Background Thidiazuron(TDZ)is a widely used chemical defoliant in commercial cotton production and is often combined with the herbicide Diuron to form the commercial defoliant mixture known as TDZ·Diuron(T·D...Background Thidiazuron(TDZ)is a widely used chemical defoliant in commercial cotton production and is often combined with the herbicide Diuron to form the commercial defoliant mixture known as TDZ·Diuron(T·D,540 g·L^(-1)suspension).However,due to increasing concerns about the environmental and biological risks posed by Diuron,there is an urgent need to develop safer and more effective alternatives.Jasmonic acid(JA)and its derivatives are key phytohormones in organ senescence and abscission.Results Greenhouse experiments at the seedling stage revealed that Me-JA(0.8 mmol·L^(-1))alone did not induce defoliation.However,its co-application with TDZ(0.45 mmol·L^(-1))at concentrations of 0.6,0.8,and 1.0 mmol·L^(-1)significantly enhanced defoliation efficacy.The most effective combination—TDZ with 0.8 mmol·L^(-1)Me-JA—achieved a 100%defoliation rate at 5 days after treatment(DAT),23.7 percentage points higher than TDZ alone,and comparable to the commercial TDZ·Diuron formulation with equivalent TDZ content.Field trials conducted in Beijing(Shangzhuang),Hebei(Hejian),and Xinjiang(Shihezi)confirmed that the combination of 0.6 mmol·L^(-1)Me-JA with 1.70 mmol·L^(-1)TDZ provided optimal defoliation performance.At 21 DAT,the defoliation rate increased by 13.5–16.3 percentage points compared with TDZ alone.Furthermore,boll opening rates improved by 5.7–12.7 percentage points relative to TDZ-only treatments.Phytohormonal analyses from the Shangzhuang site showed that the combined treatment significantly altered hormone levels in both leaves and petioles.Compared with TDZ alone,the mixture reduced concentrations of auxin(IAA),cytokinins(Z+ZR,iP+iPA,DHZ+DHZR),and gibberellic acid(GA3),while increasing levels of JA,abscisic acid(ABA),and brassinosteroids(BR).These hormonal shifts may underlie the enhanced defoliation observed with the combined treatment.Importantly,the TDZ-Me-JA combination did not adversely affect cotton yield,yield components,or fiber quality.Conclusion The combination of Me-JA and TDZ has a good defoliation effect without affecting crop yield or fiber quality.And it provides a promising foundation for the development of novel,environmentally friendly cotton defoliants.展开更多
Both the filling and development of grain are key processes determining agriculture production and reproductive growth in rice.The processes of grain filling and endosperm development are crucial for the accumulation ...Both the filling and development of grain are key processes determining agriculture production and reproductive growth in rice.The processes of grain filling and endosperm development are crucial for the accumulation of major storage compounds in rice grains.This requires extensive remobilization of carbon reserves from source to sink and the precise regulation of sucrose-to-starch conversion.Both the developmental sequence of the panicle and environmental signals influence the carbon flow between the leaves,leaf sheath,stem,and spikelets during grain filling.This,in turn,affects endosperm development and the production of storage compounds.In this review,we synthesize recent insight into grain development in rice,focusing on the dynamic changes in phytohormones and how their homeostasis integrates developmental and environmental cues to control grain filling in the developing panicle.We also highlight recent advances in the genetic control of carbohydrate remobilization and the transcriptional regulatory networks governing carbohydrate metabolism and grain development in rice.The asynchronous initiation and imbalance in grain filling limit the full yield potential of cereal crops.The“superior/inferior spikelets”serve as a model system for understanding the regulatory mechanisms underlying grain filling and development.Systematic research on carbohydrate flow and phytohormone crosstalk could enhance our understanding of optimizing yield production in cereal crops.Additionally,a thorough analysis of key genetic regulatory mechanisms can offer a genetic foundation and targets for precisely adjusting grain filling traits,ultimately aiding in the development of high-yield crop varieties.展开更多
Sound contains mechanical signals that can promote physiological and biochemical changes in plants.Insects produce different sounds in the environment,which may be relevant to plant behavior.Thus,we evaluated whether ...Sound contains mechanical signals that can promote physiological and biochemical changes in plants.Insects produce different sounds in the environment,which may be relevant to plant behavior.Thus,we evaluated whether signaling cascades are regulated differently by ecological sounds and whether they trigger molecular responses following those produced by herbivorous insects.Soybean plants were treated with two different sounds:chewing herbivore and forest ambient.The responses were markedly distinct,indicating that sound signals may also trigger specific cascades.Enzymes involved in oxidative metabolism were responsive to both sounds,while salicylic acid(SA)was responsive only to the chewing sound.In contrast,lipoxygenase(LOX)activity and jasmonic acid(JA)did not change.Soybean Kunitz trypsin inhibitor gene(SKTI)and Bowman-Birk(BBI)genes,encoding for protease inhibitors,were induced by chewing sound.Chewing sound-induced high expression of the pathogenesis-related protein(PR1)gene,confirming the activation of SA-dependent cascades.In contrast,the sound treatments promoted modifications in different branches of the phenylpropanoid pathway,highlighting a tendency for increased flavonols for plants under chewing sounds.Accordingly,chewing sounds induced pathogenesis-related protein(PR10/Bet v-1)and gmFLS1 flavonol synthase(FLS1)genes involved in flavonoid biosynthesis and flavonols.Finally,our results propose that plants may recognize herbivores by their chewing sound and that different ecological sounds can trigger distinct signaling cascades.展开更多
Plants play a crucial role in maintaining ecological balance and biodiversity.However,plant health is easily affected by environmental stresses.Hence,the rapid and precise monitoring of plant health is crucial for glo...Plants play a crucial role in maintaining ecological balance and biodiversity.However,plant health is easily affected by environmental stresses.Hence,the rapid and precise monitoring of plant health is crucial for global food security and ecological balance.Currently,traditional detection strategies for monitoring plant health mainly rely on expensive equipment and complex operational procedures,which limit their widespread application.Fortunately,near-infrared(NIR)fluorescence and surface-enhanced Raman scattering(SERS)techniques have been recently highlighted in plants.NIR fluorescence imaging holds the advantages of being non-invasive,high-resolution and real-time,which is suitable for rapid screening in large-scale scenarios.While SERS enables highly sensitive and specific detection of trace chemical substances within plant tissues.Therefore,the complementarity of NIR fluorescence and SERS modalities can provide more comprehensive and accurate information for plant disease diagnosis and growth status monitoring.This article summarizes these two modalities in plant applications,and discusses the advantages of multimodal NIR fluorescence/SERS for a better understanding of a plant’s response to stress,thereby improving the accuracy and sensitivity of detection.展开更多
To improve crop yields,global food production needs sustainable agronomic tools like Plant Growth-Promoting Rhizobacteria(PGPR).Region-adapted PGPR strains are crucial to increasing peanut production.Argentina is the ...To improve crop yields,global food production needs sustainable agronomic tools like Plant Growth-Promoting Rhizobacteria(PGPR).Region-adapted PGPR strains are crucial to increasing peanut production.Argentina is the seventh-largest peanut producer,and Cordoba is the main region with 250,000 ha(75%of the total sowing area).This study aimed to isolate,identify,and characterize the biocontrol and growth promotion capacity of PGPR strains belonging to the Bacillus and Pseudomonas genera.The strains were tested against Sclerotinia minor,Sclerotium rolfsii,Fusarium verticillioides,and Aspergillus flavus for biocontrol assays.For growth promotion,pot trials used two peanut cultivars,ASEM 400 INTA and Granoleico,under 40%and 60%field capacity under two water regimes.The isolated strains were Bacillus velezensis,B.subtilis,B.tequilensis,B.safensis,B.altitudinis,and Pseudomonas psychrophila.These strains demonstrated in-vitro phosphorus solubilization,nitrogen fixation,ammonification,nitrification,enzyme releasing,phytohormones production,and high biocontrol capacity of over 75%.SC6 and RI3(both B.velezensis)and P10(P.psychrophila)exhibited outstanding performance.They significantly promoted peanut root biomass by more than 50%and leaf area by 30%,with increased chlorophyll content index and leaf relative water content,particularly under water stress conditions(40%field capacity).According to the results,RI3,SC6,and P10 could be classified as PGPR,which supports the results obtained in other field studies with these same microorganisms.Future investigations should prioritize the development of industrial formulations to assess their effectiveness in alternative crops and to incorporate them into other agricultural practices.展开更多
