorders as they potentiate neuroplasticity,enhance phagocytic clearance of neurotoxic peptides and have anti-inflammatory properties.Though,the antiinflammatory and anti-oxidative properties of other constituents including carotenoids,phenols and polysaccharides have recently gained more interest.In this review,we provide an overview of a selection of the described neuro-active properties of seaweed-derived constituents with a focus on phytosterols.
文摘This paper pays a tribute to Dr.Frank I Tovey on his 90th birthday which happens on September 1,2011,and briefly describes the major findings in his research career and contributions as follows.The geographical prevalence of duodenal ulceration is related to staple diets.Unrefined wheat and maize,soya,certain pulses and millets are associated with a low prevalence while refined wheat,maize and rice,yams,cassava and green banana with a high prevalence.Predominant foodstuffs from low prevalence areas are ulceroprotective in rat peptic ulcer models.The protective activity lies in the lipid fraction present in these foodstuffs.The lipid fraction also promotes ulcer healing,is active both orally and intramuscularly and is ulceroprotective against nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs(NSAIDs).The phospholipids and phytosterols present in the lipid have been identified to be responsible for this protective activity.The combination of phospholipids and phytosterols may be of value in the prevention and treatment of duodenal ulceration and protection against the ulcerogenic effect of NSAIDs.