Cytokinins are ancient hormones present across all kingdoms of life except archaea,although functional biosynthesis pathways have yet to be identified in animalia.Known for their roles in cell division and proliferati...Cytokinins are ancient hormones present across all kingdoms of life except archaea,although functional biosynthesis pathways have yet to be identified in animalia.Known for their roles in cell division and proliferation,cytokinins are critical to plant life,as they regulate various aspects of vegetative growth,stress response,and reproduction.In this review,we summarize literature from 2020 to 2025 pertaining to the cytokinin functions in plant reproduction.While general aspects of cytokinin’s role in plant reproduction have been addressed,we particularly focus on the role of cytokinin in reproductive systems due to recent work identifying their role as sex-determining factors in dioecious species in Salicaceae and other families,their role in determining flower sex in monoecious species,and their involvement in self-incompatibility response and asexual reproduction.展开更多
Prolonged lack of rain and high-temperature lead to soil water deficits,inhibiting cereal crop growth in early ontogenesis and reducing grain quality and yield.Rye(Secale cereale L.)is a key grain crop,particularly in...Prolonged lack of rain and high-temperature lead to soil water deficits,inhibiting cereal crop growth in early ontogenesis and reducing grain quality and yield.Rye(Secale cereale L.)is a key grain crop,particularly in regions where wheat cultivation is challenging or unfeasible.To clarify its drought adaptation mechanisms,we analyzed the effects of moderate soil drought on growth,hormonal homeostasis,and the dynamics and distribution of free amino acids and phenolic compounds in rye at early vegetative stages and post-recovery.Drought triggered both general and organ-specific changes in endogenous phytohormones.A nonspecific response involved the accumulation of stress hormones abscisic acid(ABA)and salicylic acid(SA),alongside the suppression of growth hormones indole-3-acetic acid(IAA)and gibberellins.However,hormone dynamics and localization varied across plant organs.ABA and SA levels significantly increased in shoots of drought-stressed and recovered plants,corresponding with inhibited growth.Prolonged drought further enhanced ABA accumulation in both shoots and roots of recovered plants,while SA levels declined in roots but remained elevated in shoots.Drought also caused a substantial reduction in IAA,particularly in shoots,while gibberellins(GA_(3)+GA_(4))significantly decreased in roots.GA_(3)was predominant in most samples,except in the shoots of 2-day-old control plants.Post-recovery,IAA levels increased but remained below control values,while GA_(4)accumulation in roots led to a rise in total gibberellin levels.In contrast,shoot GA_(3)+GA_(4)levels declined,primarily due to GA_(3)reduction.The dominant free amino acids:aspartic acid,glutamic acid,glycine,alanine,and leucinedecreased significantly,underscoring their key role in stress adaptation.Increased flavonoid accumulation,especially in roots,suggests their involvement in antioxidant defense against oxidative stress.A significant increase in ABA and SA levels,along with a marked reduction in IAA and GA content in stressed rye plants occurred alongside a reduction in free amino acid content,accumulation of phenolic compounds,and an increase in flavonoid levels.These findings indicate distinct adaptation strategies in rye shoots and roots undermoderate soil drought.They provide a foundation for further research on drought resistance mechanisms in cereals and the development of strategies to enhance their adaptive potential.展开更多
Naturally occurring yellow leaf mutants are an important resource for studying pigment content and biosynthesis,as well as related gene expression.In our ongoing cultivation of Rehmannia chingii H.L.Li,we found an off...Naturally occurring yellow leaf mutants are an important resource for studying pigment content and biosynthesis,as well as related gene expression.In our ongoing cultivation of Rehmannia chingii H.L.Li,we found an off-type yellow plant.The yellowing started with the new leaves and gradually spread downward until the entire plant exhibited a stable shade of yellow.We studied the differences in the chlorophyll and carotenoid content,carotenoid profile,and transcriptome of this yellow-leaf mutant(P2).Compared to the wild-type R.chingii plant(P1),P2 leaves had significantly lower chlorophyll and carotenoid content.LC-MS/MS analysis revealed that P2 had higher quantities of severalmetabolites in the carotenoid biosynthesis pathway.Transcriptome sequencing results showed that genes involved in porphyrin metabolism,carbon fixation,photosynthesis and antenna proteins,terpenoid backbone biosynthesis,and carotenoid biosynthesis were differentially expressed between P1 and P2.Large-scale expression differences were observed in the phytohormone and MAPK signaling pathways,as well as in 15 transcription factor families.We discuss possible mechanisms responsible for the yellowleaf color in P2.These preliminary data are valuable for further exploring the molecular mechanisms of leaf color formation and associated pathways.展开更多
Salt stress is a global constraint on agricultural production.Therefore,the development of salt tolerant plants has become a current research hotspot.While salt tolerance has evolved more frequently in C_(4) grass lin...Salt stress is a global constraint on agricultural production.Therefore,the development of salt tolerant plants has become a current research hotspot.While salt tolerance has evolved more frequently in C_(4) grass lineages,few studies have explored the molecular bases underlying salt stress tolerance in the C_(4) crop foxtail millet.In this study,we used a multi-pronged approach spanning the omics analyses of transcriptomes and physiological analysis of the C_(3) crop rice and the C_(4) model crop foxtail millet to investigate their responses to salt stress.The results revealed that compared to C_(3) rice,C_(4) foxtail millet has upregulated abscisic acid(ABA)and notably reduced CK biosynthesis and signaling transduction under salt stress.Salt stress in C_(3) rice plants triggered rapid downregulation of photosynthesis related genes,which was coupled with severely reduced net photosynthetic rates.In the salt-treated C_(3) rice and C_(4) foxtail millet,some stress responsive transcription factors(TFs),such as AP2/ERF,WRKY and MYB,underwent strong and distinct transcriptional changes.Based on a weighted gene co-expression network analysis(WGCNA),the AP2/ERF transcription factor Rice Starch Regulator1 SiRSR1(Seita.3G044600)was identified as a key regulator of the salt stress response.To confirm its function,we generated OsRSR1-knockout lines using CRISPR/Cas9 genome editing in rice and its upstream repressor SimiR172a-overexpressing(172a-OE)transgenic plants in foxtail millet,which both showed increased salt tolerance.Overall,this study not only provides new insights into the convergent regulation of the salt stress responses of foxtail millet and rice,but it also sheds light on the divergent signaling networks between them in response to salt stress.展开更多
Originally extracted from willow bark,salicylic acid(SA)provided the structural basis for the synthesis of acetylsalicylic acid(aspirin)in 1897,a milestone that exemplifies the far-reaching biomedical relevance of pla...Originally extracted from willow bark,salicylic acid(SA)provided the structural basis for the synthesis of acetylsalicylic acid(aspirin)in 1897,a milestone that exemplifies the far-reaching biomedical relevance of plant-derived metabolites(Desborough and Keeling,2017).In plants,SA functions as a pleiotropic phytohormone that orchestrates immune reprogramming,serving as a central mediator of both local defense responses and systemic acquired resistance(SAR).展开更多
Overview of root system architecture.The plant root system is a highly dynamic and multifunctional organ system composed of primary roots,lateral roots,adventitious roots,and root hairs.Based on topological morphology...Overview of root system architecture.The plant root system is a highly dynamic and multifunctional organ system composed of primary roots,lateral roots,adventitious roots,and root hairs.Based on topological morphology,root systems can be classified as taproot systems or fibrous root systems.Root system architecture(RSA)refers to the spatial distribution and extension patterns of roots within soil,encompassing characteristics such as root length,branching angle,density,and spatial arrangement.RSA not only determines the plant’s capacity to acquire water and nutrients but also influences other root functions,playing a decisive role in overall plant health.展开更多
Low-affinity nitrate transporter genes have been identified in subfamilies 4-8 of the rice nitrate transporter 1(NRT1)/peptide transporter family(NPF),but the OsNPF3 subfamily responsible for nitrate and phytohormone ...Low-affinity nitrate transporter genes have been identified in subfamilies 4-8 of the rice nitrate transporter 1(NRT1)/peptide transporter family(NPF),but the OsNPF3 subfamily responsible for nitrate and phytohormone transport and rice growth and development remains unknown.In this study,we described OsNPF3.1 as an essential nitrate and phytohormone transporter gene for rice tillering and nitrogen utilization efficiency(NUtE).OsNPF3.1 possesses four major haplotypes of its promoter sequence in 517 cultivars,and its expression is positively associated with tiller number.Its expression was higher in the basal part,culm,and leaf blade than in other parts of the plant,and was strongly induced by nitrate,abscisic acid(ABA)and gibberellin 3(GA_3)in the root and shoot of rice.Electrophysiological experiments demonstrated that OsNPF3.1 is a pH-dependent low-affinity nitrate transporter,with rice protoplast uptake assays showing it to be an ABA and GA_3 transporter.OsNPF3.1 overexpression significantly promoted ABA accumulation in the roots and GA accumulation in the basal part of the plant which inhibited axillary bud outgrowth and rice tillering,especially at high nitrate concentrations.The NUtE of OsNPF3.1-overexpressing plants was enhanced under low and medium nitrate concentrations,whereas the NUtE of OsNPF3.1 clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats(CRISPR)plants was increased under high nitrate concentrations.The results indicate that OsNPF3.1 transports nitrate and phytohormones in different rice tissues under different nitrate concentrations.The altered OsNPF3.1 expression improves NUtE in the OsNPF3.1-overexpressing and CRISPR lines at low and high nitrate concentrations,respectively.展开更多
Plant height and heading date are important agronomic traits in wheat(Triticum aestivum L.)that affect final grain yield.In wheat,knowledge of pseudo-response regulator(PRR)genes on agronomic traits is limited.Here,we...Plant height and heading date are important agronomic traits in wheat(Triticum aestivum L.)that affect final grain yield.In wheat,knowledge of pseudo-response regulator(PRR)genes on agronomic traits is limited.Here,we identify a wheat TaPRR95 gene by genome-wide association studies to be associated with plant height.Triple allele mutant plants produced by CRISPR/Cas9 show increased plant height,particularly the peduncle,with an earlier heading date.The longer peduncle is mainly caused by the increased cell elon-gation at its upper section,whilst the early heading date is accompanied by elevated expression of flow-ering genes,such as TaFT and TacO1.A peduncle-specific transcriptome analysis reveals up-regulated photosynthesis genes and down-regulated IAAVAux genes for auxin signaling inpr95abad plants that may act as a regulatory mechanism to promote robust plant growth.A haplotype analysis identifies a TaPRR95-B haplotype(Hap2)to be closely associated with reduced plant height and increased thousand-grain weight.Moreover,the Hap2 frequency is higher in cultivars than that in landraces,suggesting the artifi-cial selection on the allele during wheat breeding.These findings suggest that TaPRR95 is a regulator for plant height and heading date,thereby providing an important target for wheat yield improvement.展开更多
Salinity stress is a major environmental stress affecting crop productivity,and its negative impact on global food security is only going to increase,due to current climate trends.Salinity tolerance was present in wil...Salinity stress is a major environmental stress affecting crop productivity,and its negative impact on global food security is only going to increase,due to current climate trends.Salinity tolerance was present in wild crop relatives but significantly weakened during domestication.Regaining it back requires a good understanding of molecular mechanisms and traits involved in control of plant ionic and ROS homeostasis.This review summarizes our current knowledge on the role of major plant hormones(auxin,cytokinins,abscisic acid,salicylic acid,and jasmonate)in plants adaptation to soil salinity.We firstly discuss the role of hormones in controlling root tropisms,root growth and architecture(primary root elongation,meristematic activity,lateral root development,and root hairs formation).Hormone-mediated control of uptake and sequestration of key inorganic ions(sodium,potassium,and calcium)is then discussed followed by regulation of cell redox balance and ROS signaling in salt-stressed roots.Finally,the role of epigenetic alterations such as DNA methylation and histone modifications in control of plant ion and ROS homeostasis and signaling is discussed.This data may help develop novel strategies for breeding and cultivating salt-tolerant crops and improving agricultural productivity in saline regions.展开更多
Graft healing involves a series of cytological and molecular events including wound responses, callus formation and vascular bundle remodelling. Hormones are important signalling molecules regulating plant development...Graft healing involves a series of cytological and molecular events including wound responses, callus formation and vascular bundle remodelling. Hormones are important signalling molecules regulating plant development and responses to environmental stimuli. However,the detailed dynamics of phytohormones in graft healing remain elusive. In this research, internodes above and below the graft site were harvested from 0 to 168 h after grafting(HAG), and liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry(LC-MS/MS) was used to determinate jasmonic acid, auxin, cytokinin, ethylene, salicylic acid, abscisic acid and gibberellin levels during the graft healing process. Uniform manifold approximation and projection(UMAP) and k-means analyses were performed to explore hormone spatio-temporal dynamics. We found the stage-specific and asymmetric accumulation of phytohormones in the tomato graft healing process. At the early healing stage(before vascular bundle reconnection), IAA, cZ, ABA, JA and SA mainly accumulated above the graft site, while tZ and ACC mainly accumulated below the graft site. MEIAA, ICAld and IP mainly accumulated at the later stage. Comminated with the healing process, we suggested that JA is mainly involved in wound responses, IAA is beneficial to the formation of callus and vascular cell development, tZ promotes cell division, and IP is linked to vascular bundle remodelling. In addition, expression of JA-related genes SlMYC2 and SlJAZ2, IAA-related gene SlIAA1, tZ-related genes SlHP2 and SlRR8, and IP-related gene SlRR9 correlated with hormone accumulation. The findings provide important information about the hormones and genes involved in the tomato graft healing process.展开更多
Low temperature usually results in the developmental deformity of flower organs,immensely affecting the quality of rose flowers.However,it's largely unknown about the regulatory mechanisms activated by low tempera...Low temperature usually results in the developmental deformity of flower organs,immensely affecting the quality of rose flowers.However,it's largely unknown about the regulatory mechanisms activated by low temperature.Here,we used a low temperature-sensitive Rosa hybrida cv.‘Peach Avalanche’to screen a MADS-box gene RhAGL6 via conjoint analysis between RNA sequencing(RNA-seq)and whole-genome bisulfite sequencing(WGBS).Furthermore,we found that low temperature induced the hypermethylation and elevated histone 3 lys-27 trimethylation(H3K27me3)level on the RhAGL6 promoter,leading to decreased RhAGL6 expression.In addition,RhAGL6 silencing resulted in the formation of abnormal receptacles.We also found that the levels of gibberellins(GA3)and abscisic acid(ABA)in the receptacle under low temperature were lower and higher,respectively,than under normal temperature.Promoter activity analysis revealed that GA3 significantly activated RhAGL6 promoter activity,whereas ABA inhibited it.Thus,we propose that RhAGL6 regulates rose receptacle development by integrating epigenetic regulation and phytohormones signaling at low temperature.展开更多
Phytohormone is a key regulator of plant growth and development.It has important effects on plant under biotic and abiotic stresses.However,the dose control of phytohormone is always a difficult problem in the applica...Phytohormone is a key regulator of plant growth and development.It has important effects on plant under biotic and abiotic stresses.However,the dose control of phytohormone is always a difficult problem in the application process,which limits the application range of phytohormone.Nanotechnology,because of its characteristics of controlled release,targeted therapy,non-pollution,high adsorption,lower volatilization of active substances,and low dosage of drug,comes into researchers’vision.Nanomaterials were directly applicated on crops at the early stage,and then active substances,such as pesticides,were encapsulated with nanomaterials,also achieved good results in the field.Currently,more and more attentions have been paid to nano-enabled delivery of phytohormones to plants,and formed a new field in agriculture.In present work,we reviewed the existing literatures,focused on the important regulatory roles of phytohormones in plant growth and development and their application potential,and the development and application prospect of nanomaterials combined with phytohormones were also have been discussed.展开更多
Plants are exposed to adverse environmental conditions,including cold,drought,heat,salinity,and heavy metals,which negatively impact plant growth and productivity of edible crops worldwide.Although the previous litera...Plants are exposed to adverse environmental conditions,including cold,drought,heat,salinity,and heavy metals,which negatively impact plant growth and productivity of edible crops worldwide.Although the previous literature summarized the nanoparticle's involvement in abiotic stress mitigation,the interaction of nanoparticles with other stress mitigators to overcome abiotic stress from plants remains unclear.Currently,nanotechnology is considered a growing new field in agriculture for understanding plants'adapted stress tolerance mechanisms.Recent research has shown that nanoparticles can effectively mitigate abiotic stress by interacting synergistically with plant growth regulators.To address this,we comprehensively demonstrated the combined positive potential of nanoparticles in combination with plant growth regulators(signaling molecules,phytohormones,nanoparticles-nanoparticles interaction,fungi,plant growth promoting rhizobacteria and other metal salts)to improve plant growth and mitigate abiotic stresses.Their co-applications augment the plant's growth,nutrient uptake,antioxidant defense system,water absorption,cell viability,water use efficiency,and photosynthetic and biochemical attributes by reducing oxidative stressors under various abiotic stresses in different plant species.This review provides a comprehensive overview of the combined applications of nanoparticles and plant growth regulators,a novel strategy to reduce the harmful effects of abiotic stress on plants.It identifies research gaps and recommends future studies to overcome their phytotoxicity worldwide.展开更多
Grain water content(GWC)is a key determinant for mechanical harvesting of maize(Zea mays).In our previous research,we identified a quantitative trait locus,qGWC1,associated with GWC in maize.Here,we examined near-isog...Grain water content(GWC)is a key determinant for mechanical harvesting of maize(Zea mays).In our previous research,we identified a quantitative trait locus,qGWC1,associated with GWC in maize.Here,we examined near-isogenic lines(NILs)NILL and NILH that differed at the qGWC1 locus.Lower GWC in NILL was primarily attributed to reduced grain water weight(GWW)and smaller fresh grain size,rather than the accumulation of dry matter.The difference in GWC between the NILs became more pronounced approximately 35 d after pollination(DAP),arising from a faster dehydration rate in NILL.Through an integrated analysis of the transcriptome,proteome,and metabolome,coupled with an examination of hormones and their derivatives,we detected a marked decrease in JA,along with an increase in cytokinin,storage forms of IAA(IAA-Glu,IAA-ASP),and IAA precursor IPA in immature NILL kernels.During kernel development,genes associated with sucrose synthases,starch biosynthesis,and zein production in NILL,exhibited an initial up-regulation followed by a gradual down-regulation,compared to those in NILH.This discovery highlights the crucial role of phytohormone homeostasis and genes related to kernel development in balancing GWC and dry matter accumulation in maize kernels.展开更多
Rice is a crucial food crop globally.Soil salt stress has adverse effects on the physiology and biochemistry of rice,leading to ionic toxicity and disrupted metabolism.Research aimed at improving salt tolerance and un...Rice is a crucial food crop globally.Soil salt stress has adverse effects on the physiology and biochemistry of rice,leading to ionic toxicity and disrupted metabolism.Research aimed at improving salt tolerance and understanding its underlying mechanisms in rice is becoming increasingly important.Phytohormones are crucial in managing rice’s reaction to salt stress by controlling its physiological and biochemical functions.Some phytohormones can improve salt tolerance in rice by affecting gene programming,protein expression,and salt stress signaling,thereby helping rice adapt to salt-stressed environments.This review highlights recent advancements in understanding how various phytohormones-such as abscisic acid(ABA),auxin(IAA),cytokinins(CKs),jasmonates(JA),gibberellins(GAs),melatonin(MT),salicylic acid(SA),ethylene(ETHY)and brassinosteroids(BRs)-help mitigate the detrimental effects of salt stress in rice.Additionally,we explore the current challenges and future research directions for utilizing exogenous phytohormone regulators to boost rice’s resistance to salt stress.展开更多
基金funded by the China Agriculture Research System(CARS–15–16)。
文摘Background Thidiazuron(TDZ)is a widely used chemical defoliant in commercial cotton production and is often combined with the herbicide Diuron to form the commercial defoliant mixture known as TDZ·Diuron(T·D,540 g·L^(-1)suspension).However,due to increasing concerns about the environmental and biological risks posed by Diuron,there is an urgent need to develop safer and more effective alternatives.Jasmonic acid(JA)and its derivatives are key phytohormones in organ senescence and abscission.Results Greenhouse experiments at the seedling stage revealed that Me-JA(0.8 mmol·L^(-1))alone did not induce defoliation.However,its co-application with TDZ(0.45 mmol·L^(-1))at concentrations of 0.6,0.8,and 1.0 mmol·L^(-1)significantly enhanced defoliation efficacy.The most effective combination—TDZ with 0.8 mmol·L^(-1)Me-JA—achieved a 100%defoliation rate at 5 days after treatment(DAT),23.7 percentage points higher than TDZ alone,and comparable to the commercial TDZ·Diuron formulation with equivalent TDZ content.Field trials conducted in Beijing(Shangzhuang),Hebei(Hejian),and Xinjiang(Shihezi)confirmed that the combination of 0.6 mmol·L^(-1)Me-JA with 1.70 mmol·L^(-1)TDZ provided optimal defoliation performance.At 21 DAT,the defoliation rate increased by 13.5–16.3 percentage points compared with TDZ alone.Furthermore,boll opening rates improved by 5.7–12.7 percentage points relative to TDZ-only treatments.Phytohormonal analyses from the Shangzhuang site showed that the combined treatment significantly altered hormone levels in both leaves and petioles.Compared with TDZ alone,the mixture reduced concentrations of auxin(IAA),cytokinins(Z+ZR,iP+iPA,DHZ+DHZR),and gibberellic acid(GA3),while increasing levels of JA,abscisic acid(ABA),and brassinosteroids(BR).These hormonal shifts may underlie the enhanced defoliation observed with the combined treatment.Importantly,the TDZ-Me-JA combination did not adversely affect cotton yield,yield components,or fiber quality.Conclusion The combination of Me-JA and TDZ has a good defoliation effect without affecting crop yield or fiber quality.And it provides a promising foundation for the development of novel,environmentally friendly cotton defoliants.
基金National Natural Science Foundation of China(32301739,32171927)the General Research Fund(12105824,12103220,12101722)+1 种基金The science and technology innovation Program of Hunan Province(2024RC3182)the Natural Science Foundation of Hunan Province(2025JJ70111).
文摘Both the filling and development of grain are key processes determining agriculture production and reproductive growth in rice.The processes of grain filling and endosperm development are crucial for the accumulation of major storage compounds in rice grains.This requires extensive remobilization of carbon reserves from source to sink and the precise regulation of sucrose-to-starch conversion.Both the developmental sequence of the panicle and environmental signals influence the carbon flow between the leaves,leaf sheath,stem,and spikelets during grain filling.This,in turn,affects endosperm development and the production of storage compounds.In this review,we synthesize recent insight into grain development in rice,focusing on the dynamic changes in phytohormones and how their homeostasis integrates developmental and environmental cues to control grain filling in the developing panicle.We also highlight recent advances in the genetic control of carbohydrate remobilization and the transcriptional regulatory networks governing carbohydrate metabolism and grain development in rice.The asynchronous initiation and imbalance in grain filling limit the full yield potential of cereal crops.The“superior/inferior spikelets”serve as a model system for understanding the regulatory mechanisms underlying grain filling and development.Systematic research on carbohydrate flow and phytohormone crosstalk could enhance our understanding of optimizing yield production in cereal crops.Additionally,a thorough analysis of key genetic regulatory mechanisms can offer a genetic foundation and targets for precisely adjusting grain filling traits,ultimately aiding in the development of high-yield crop varieties.
文摘Sound contains mechanical signals that can promote physiological and biochemical changes in plants.Insects produce different sounds in the environment,which may be relevant to plant behavior.Thus,we evaluated whether signaling cascades are regulated differently by ecological sounds and whether they trigger molecular responses following those produced by herbivorous insects.Soybean plants were treated with two different sounds:chewing herbivore and forest ambient.The responses were markedly distinct,indicating that sound signals may also trigger specific cascades.Enzymes involved in oxidative metabolism were responsive to both sounds,while salicylic acid(SA)was responsive only to the chewing sound.In contrast,lipoxygenase(LOX)activity and jasmonic acid(JA)did not change.Soybean Kunitz trypsin inhibitor gene(SKTI)and Bowman-Birk(BBI)genes,encoding for protease inhibitors,were induced by chewing sound.Chewing sound-induced high expression of the pathogenesis-related protein(PR1)gene,confirming the activation of SA-dependent cascades.In contrast,the sound treatments promoted modifications in different branches of the phenylpropanoid pathway,highlighting a tendency for increased flavonols for plants under chewing sounds.Accordingly,chewing sounds induced pathogenesis-related protein(PR10/Bet v-1)and gmFLS1 flavonol synthase(FLS1)genes involved in flavonoid biosynthesis and flavonols.Finally,our results propose that plants may recognize herbivores by their chewing sound and that different ecological sounds can trigger distinct signaling cascades.
基金funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.22374055,22022404,22074050,82172055)the National Natural Science Foundation of Hubei Province(No.22022CFA033)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(Nos.CCNU24JCPT001,CCNU24JCPT020)。
文摘Plants play a crucial role in maintaining ecological balance and biodiversity.However,plant health is easily affected by environmental stresses.Hence,the rapid and precise monitoring of plant health is crucial for global food security and ecological balance.Currently,traditional detection strategies for monitoring plant health mainly rely on expensive equipment and complex operational procedures,which limit their widespread application.Fortunately,near-infrared(NIR)fluorescence and surface-enhanced Raman scattering(SERS)techniques have been recently highlighted in plants.NIR fluorescence imaging holds the advantages of being non-invasive,high-resolution and real-time,which is suitable for rapid screening in large-scale scenarios.While SERS enables highly sensitive and specific detection of trace chemical substances within plant tissues.Therefore,the complementarity of NIR fluorescence and SERS modalities can provide more comprehensive and accurate information for plant disease diagnosis and growth status monitoring.This article summarizes these two modalities in plant applications,and discusses the advantages of multimodal NIR fluorescence/SERS for a better understanding of a plant’s response to stress,thereby improving the accuracy and sensitivity of detection.
基金the Universidad Nacional de Co rdoba,Argentina,and the Secretaría de Cienciay Tecnología (UNC,SECyT) for the financial support of the CONSOLIDAR 2018–2022 project‘EFECTO DE LOS MICROORGANISMOS PROMOTORES DEL CRECIMIENTO SOBRE LA ECOFISIOLOGíA Y EL CONTROL DE ENFERMEDADES EN EL CULTIVO DE MANí.'the Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas(CONICET) for the doctoral fellowshipthe University of Córdoba (Spain) for the support provided through the “Plan Propio de Investigación” 2020–2024。
文摘To improve crop yields,global food production needs sustainable agronomic tools like Plant Growth-Promoting Rhizobacteria(PGPR).Region-adapted PGPR strains are crucial to increasing peanut production.Argentina is the seventh-largest peanut producer,and Cordoba is the main region with 250,000 ha(75%of the total sowing area).This study aimed to isolate,identify,and characterize the biocontrol and growth promotion capacity of PGPR strains belonging to the Bacillus and Pseudomonas genera.The strains were tested against Sclerotinia minor,Sclerotium rolfsii,Fusarium verticillioides,and Aspergillus flavus for biocontrol assays.For growth promotion,pot trials used two peanut cultivars,ASEM 400 INTA and Granoleico,under 40%and 60%field capacity under two water regimes.The isolated strains were Bacillus velezensis,B.subtilis,B.tequilensis,B.safensis,B.altitudinis,and Pseudomonas psychrophila.These strains demonstrated in-vitro phosphorus solubilization,nitrogen fixation,ammonification,nitrification,enzyme releasing,phytohormones production,and high biocontrol capacity of over 75%.SC6 and RI3(both B.velezensis)and P10(P.psychrophila)exhibited outstanding performance.They significantly promoted peanut root biomass by more than 50%and leaf area by 30%,with increased chlorophyll content index and leaf relative water content,particularly under water stress conditions(40%field capacity).According to the results,RI3,SC6,and P10 could be classified as PGPR,which supports the results obtained in other field studies with these same microorganisms.Future investigations should prioritize the development of industrial formulations to assess their effectiveness in alternative crops and to incorporate them into other agricultural practices.
基金funded by a National Science Foundation award to Henning PM(no.2208975).
文摘Cytokinins are ancient hormones present across all kingdoms of life except archaea,although functional biosynthesis pathways have yet to be identified in animalia.Known for their roles in cell division and proliferation,cytokinins are critical to plant life,as they regulate various aspects of vegetative growth,stress response,and reproduction.In this review,we summarize literature from 2020 to 2025 pertaining to the cytokinin functions in plant reproduction.While general aspects of cytokinin’s role in plant reproduction have been addressed,we particularly focus on the role of cytokinin in reproductive systems due to recent work identifying their role as sex-determining factors in dioecious species in Salicaceae and other families,their role in determining flower sex in monoecious species,and their involvement in self-incompatibility response and asexual reproduction.
基金This publication presents findings from research conducted under Project No.III-99-24.489Natural Growth Regulators in the Induction of Resistance of Cereal Plants to HeavyMetals(2024-2028)funded by the NationalAcademy of Sciences of Ukraine.
文摘Prolonged lack of rain and high-temperature lead to soil water deficits,inhibiting cereal crop growth in early ontogenesis and reducing grain quality and yield.Rye(Secale cereale L.)is a key grain crop,particularly in regions where wheat cultivation is challenging or unfeasible.To clarify its drought adaptation mechanisms,we analyzed the effects of moderate soil drought on growth,hormonal homeostasis,and the dynamics and distribution of free amino acids and phenolic compounds in rye at early vegetative stages and post-recovery.Drought triggered both general and organ-specific changes in endogenous phytohormones.A nonspecific response involved the accumulation of stress hormones abscisic acid(ABA)and salicylic acid(SA),alongside the suppression of growth hormones indole-3-acetic acid(IAA)and gibberellins.However,hormone dynamics and localization varied across plant organs.ABA and SA levels significantly increased in shoots of drought-stressed and recovered plants,corresponding with inhibited growth.Prolonged drought further enhanced ABA accumulation in both shoots and roots of recovered plants,while SA levels declined in roots but remained elevated in shoots.Drought also caused a substantial reduction in IAA,particularly in shoots,while gibberellins(GA_(3)+GA_(4))significantly decreased in roots.GA_(3)was predominant in most samples,except in the shoots of 2-day-old control plants.Post-recovery,IAA levels increased but remained below control values,while GA_(4)accumulation in roots led to a rise in total gibberellin levels.In contrast,shoot GA_(3)+GA_(4)levels declined,primarily due to GA_(3)reduction.The dominant free amino acids:aspartic acid,glutamic acid,glycine,alanine,and leucinedecreased significantly,underscoring their key role in stress adaptation.Increased flavonoid accumulation,especially in roots,suggests their involvement in antioxidant defense against oxidative stress.A significant increase in ABA and SA levels,along with a marked reduction in IAA and GA content in stressed rye plants occurred alongside a reduction in free amino acid content,accumulation of phenolic compounds,and an increase in flavonoid levels.These findings indicate distinct adaptation strategies in rye shoots and roots undermoderate soil drought.They provide a foundation for further research on drought resistance mechanisms in cereals and the development of strategies to enhance their adaptive potential.
基金funded by the Beijing Gardening andGreeningYouth InnovationTalent Support Program(kjcx202336)theKey R&D Project of theOpen Subject of the Beijing Key Laboratory for Greening Plant Breeding(YZZD202403).
文摘Naturally occurring yellow leaf mutants are an important resource for studying pigment content and biosynthesis,as well as related gene expression.In our ongoing cultivation of Rehmannia chingii H.L.Li,we found an off-type yellow plant.The yellowing started with the new leaves and gradually spread downward until the entire plant exhibited a stable shade of yellow.We studied the differences in the chlorophyll and carotenoid content,carotenoid profile,and transcriptome of this yellow-leaf mutant(P2).Compared to the wild-type R.chingii plant(P1),P2 leaves had significantly lower chlorophyll and carotenoid content.LC-MS/MS analysis revealed that P2 had higher quantities of severalmetabolites in the carotenoid biosynthesis pathway.Transcriptome sequencing results showed that genes involved in porphyrin metabolism,carbon fixation,photosynthesis and antenna proteins,terpenoid backbone biosynthesis,and carotenoid biosynthesis were differentially expressed between P1 and P2.Large-scale expression differences were observed in the phytohormone and MAPK signaling pathways,as well as in 15 transcription factor families.We discuss possible mechanisms responsible for the yellowleaf color in P2.These preliminary data are valuable for further exploring the molecular mechanisms of leaf color formation and associated pathways.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(32241042)the National Key R&D Program of China(2019YFD1000700 and 2019YFD1000703)the Biological Breeding-National Science and Technology Major Project,China(2022ZD04017).
文摘Salt stress is a global constraint on agricultural production.Therefore,the development of salt tolerant plants has become a current research hotspot.While salt tolerance has evolved more frequently in C_(4) grass lineages,few studies have explored the molecular bases underlying salt stress tolerance in the C_(4) crop foxtail millet.In this study,we used a multi-pronged approach spanning the omics analyses of transcriptomes and physiological analysis of the C_(3) crop rice and the C_(4) model crop foxtail millet to investigate their responses to salt stress.The results revealed that compared to C_(3) rice,C_(4) foxtail millet has upregulated abscisic acid(ABA)and notably reduced CK biosynthesis and signaling transduction under salt stress.Salt stress in C_(3) rice plants triggered rapid downregulation of photosynthesis related genes,which was coupled with severely reduced net photosynthetic rates.In the salt-treated C_(3) rice and C_(4) foxtail millet,some stress responsive transcription factors(TFs),such as AP2/ERF,WRKY and MYB,underwent strong and distinct transcriptional changes.Based on a weighted gene co-expression network analysis(WGCNA),the AP2/ERF transcription factor Rice Starch Regulator1 SiRSR1(Seita.3G044600)was identified as a key regulator of the salt stress response.To confirm its function,we generated OsRSR1-knockout lines using CRISPR/Cas9 genome editing in rice and its upstream repressor SimiR172a-overexpressing(172a-OE)transgenic plants in foxtail millet,which both showed increased salt tolerance.Overall,this study not only provides new insights into the convergent regulation of the salt stress responses of foxtail millet and rice,but it also sheds light on the divergent signaling networks between them in response to salt stress.
基金supported by grant from the National Natural Science Foundation of China(32330056)。
文摘Originally extracted from willow bark,salicylic acid(SA)provided the structural basis for the synthesis of acetylsalicylic acid(aspirin)in 1897,a milestone that exemplifies the far-reaching biomedical relevance of plant-derived metabolites(Desborough and Keeling,2017).In plants,SA functions as a pleiotropic phytohormone that orchestrates immune reprogramming,serving as a central mediator of both local defense responses and systemic acquired resistance(SAR).
文摘Overview of root system architecture.The plant root system is a highly dynamic and multifunctional organ system composed of primary roots,lateral roots,adventitious roots,and root hairs.Based on topological morphology,root systems can be classified as taproot systems or fibrous root systems.Root system architecture(RSA)refers to the spatial distribution and extension patterns of roots within soil,encompassing characteristics such as root length,branching angle,density,and spatial arrangement.RSA not only determines the plant’s capacity to acquire water and nutrients but also influences other root functions,playing a decisive role in overall plant health.
基金supported by the the Guizhou Provincial Excellent Young Talents Project of Science and Technology,China(YQK(2023)002)the Guizhou Provincial Science and Technology Projects,China((2022)Key 008)+2 种基金the Guizhou Provincial Science and Technology Support Plan,China((2022)Key 026)the Key Laboratory of Molecular Breeding for Grain and Oil Crops in Guizhou Province,China((2023)008)the Key Laboratory of Functional Agriculture of Guizhou Provincial Higher Education Institutions,China((2023)007)。
文摘Low-affinity nitrate transporter genes have been identified in subfamilies 4-8 of the rice nitrate transporter 1(NRT1)/peptide transporter family(NPF),but the OsNPF3 subfamily responsible for nitrate and phytohormone transport and rice growth and development remains unknown.In this study,we described OsNPF3.1 as an essential nitrate and phytohormone transporter gene for rice tillering and nitrogen utilization efficiency(NUtE).OsNPF3.1 possesses four major haplotypes of its promoter sequence in 517 cultivars,and its expression is positively associated with tiller number.Its expression was higher in the basal part,culm,and leaf blade than in other parts of the plant,and was strongly induced by nitrate,abscisic acid(ABA)and gibberellin 3(GA_3)in the root and shoot of rice.Electrophysiological experiments demonstrated that OsNPF3.1 is a pH-dependent low-affinity nitrate transporter,with rice protoplast uptake assays showing it to be an ABA and GA_3 transporter.OsNPF3.1 overexpression significantly promoted ABA accumulation in the roots and GA accumulation in the basal part of the plant which inhibited axillary bud outgrowth and rice tillering,especially at high nitrate concentrations.The NUtE of OsNPF3.1-overexpressing plants was enhanced under low and medium nitrate concentrations,whereas the NUtE of OsNPF3.1 clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats(CRISPR)plants was increased under high nitrate concentrations.The results indicate that OsNPF3.1 transports nitrate and phytohormones in different rice tissues under different nitrate concentrations.The altered OsNPF3.1 expression improves NUtE in the OsNPF3.1-overexpressing and CRISPR lines at low and high nitrate concentrations,respectively.
基金We are grateful for the funding from STI 2030-Major Projects(2023ZD0406802)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(32072066,32172050,3220151460)+2 种基金Hainan Yazhou Bay Seed Lab(B21HJ0215)CAAS Agricultural Science and Technology Innovation Program(CAAS-ZDRW202002,CAAS-ZDRW202201)Hebei Natural Science Foundation(C2021205013).
文摘Plant height and heading date are important agronomic traits in wheat(Triticum aestivum L.)that affect final grain yield.In wheat,knowledge of pseudo-response regulator(PRR)genes on agronomic traits is limited.Here,we identify a wheat TaPRR95 gene by genome-wide association studies to be associated with plant height.Triple allele mutant plants produced by CRISPR/Cas9 show increased plant height,particularly the peduncle,with an earlier heading date.The longer peduncle is mainly caused by the increased cell elon-gation at its upper section,whilst the early heading date is accompanied by elevated expression of flow-ering genes,such as TaFT and TacO1.A peduncle-specific transcriptome analysis reveals up-regulated photosynthesis genes and down-regulated IAAVAux genes for auxin signaling inpr95abad plants that may act as a regulatory mechanism to promote robust plant growth.A haplotype analysis identifies a TaPRR95-B haplotype(Hap2)to be closely associated with reduced plant height and increased thousand-grain weight.Moreover,the Hap2 frequency is higher in cultivars than that in landraces,suggesting the artifi-cial selection on the allele during wheat breeding.These findings suggest that TaPRR95 is a regulator for plant height and heading date,thereby providing an important target for wheat yield improvement.
基金supported by Australian Research Council and National Natural Science Foundation of China grants to Sergey Shabala。
文摘Salinity stress is a major environmental stress affecting crop productivity,and its negative impact on global food security is only going to increase,due to current climate trends.Salinity tolerance was present in wild crop relatives but significantly weakened during domestication.Regaining it back requires a good understanding of molecular mechanisms and traits involved in control of plant ionic and ROS homeostasis.This review summarizes our current knowledge on the role of major plant hormones(auxin,cytokinins,abscisic acid,salicylic acid,and jasmonate)in plants adaptation to soil salinity.We firstly discuss the role of hormones in controlling root tropisms,root growth and architecture(primary root elongation,meristematic activity,lateral root development,and root hairs formation).Hormone-mediated control of uptake and sequestration of key inorganic ions(sodium,potassium,and calcium)is then discussed followed by regulation of cell redox balance and ROS signaling in salt-stressed roots.Finally,the role of epigenetic alterations such as DNA methylation and histone modifications in control of plant ion and ROS homeostasis and signaling is discussed.This data may help develop novel strategies for breeding and cultivating salt-tolerant crops and improving agricultural productivity in saline regions.
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China (Grant No.2020YFD1000300)the earmarked fund for CARS (Grant No.CARS-23-B10)+2 种基金the Key Research and Development Program of Hainan Province (Grant No.ZDKJ2021005)the Key Research and Development Program of Shandong Province (Grant No.LJNY202106)the Science and Technology Innovation Project of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (Grant No.CAAS-ASTIP-IVFCAAS)。
文摘Graft healing involves a series of cytological and molecular events including wound responses, callus formation and vascular bundle remodelling. Hormones are important signalling molecules regulating plant development and responses to environmental stimuli. However,the detailed dynamics of phytohormones in graft healing remain elusive. In this research, internodes above and below the graft site were harvested from 0 to 168 h after grafting(HAG), and liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry(LC-MS/MS) was used to determinate jasmonic acid, auxin, cytokinin, ethylene, salicylic acid, abscisic acid and gibberellin levels during the graft healing process. Uniform manifold approximation and projection(UMAP) and k-means analyses were performed to explore hormone spatio-temporal dynamics. We found the stage-specific and asymmetric accumulation of phytohormones in the tomato graft healing process. At the early healing stage(before vascular bundle reconnection), IAA, cZ, ABA, JA and SA mainly accumulated above the graft site, while tZ and ACC mainly accumulated below the graft site. MEIAA, ICAld and IP mainly accumulated at the later stage. Comminated with the healing process, we suggested that JA is mainly involved in wound responses, IAA is beneficial to the formation of callus and vascular cell development, tZ promotes cell division, and IP is linked to vascular bundle remodelling. In addition, expression of JA-related genes SlMYC2 and SlJAZ2, IAA-related gene SlIAA1, tZ-related genes SlHP2 and SlRR8, and IP-related gene SlRR9 correlated with hormone accumulation. The findings provide important information about the hormones and genes involved in the tomato graft healing process.
基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.31972438,31902054,32202530)the Postdoctoral Initiation Project of Shenzhen Polytechnic(Grant Nos.6021330012K0,6020330006K0,and 6022312017K)+1 种基金Natural Science Foundation of Guangdong Province(Grant No.2021A1515110368)Major Agricultural Science and Technology Projects in Yunnan Province(Grant No.202102AE090052).
文摘Low temperature usually results in the developmental deformity of flower organs,immensely affecting the quality of rose flowers.However,it's largely unknown about the regulatory mechanisms activated by low temperature.Here,we used a low temperature-sensitive Rosa hybrida cv.‘Peach Avalanche’to screen a MADS-box gene RhAGL6 via conjoint analysis between RNA sequencing(RNA-seq)and whole-genome bisulfite sequencing(WGBS).Furthermore,we found that low temperature induced the hypermethylation and elevated histone 3 lys-27 trimethylation(H3K27me3)level on the RhAGL6 promoter,leading to decreased RhAGL6 expression.In addition,RhAGL6 silencing resulted in the formation of abnormal receptacles.We also found that the levels of gibberellins(GA3)and abscisic acid(ABA)in the receptacle under low temperature were lower and higher,respectively,than under normal temperature.Promoter activity analysis revealed that GA3 significantly activated RhAGL6 promoter activity,whereas ABA inhibited it.Thus,we propose that RhAGL6 regulates rose receptacle development by integrating epigenetic regulation and phytohormones signaling at low temperature.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.32160655)Breeding Program of Guizhou University(No.201931).
文摘Phytohormone is a key regulator of plant growth and development.It has important effects on plant under biotic and abiotic stresses.However,the dose control of phytohormone is always a difficult problem in the application process,which limits the application range of phytohormone.Nanotechnology,because of its characteristics of controlled release,targeted therapy,non-pollution,high adsorption,lower volatilization of active substances,and low dosage of drug,comes into researchers’vision.Nanomaterials were directly applicated on crops at the early stage,and then active substances,such as pesticides,were encapsulated with nanomaterials,also achieved good results in the field.Currently,more and more attentions have been paid to nano-enabled delivery of phytohormones to plants,and formed a new field in agriculture.In present work,we reviewed the existing literatures,focused on the important regulatory roles of phytohormones in plant growth and development and their application potential,and the development and application prospect of nanomaterials combined with phytohormones were also have been discussed.
基金funded by the Jiangsu Province Excellent Postdoctoral Program (2023ZB859)the Carbon Peak and Carbon Neutrality Technology Innovation Foundation of Jiangsu Province (BK20220030)the National Natural Science Foundation of China (32271587,32350410400)。
文摘Plants are exposed to adverse environmental conditions,including cold,drought,heat,salinity,and heavy metals,which negatively impact plant growth and productivity of edible crops worldwide.Although the previous literature summarized the nanoparticle's involvement in abiotic stress mitigation,the interaction of nanoparticles with other stress mitigators to overcome abiotic stress from plants remains unclear.Currently,nanotechnology is considered a growing new field in agriculture for understanding plants'adapted stress tolerance mechanisms.Recent research has shown that nanoparticles can effectively mitigate abiotic stress by interacting synergistically with plant growth regulators.To address this,we comprehensively demonstrated the combined positive potential of nanoparticles in combination with plant growth regulators(signaling molecules,phytohormones,nanoparticles-nanoparticles interaction,fungi,plant growth promoting rhizobacteria and other metal salts)to improve plant growth and mitigate abiotic stresses.Their co-applications augment the plant's growth,nutrient uptake,antioxidant defense system,water absorption,cell viability,water use efficiency,and photosynthetic and biochemical attributes by reducing oxidative stressors under various abiotic stresses in different plant species.This review provides a comprehensive overview of the combined applications of nanoparticles and plant growth regulators,a novel strategy to reduce the harmful effects of abiotic stress on plants.It identifies research gaps and recommends future studies to overcome their phytotoxicity worldwide.
基金supported by the Jiangsu province Seed Industry Revitalization project[JBGS(2021)002]Beijing Germplasm Creation and Variety Selection and Breeding Joint Project[NY2023-180].
文摘Grain water content(GWC)is a key determinant for mechanical harvesting of maize(Zea mays).In our previous research,we identified a quantitative trait locus,qGWC1,associated with GWC in maize.Here,we examined near-isogenic lines(NILs)NILL and NILH that differed at the qGWC1 locus.Lower GWC in NILL was primarily attributed to reduced grain water weight(GWW)and smaller fresh grain size,rather than the accumulation of dry matter.The difference in GWC between the NILs became more pronounced approximately 35 d after pollination(DAP),arising from a faster dehydration rate in NILL.Through an integrated analysis of the transcriptome,proteome,and metabolome,coupled with an examination of hormones and their derivatives,we detected a marked decrease in JA,along with an increase in cytokinin,storage forms of IAA(IAA-Glu,IAA-ASP),and IAA precursor IPA in immature NILL kernels.During kernel development,genes associated with sucrose synthases,starch biosynthesis,and zein production in NILL,exhibited an initial up-regulation followed by a gradual down-regulation,compared to those in NILH.This discovery highlights the crucial role of phytohormone homeostasis and genes related to kernel development in balancing GWC and dry matter accumulation in maize kernels.
基金supported by the Basic Research Fund of Weifang Institute of Science and Technology under Grant No.KJRC2023047.
文摘Rice is a crucial food crop globally.Soil salt stress has adverse effects on the physiology and biochemistry of rice,leading to ionic toxicity and disrupted metabolism.Research aimed at improving salt tolerance and understanding its underlying mechanisms in rice is becoming increasingly important.Phytohormones are crucial in managing rice’s reaction to salt stress by controlling its physiological and biochemical functions.Some phytohormones can improve salt tolerance in rice by affecting gene programming,protein expression,and salt stress signaling,thereby helping rice adapt to salt-stressed environments.This review highlights recent advancements in understanding how various phytohormones-such as abscisic acid(ABA),auxin(IAA),cytokinins(CKs),jasmonates(JA),gibberellins(GAs),melatonin(MT),salicylic acid(SA),ethylene(ETHY)and brassinosteroids(BRs)-help mitigate the detrimental effects of salt stress in rice.Additionally,we explore the current challenges and future research directions for utilizing exogenous phytohormone regulators to boost rice’s resistance to salt stress.
